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Cuba - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Independence movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_(1902–1959)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_(1902–1959)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Republic (1902–1959)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_(1902–1959)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_years_(1902–1925)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_years_(1902–1925)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>First years (1902–1925)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_years_(1902–1925)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_of_1933–1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_of_1933–1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Revolution of 1933–1940</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_of_1933–1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_of_1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_of_1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Constitution of 1940</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_of_1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batista_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batista_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Batista regime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batista_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_government_(1959–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_government_(1959–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Revolutionary government (1959–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_government_(1959–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consolidation_and_nationalization_(1959-1970)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_and_nationalization_(1959-1970)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Consolidation and nationalization (1959-1970)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_and_nationalization_(1959-1970)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_interventions_(1971-1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_interventions_(1971-1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Foreign interventions (1971-1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_interventions_(1971-1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_readjustments_(1991-present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_readjustments_(1991-present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Political readjustments (1991-present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_readjustments_(1991-present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Embargo_by_the_United_States_(1960–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embargo_by_the_United_States_(1960–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Embargo by the United States (1960–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embargo_by_the_United_States_(1960–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Largest cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnoracial_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnoracial_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ethnoracial groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnoracial_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Emigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet_and_Nutrition_in_the_Cuban_Household" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_Nutrition_in_the_Cuban_Household"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.1</span> <span>Diet and Nutrition in the Cuban Household</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_Nutrition_in_the_Cuban_Household-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuba</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 257 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-257" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">257 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8D" title="Кубэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Кубэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A9%E1%89%A3" title="ኩባ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኩባ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuba" title="Kuuba – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kuuba" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यूबा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="क्यूबा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%ABba" title="Cūba – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cūba" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="كوبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAva" title="Kúva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kúva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کوبا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوبا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE" title="কিউবা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিউবা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यूबा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्यूबा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀུ་བ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀུ་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwba" title="Ciwba – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ciwba" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="كوبا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كوبا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubaa" title="Kubaa – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Kubaa" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%84%DE%A7" title="ކިއުބާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކިއުބާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naakaii_N%C3%A1t%CA%BCoh%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Naakaii Nátʼohí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naakaii Nátʼohí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="क्युबा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="क्युबा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuba" title="Kuuba – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuuba" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Κούβα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κούβα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubo" title="Kubo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kubo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کوبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubaa" title="Kubaa – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Kubaa" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube" title="Cube – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cube" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAba" title="Cúba – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cúba" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Choobey" title="Yn Choobey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Choobey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B9ba" title="Cùba – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cùba" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="古巴" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE" title="ક્યુબા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ક્યુબા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌺𐌿𐌱𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌿𐌱𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="क्युबा – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="क्युबा" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%B0%94" title="쿠바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A1" title="Կուբա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կուբա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यूबा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्यूबा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE" title="কিউবা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কিউবা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%C3%A6" title="Кубæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кубæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAba" title="Kúba – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kúba" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="קובה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuubaa" title="Kuubaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kuubaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE" title="ಕ್ಯೂಬಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯೂಬಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="კუბა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კუბა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%9B%D9%88%D9%97%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کیٛوٗبا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کیٛوٗبا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9ba" title="Kùba – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kùba" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiba" title="Kiba – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kiba" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiba" title="Kiba – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kiba" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BBba" title="Kûba – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kûba" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2" title="ປະເທດກູບາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດກູບາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kubas" title="kubas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kubas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="क्युबा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="क्युबा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiob%C3%A0" title="Kiobà – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kiobà" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AC" title="ക്യൂബ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്യൂബ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiupa" title="Kiupa – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kiupa" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="क्युबा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्युबा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="კუბა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კუბა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="كوبا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کوبا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوبا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯕꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯕꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ကျူးဘားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျူးဘားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_(land)" title="Cuba (land) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cuba (land)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="क्युबा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्युबा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="क्युबा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्युबा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90" title="キューバ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キューバ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8E%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%AB" title="ߞߎߓߊ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߎߓߊ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuba" title="Kuuba – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kuuba" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyuuba" title="Kyuuba – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kyuuba" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE" title="କ୍ୟୁବା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ୟୁବା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuubaa" title="Kuubaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kuubaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਿਊਬਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿਊਬਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यूबा – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="क्यूबा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کیوبا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیوبا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کيوبا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کيوبا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyuuba" title="Kyuuba – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kyuuba" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6" title="គុយបា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គុយបា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwa" title="Kuwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kuwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83)" title="Кууба (дойду) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кууба (дойду)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यूबा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="क्यूबा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubba" title="Cubba – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cubba" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="කියුබාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කියුබාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="ڪيوبا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪيوبا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhuyubha" title="IKhuyubha – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IKhuyubha" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuba" title="Kuuba – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kuuba" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کووبا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کووبا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuba" title="Kuuba – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuuba" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE" title="கியூபா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கியூபா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းၵူးပႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵူးပႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE" title="క్యూబా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్యూబా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศคิวบา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศคิวบา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A9%E1%89%A3" title="ኩባ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኩባ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiupa" title="Kiupa – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kiupa" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AB%E1%8F%86" title="ᎫᏆ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎫᏆ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCba" title="Küba – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Küba" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Куба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کیوبا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیوبا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%87%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="كۇبا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۇبا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujbah" title="Gujbah – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gujbah" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kube%C3%A4n" title="Kubeän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kubeän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuba" title="Kuuba – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kuuba" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couba" title="Couba – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Couba" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="古巴" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubaa" title="Kubaa – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kubaa" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古巴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90" title="קובא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קובא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAb%C3%A0" title="Kúbà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kúbà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古巴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Cuba" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古巴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Kuba" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kub%C9%99" title="Kubə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kubə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴽⵓⴱⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴽⵓⴱⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q241#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cuba&params=22_00_N_80_00_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">80°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.000°N 80.000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">22.000; -80.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island country in the Caribbean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Republic of Cuba" redirects here. For the historical period of the first republic, see <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cuba_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cuba (disambiguation)">Cuba (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Cuba</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">República de Cuba</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Cuba"><img alt="Flag of Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/125px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/188px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/250px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cuba" title="Flag of Cuba">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Cuba"><img alt="A shield in front of a Fasces crowned by the Phrygian Cap, all supported by an oak branch and a laurel wreath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba" title="Coat of arms of Cuba"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Patria_o_Muerte,_Venceremos" title="Patria o Muerte, Venceremos">Patria o Muerte, Venceremos</a></i></span><br />("Homeland or Death, We Shall Overcome!")<span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/La_Bayamesa" title="La Bayamesa">La Bayamesa</a></i></span><br /><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.2em;">("The Bayamo Song")<span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></span><br /><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="53" data-mwtitle="Cuban_national_anthem_(abridged_version),_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Cuban_national_anthem_%28abridged_version%29%2C_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga/Cuban_national_anthem_%28abridged_version%29%2C_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Cuban_national_anthem_%28abridged_version%29%2C_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACuban_national_anthem_%28abridged_version%29%2C_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية (ar)" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACuban_national_anthem_%28abridged_version%29%2C_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga&lang=cs&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cs" label="čeština (cs)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACuban_national_anthem_%28abridged_version%29%2C_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch (de)" data-dir="ltr" /><track 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CUB_orthographic.svg/375px-CUB_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CUB_orthographic.svg/500px-CUB_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Cuba, shown in dark green</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cuba&params=23_8_N_82_23_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°8′N</span> <span class="longitude">82°23′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.133°N 82.383°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23.133; -82.383</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other spoken languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a><br /><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lucum%C3%AD_language" title="Lucumí language">Lucumí</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>64.1% <a href="/wiki/White_Cubans" class="mw-redirect" title="White Cubans">White</a></li><li>26.6% <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Mixed</a></li><li>9.3% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Afro-Cuban</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">58.9% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cuba" title="Christianity in Cuba">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">23.2% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Latin_America" title="Irreligion in Latin America">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">17.6% <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.3% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cuban</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba" title="Politics of Cuba">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Marxist–Leninist</a> one-party <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba">First Secretary</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Cuba" title="Vice President of Cuba">Vice President</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Vald%C3%A9s_Mesa" title="Salvador Valdés Mesa">Salvador Valdés Mesa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba" title="Prime Minister of Cuba">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Marrero_Cruz" title="Manuel Marrero Cruz">Manuel Marrero Cruz</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power_(Cuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of People's Power (Cuba)">President of the National Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Lazo_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Esteban Lazo Hernández">Esteban Lazo Hernández</a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="National Assembly of People's Power">National Assembly of People's Power</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Independence <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from Spain and the United States</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Declaration of Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 October 1868</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">War of Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 February 1895</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Recognized</a> (Handed over to the United States from Spain) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 December 1898</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902-1959)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cuba (1902-1959)">Republic</a> declared (Independence from United States) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 May 1902</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 July 1953 – 1 January 1959</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba#2019_Constitution" title="Constitution of Cuba">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 April 2019</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">110,860<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (42,800 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">104th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.94</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cuba" title="Demographics of Cuba">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral decrease"><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 10,055,968<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral decrease"><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 11,089,511<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">85th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">90.7/km<sup>2</sup> (234.9/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">80th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2015 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$254.865 billion<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$22,237<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $147.194 billion<sup id="cite_ref-C_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">60th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $13,128<sup id="cite_ref-C_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">64th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2000)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">38.0<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#707070">medium inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.764<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">high</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">85th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cuban_peso" title="Cuban peso">Cuban peso</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">CUP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−5</span> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−4</span> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Cuba" title="Telephone numbers in Cuba">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Cuba" title="Telephone numbers in Cuba">+53</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CU" title="ISO 3166-2:CU">CU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.cu" title=".cu">.cu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cuba</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Republic of Cuba</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a>, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_la_Juventud" title="Isla de la Juventud">Isla de la Juventud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Cuba" title="List of islands of Cuba">4,195 islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">islets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cay" title="Cay">cays</a> surrounding the main island. It is located where the northern <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, and Atlantic Ocean meet. Cuba is located east of the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a> (Mexico), south of both <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a>, west of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>), and north of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> is the largest city and capital. Cuba is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">third-most populous</a> country in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> after <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, with about 10 million inhabitants. It is the largest country in the Caribbean by area. </p><p>The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited as early as the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey" title="Guanahatabey">Guanahatabey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taino" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taíno</a> peoples inhabiting the area at the time of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization</a> in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then a <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">slavery</a> in 1886, until the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> of 1898, when Cuba was <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government in Cuba">occupied by the United States</a> and gained <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">independence</a> in 1902. In 1940, Cuba implemented a <a href="/wiki/1940_Constitution_of_Cuba" title="1940 Constitution of Cuba">new constitution</a>, but mounting political unrest culminated in the <a href="/wiki/1952_Cuban_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1952 Cuban coup d'état">1952 Cuban coup d'état</a> and the subsequent dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Batista government was overthrown in January 1959 by the <a href="/wiki/26th_of_July_Movement" title="26th of July Movement">26th of July Movement</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>. That revolution established communist rule under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica-castro_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-castro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dw-castro_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-castro-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country was a point of contention during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the United States, and the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> of 1962 is widely considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear war</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, Cuba faced a severe economic downturn in the 1990s, known as the <a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a>. In 2008, Fidel Castro retired after 49 years; <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> was elected his successor. Raúl Castro retired as president in 2018 and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a> was elected president by the National Assembly following <a href="/wiki/2018_Cuban_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Cuban parliamentary election">parliamentary elections</a>. Raúl Castro retired as <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba">First Secretary of the Communist Party</a> in 2021 and Díaz-Canel was elected. </p><p>Cuba is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states" title="List of socialist states">socialist state</a>, in which the role of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party</a> is enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba" title="Constitution of Cuba">Constitution</a>. Cuba has an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> government where political opposition is not permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cuba" title="Censorship in Cuba">Censorship</a> is extensive and independent journalism is repressed;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Press_Freedom_Index_2015_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press_Freedom_Index_2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> has characterized Cuba as one of the worst countries for press freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Press_Freedom_Index_2015_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press_Freedom_Index_2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culturally, Cuba is considered part of Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multiethnic country</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cuba" title="Culture of Cuba">culture</a> and customs derive from diverse origins, including the Taíno Ciboney peoples, the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">long period</a> of Spanish colonialism, the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">enslaved Africans</a> and a close <a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Cuba–Soviet Union relations">relationship with the Soviet Union</a> during the Cold War. </p><p>Cuba is a founding member of the United Nations, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_States" title="Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States">Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States</a>, <a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">ALBA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>. It has one of the world's few <a href="/wiki/Planned_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned economies">planned economies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">its economy</a> is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cuba" title="Tourism in Cuba">tourism</a> and the exports of skilled labor, sugar, tobacco, and coffee. Cuba has historically—before and during communist rule—performed better than other countries in the region on several socioeconomic indicators, such as literacy,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> infant mortality and life expectancy. Cuba has a <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system which provides free medical treatment to all Cuban citizens,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although challenges include low salaries for doctors, poor facilities, poor provision of equipment, and the frequent absence of essential drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2023 study by the Cuban Observatory of Human Rights (OCDH), estimated 88% of the population is living in extreme poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional diet is of international concern due to micronutrient deficiencies and lack of diversity. As highlighted by the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> (WFP) of the United Nations, rationed food meets only a fraction of daily nutritional needs for many Cubans, leading to health issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>Historians believe the name <i>Cuba</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language" title="Taíno language">Taíno language</a>; however, "its exact derivation [is] unknown".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact meaning of the name is unclear, but it may be translated either as 'where fertile land is abundant' (<i>cubao</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 'great place' (<i>coabana</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">History of Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cuban_history" title="Timeline of Cuban history">Timeline of Cuban history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_era">Pre-Columbian era</h3></div> <p>Humans first settled Cuba around 6,000 years ago, descending from migrations from northern South America or Central America.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrival of humans on Cuba is associated with extinctions of the islands native fauna, particularly its <a href="/wiki/Megalocnidae" title="Megalocnidae">endemic sloths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a>-speaking ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Taino" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taíno</a> people arrived in the Caribbean in a separate migration from South America around 1,700 years ago. Unlike the previous settlers of Cuba, the Taíno extensively produced pottery and engaged in intensive agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence of the Taíno people on Cuba dates to the <a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th century</a> AD.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descendants of the first settlers of Cuba persisted on the western part of the island until Columbian contact, where they were recorded as the <a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey" title="Guanahatabey">Guanahatabey</a> people, who lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_colonization_and_rule_(1492–1898)"><span id="Spanish_colonization_and_rule_.281492.E2.80.931898.29"></span>Spanish colonization and rule (1492–1898)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Governorate of Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Captaincy General of Cuba</a></div> <p>After first landing on an island then called <a href="/wiki/Guanahani" title="Guanahani">Guanahani</a> on 12 October 1492,<sup id="cite_ref-Henken2008_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henken2008-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> landed on Cuba on 27 October 1492, and landing in the northeastern coast on 28 October.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbus claimed the island for the new <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Kingdom of Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gott_p13_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gott_p13-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and named it <i>Isla Juana</i> ("John's Island") after <a href="/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="John, Prince of Asturias">John, Prince of Asturias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg/170px-DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg/255px-DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg/340px-DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="2075" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> of Cuba</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1511, the first <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish settlement</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Baracoa" title="Baracoa">Baracoa</a>. Other settlements soon followed, including <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">San Cristobal de la Habana</a>, founded in 1514 (southern coast of the island) and then in 1519 (current place), which later became the capital (1607). The Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> were forced to work under the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> system,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resembled the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal system</a> in medieval Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-McAlister_1984_164_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAlister_1984_164-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a century, the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous people</a> faced high incidence of mortality due to multiple factors, primarily Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious diseases</a>, to which they had no natural resistance (immunity), aggravated by the harsh conditions of the repressive colonial subjugation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1529, a <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> outbreak killed two-thirds of those few Natives who had previously survived <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 May 1539, conquistador <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> departed from Havana with some 600 followers into a vast expedition through the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">American Southeast</a>, in search of gold, treasure, fame and power.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 September 1548, Gonzalo Perez de Angulo was appointed governor of Cuba. He arrived in Santiago, Cuba, on 4 November 1549, and immediately declared the liberty of all Natives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1916183_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1916183-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became Cuba's first permanent governor to reside in Havana instead of Santiago, and he built Havana's first church made of masonry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1916229_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1916229-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darlington_map_of_Cuba_1680.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Darlington_map_of_Cuba_1680.png/300px-Darlington_map_of_Cuba_1680.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Darlington_map_of_Cuba_1680.png/450px-Darlington_map_of_Cuba_1680.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Darlington_map_of_Cuba_1680.png/600px-Darlington_map_of_Cuba_1680.png 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>A map of Cuba, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1680</span></figcaption></figure> <p>By 1570, most residents of Cuba comprised a mixture of Spanish, African, and Taíno heritages.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba developed slowly and, unlike the plantation islands of the Caribbean, had a diversified agriculture. Most importantly, the colony developed as an urbanized society that primarily supported the Spanish colonial empire. By the mid-18th century, there were 50,000 slaves on the island, compared to 60,000 in <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> and 300,000 in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a>; as well as 450,000 in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>, all of which had large-scale sugarcane plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-drimmer_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drimmer-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, which erupted in 1754 across three continents, eventually arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>. Spain's <a href="/wiki/Pacte_de_Famille" title="Pacte de Famille">alliance with the French</a> pitched them into <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">direct conflict</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a>, and in 1762, a British expedition consisting of dozens of ships and thousands of troops set out from Portsmouth to capture Cuba. The British arrived on 6 June, and by August, had placed <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">Havana under siege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Siege_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siege-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Havana surrendered, the admiral of the British fleet, <a href="/wiki/George_Pocock" title="George Pocock">George Pocock</a> and the commander of the land forces <a href="/wiki/George_Keppel,_3rd_Earl_of_Albemarle" title="George Keppel, 3rd Earl of Albemarle">George Keppel</a>, the 3rd <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Albemarle" title="Earl of Albemarle">Earl of Albemarle</a>, entered the city, and took control of the western part of the island. The British immediately opened up trade with their <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">North American</a> and Caribbean colonies, causing a rapid transformation of Cuban society.<sup id="cite_ref-Siege_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siege-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LindsayCambridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/LindsayCambridge.jpg/220px-LindsayCambridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/LindsayCambridge.jpg/330px-LindsayCambridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/LindsayCambridge.jpg/440px-LindsayCambridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>A painting of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">British capture of Havana</a> in 1762</figcaption></figure> <p>Though Havana, which had become the third-largest city in the Americas, was to enter an era of sustained development and increasing ties with North America during this period, the British occupation of the city proved short-lived. Pressure from London on sugar merchants, fearing a decline in sugar prices, forced negotiations with the Spanish over the captured territories.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Less than a year after Britain captured Havana, it signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a> together with France and Spain, ending the Seven Years' War. The treaty gave Florida to Britain in exchange for Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cubans constituted one of the many diverse units which fought alongside Spanish and Floridan forces during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_campaign" title="Gulf Coast campaign">conquest of British-controlled West Florida</a> (1779–81). </p><p>The largest factor for the growth of Cuba's commerce in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century was the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>. When the enslaved peoples of what had been the Caribbean's richest colony freed themselves through violent revolt, Cuban planters perceived the region's changing circumstances with both a sense of fear and opportunity. They were afraid because of the prospect that slaves might revolt in Cuba as well, and numerous prohibitions during the 1790s of the sale of slaves in Cuba who had previously been enslaved in French colonies underscored this anxiety. The planters saw opportunity, however, because they thought that they could exploit the situation by transforming Cuba into the slave society and sugar-producing "pearl of the Antilles" that Haiti had been before the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the historian <a href="/wiki/Ada_Ferrer" title="Ada Ferrer">Ada Ferrer</a> has written, "At a basic level, liberation in Saint-Domingue helped entrench its denial in Cuba. As slavery and colonialism collapsed in the French colony, the Spanish island underwent transformations that were almost the mirror image of Haiti's."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates suggest that between 1790 and 1820 some 325,000 Africans were imported to Cuba as slaves, which was four times the amount that had arrived between 1760 and 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg/220px-Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg/330px-Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg/440px-Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="1539" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slaves</a> in Cuba unloading ice from <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1832</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Although a smaller proportion of the population of Cuba was enslaved, at times, slaves arose in revolt. In 1812, the <a href="/wiki/Aponte_conspiracy" title="Aponte conspiracy">Aponte Slave Rebellion</a> took place, but it was ultimately suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of Cuba in 1817 was 630,980 (of which 291,021 were white, 115,691 were <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> (mixed-race), and 224,268 black slaves).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheina2003352_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheina2003352-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habana,_1851_LCCN2004667981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Habana%2C_1851_LCCN2004667981.jpg/250px-Habana%2C_1851_LCCN2004667981.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Habana%2C_1851_LCCN2004667981.jpg/375px-Habana%2C_1851_LCCN2004667981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Habana%2C_1851_LCCN2004667981.jpg/500px-Habana%2C_1851_LCCN2004667981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6006" data-file-height="4076" /></a><figcaption>19th century view of Havana</figcaption></figure> <p>In part due to Cuban slaves working primarily in urbanized settings, by the 19th century, the practice of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">coartacion</i></span> had developed (or "buying oneself out of slavery", a "uniquely Cuban development"), according to historian Herbert S. Klein.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to a shortage of white labor, blacks dominated urban industries "to such an extent that when whites in large numbers came to Cuba in the middle of the nineteenth century, they were unable to displace Negro workers."<sup id="cite_ref-drimmer_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drimmer-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A system of diversified agriculture, with small farms and fewer slaves, served to supply the cities with produce and other goods.<sup id="cite_ref-drimmer_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drimmer-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1820s, when the rest of Spain's empire in Latin America <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">rebelled and formed independent states</a>, Cuba remained loyal to Spain. Its economy was based on serving the empire. By 1860, Cuba had 213,167 free people of color (39% of its non-white population of 550,000).<sup id="cite_ref-drimmer_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drimmer-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_movements">Independence movements</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_Manuel_de_Cespedes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlos_Manuel_de_Cespedes.jpg/170px-Carlos_Manuel_de_Cespedes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlos_Manuel_de_Cespedes.jpg/255px-Carlos_Manuel_de_Cespedes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlos_Manuel_de_Cespedes.jpg/340px-Carlos_Manuel_de_Cespedes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_de_C%C3%A9spedes" title="Carlos Manuel de Céspedes">Carlos Manuel de Céspedes</a> is known as <i>Father of the Homeland</i> in Cuba, having declared its independence from Spain in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Full independence from Spain was the goal of a rebellion in 1868 led by planter <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_de_C%C3%A9spedes" title="Carlos Manuel de Céspedes">Carlos Manuel de Céspedes</a>. De Céspedes, a sugar planter, freed his slaves to fight with him for an independent Cuba. On 27 December 1868, he issued a decree condemning slavery in theory but accepting it in practice and declaring free any slaves whose masters present them for military service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChomskyCarrSmorkaloff2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSr2hQkCIihMCpgPA115_115–117]_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomskyCarrSmorkaloff2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSr2hQkCIihMCpgPA115_115–117]-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1868 rebellion resulted in a prolonged conflict known as the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a>. A great number of the rebels were volunteers from the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other countries, as well as numerous <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cubans" title="Chinese Cubans">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017306_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017306-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa_and_William_Ludlow_in_Cuba,_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa_and_William_Ludlow_in_Cuba%2C_1898.jpg/220px-Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa_and_William_Ludlow_in_Cuba%2C_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa_and_William_Ludlow_in_Cuba%2C_1898.jpg/330px-Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa_and_William_Ludlow_in_Cuba%2C_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa_and_William_Ludlow_in_Cuba%2C_1898.jpg/440px-Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa_and_William_Ludlow_in_Cuba%2C_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Calixto García">Calixto García</a>, a general of Cuban separatist rebels (right) with U.S. Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/William_Ludlow" title="William Ludlow">William Ludlow</a> (Cuba, 1898)</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States declined to recognize the new Cuban government, although many European and Latin American nations did so.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878, the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Zanj%C3%B3n" title="Pact of Zanjón">Pact of Zanjón</a> ended the conflict, with Spain promising greater autonomy to Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1879–80, Cuban patriot <a href="/wiki/Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Calixto García">Calixto García</a> attempted to start another war known as the <a href="/wiki/Little_War_(Cuba)" title="Little War (Cuba)">Little War</a> but failed to receive enough support.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Slavery in Cuba</a> was abolished in 1875 but the process was completed only in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSmpMmVQAvAcCpgPA3_3]_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSmpMmVQAvAcCpgPA3_3]-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChomskyCarrSmorkaloff2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSr2hQkCIihMCpgPA37_37–38]_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomskyCarrSmorkaloff2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSr2hQkCIihMCpgPA37_37–38]-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exiled dissident named <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="José Martí">José Martí</a> founded the Cuban Revolutionary Party in New York City in 1892. The aim of the party was to achieve Cuban independence from Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-sandler_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandler-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1895, Martí traveled to <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_de_Monte_Cristi" class="mw-redirect" title="San Fernando de Monte Cristi">Monte Cristi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> in the Dominican Republic to join the efforts of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_G%C3%B3mez" title="Máximo Gómez">Máximo Gómez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sandler_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandler-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martí recorded his political views in the <i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Montecristi" title="Manifesto of Montecristi">Manifesto of Montecristi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-arias_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arias-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Fighting against the Spanish army</a> began in Cuba on 24 February 1895, but Martí was unable to reach Cuba until 11 April 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-sandler_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandler-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martí was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dos_Rios" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Dos Rios">Battle of Dos Rios</a> on 19 May 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-sandler_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandler-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death immortalized him as Cuba's national hero.<sup id="cite_ref-arias_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arias-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weyler_reconcentrados.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Weyler_reconcentrados.png/330px-Weyler_reconcentrados.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Weyler_reconcentrados.png/495px-Weyler_reconcentrados.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Weyler_reconcentrados.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Cuban victims of Spanish <a href="/wiki/Reconcentration_policy" title="Reconcentration policy">reconcentration policies</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Around 200,000 Spanish troops outnumbered the much smaller rebel army, which relied mostly on <a href="/wiki/Guerilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla warfare">guerrilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> tactics. The Spaniards began a campaign of suppression. General <a href="/wiki/Valeriano_Weyler" title="Valeriano Weyler">Valeriano Weyler</a>, the military governor of Cuba, herded the rural population into what he called <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">reconcentrados</i></span>, described by international observers as "fortified towns". These are often considered the prototype for 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">concentration camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 200,000<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 400,000 Cuban civilians died from starvation and disease in the Spanish concentration camps, numbers verified by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> and United States Senator <a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">Redfield Proctor</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>. American and European protests against Spanish conduct on the island followed.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS <i>Maine</i></a> was sent to protect American interests, but soon after arrival, it exploded in Havana harbor and sank quickly, killing nearly three-quarters of the crew. The cause and responsibility for the sinking of the ship remained unclear after a board of inquiry. Popular opinion in the U.S., fueled by active <a href="/wiki/Yellow_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow press">yellow press</a>, concluded that the Spanish were to blame and demanded action.<sup id="cite_ref-morison_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morison-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain and the United States declared war on each other in late April 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_(1902–1959)"><span id="Republic_.281902.E2.80.931959.29"></span>Republic (1902–1959)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_years_(1902–1925)"><span id="First_years_.281902.E2.80.931925.29"></span>First years (1902–1925)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raising_the_Cuban_flag_on_the_Governor_General%27s_Palace_at_noon_on_May_20,_1902.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Raising_the_Cuban_flag_on_the_Governor_General%27s_Palace_at_noon_on_May_20%2C_1902.gif/220px-Raising_the_Cuban_flag_on_the_Governor_General%27s_Palace_at_noon_on_May_20%2C_1902.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Raising_the_Cuban_flag_on_the_Governor_General%27s_Palace_at_noon_on_May_20%2C_1902.gif/330px-Raising_the_Cuban_flag_on_the_Governor_General%27s_Palace_at_noon_on_May_20%2C_1902.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Raising_the_Cuban_flag_on_the_Governor_General%27s_Palace_at_noon_on_May_20%2C_1902.gif/440px-Raising_the_Cuban_flag_on_the_Governor_General%27s_Palace_at_noon_on_May_20%2C_1902.gif 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Raising the Cuban flag on the Governor General's Palace at noon on 20 May 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, Spain and the United States signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a>, by which Spain ceded <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> to the United States for the sum of <span class="nowrap">US$20 million</span><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Cuba became a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of the United States. Cuba gained formal independence from the U.S. on 20 May 1902, as the Republic of Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez1998_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez1998-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Cuba's new constitution, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations. Under the <a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a>, the U.S. leased the <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay_Naval_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantánamo Bay Naval Base">Guantánamo Bay Naval Base</a> from Cuba. </p><p>Following disputed elections in 1906, the first president, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Estrada_Palma" title="Tomás Estrada Palma">Tomás Estrada Palma</a>, faced an armed revolt by independence war veterans who defeated the meager government forces.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. intervened by occupying Cuba and named <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Magoon" title="Charles Edward Magoon">Charles Edward Magoon</a> as Governor for three years. Cuban historians have characterized Magoon's governorship as having introduced political and social corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_1998_283to287_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_1998_283to287-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908, self-government was restored when <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_G%C3%B3mez" title="José Miguel Gómez">José Miguel Gómez</a> was elected president, but the U.S. continued intervening in Cuban affairs. In 1912, the <a href="/wiki/Partido_Independiente_de_Color" title="Partido Independiente de Color">Partido Independiente de Color</a> attempted to establish a separate black republic in Oriente Province,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was suppressed by General Monteagudo with considerable bloodshed. </p><p>In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Machado" title="Gerardo Machado">Gerardo Machado</a> was elected president.<sup id="cite_ref-D2012_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D2012-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his administration, tourism increased markedly, and American-owned hotels and restaurants were built to accommodate the influx of tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-D2012_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D2012-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tourist boom led to increases in gambling and <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Cuba" title="Prostitution in Cuba">prostitution in Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-D2012_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D2012-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a> led to a collapse in the price of sugar, political unrest, and repression.<sup id="cite_ref-ChaffeePrevost1992_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChaffeePrevost1992-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protesting students, known as the Generation of 1930, turned to violence in opposition to the increasingly unpopular Machado.<sup id="cite_ref-ChaffeePrevost1992_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChaffeePrevost1992-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A general strike (in which the Communist Party sided with Machado),<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uprisings among sugar workers, and an army revolt forced Machado into exile in August 1933. He was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_de_C%C3%A9spedes_y_Quesada" title="Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada">Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChaffeePrevost1992_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChaffeePrevost1992-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolution_of_1933–1940"><span id="Revolution_of_1933.E2.80.931940"></span>Revolution of 1933–1940</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution_of_1933" title="Cuban Revolution of 1933">Cuban Revolution of 1933</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1933-Pentarchy_w_Batista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/1933-Pentarchy_w_Batista.jpg/220px-1933-Pentarchy_w_Batista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/1933-Pentarchy_w_Batista.jpg/330px-1933-Pentarchy_w_Batista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/1933-Pentarchy_w_Batista.jpg/440px-1933-Pentarchy_w_Batista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy_of_1933" title="Pentarchy of 1933">Pentarchy of 1933</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a>, who controlled the armed forces, appears at far right</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Sergeants%27_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergeants' Revolt">Sergeants' Revolt</a>, led by Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a>, overthrew Céspedes.<sup id="cite_ref-MJ303_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ303-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A five-member executive committee (the <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy_of_1933" title="Pentarchy of 1933">Pentarchy of 1933</a>) was chosen to head a provisional government.<sup id="cite_ref-Suchlicki2002_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suchlicki2002-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Grau_San_Mart%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Grau San Martín">Ramón Grau San Martín</a> was then appointed as provisional president.<sup id="cite_ref-Suchlicki2002_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suchlicki2002-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grau resigned in 1934, leaving the way clear for Batista, who dominated Cuban politics for the next 25 years, at first through a series of puppet-presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-MJ303_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ303-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period from 1933 to 1937 was a time of "virtually unremitting social and political warfare".<sup id="cite_ref-Domínguez_1978_76_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domínguez_1978_76-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On balance, during the period 1933–1940 Cuba suffered from fragile political structures, reflected in the fact that it saw three different presidents in two years (1935–1936), and in the militaristic and repressive policies of Batista as Head of the Army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitution_of_1940">Constitution of 1940</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1940_Constitution_of_Cuba" title="1940 Constitution of Cuba">1940 Constitution of Cuba</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/1940_Constitution_of_Cuba" title="1940 Constitution of Cuba">new constitution</a> was adopted in 1940, which engineered radical progressive ideas, including the right to labor and health care.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDomínguez1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomínguez1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batista was elected president in the same year, holding the post until 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Villafana2011_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villafana2011-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is so far the only non-white Cuban to win the nation's highest political office.<sup id="cite_ref-Horowitz_1988_662_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz_1988_662-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bethell_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bethell-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sweig_2004_4_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweig_2004_4-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His government carried out major social reforms. Several members of the Communist Party held office under his administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweig2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweig2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuban armed forces were not greatly involved in combat during World War II—though president Batista did suggest a joint U.S.-Latin American assault on <a href="/wiki/Spanish_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish State">Francoist Spain</a> to overthrow its authoritarian regime.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba lost six merchant ships during the war, and the Cuban Navy was credited with sinking the <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-176" title="German submarine U-176">German submarine <i>U-176</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Batista adhered to the 1940 constitution's strictures preventing his re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-Domínguez_1978_101_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domínguez_1978_101-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramon Grau San Martin was the winner of the next election, in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Villafana2011_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villafana2011-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grau further corroded the base of the already teetering legitimacy of the Cuban political system, in particular by undermining the deeply flawed, though not entirely ineffectual, Congress and Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Domínguez_1978_110_111_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domínguez_1978_110_111-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pr%C3%ADo_Socarr%C3%A1s" title="Carlos Prío Socarrás">Carlos Prío Socarrás</a>, a protégé of Grau, became president in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Villafana2011_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villafana2011-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two terms of the Auténtico Party brought an influx of investment, which fueled an economic boom, raised living standards for all segments of society, and created a middle class in most urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Alvarez_2004_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvarez_2004-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Batista_regime">Batista regime</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1952_Cuban_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1952 Cuban coup d'état">1952 Cuban coup d'état</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HavanaSlums1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/HavanaSlums1954.jpg/220px-HavanaSlums1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/HavanaSlums1954.jpg/330px-HavanaSlums1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/HavanaSlums1954.jpg/440px-HavanaSlums1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">Slum</a> (<i>bohío</i>) dwellings in Havana, Cuba in 1954, just outside <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Latinoamericano" title="Estadio Latinoamericano">Havana baseball stadium</a>. In the background is advertising for a nearby <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casino</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After finishing his term in 1944 Batista lived in Florida, returning to Cuba to run for president in 1952. Facing certain electoral defeat, he led a <a href="/wiki/1952_Cuban_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1952 Cuban coup d'état">military coup</a> that preempted the election.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Back in power, and receiving financial, military, and logistical support from the United States government, Batista suspended the 1940 Constitution and revoked most political liberties, including the <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">right to strike</a>. He then aligned with the wealthiest landowners who owned the largest <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">sugar plantations</a>, and presided over a stagnating economy that widened the gap between rich and poor Cubans.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batista outlawed the Cuban Communist Party in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweig_2004_6_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweig_2004_6-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the coup, Cuba had Latin America's highest per capita consumption rates of meat, vegetables, cereals, automobiles, telephones and radios, though about one-third of the population was considered poor and enjoyed relatively little of this consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in his "<a href="/wiki/History_Will_Absolve_Me" title="History Will Absolve Me">History Will Absolve Me</a>" speech, Fidel Castro mentioned that national issues relating to land, industrialization, housing, unemployment, education, and health were contemporary problems.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, Cuba was a well-advanced country in comparison to other Latin American regions.<sup id="cite_ref-asce_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asce-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba was also affected by perhaps the largest labor union privileges in Latin America, including bans on dismissals and mechanization. They were obtained in large measure "at the cost of the unemployed and the peasants", leading to disparities.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1933 and 1958, Cuba extended economic regulations enormously, causing economic problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Horowitz_1988_662_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz_1988_662-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_1998_1173_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_1998_1173-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unemployment became a problem as graduates entering the workforce could not find jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-Horowitz_1988_662_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz_1988_662-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle class, which was comparable to that of the United States<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (February 2022)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup>, became increasingly dissatisfied with unemployment and political persecution. The labor unions, manipulated by the previous government since 1948 through union "yellowness", supported Batista until the very end.<sup id="cite_ref-Horowitz_1988_662_112-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz_1988_662-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bethell_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bethell-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batista stayed in power until he resigned in December 1958 under the pressure of the US Embassy and as the revolutionary forces headed by Fidel Castro were winning militarily (Santa Clara city, a strategic point in the middle of the country, fell into the rebels hands on December 31, in a conflict known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Clara" title="Battle of Santa Clara">Battle of Santa Clara</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IhrieOropesa2011_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IhrieOropesa2011-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, various organizations, including some advocating armed uprising, competed for public support in bringing about political change.<sup id="cite_ref-Chomsky2010_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky2010-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> and about 80 supporters landed from the yacht <a href="/wiki/Granma_(yacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="Granma (yacht)"><i>Granma</i></a> in an attempt to start a rebellion against the Batista government.<sup id="cite_ref-Chomsky2010_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky2010-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, Castro's <a href="/wiki/July_26th_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="July 26th Movement">July 26th Movement</a> emerged as the leading revolutionary group.<sup id="cite_ref-Chomsky2010_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky2010-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. supported Castro by imposing a 1958 <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">arms embargo</a> against Batista's government. Batista evaded the American embargo and acquired weapons from the Dominican Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By late 1958, the rebels had broken out of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Maestra" title="Sierra Maestra">Sierra Maestra</a> and launched a general <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">popular insurrection</a>. After Castro's fighters captured <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_Cuba" title="Santa Clara, Cuba">Santa Clara</a>, Batista fled with his family to the Dominican Republic on 1 January 1959. Later he went into exile on the Portuguese island of Madeira and finally settled in Estoril, near Lisbon. Fidel Castro's forces entered the capital on 8 January 1959. The liberal <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Urrutia_Lle%C3%B3" title="Manuel Urrutia Lleó">Manuel Urrutia Lleó</a> became the provisional president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk198867_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk198867-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_government_(1959–present)"><span id="Revolutionary_government_.281959.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Revolutionary government (1959–present)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consolidation_and_nationalization_(1959-1970)"><span id="Consolidation_and_nationalization_.281959-1970.29"></span>Consolidation and nationalization (1959-1970)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Offensive" title="Revolutionary Offensive">Revolutionary Offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CheyFidel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CheyFidel.jpg/170px-CheyFidel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CheyFidel.jpg/255px-CheyFidel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CheyFidel.jpg/340px-CheyFidel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Korda" title="Alberto Korda">Alberto Korda</a> in 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, official death sentences from 1959 to 1987 numbered 237 of which all but 21 were carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of those executed directly following the 1959 Revolution were policemen, politicians, and informers of the Batista regime accused of crimes such as torture and murder, and their public trials and executions had widespread popular support among the Cuban population.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase_2010_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase_2010-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guantanamo_Naval_Base_aerial_photo_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Guantanamo_Naval_Base_aerial_photo_1962.jpg/220px-Guantanamo_Naval_Base_aerial_photo_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Guantanamo_Naval_Base_aerial_photo_1962.jpg/330px-Guantanamo_Naval_Base_aerial_photo_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Guantanamo_Naval_Base_aerial_photo_1962.jpg/440px-Guantanamo_Naval_Base_aerial_photo_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption>Since 1959, Cuba has regarded the U.S. presence in <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantánamo Bay</a> as illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The United States government initially reacted favorably to the Cuban Revolution, seeing it as part of a movement to bring democracy to Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabe1988_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabe1988-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castro's legalization of the Communist Party and the hundreds of executions of Batista agents, policemen, and soldiers that followed caused a deterioration in the relationship between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabe1988_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabe1988-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reforms_in_Cuba" title="Agrarian reforms in Cuba">Agrarian Reform Law</a>, expropriating thousands of acres of farmland (including from large U.S. landholders), further worsened relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabe1988_142-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabe1988-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crooker2005_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooker2005-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, between 1960 and 1964 the U.S. imposed a range of sanctions, eventually including a total ban on trade between the countries and a freeze on all Cuban-owned assets in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Commission_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commission-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1960, Castro signed a commercial agreement with Soviet Vice-Premier <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabe1988_142-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabe1988-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1960, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> gave his approval to a <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> plan to arm and train a group of Cuban refugees to overthrow the Castro government. The invasion (known as the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a>) took place on 14 April 1961, during the term of President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crooker2005_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooker2005-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1,400 Cuban exiles disembarked at the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs" title="Bay of Pigs">Bay of Pigs</a>. Cuban troops and local militias defeated the invasion, killing over 100 invaders and taking the remainder prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-Crooker2005_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooker2005-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1962, Cuba was suspended from the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS), and later the same year the OAS started to impose sanctions against Cuba of similar nature to the U.S. sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> of October 1962 almost sparked <a href="/wiki/World_War_III#Cuban_Missile_Crisis:_15–29_October_1962" title="World War III">World War III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polmar-2017_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polmar-2017-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duncan-2020_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan-2020-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962 American generals proposed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwoods" title="Operation Northwoods">Operation Northwoods</a> which would entail committing terrorist attacks in American cities and against refugees and falsely blaming the attacks on the Cuban government, manufacturing a reason for the United States to invade Cuba. This plan was rejected by President Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1963, Cuba was moving towards a full-fledged communist system modeled on the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, Cuba sent 686 troops together with 22 tanks and other military equipment to support Algeria in the <a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a> against Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cuban forces remained in Algeria for over a year, providing training to the Algerian army.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, Cuba organized a meeting of Latin American communists in Havana and stoked a <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">civil war</a> in the capital of the Dominican Republic in 1965, which prompted 20,000 U.S. troops to intervene there.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> engaged in <a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">guerrilla activities in Africa</a> and was killed in 1967 while attempting to start a <a href="/wiki/%C3%91ancahuaz%C3%BA_Guerrilla" title="Ñancahuazú Guerrilla">revolution in Bolivia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1968 a campaign titled the "revolutionary offensive" was initiated to nationalize all remaining private small businesses, which at the time totaled to be about 58,000 small enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign would spur industrialization in Cuba and focus the economy on sugar production, specifically to a deadline for an annual sugar harvest of 10 million tons by 1970. The economic focus on sugar production involved international volunteers and the mobilization of workers from all sectors of the Cuban economy.<sup id="cite_ref-castro_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castro-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic mobilization also coincided with greater militarization of Cuban political structures and society in general.<sup id="cite_ref-decade_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decade-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ten million ton harvest goal was not reached.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 37–38">: 37–38 </span></sup> The Cuban economy feell into decline after large sectors of the economy were neglected when large amounts of urban labor mobilized to the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p><p>The standard of living in the 1970s was "extremely spartan" and discontent was rife.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fidel Castro admitted the failures of economic policies in a 1970 speech.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, the OAS lifted its sanctions against Cuba, with the approval of 16 member states, including the United States. The U.S., however, maintained its own sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_interventions_(1971-1991)"><span id="Foreign_interventions_.281971-1991.29"></span>Foreign interventions (1971-1991)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_Cuba" title="Foreign interventions by Cuba">Foreign interventions by Cuba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0614-040,_Berlin,_Fidel_Castro_an_der_Grenze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0614-040%2C_Berlin%2C_Fidel_Castro_an_der_Grenze.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0614-040%2C_Berlin%2C_Fidel_Castro_an_der_Grenze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0614-040%2C_Berlin%2C_Fidel_Castro_an_der_Grenze.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0614-040%2C_Berlin%2C_Fidel_Castro_an_der_Grenze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0614-040%2C_Berlin%2C_Fidel_Castro_an_der_Grenze.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0614-040%2C_Berlin%2C_Fidel_Castro_an_der_Grenze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Fidel Castro and members of the East German <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> in 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Cold War, Cuban forces were deployed to all corners of Africa, either as military advisors or as combatants.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1970s, Fidel Castro dispatched tens of thousands of troops in support of <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">Soviet-backed wars</a> in Africa. He supported the <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a> in Angola (<a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> in Ethiopia (<a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDomínguez1989[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomínguez1989[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_jefes_angolano_y_cubano_del_frente_este_comandantes_dangereaux_kimenga_y_carlos_fernandez_gondin.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Los_jefes_angolano_y_cubano_del_frente_este_comandantes_dangereaux_kimenga_y_carlos_fernandez_gondin.webp/171px-Los_jefes_angolano_y_cubano_del_frente_este_comandantes_dangereaux_kimenga_y_carlos_fernandez_gondin.webp.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Los_jefes_angolano_y_cubano_del_frente_este_comandantes_dangereaux_kimenga_y_carlos_fernandez_gondin.webp/257px-Los_jefes_angolano_y_cubano_del_frente_este_comandantes_dangereaux_kimenga_y_carlos_fernandez_gondin.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Los_jefes_angolano_y_cubano_del_frente_este_comandantes_dangereaux_kimenga_y_carlos_fernandez_gondin.webp/342px-Los_jefes_angolano_y_cubano_del_frente_este_comandantes_dangereaux_kimenga_y_carlos_fernandez_gondin.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces</a> (FAR) commanders in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quifangondo" title="Battle of Quifangondo">Battle of Quifangondo</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG/139px-Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG/209px-Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG/278px-Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Cuban-manned Soviet <a href="/wiki/PT-76" title="PT-76">PT-76</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG/120px-Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG/180px-Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG/240px-Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="571" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cuban artillery crew in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In November 1975, Cuba deployed more than 65,000 troops and 400 Soviet-made tanks in Angola in one of the fastest military mobilizations in history.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa developed nuclear weapons due to the threat to its security posed by the presence of large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban troops in Angola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976 and again in 1988 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cuito_Cuanavale" title="Battle of Cuito Cuanavale">Battle of Cuito Cuanavale</a>, the Cubans alongside their MPLA allies defeated <a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a> rebels and <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> South African forces.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1977, Cuba sent its combat troops from Angola, the People's Republic of the Congo, and the Caribbean to Ethiopia,<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assisted by mechanized Soviet battalions, to help defeat a Somali invasion. On 24 January 1978, Ethiopian and Cuban troops counterattacked, inflicting 3,000 casualties on the Somali forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February, Cuban troops launched a major offensive and forced the Somali army back into its own territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_151-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuban forces remained in Ethiopia until 9 September 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_151-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Cuba's small size and the long distance separating it from the Middle East, Castro's Cuba played an active role in the region during the Cold War. In 1972, a major Cuban military mission consisting of tank, air, and artillery specialists was dispatched to <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a>. Cuban military advisors were sent to <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> in the mid-1970s but their mission was canceled after Iraq invaded Iran in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_151-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cubans were also involved in the Syrian-Israeli <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> (November 1973–May 1974) that followed the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> (October 1973).<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli sources reported the presence of a Cuban tank brigade in the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, which was supported by two brigades.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Israelis and the Cuban-Syrian tank forces engaged in battle on the Golan front.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37–38">: 37–38 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1979, the U.S. objected to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet combat troops</a> on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the 1983 coup that resulted in the execution of Grenadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Maurice Bishop</a> and establishment of the military government led by <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Austin" title="Hudson Austin">Hudson Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">U.S. forces invaded</a> Grenada in 1983, overthrowing the Government. Most resistance came from Cuban construction workers, while the Grenadan People's Revolutionary Army and militia surrendered without putting up much of a fight. 24 Cubans were killed, with only 2 of them being professional soldiers, and the remainder were expelled from the island. U.S. casualties amounted to 19 killed, 116 wounded, and 9 helicopters destroyed. During the 1970s and 1980s, Castro supported Marxist insurgencies in <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">El Salvador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaragua</a>. Cuba gradually withdrew its troops from Angola in 1989–91.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_151-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important psychological and political aspect of the Cuban military involvement in Africa was the significant presence of black or mixed-race soldiers among the Cuban forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_151-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one source, more than 300,000 Cuban military personnel and civilian experts were deployed in Africa. The source also states that out of the 50,000 Cubans sent to Angola, half contracted AIDS and that 10,000 Cubans died as a consequence of their military actions in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_151-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geneva_Ministerial_Conference_18-20_May_1998_(9308745700).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Geneva_Ministerial_Conference_18-20_May_1998_%289308745700%29.jpg/220px-Geneva_Ministerial_Conference_18-20_May_1998_%289308745700%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Geneva_Ministerial_Conference_18-20_May_1998_%289308745700%29.jpg/330px-Geneva_Ministerial_Conference_18-20_May_1998_%289308745700%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Geneva_Ministerial_Conference_18-20_May_1998_%289308745700%29.jpg/440px-Geneva_Ministerial_Conference_18-20_May_1998_%289308745700%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>Cuban leader <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> in Geneva, Switzerland, May 1998</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_readjustments_(1991-present)"><span id="Political_readjustments_.281991-present.29"></span>Political readjustments (1991-present)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a> and <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932008_Cuban_transfer_of_presidential_duties" title="2006–2008 Cuban transfer of presidential duties">2006–2008 Cuban transfer of presidential duties</a></div> <p>Soviet troops began to withdraw from Cuba in September 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Castro's rule was severely tested in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet collapse in December 1991</a> (known in Cuba as the <a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a>). The country faced a severe economic downturn following the withdrawal of Soviet subsidies worth <span class="nowrap">$4 billion</span> to <span class="nowrap">$6 billion</span> annually, resulting in effects such as food and fuel shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-cmaj_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmaj-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government did not accept American donations of food, medicines and cash until 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-cmaj_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmaj-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 August 1994, state security dispersed protesters in a <a href="/wiki/Maleconazo" title="Maleconazo">spontaneous protest</a> in Havana. From the start of the crisis until 1995, Cuba saw its gross domestic product (GDP) shrink by 35%. It took another five years for its GDP to reach pre-crisis levels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGershmanGutierrez2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGershmanGutierrez2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuba has since found a new source of aid and support in the People's Republic of China. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, then <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">president of Venezuela</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">president of Bolivia</a>, became allies and both countries are major oil and gas exporters. In 2003, the government arrested and imprisoned a large number of civil activists, a period known as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Spring_(Cuba)" title="Black Spring (Cuba)">"Black Spring"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2008, Fidel Castro resigned as President of the State Council due to the serious gastrointestinal illness which he had suffered since July 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 February, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="National Assembly of People's Power">National Assembly</a> elected his brother <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> the new president.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his inauguration speech, Raúl promised that some of the restrictions on freedom in Cuba would be removed.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2009, Raúl Castro <a href="/wiki/2009_Cuban_government_dismissals" title="2009 Cuban government dismissals">removed some of his brother's appointees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 June 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> adopted a resolution to end the 47-year ban on Cuban membership of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution stated, however, that full membership would be delayed until Cuba was "in conformity with the practices, purposes, and principles of the OAS".<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fidel Castro wrote that Cuba would not rejoin the OAS, which, he said, was a "U.S. Trojan horse" and "complicit" in actions taken by the U.S. against Cuba and other Latin American nations.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Press_conference,_Havana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Press_conference%2C_Havana.jpg/220px-Press_conference%2C_Havana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Press_conference%2C_Havana.jpg/330px-Press_conference%2C_Havana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Press_conference%2C_Havana.jpg/440px-Press_conference%2C_Havana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> and U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> at their joint press conference in Havana, Cuba, 21 March 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Effective 14 January 2013, Cuba ended the requirement established in 1961, that any citizens who wish to travel abroad were required to obtain an expensive government permit and a letter of invitation.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961 the Cuban government had imposed broad restrictions on travel to prevent the mass emigration of people after the 1959 revolution;<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it approved exit visas only on rare occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Requirements were simplified: Cubans need only a passport and a national ID card to leave; and they are allowed to take their young children with them for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a passport costs on average five months' salary. Observers expect that Cubans with paying relatives abroad are most likely to be able to take advantage of the new policy.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first year of the program, over 180,000 left Cuba and returned. As of December 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuba&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, talks with Cuban officials and American officials, including President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, resulted in the release of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gross" title="Alan Gross">Alan Gross</a>, fifty-two political prisoners, and an unnamed non-citizen agent of the United States in return for the release of three Cuban agents currently imprisoned in the United States. Additionally, while the embargo between the United States and Cuba was not immediately lifted, it was relaxed to allow import, export, and certain limited commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raúl Castro stepped down from the presidency on 19 April 2018 and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a> was elected president by the National Assembly following <a href="/wiki/2018_Cuban_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Cuban parliamentary election">parliamentary elections</a>. Raúl Castro remained the <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba">First Secretary of the Communist Party</a> and retained broad authority, including oversight over the president.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuba approved a new constitution in 2019. The optional vote attracted 84.4% of eligible voters. 90% of those who voted approved of the new constitution and 9% opposed it. The new constitution states that the Communist Party is the only legitimate political party, describes access to health and education as fundamental rights, imposes presidential term limits, enshrines the right to legal representation upon arrest, recognizes private property, and strengthens the rights of multinationals investing with the state.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any form of discrimination harmful to human dignity is banned under the new constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raúl Castro announced at the Eighth <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba">Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba</a>, which began on 16 April 2021, that he was retiring as secretary of the Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor, Miguel Díaz-Canel, was voted in on 19 April.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2021, there were <a href="/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests" title="2021 Cuban protests">several large protests against the government</a> under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Patria_y_Vida" title="Patria y Vida">Patria y Vida</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban exiles">Cuban exiles</a> also conducted protests overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song associated with the movement received international acclaim including a <a href="/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Grammy Award">Latin Grammy Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 September 2022, Cuba approved a <a href="/wiki/2022_Cuban_Family_Code_referendum" title="2022 Cuban Family Code referendum">referendum</a> which amended the Family Code to legalise <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> and allow <a href="/wiki/Surrogate_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrogate pregnancy">surrogate pregnancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">same-sex adoption</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gender_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender reassignment surgery">Gender reassignment surgery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transgender_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender hormone therapy">transgender hormone therapy</a> are provided free of charge under Cuba's national healthcare system. The proposed changes were supported by the government and opposed by conservatives and parts of the opposition. <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cuba">Official policies</a> of the Cuban government from 1959 until the 1990s were hostile towards homosexuality, with the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community">LGBT community</a> marginalized on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormativity</a>, traditional <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a>, and strict criteria for <a href="/wiki/Moralism" title="Moralism">moralism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Geography of Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Cuba" title="Environment of Cuba">Environment of Cuba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Cuba" title="List of islands of Cuba">List of islands of Cuba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuba_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cuba_Topography.png/310px-Cuba_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cuba_Topography.png/465px-Cuba_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cuba_Topography.png/620px-Cuba_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Cuba</figcaption></figure> <p>Cuba is an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of 4,195 islands, cays and islets located in the northern <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> at the confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> and the Atlantic Ocean. It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/19th_parallel_north" title="19th parallel north">19°</a> and <a href="/wiki/24th_parallel_north" title="24th parallel north">24°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/74th_meridian_west" title="74th meridian west">74°</a> and <a href="/wiki/85th_meridian_west" title="85th meridian west">85°W</a>. Florida (<a href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Key West, Florida">Key West, Florida</a>) is about 150 km (93 miles) across the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Florida" title="Straits of Florida">Straits of Florida</a> to the north and northwest, and <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> (Cay Lobos) 22.5 km (14 mi) to the north. Mexico lies 210 km (130.5 mi) west across the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Channel" title="Yucatán Channel">Yucatán Channel</a> (to the closest tip of <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Catoche" title="Cabo Catoche">Cabo Catoche</a> in the State of <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> is 77 km (47.8 mi) east and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 140 km (87 mi) south. Cuba is the principal island, surrounded by four smaller groups of islands: the <a href="/wiki/Colorados_Archipelago" title="Colorados Archipelago">Colorados Archipelago</a> on the northwestern coast, the <a href="/wiki/Sabana-Camag%C3%BCey_Archipelago" title="Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago">Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago</a> on the north-central Atlantic coast, the <a href="/wiki/Jardines_de_la_Reina" title="Jardines de la Reina">Jardines de la Reina</a> on the south-central coast and the <a href="/wiki/Canarreos_Archipelago" title="Canarreos Archipelago">Canarreos Archipelago</a> on the southwestern coast. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Maestra_panorama1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sierra_Maestra_panorama1.jpg/220px-Sierra_Maestra_panorama1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sierra_Maestra_panorama1.jpg/330px-Sierra_Maestra_panorama1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sierra_Maestra_panorama1.jpg/440px-Sierra_Maestra_panorama1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6029" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Maestra" title="Sierra Maestra">Sierra Maestra</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The main island, named Cuba, is 1,250 km (780 mi) long, constituting most of the nation's land area (104,338 km<sup>2</sup> or 40,285 sq mi) and is the largest island in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">17th-largest island</a> in the world by land area. The main island consists mostly of flat to rolling plains apart from the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Maestra" title="Sierra Maestra">Sierra Maestra</a> mountains in the southeast, whose highest point is <a href="/wiki/Pico_Turquino" title="Pico Turquino">Pico Turquino</a> (1,974 m or 6,476 ft). </p><p>The second-largest island is <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_la_Juventud" title="Isla de la Juventud">Isla de la Juventud</a> (Isle of Youth) in the Canarreos archipelago, with an area of 2,204 km<sup>2</sup> (851 sq mi). Cuba has an official area (land area) of 109,884 km<sup>2</sup> (42,426 sq mi). Its area is 110,860 km<sup>2</sup> (42,803 sq mi) including coastal and territorial waters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Cuba">Climate of Cuba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_CUB_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Koppen-Geiger_Map_CUB_present.svg/310px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_CUB_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Koppen-Geiger_Map_CUB_present.svg/465px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_CUB_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Koppen-Geiger_Map_CUB_present.svg/620px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_CUB_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate classification of Cuba</figcaption></figure> <p>With the entire island south of the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>, the local climate is tropical, moderated by northeasterly trade winds that blow year-round. The temperature is also shaped by the Caribbean current, which brings in warm water from the equator. This makes the climate of Cuba warmer than that of Hong Kong, which is at around the same latitude as Cuba but has a subtropical rather than a tropical climate. In general (with local variations), there is a drier season from November to April, and a rainier season from May to October. The average temperature is 21 °C (70 °F) in January and 27 °C (81 °F) in July. The warm temperatures of the Caribbean Sea and the fact that Cuba sits across the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> combine to make the country prone to frequent <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">hurricanes</a>. These are most common in September and October. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a> hit the island on 8 September 2017, with winds of 260 km/h (72 m/s),<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the Camagüey Archipelago; the storm reached Ciego de Avila province around midnight and continued to pound Cuba the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The worst damage was in the keys north of the main island. Hospitals, warehouses and factories were damaged; much of the north coast was without electricity. By that time, nearly a million people, including tourists, had been evacuated.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Varadero" title="Varadero">Varadero</a> resort area also reported widespread damage; the government believed that repairs could be completed before the start of the main tourist season.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent reports indicated that ten people had been killed during the storm, including seven in Havana, most during building collapses. Sections of the capital had been flooded.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priotelus_temnurus_-Camaguey,_Camaguey_Province,_Cuba-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Priotelus_temnurus_-Camaguey%2C_Camaguey_Province%2C_Cuba-8.jpg/170px-Priotelus_temnurus_-Camaguey%2C_Camaguey_Province%2C_Cuba-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Priotelus_temnurus_-Camaguey%2C_Camaguey_Province%2C_Cuba-8.jpg/255px-Priotelus_temnurus_-Camaguey%2C_Camaguey_Province%2C_Cuba-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Priotelus_temnurus_-Camaguey%2C_Camaguey_Province%2C_Cuba-8.jpg/340px-Priotelus_temnurus_-Camaguey%2C_Camaguey_Province%2C_Cuba-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cuban_trogon" title="Cuban trogon">Cuban trogon</a> is the island's national bird. Its white, red and blue feathers match those of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban flag">Cuban flag</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Cuba signed the Rio <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> on 12 June 1992, and became a party to the convention on 8 March 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has subsequently produced a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_action_plan" title="Biodiversity action plan">National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan</a>, with one revision, that the convention received on 24 January 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country's fourth national report to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">CBD</a> contains a detailed breakdown of the numbers of species of each kingdom of life recorded from Cuba, the main groups being: animals (17,801 species), bacteria (270), <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">chromista</a> (707), fungi, including <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a>-forming species (5844), plants (9107) and <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> (1440).<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The native <a href="/wiki/Bee_hummingbird" title="Bee hummingbird">bee hummingbird</a> or <i>zunzuncito</i> is the world's smallest known bird, with a length of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>55 mm (<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in). The <a href="/wiki/Cuban_trogon" title="Cuban trogon">Cuban trogon</a> or <i>tocororo</i> is the <a href="/wiki/National_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="National bird">national bird</a> of Cuba and an <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> species. <i><a href="/wiki/Hedychium_coronarium" title="Hedychium coronarium">Hedychium coronarium</a></i>, named <i>mariposa</i> in Cuba, is the <a href="/wiki/National_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="National flower">national flower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Suchlicki2001_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suchlicki2001-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuba is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_moist_forests" title="Cuban moist forests">Cuban moist forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_dry_forests" title="Cuban dry forests">Cuban dry forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_pine_forests" title="Cuban pine forests">Cuban pine forests</a>, Cuban wetlands, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_cactus_scrub" title="Cuban cactus scrub">Cuban cactus scrub</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles_mangroves" title="Greater Antilles mangroves">Greater Antilles mangroves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 5.4/10, ranking it 102nd globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2012 study, Cuba is the only country in the world to meet the conditions of sustainable development put forth by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba" title="Politics of Cuba">Politics of Cuba</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Miguel Díaz-Canel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_2019.jpg/105px-Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_2019.jpg/158px-Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_2019.jpg/210px-Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="455" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba">First Secretary of the Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">President of Cuba</a></small></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:101px;max-width:101px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Marrero_Cruz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Manuel Marrero Cruz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Manuel_Marrero_Cruz.png/99px-Manuel_Marrero_Cruz.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Manuel_Marrero_Cruz.png/149px-Manuel_Marrero_Cruz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Manuel_Marrero_Cruz.png/198px-Manuel_Marrero_Cruz.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="613" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Marrero_Cruz" title="Manuel Marrero Cruz">Manuel Marrero Cruz</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba" title="Prime Minister of Cuba">Prime Minister</a></small></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salvador_Vald%C3%A9s_Mesa_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Salvador Valdés Mesa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Salvador_Vald%C3%A9s_Mesa_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Salvador_Vald%C3%A9s_Mesa_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Salvador_Vald%C3%A9s_Mesa_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Salvador_Vald%C3%A9s_Mesa_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Salvador_Vald%C3%A9s_Mesa_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Salvador_Vald%C3%A9s_Mesa_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1960" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Vald%C3%A9s_Mesa" title="Salvador Valdés Mesa">Salvador Valdés Mesa</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Cuba" title="Vice President of Cuba">Vice President</a></small></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Esteban_Lazo_Hernandez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Esteban Lazo Hernández" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Esteban_Lazo_Hernandez.jpg/104px-Esteban_Lazo_Hernandez.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Esteban_Lazo_Hernandez.jpg/156px-Esteban_Lazo_Hernandez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Esteban_Lazo_Hernandez.jpg/208px-Esteban_Lazo_Hernandez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="815" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Lazo_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Esteban Lazo Hernández">Esteban Lazo Hernández</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power_(Cuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of People's Power (Cuba)">President of the National Assembly</a></small></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Republic of Cuba is one of the few <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> countries following the <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> ideology. The Constitution of 1976, which defined Cuba as a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a>, was replaced by the Constitution of 1992, which is "guided by the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="José Martí">José Martí</a> and the political and social ideas of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution describes the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a> as the "leading force of society and of the state".<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political system in Cuba reflects the Marxist–Leninist concept of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba">First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba</a> is the most senior position in the <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leader_of_Cuba_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leader_of_Cuba-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First Secretary leads the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba">Politburo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of Cuba">Secretariat</a>, making the office holder the most powerful person in <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Cuba">Cuban government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of both councils are elected by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="National Assembly of People's Power">National Assembly of People's Power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_210-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President of Cuba, who is also elected by the Assembly, serves for five years and since the ratification of the 2019 Constitution, there is a limit of two consecutive five-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_210-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comit%C3%A9_Central_PCC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Comit%C3%A9_Central_PCC.jpg/220px-Comit%C3%A9_Central_PCC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Comit%C3%A9_Central_PCC.jpg/330px-Comit%C3%A9_Central_PCC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Comit%C3%A9_Central_PCC.jpg/440px-Comit%C3%A9_Central_PCC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Supreme_Court_of_Cuba" title="People's Supreme Court of Cuba">People's Supreme Court</a> serves as Cuba's highest judicial branch of government. It is also the court of last resort for all appeals against the decisions of provincial courts. </p><p>Cuba's national legislature, the National Assembly of People's Power (<i>Asamblea Nacional de Poder Popular</i>), is the supreme organ of power; 474 members serve five-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_210-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assembly meets twice a year; between sessions legislative power is held by the 31 member Council of Ministers. Candidates for the Assembly are approved by public referendum. All Cuban citizens over 16 who have not been convicted of a criminal offense can vote.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 131 of the Constitution states that voting shall be "through free, equal and secret vote".<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_210-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 136 states: "In order for deputies or delegates to be considered elected they must get more than half the number of valid votes cast in the electoral districts".<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_210-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cuba" title="Elections in Cuba">elections in Cuba</a>, but they are not considered democratic.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In elections for the National Assembly of People's Power there is only one candidate for each seat, and candidates are nominated by committees that are firmly controlled by the Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most legislative districts elect multiple representatives to the Assembly. Voters can select individual candidates on their <a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">ballot</a>, select every candidate, or leave every question blank, with no option to vote against candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cuba" title="List of political parties in Cuba">political party</a> is permitted to nominate candidates or campaign on the island, including the Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist Party of Cuba has held six party congress meetings since 1975. In 2011, the party stated that there were 800,000 members, and representatives generally constitute at least half of the Councils of state and the National Assembly. The remaining positions are filled by candidates nominally without party affiliation. Other political parties campaign and raise finances internationally, while activity within Cuba by <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Fidel Castro">opposition groups</a> is minimal. </p><p>Cuba is considered an authoritarian regime according to <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-index2016_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-index2016-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a></i> reports.<sup id="cite_ref-FITW2017_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FITW2017-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, Cuba is considered a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Democracy-Dictatorship_Index" title="Democracy-Dictatorship Index">Democracy-Dictatorship Index</a>, and has been described as "a militarized society"<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the armed forces having long been the most powerful institution in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2013, President of the State Council <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> announced he would resign in 2018, ending his five-year term, and that he hopes to implement permanent term limits for future Cuban presidents, including age limits.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Fidel Castro died on 25 November 2016, the Cuban government declared a nine-day mourning period. During the mourning period, Cuban citizens were prohibited from playing loud music, partying, and drinking alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a> was elected president on 18 April 2018 after the resignation of Raúl Castro. On 19 April 2021, Díaz-Canel became First Secretary of the Communist Party. He is the first non-Castro to be in such top position since the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban revolution">Cuban revolution</a> of 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Cuba" title="Provinces of Cuba">Provinces of Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Cuba" title="Municipalities of Cuba">Municipalities of Cuba</a></div> <p>The country is subdivided into 15 provinces and one special municipality (Isla de la Juventud). These were formerly part of six larger historical provinces: Pinar del Río, Habana, Matanzas, Las Villas, Camagüey and Oriente. The present subdivisions closely resemble those of the Spanish military provinces during the Cuban Wars of Independence, when the most troublesome areas were subdivided. The provinces are divided into municipalities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CubaSubdivisions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CubaSubdivisions.png/440px-CubaSubdivisions.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CubaSubdivisions.png/660px-CubaSubdivisions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/CubaSubdivisions.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Provinces of Cuba</figcaption></figure> <table class="background:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:1em;"> <ol> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo_Province" title="Pinar del Río Province">Pinar del Río</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisa_Province" title="Artemisa Province">Artemisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayabeque_Province" title="Mayabeque Province">Mayabeque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matanzas_Province" title="Matanzas Province">Matanzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cienfuegos_Province" title="Cienfuegos Province">Cienfuegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Clara_Province" title="Villa Clara Province">Villa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancti_Sp%C3%ADritus_Province" title="Sancti Spíritus Province">Sancti Spíritus</a></li> </ol> </td> <td> <ol start="9"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciego_de_%C3%81vila_Province" title="Ciego de Ávila Province">Ciego de Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey_Province" title="Camagüey Province">Camagüey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Tunas_Province" title="Las Tunas Province">Las Tunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granma_Province" title="Granma Province">Granma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holgu%C3%ADn_Province" title="Holguín Province">Holguín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba_Province" title="Santiago de Cuba Province">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Province" title="Guantánamo Province">Guantánamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_la_Juventud" title="Isla de la Juventud">Isla de la Juventud</a></li> </ol> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cuba" title="Foreign relations of Cuba">Foreign relations of Cuba</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_medical_internationalism" title="Cuban medical internationalism">Cuban medical internationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_and_Fidel_Castro_in_Non-Aligned_Movement_meeting_in_Zimbabwe_(1986).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ali_Khamenei_and_Fidel_Castro_in_Non-Aligned_Movement_meeting_in_Zimbabwe_%281986%29.jpg/220px-Ali_Khamenei_and_Fidel_Castro_in_Non-Aligned_Movement_meeting_in_Zimbabwe_%281986%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ali_Khamenei_and_Fidel_Castro_in_Non-Aligned_Movement_meeting_in_Zimbabwe_%281986%29.jpg/330px-Ali_Khamenei_and_Fidel_Castro_in_Non-Aligned_Movement_meeting_in_Zimbabwe_%281986%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ali_Khamenei_and_Fidel_Castro_in_Non-Aligned_Movement_meeting_in_Zimbabwe_%281986%29.jpg/440px-Ali_Khamenei_and_Fidel_Castro_in_Non-Aligned_Movement_meeting_in_Zimbabwe_%281986%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> in Zimbabwe, 3 September 1986</figcaption></figure> <p>Cuba has conducted a foreign policy that is uncharacteristic of such a minor, developing country.<sup id="cite_ref-Domínguez_1989_6_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domínguez_1989_6-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feinsilver_1989_2_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feinsilver_1989_2-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Castro, Cuba was heavily involved in wars in Africa, Central America and Asia. Cuba supported <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> in 1961–1965<sup id="cite_ref-Gleijeses_1996_159,161_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gleijeses_1996_159,161-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sent tens of thousands of troops to <a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Angola</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gleijeses_2010_327_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gleijeses_2010_327-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other countries that featured Cuban involvement include <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gleijeses_2002_392_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gleijeses_2002_392-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gleijeses_1997_50_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gleijeses_1997_50-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gleijeses_1997_45_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gleijeses_1997_45-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gleijeses_2002_227_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gleijeses_2002_227-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamazani1975[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7ETnbmUmxoUCpgPA91_91]_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamazani1975[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7ETnbmUmxoUCpgPA91_91]-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lesser known actions include the 1959 missions to the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition failed, but a prominent monument to its members was erected in their memory in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> by the Dominican government, and they feature prominently at the country's Memorial Museum of the Resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the European Union (EU) and Cuba agreed to resume full relations and cooperation activities.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 2012, tens of thousands of Cuban medical personnel worked abroad,<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with as many as 30,000 doctors in Venezuela alone via the two countries' oil-for-doctors programme.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Raul_Castro_(28-09-2015).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Raul_Castro_%2828-09-2015%29.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Raul_Castro_%2828-09-2015%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Raul_Castro_%2828-09-2015%29.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Raul_Castro_%2828-09-2015%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Raul_Castro_%2828-09-2015%29.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Raul_Castro_%2828-09-2015%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in New York City, 28 September 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:22.06.2023_-_Encontro_com_o_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Cuba,_Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_Berm%C3%BAdez_(52994078528).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/22.06.2023_-_Encontro_com_o_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Cuba%2C_Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_Berm%C3%BAdez_%2852994078528%29.jpg/220px-22.06.2023_-_Encontro_com_o_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Cuba%2C_Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_Berm%C3%BAdez_%2852994078528%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/22.06.2023_-_Encontro_com_o_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Cuba%2C_Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_Berm%C3%BAdez_%2852994078528%29.jpg/330px-22.06.2023_-_Encontro_com_o_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Cuba%2C_Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_Berm%C3%BAdez_%2852994078528%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/22.06.2023_-_Encontro_com_o_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Cuba%2C_Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_Berm%C3%BAdez_%2852994078528%29.jpg/440px-22.06.2023_-_Encontro_com_o_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Cuba%2C_Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_Berm%C3%BAdez_%2852994078528%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2263" data-file-height="1509" /></a><figcaption>Cuban President <a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a> with Brazilian President <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> in Paris, France, 22 June 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1996, the United States, then under President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, brought in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Liberty_and_Democratic_Solidarity_(Libertad)_Act_of_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act of 1996">Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act</a>, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Helms%E2%80%93Burton_Act" title="Helms–Burton Act">Helms–Burton Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, United States President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> stated on 17 April, in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> that "the United States seeks a new beginning with Cuba",<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reversed the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush Administration</a>'s prohibition on travel and remittances by Cuban-Americans from the United States to Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five years later, an agreement between the United States and Cuba, popularly called the "<a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a>", brokered in part by Canada and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, began the process of restoring international relations between the two countries. They agreed to release political prisoners and the United States began the process of creating an embassy in Havana.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was realized on 30 June 2015, when Cuba and the U.S. reached a deal to reopen embassies in their respective capitals on 20 July 2015<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reestablish diplomatic relations.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier in the same year, the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> announced that President Obama would remove Cuba from the American government's list of nations that sponsor terrorism,<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Cuba reportedly welcomed as "fair".<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 September 2017, the United States considered closing its Cuban embassy following mysterious <a href="/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">medical symptoms</a> experienced by its staff.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and the ongoing international isolation of Russia, Cuba emerged as one of the few countries that maintained friendly relations with the Russian Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuban president <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Diaz-Canel" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Diaz-Canel">Miguel Diaz-Canel</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in Moscow in November 2022, where the two leaders opened a monument of Fidel Castro, as well as speaking out against U.S. sanctions against Russia and Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Embargo_by_the_United_States_(1960–present)"><span id="Embargo_by_the_United_States_.281960.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Embargo by the United States (1960–present)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States embargo against Cuba</a></div> <p>Since 1960, the U.S. embargo on Cuba stands as one of the longest-running trade and economic measures in bilateral relations history, having endured for almost six decades. This action was initiated in response to a wave of nationalizations that impacted American properties valued at over US$1 billion, the then U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>, instated an embargo that prohibited all exports to Cuba, with the exception of medicines and certain foods.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_264-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This measure was intensified in 1962 under the administration of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, extending the restrictions to Cuban imports, based on the Foreign Assistance Act approved by Congress in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_264-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Missile Crisis</a> in 1962, the United States even imposed a naval blockade on Cuba, but this was lifted following the resolution of the crisis. The embargo, however, remained in place and has been modified on several occasions over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_264-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Democracy_Act" title="Cuban Democracy Act">Cuban Democracy Act</a> of 1992 states that sanctions will continue "so long as it continues to refuse to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights".<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (May 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> American diplomat <a href="/wiki/Lester_D._Mallory" title="Lester D. Mallory">Lester D. Mallory</a> wrote an internal memo on April 6, 1960, arguing in favor of an embargo: "The only foreseeable means of alienating internal support is through disenchantment and disaffection based on economic dissatisfaction and hardship. [...] to decrease monetary and real wages, to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government."<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> has passed a resolution every year since 1992 condemning the embargo and stating that it violates the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter of the United Nations</a> and international law.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba considers the embargo a human rights violation.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Havana11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Havana11.JPG/220px-Havana11.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Havana11.JPG/330px-Havana11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Havana11.JPG/440px-Havana11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Propaganda sign in front of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Interests_Section_in_Havana" title="United States Interests Section in Havana">United States Interests Section in Havana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The impact and effectiveness of the embargo have been subjects of intense debate. While some argue it has been "extraordinarily porous" and isn't the primary cause of Cuba's economic hardships, others see it as a pressure mechanism aimed at driving change in the Cuban government.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_264-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Arturo Lopez Levy, a professor of international relations, it would be more appropriate to refer to the measure as a "<a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a>", as it goes beyond mere trade restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_264-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other critics of the Cuban government argue that the embargo has been used by the government as an excuse to justify its own economic and political shortcomings.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_264-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 December 2014, United States President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> announced the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">re-establishment</a> of diplomatic relations with Cuba, pushing for Congress to put an end to the embargo,<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the United States-run <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>. These diplomatic improvements were later reversed by the <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> Administration, which enacted new rules and re-enforced the business and travel restrictions which were loosened by the Obama Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sanctions were inherited and strengthened by the <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the embargo, Cuba has maintained trade relations with other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_264-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 2019 data, China stands as Cuba's main trading partner, followed by countries such as Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, and Cyprus. Cuba's main exports include tobacco, sugar, and alcoholic beverages, while it primarily imports chicken meat, wheat, corn, and condensed milk.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_264-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces</a></div> <p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuba&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Cuba spent about <span class="nowrap">US$91.8 million</span> on its armed forces or 2.9% of its GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, Cuba devoted more than 10% of its GDP to military expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoyt_Atlantic_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoyt_Atlantic-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Cuba built up one of the largest armed forces in Latin America, second only to that of <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-military_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-military-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1975 until the late 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet military</a> assistance enabled Cuba to upgrade its military capabilities. After the loss of Soviet subsidies, Cuba scaled down the numbers of military personnel, from 235,000 in 1994 to about 49,000 in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, Cuba signed the UN treaty on the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuba is the 98th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Cuba">Law enforcement in Cuba</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Revolution" title="Committees for the Defense of the Revolution">Committees for the Defense of the Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Cuba" title="Crime in Cuba">Crime in Cuba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuba_police_car_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cuba_police_car_01.JPG/220px-Cuba_police_car_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cuba_police_car_01.JPG/330px-Cuba_police_car_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cuba_police_car_01.JPG/440px-Cuba_police_car_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3019" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lada_Riva" title="Lada Riva">Lada Riva</a> police car in <a href="/wiki/Holgu%C3%ADn" title="Holguín">Holguín</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>All law enforcement agencies are maintained under Cuba's Ministry of the Interior, which is supervised by the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Revolutionary Armed Forces</a>. In Cuba, citizens can receive police assistance by dialing "106" on their telephones.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The police force, which is referred to as "Policía Nacional Revolucionaria" or PNR is then expected to provide help. The Cuban government also has an agency called the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Directorate">Intelligence Directorate</a> that conducts intelligence operations and maintains close ties with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service (Russia)">Russian Federal Security Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US Justice Department considers Cuba a significant counterintelligence threat.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Civilians are also involved in law enforcement, in a limited capacity. The <a href="/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Revolution" title="Committees for the Defense of the Revolution">Committees for the Defense of the Revolution</a> are an official <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_watch" title="Neighborhood watch">neighborhood watch</a> organization, made up of dedicated citizens who monitor their neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP10_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP10-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership is not selective, but leading members are approved by the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Communist Party">Cuban Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cuba" title="Human rights in Cuba">Human rights in Cuba</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cuba">LGBT rights in Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cuba" title="Women in Cuba">Women in Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cuba" title="Censorship in Cuba">Censorship in Cuba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuban_dissident_movement" title="Cuban dissident movement">Cuban dissident movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damas_de_Blanco_demonstration_in_Havana,_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Damas_de_Blanco_demonstration_in_Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg/220px-Damas_de_Blanco_demonstration_in_Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Damas_de_Blanco_demonstration_in_Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg/330px-Damas_de_Blanco_demonstration_in_Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Damas_de_Blanco_demonstration_in_Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg/440px-Damas_de_Blanco_demonstration_in_Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ladies_in_White" title="Ladies in White">Ladies in White</a> demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> (April 2012)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) accused the Cuban government of "continuing flagrant violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms".<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuba&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it has continued to call regularly for social and economic reform in Cuba, along with the unconditional release of all <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners">political prisoners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laursen_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laursen-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuba was ranked 19th by the number of imprisoned journalists of any nation in 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuba&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> according to various sources, including the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> and Human Rights Watch.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba ranks 171st out of 180 on the 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuba&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2010, the unofficial Cuban Human Rights Commission said there were 167 political prisoners in Cuba, a fall from 201 at the start of the year. The head of the commission stated that long prison sentences were being replaced by harassment and intimidation.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Economy of Cuba</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dual_economy_of_Cuba" title="Dual economy of Cuba">Dual economy of Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_Cuba" title="Rationing in Cuba">Rationing in Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociolismo" title="Sociolismo">Sociolismo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States embargo against Cuba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Cuba.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Cuba.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Cuba.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Cuba.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical GDP per capita development</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cuban state asserts its adherence to <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> principles in organizing its largely state-controlled <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a>. Most of the means of production are owned and run by the government and most of the labor force is employed by the state. Recent years have seen a trend toward more private sector employment. By 2006, public sector employment was 78% and private sector 22%, compared to 91.8% to 8.2% in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government spending is 78.1% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early 2010s, following the initial market reforms, it has become popular to describe the economy as being, or moving toward, <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any firm that hires a Cuban must pay the Cuban government, which in turn pays the employee in Cuban pesos.<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average monthly wage as of July 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuba&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> was 466 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_pesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban pesos">Cuban pesos</a>—about US$19.<sup id="cite_ref-moneytalk_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moneytalk-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after a reform in January 2021, the minimum wage is about 2100 CUP (US$18) and the median wage is about 4000 CUP (US$33).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cuba had Cuban pesos (CUP) set at par with the US dollar before 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-moneytalk_296-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moneytalk-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every Cuban household has a ration book (known as <a href="/wiki/Libreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Libreta">libreta</a>) entitling it to a monthly supply of food and other staples, which are provided at nominal cost.<sup id="cite_ref-dealsoff_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dealsoff-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Havana Consulting Group, in 2014, remittances to Cuba amounted to US$3,129 million, the seventh highest in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, remittances had grown to US$6,616 million, but dropped down to US$1,967 million in 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pandemic has also devastated Cuba's tourist industry, which along with a tightening of U.S. sanctions, has led to large increase in emigration among younger working-age Cubans. It has been described as a crisis that is "threatening the stability" of Cuba, which "already has one of the hemisphere’s oldest populations".<sup id="cite_ref-Augustin-11-12-22_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augustin-11-12-22-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a controversial 2023 report by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Observatory_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuban Observatory of Human Rights (page does not exist)">Cuban Observatory of Human Rights</a> (OCDH), 88% of Cuban citizens live in extreme poverty. The report stated that Cubans were concerned about food security and the difficulty in acquiring basic goods.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, Cuba's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP per capita</a> was $9,500 as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:world_bank_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:world_bank-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But according to the <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>, it was $12,300 as of 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:cia_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:cia-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> gave Cuba a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI) of 0.764 in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:UNDP_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:UNDP-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same United Nations agency estimated the country's <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">Multidimensional Poverty Index</a> of 0.003 in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-:MPI_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:MPI-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, Cuba had exports of <span class="nowrap">US$2.4 billion</span>, ranking 114 of 226 world countries, and imports of <span class="nowrap">US$6.9 billion</span>, ranking 87 of 226 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its major export partners are Canada 17.7%, China 16.9%, Venezuela 12.5%, Netherlands 9%, and Spain 5.9% (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba's major exports are sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus fruits, and coffee;<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_307-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> imports include food, fuel, clothing, and machinery. Cuba presently holds debt in an amount estimated at <span class="nowrap">$13 billion</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approximately 38% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>, Cuba is dependent on credit accounts that rotate from country to country.<sup id="cite_ref-catholic_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba's prior 35% supply of the world's export market for sugar has declined to 10% due to a variety of factors, including a global sugar commodity price drop that made Cuba less competitive on world markets.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was announced in 2008 that wage caps would be abandoned to improve the nation's productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuba's leadership has called for reforms in the country's <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cuba" title="Agriculture in Cuba">agricultural system</a>. In 2008, Raúl Castro began enacting agrarian reforms to boost food production, as at that time 80% of food was imported. The reforms aim to expand land use and increase efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-food_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-food-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venezuela supplies Cuba with an estimated 110,000 barrels (17,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of oil per day in exchange for money and the services of some 44,000 Cubans, most of them medical personnel, in Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-VenezuelaReuters_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VenezuelaReuters-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VenezuelaAES_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VenezuelaAES-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Havana_-_Cuba_-_2756.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Havana_-_Cuba_-_2756.jpg/220px-Havana_-_Cuba_-_2756.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Havana_-_Cuba_-_2756.jpg/330px-Havana_-_Cuba_-_2756.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Havana_-_Cuba_-_2756.jpg/440px-Havana_-_Cuba_-_2756.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4192" data-file-height="2797" /></a><figcaption>Cubans are now permitted to own small businesses in certain sectors.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuba&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Cubans were allowed to build their own houses. According to Raúl Castro, they could now improve their houses, but the government would not endorse these new houses or improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is virtually no homelessness in Cuba,<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 85% of Cubans own their homes<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pay no property taxes or mortgage interest. Mortgage payments may not exceed 10% of a household's combined income.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="unbiased source needed (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>On 2 August 2011, <i>The New York Times</i> reported that Cuba reaffirmed its intent to legalize "buying and selling" of private property before the year's end. According to experts, the private sale of property could "transform Cuba more than any of the economic reforms announced by President Raúl Castro's government".<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would cut more than one million state jobs, including party bureaucrats who resist the changes.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reforms created what some call "New Cuban Economy".<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2013, Raúl said he intended to merge the two currencies, but as of August 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuba&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the dual currency system remains in force. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuba_2013-01-23_(8503121480).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cuba_2013-01-23_%288503121480%29.jpg/220px-Cuba_2013-01-23_%288503121480%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cuba_2013-01-23_%288503121480%29.jpg/330px-Cuba_2013-01-23_%288503121480%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cuba_2013-01-23_%288503121480%29.jpg/440px-Cuba_2013-01-23_%288503121480%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4536" data-file-height="2772" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco fields in <a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%B1ales_Valley" title="Viñales Valley">Viñales</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2016, the <i>Miami Herald</i> wrote, "... about 27 percent of Cubans earn under $50 per month; 34 percent earn the equivalent of $50 to $100 per month; and 20 percent earn $101 to $200. Twelve percent reported earning $201 to $500 a month; and almost 4 percent said their monthly earnings topped $500, including 1.5 percent who said they earned more than $1,000."<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2019, Cuba imposed rationing of staples such as chicken, eggs, rice, beans, soap and other basic goods. (Some two-thirds of food in the country is imported.) A spokesperson blamed the increased U.S. trade embargo although economists believe that an equally important problem is the massive decline of aid from Venezuela and the failure of Cuba's state-run oil company which had subsidized fuel costs.<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2019, the government announced an increase in public sector wages of about 300%, specifically for teachers and health personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, the government allowed stores to purchase house equipment and similar items, using international currency, and send it to Cuba by emigration. The leaders of the government recognized that the new measures were unpopular but necessary to contain the capital flight to other countries as Panamá where Cuban citizens traveled and imported items to resell on the island. Other measures included allowing private companies to export and import, through state companies, resources to produce products and services in Cuba. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Habana_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/La_Habana_Cuba.jpg/220px-La_Habana_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/La_Habana_Cuba.jpg/330px-La_Habana_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/La_Habana_Cuba.jpg/440px-La_Habana_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Hotel <a href="/wiki/Parque_Central,_Havana" title="Parque Central, Havana">Parque Central</a> in Havana</figcaption></figure> <p>On January 1, 2021, Cuba's dual currency system was formally ended, and the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_convertible_peso" title="Cuban convertible peso">convertible Cuban peso</a> (CUC) was phased out, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_peso" title="Cuban peso">Cuban peso</a> (CUP) as the country's sole currency unit. Cuban citizens had until June 2021 to exchange their CUCs. However, this devalued the Cuban peso and caused economic problems for people who had been previously paid in CUCs, particularly workers in the tourism industry.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aj112021_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj112021-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, in February, the government dictated new measures to the private sector, with prohibitions for only 124 activities,<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in areas like national security, health and educational services.<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wages were increased again, between 4 and 9 times, for all the sectors. Also, new facilities were allowed to the state companies, with much more autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-aj112021_328-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj112021-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first problem with the new reform, in terms of public opinion, were electricity prices, but that was amended quickly. Other measures corrected were in the prices for private farmers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In July 2020, Cuba opened new stores accepting only foreign currency while simultaneously eliminating a special tax on the U.S. dollar<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to combat an economic crisis arising initially due to economic sanctions imposed by the Trump administration,<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then later worsened by a lack of tourism during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">coronavirus pandemic</a>. These economic sanctions have since been sustained by the Biden administration.<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resources">Resources</h3></div> <p>Cuba's natural resources include sugar, tobacco, fish, citrus fruits, <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Cuba" title="Coffee production in Cuba">coffee</a>, beans, rice, potatoes, and livestock. Cuba's most important mineral resource is nickel, with 21% of total exports in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-ITC_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITC-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The output of Cuba's nickel mines that year was 71,000 tons, approaching 4% of world production.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuba&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> its reserves were estimated at 5.5 million tons, over 7% of the world total.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_336-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sherritt_International" title="Sherritt International">Sherritt International</a> of Canada operates a large nickel mining facility in <a href="/wiki/Moa,_Cuba" title="Moa, Cuba">Moa</a>. Cuba is also a major producer of refined <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, a by-product of nickel mining.<sup id="cite_ref-torres_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torres-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oil exploration in 2005 by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">US Geological Survey</a> revealed that the North Cuba Basin could produce about 4.6 billion barrels (730,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) to 9.3 billion barrels (1.48<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of oil. In 2006, Cuba started to test-drill these locations for possible exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cuba" title="Tourism in Cuba">Tourism in Cuba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camaguey_rooftops_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Camaguey_rooftops_2.jpg/220px-Camaguey_rooftops_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Camaguey_rooftops_2.jpg/330px-Camaguey_rooftops_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Camaguey_rooftops_2.jpg/440px-Camaguey_rooftops_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a>, a colonial city UNESCO World Heritage Site</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varaderos_beach_(5982433102).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Varaderos_beach_%285982433102%29.jpg/220px-Varaderos_beach_%285982433102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Varaderos_beach_%285982433102%29.jpg/330px-Varaderos_beach_%285982433102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Varaderos_beach_%285982433102%29.jpg/440px-Varaderos_beach_%285982433102%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4891" data-file-height="3239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Varadero" title="Varadero">Varadero</a> resort area</figcaption></figure> <p>Tourism was initially restricted to enclave resorts where tourists would be segregated from Cuban society, referred to as "enclave tourism" and "tourism apartheid".<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contact between foreign visitors and ordinary Cubans were <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de facto</i></span> illegal between 1992 and 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_2002_33_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett_2002_33-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rapid growth of tourism during the Special Period had widespread social and economic repercussions in Cuba, and led to speculation about the emergence of a two-tier economy.<sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="nowrap">1.9 million</span> tourists visited Cuba in 2003, predominantly from Canada and the European Union, generating revenue of <span class="nowrap">US$2.1 billion</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba recorded 2,688,000 international tourists in 2011, the third-highest figure in the Caribbean (behind the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico).<sup id="cite_ref-unwto_343-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unwto-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a> sector caters to thousands of European, Latin American, Canadian, and American consumers every year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A study in 2018 indicated that Cuba has a potential for <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> activity, and that mountaineering could be a key contributor to tourism, along with other activities, e.g. biking, diving, caving. Promoting these resources could contribute to regional development, prosperity, and well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cuban Justice minister downplays allegations of widespread <a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">sex tourism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Justice_Minister_345-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justice_Minister-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a Government of Canada travel advice website, "Cuba is actively working to prevent child sex tourism, and a number of tourists, including Canadians, have been convicted of offenses related to the corruption of minors aged 16 and under. Prison sentences range from 7 to 25 years."<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some tourist facilities were extensively damaged on 8 September 2017 when <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a> hit the island. The storm made landfall in the Camagüey Archipelago; the worst damage was in the keys north of the main island, however, and not in the most significant tourist areas.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cuba" title="Transport in Cuba">Transport in Cuba</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cuba" title="Demographics of Cuba">Demographics of Cuba</a></div> <p>According to the official census of 2010, Cuba's population was 11,241,161, comprising 5,628,996 men and 5,612,165 women.<sup id="cite_ref-cubacensus2010_347-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cubacensus2010-347"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> (9.88 births per thousand population in 2006)<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the lowest in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>. Although the country's population has grown by about four million people since 1961, the rate of growth slowed during that period, and the population began to decline in 2006, due to the country's low <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> (1.43 children per woman) coupled with emigration.<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Cuba" title="List of cities in Cuba">List of cities in Cuba</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Cuba</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2018 Estimate<sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Cuba" title="List of cities in Cuba">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Cuba" title="Provinces of Cuba">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%ADnea,_La_Habana,_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Havana"><img alt="Havana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/L%C3%ADnea%2C_La_Habana%2C_Cuba.jpg/120px-L%C3%ADnea%2C_La_Habana%2C_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/L%C3%ADnea%2C_La_Habana%2C_Cuba.jpg/180px-L%C3%ADnea%2C_La_Habana%2C_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/L%C3%ADnea%2C_La_Habana%2C_Cuba.jpg/240px-L%C3%ADnea%2C_La_Habana%2C_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escuela_Ing_Luis_Armando_Morales_Mustelier_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santiago de Cuba"><img alt="Santiago de Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Escuela_Ing_Luis_Armando_Morales_Mustelier_002.jpg/120px-Escuela_Ing_Luis_Armando_Morales_Mustelier_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Escuela_Ing_Luis_Armando_Morales_Mustelier_002.jpg/180px-Escuela_Ing_Luis_Armando_Morales_Mustelier_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Escuela_Ing_Luis_Armando_Morales_Mustelier_002.jpg/240px-Escuela_Ing_Luis_Armando_Morales_Mustelier_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,131,480 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camaguey_rooftops_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camagüey"><img alt="Camagüey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Camaguey_rooftops_3.jpg/120px-Camaguey_rooftops_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Camaguey_rooftops_3.jpg/180px-Camaguey_rooftops_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Camaguey_rooftops_3.jpg/240px-Camaguey_rooftops_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holgu%C3%ADn-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holguín"><img alt="Holguín" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Holgu%C3%ADn-3.jpg/120px-Holgu%C3%ADn-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Holgu%C3%ADn-3.jpg/180px-Holgu%C3%ADn-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Holgu%C3%ADn-3.jpg/240px-Holgu%C3%ADn-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Holgu%C3%ADn" title="Holguín">Holguín</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba_Province" title="Santiago de Cuba Province">Santiago de Cuba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">433,581 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey_Province" title="Camagüey Province">Camagüey</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">308,902 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Holgu%C3%ADn" title="Holguín">Holguín</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Holgu%C3%ADn_Province" title="Holguín Province">Holguín</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">297,433 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_Cuba" title="Santa Clara, Cuba">Santa Clara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Clara_Province" title="Villa Clara Province">Villa Clara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">216,854 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo" title="Guantánamo">Guantánamo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Province" title="Guantánamo Province">Guantánamo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">216,003 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_de_Las_Tunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria de Las Tunas">Victoria de Las Tunas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Las_Tunas_Province" title="Las Tunas Province">Las Tunas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">173,552 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bayamo" title="Bayamo">Bayamo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Granma_Province" title="Granma Province">Granma</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">159,966 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cienfuegos" title="Cienfuegos">Cienfuegos</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cienfuegos_Province" title="Cienfuegos Province">Cienfuegos</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">151,838 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinar del Río, Cuba">Pinar del Río</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo_Province" title="Pinar del Río Province">Pinar del Río</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">145,193 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnoracial_groups">Ethnoracial groups</h3></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">2012 Cuban census data<sup id="cite_ref-census_351-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Race</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">White</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:AntiqueWhite; width:64.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">64.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Peru; width:26.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">26.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Black</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:9.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.3%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1919_The_Barrientos_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/1919_The_Barrientos_family.jpg/220px-1919_The_Barrientos_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/1919_The_Barrientos_family.jpg/330px-1919_The_Barrientos_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/1919_The_Barrientos_family.jpg/440px-1919_The_Barrientos_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption>Mixed heritage is common in Cuba, shown in this 1919 photograph of the Barrientos family, headed by a former Spanish soldier and an indigenous woman from <a href="/wiki/Baracoa,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Baracoa, Cuba">Baracoa, Cuba</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cuba's population is multiethnic, reflecting its complex colonial origins. Intermarriage between diverse groups is widespread, and consequently there is some discrepancy in reports of the country's racial composition: whereas the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a> determined that 62% of Cubans are black using the <a href="/wiki/One_drop_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="One drop rule">one drop rule</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 2002 Cuban census found that a similar proportion of the population, 65.05%, was white. </p><p>In fact, the <a href="/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group_International" title="Minority Rights Group International">Minority Rights Group International</a> determined that "An objective assessment of the situation of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Afro-Cubans</a> remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre- and post-revolution. Estimates of the percentage of people of African descent in the Cuban population vary enormously, ranging from 34% to 62%".<sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2014 study found that, based on <a href="/wiki/Ancestry-informative_marker" title="Ancestry-informative marker">ancestry informative markers</a> (AIM), <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> genetic ancestry in Cuba is 72% European, 20% African, and 8% Indigenous.<sup id="cite_ref-plosgenetics.org_354-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-354"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asians</a> make up about 1% of the population, and are largely of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cubans" title="Chinese Cubans">Chinese ancestry</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Cubans" title="Japanese Cubans">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Cubans" title="Filipino Cubans">Filipino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-355" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many are descendants of farm laborers brought to the island by Spanish and American contractors during the 19th and early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-357" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-357"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current recorded number of Cubans with Chinese ancestry is 114,240.<sup id="cite_ref-358" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Afro-Cubans</a> are descended primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a>, Bantu people from the <a href="/wiki/Congo_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo basin">Congo basin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalabari_tribe" title="Kalabari tribe">Kalabari tribe</a> and Arará from the <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a>, as well as several thousand North African refugees, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi Arabs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-359" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-359"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration">Immigration</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Cuba" title="French immigration to Cuba">French immigration to Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Spanish immigration to Cuba">Spanish immigration to Cuba</a></div> <p>Immigration and emigration have played a prominent part in Cuba's demographic profile. Between the 18th and early 20th century, large waves of <a href="/wiki/Canarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Canarian">Canarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andalusians" title="Andalusians">Andalusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician people">Galician</a>, and other Spanish people immigrated to Cuba. Between 1899 and 1930 alone, close to a million Spaniards entered the country, though many would eventually return to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent immigrant groups included French,<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, Italian, Russian, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>, British, and Irish, as well as small number of descendants of U.S. citizens who arrived in Cuba in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As of 2015, the foreign-born population in Cuba was 13,336 inhabitants per the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> data.<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emigration">Emigration</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">Cuban exile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuban_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Cuban immigration to the United States">Cuban immigration to the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6.6.10CubanParadeUCByLuigiNovi5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/6.6.10CubanParadeUCByLuigiNovi5.jpg/220px-6.6.10CubanParadeUCByLuigiNovi5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/6.6.10CubanParadeUCByLuigiNovi5.jpg/330px-6.6.10CubanParadeUCByLuigiNovi5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/6.6.10CubanParadeUCByLuigiNovi5.jpg/440px-6.6.10CubanParadeUCByLuigiNovi5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Havana_on_the_Hudson" title="Havana on the Hudson">North Hudson, New Jersey</a>, is home to a large <a href="/wiki/Cuban_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban American">Cuban American</a> population.</figcaption></figure> <p>Post-revolution Cuba has been characterized by significant levels of emigration, which has led to a <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">large and influential diaspora community</a>. During the three decades after January 1959, more than one million Cubans of all social classes—constituting 10% of the total population—<a href="/wiki/Cuban_migration_to_Miami" title="Cuban migration to Miami">emigrated to the United States</a>, a proportion that matches the extent of emigration to the U.S. from the Caribbean as a whole during that period.<sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedraza2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_364-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedraza2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedraza2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQCSJ61F4j34CpgPA5_5]_367-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedraza2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQCSJ61F4j34CpgPA5_5]-367"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 13 January 2013, Cuban citizens could not travel abroad, leave or return to Cuba without first obtaining official permission along with applying for a government-issued passport and travel visa, which was often denied.<sup id="cite_ref-368" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-368"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who left the country typically did so by sea, in small boats and fragile rafts. </p><p>On 9 September 1994, the U.S. and Cuban governments agreed that the U.S. would grant at least 20,000 visas annually in exchange for Cuba's pledge to prevent further unlawful departures on boats.<sup id="cite_ref-369" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-369"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, Cuba is undergoing its most severe socioeconomic crisis since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a>, leading to a record number of Cubans fleeing the island.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_370-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022 alone, the number of Cubans trying to enter the United States, primarily through the <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Mexico" title="Borders of Mexico">Mexican border</a>, surged from 39,000 in 2021 to over 224,000. Many have resorted to selling their homes at very low prices to afford one-way flights to <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, hoping to travel through Mexico to reach the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_370-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those remaining among the island's 11 million inhabitants, life grows increasingly desperate. Internal migration has led to overpopulation in the capital, Havana, resulting in people living in makeshift shelters or overcrowded buildings, some of which are on the brink of collapse. The island's persistent shortages of food and medicine can be attributed to the U.S. trade embargo in place since 1962 and stringent government control over the economy since 1959. Regular power outages harken back to the early 1990s, a time when Soviet subsidies ended, plunging the island into economic hardship.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_370-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuba's "<a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a>" saw the country relying heavily on foreign tourism and the earnings of nationals working abroad. The pandemic, however, severely affected this revenue stream, decreasing the number of tourists by 75% in 2020. Monetary reforms in 2021 introduced shocks of inflation, further exacerbating the country's food scarcity and boosting the black market's prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_370-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the increasing hardships, the Cuban spirit remains resilient. Access to the internet since 2018 and widespread use of social media have fueled calls for political and economic liberalization. The power of the internet was evident during the Cuban protests of 2021, which were promptly suppressed by the police, with many prominent artists and bloggers detained.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_370-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2013 the top emigration destinations were the United States, Spain, Italy, Puerto Rico, and Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-371" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-371"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a tightening of U.S. sanctions and damage to the tourist industry by the COVID-19 pandemic, emigration has accelerated. In 2022, more than 2% of the population (almost 250,000 Cubans out of 11 million) migrated to the United States, and thousands more went to other countries, a number "larger than the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Mariel_boatlift" title="Mariel boatlift">Mariel boatlift</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1994_Cuban_rafter_crisis" title="1994 Cuban rafter crisis">1994 Cuban rafter crisis</a> combined", which were Cuba's previous largest migration events.<sup id="cite_ref-Augustin-11-12-22_300-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augustin-11-12-22-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban Spanish</a></div> <p>The official language of Cuba is Spanish and the vast majority of Cubans speak it. Spanish as spoken in Cuba is known as <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban Spanish</a> and is a form of <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean Spanish</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lucum%C3%AD_language" title="Lucumí language">Lucumí</a>, a dialect of the West African language <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>, is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a> by practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so only as a second language.<sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a> is the second-most spoken language in Cuba, and is spoken by <a href="/wiki/Haitians" title="Haitians">Haitian</a> immigrants and their descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other languages spoken by immigrants include <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Religion in Cuba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Havana_Cathedral_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Havana_Cathedral_crop.jpg/220px-Havana_Cathedral_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Havana_Cathedral_crop.jpg/330px-Havana_Cathedral_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Havana_Cathedral_crop.jpg/440px-Havana_Cathedral_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Havana_Cathedral" title="Havana Cathedral">Havana Cathedral</a>, built between 1748 and 1777</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Forum">Pew Forum</a> estimated that religious affiliation in Cuba is 59.2% Christian, 23% unaffiliated, 17.4% <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religion</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">santería</a>), and the remaining 0.4% consisting of other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-pewrel_376-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewrel-376"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2015 survey sponsored by Univision, 44% of Cubans said they were not religious and 9% did not give an answer while only 34% said they were Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-377" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-377"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuba is officially a secular state. Religious freedom increased through the 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-378" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-378"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the government amending the constitution in 1992 to drop the state's characterization as atheistic.<sup id="cite_ref-Domínguez_2003_4_379-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domínguez_2003_4-379"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> is the largest religion, with its origins in Spanish colonization. Despite less than half of the population identifying as Catholics in 2006, it nonetheless remains the dominant faith.<sup id="cite_ref-catholic_310-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI visited Cuba in 1998 and 2011, respectively, and Pope Francis visited Cuba in September 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-380" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-380"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-381" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-381"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to each papal visit, the Cuban government pardoned prisoners as a humanitarian gesture.<sup id="cite_ref-382" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-382"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-383" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-383"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>364<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government's relaxation of restrictions on <a href="/wiki/House_church" title="House church">house churches</a> in the 1990s led to an explosion of <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>, with some groups claiming as many as 100,000 members. However, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestant">Evangelical Protestant</a> denominations, organized into the umbrella Cuban Council of Churches, remain much more vibrant and powerful.<sup id="cite_ref-Edmonds_384-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmonds-384"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religious landscape of Cuba is also strongly defined by <a href="/wiki/Syncretisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretisms">syncretisms</a> of various kinds. Christianity is often practiced in tandem with <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a>, a mixture of Catholicism and mostly African faiths, which include a number of cults. La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre (the Virgin of <i>Cobre</i>) is the Catholic patroness of Cuba, and a symbol of Cuban culture. In Santería, she has been syncretized with the goddess <a href="/wiki/Oshun" title="Oshun">Oshun</a>. A breakdown of the followers of Afro-Cuban religions showed that most practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Palo_Mayombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Mayombe">Palo Mayombe</a> were black and dark brown-skinned, most practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Vod%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Vodú">Vodú</a> were medium brown and light brown-skinned, and most practitioners of Santeria were light brown and white-skinned.<sup id="cite_ref-385" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-385"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuba also hosts small communities of Jews (500 in 2012), <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, and members of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-386" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-386"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several well-known Cuban religious figures have operated outside the island, including the humanitarian and author <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Armando_P%C3%A9rez" title="Jorge Armando Pérez">Jorge Armando Pérez</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cuba" title="Education in Cuba">Education in Cuba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrada_Universidad_de_la_Habana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Entrada_Universidad_de_la_Habana.jpg/220px-Entrada_Universidad_de_la_Habana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Entrada_Universidad_de_la_Habana.jpg/330px-Entrada_Universidad_de_la_Habana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Entrada_Universidad_de_la_Habana.jpg/440px-Entrada_Universidad_de_la_Habana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Havana" title="University of Havana">University of Havana</a>, founded in 1728</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Havana" title="University of Havana">University of Havana</a> was founded in 1728 and there are a number of other well-established <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Cuba">colleges and universities</a>. In 1957, just before Castro came to power, the literacy rate was as low as fourth in the region at almost 80% according to the United Nations, yet higher than in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-asce_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asce-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castro created an entirely state-operated system and banned private institutions. School attendance is compulsory from ages six to the end of basic secondary education (normally at age 15), and all students, regardless of age or gender, wear school uniforms with the color denoting grade level. Primary education lasts for six years, secondary education is divided into basic and pre-university education.<sup id="cite_ref-siteresources.worldbank.org_387-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siteresources.worldbank.org-387"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba's <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> of 99.8 percent<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_307-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mdgs.un.org_388-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mdgs.un.org-388"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">tenth-highest globally</a>, largely due to the provision of free education at every level.<sup id="cite_ref-LiteracyC_389-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiteracyC-389"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba's high school graduation rate is 94 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-390" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-390"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>371<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Higher education is provided by universities, higher institutes, higher <a href="/wiki/Pedagogical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedagogical">pedagogical</a> institutes, and higher <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_using_the_term_%22institute_of_technology%22_or_%22polytechnic%22" title="List of institutions using the term "institute of technology" or "polytechnic"">polytechnic</a> institutes. The Cuban Ministry of Higher Education operates a distance education program that provides regular afternoon and evening courses in rural areas for agricultural workers. Education has a strong political and ideological emphasis, and students progressing to higher education are expected to have a commitment to the goals of Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-siteresources.worldbank.org_387-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siteresources.worldbank.org-387"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba has provided free education to foreign nationals from disadvantaged backgrounds at the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_School_of_Medicine_(Cuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American School of Medicine (Cuba)">Latin American School of Medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-391" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-391"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>372<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-392" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-392"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>373<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Webometrics_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Webometrics Ranking of World Universities">Webometrics Ranking of World Universities</a>, the top-ranking universities in the country are <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_la_Habana" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de la Habana">Universidad de la Habana</a> (1680th worldwide), <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Superior_Polit%C3%A9cnico_Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Echeverr%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría">Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría</a> (2893rd) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="University of Santiago de Cuba">University of Santiago de Cuba</a> (3831st).<sup id="cite_ref-393" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-393"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Cuba" title="Healthcare in Cuba">Healthcare in Cuba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_development_in_Cuba.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Life_expectancy_development_in_Cuba.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_development_in_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Life_expectancy_development_in_Cuba.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_development_in_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Life_expectancy_development_in_Cuba.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_development_in_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy development in Cuba</figcaption></figure> <p>After the revolution, Cuba established a free public health system.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuba's <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> at birth is 79.87 years (77.53 for males and 82.35 for females). This ranks Cuba 59th in the world and 4th in the Americas, behind Canada, Chile and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-394" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-394"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>375<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infant mortality declined from 32 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 1957, to 10 in 1990–95,<sup id="cite_ref-395" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-395"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6.1 in 2000–2005 and 5.13 in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Mdgs.un.org_388-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mdgs.un.org-388"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-factbook_307-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, Cuba has ranked high in numbers of medical personnel and has made significant contributions to world health since the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-asce_126-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asce-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Cuba has <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> and despite persistent shortages of medical supplies, there is no shortage of medical personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-whiteford_396-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whiteford-396"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary care is available throughout the island and infant and maternal mortality rates compare favorably with those in developed nations.<sup id="cite_ref-whiteford_396-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whiteford-396"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That an impoverished nation like Cuba has health outcomes rivaling the developed world is referred to by researchers as the Cuban Health Paradox.<sup id="cite_ref-397" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-397"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>378<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba ranks 30th on the 2019 Bloomberg Healthiest Country Index, the highest ranking of a developing country.<sup id="cite_ref-398" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-398"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cuban healthcare system, renowned for its medical services, has emphasized the export of health professionals through international missions, aiding global health efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_399-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-399"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>380<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while these missions generate significant revenue and serve as a tool for political influence, domestically, Cuba faces challenges including medication shortages and disparities between medical services for locals and foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_399-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-399"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>380<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the income from these missions, only a small fraction of the national budget has been allocated to public health, underscoring contrasting priorities within the nation's healthcare strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_399-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-399"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>380<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disease and infant mortality increased in the 1960s immediately after the revolution, when half of Cuba's 6,000 doctors left the country.<sup id="cite_ref-400" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovery occurred by the 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-bethell_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bethell-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the country's health care has been widely praised.<sup id="cite_ref-Feinsilver_1989_4to5_401-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feinsilver_1989_4to5-401"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>382<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist government stated that universal health care was a priority of state planning and progress was made in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-402" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-402"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>383<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the revolution, the government increased rural hospitals from one to 62.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuban economy</a>, medical care suffered from severe material shortages following the end of Soviet subsidies in 1991, and a tightening of the U.S. embargo in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-403" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-403"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>384<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Challenges include low salaries for doctors,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> poor facilities, poor provision of equipment, and the frequent absence of essential drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuba has the highest doctor-to-population ratio in the world and has sent thousands of doctors to more than 40 countries around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreierWildschut200716,_81_404-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreierWildschut200716,_81-404"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>385<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, Cuba is "known the world over for its ability to train excellent doctors and nurses who can then go out to help other countries in need".<sup id="cite_ref-who140914_405-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who140914-405"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>386<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of September 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuba&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are around 50,000 Cuban-trained health care workers aiding 66 nations.<sup id="cite_ref-406" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-406"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>387<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuban physicians have played a leading role in combating the <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa">Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-407" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-407"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>388<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Preventative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventative medicine">Preventative medicine</a> is very important within the Cuban medical system, which provides citizens with easy to obtain regular health checks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Import and export of <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceutical drugs</a> is done by the Quimefa Pharmaceutical Business Group (FARMACUBA) under the Ministry of Basic Industry (MINBAS). This group also provides technical information for the production of these drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-408" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-408"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>389<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isolated from the West by the US embargo, Cuba developed the successful lung cancer vaccine, <a href="/wiki/CimaVax-EGF" title="CimaVax-EGF">Cimavax</a>, which is now available to US researchers for the first time, along with other novel Cuban cancer treatments. The vaccine has been available for free to the Cuban population since 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-409" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-409"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>390<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Roswell_Park_Comprehensive_Cancer_Center" title="Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center">Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center</a> CEO Candace Johnson: "They've had to do more with less, so they've had to be even more innovative with how they approach things. For over 40 years, they have had a preeminent immunology community."<sup id="cite_ref-410" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-410"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">thaw in Cuba–U.S. relations</a> starting in December 2014 under the Obama administration, a growing number of U.S. lung cancer patients traveled to Cuba to receive vaccine treatment. The end of the thaw under the Trump Administration has resulted in a tightening of travel restrictions, making it harder for U.S. citizens to travel to Cuba for treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-411" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-411"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>392<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Cuba became the first country to eradicate <a href="/wiki/Mother-to-child_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-to-child transmission">mother-to-child transmission</a> of HIV and syphilis,<sup id="cite_ref-412" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-412"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>393<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a milestone hailed by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> as "one of the greatest public health achievements possible".<sup id="cite_ref-413" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-413"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>394<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diet_and_Nutrition_in_the_Cuban_Household">Diet and Nutrition in the Cuban Household</h4></div> <p>The traditional diet in Cuban households has raised international concerns due to its lack of micronutrients and diversity. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> (WFP), an entity of the United Nations, the average diet in Cuba lacks adequate nutritional quality. This is attributed to various factors, including limited availability of nutrient-rich foods, <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> issues, and poor dietary habits.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WFP's annual report on Cuba supports previous testimonies and evidence, pointing to a concerning situation. Even though the country has rolled out food subsidy programs, many backed by the WFP, the populace's diet remains nutritionally insufficient. Specifically, rationed food covers only a small percentage of the daily energy, protein, and fat requirements for the population aged 14 to 60.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such deficiencies have led to health issues like overweight and obesity, largely due to a diet high in sugars and salts. Additionally, there is a significant disparity in accessing proper nutrition. Individuals without access to foreign currencies and remittances are the most affected. The inadequacy of the minimum wage to meet recommended nutritional requirements is another concern highlighted in the report.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political and socioeconomic landscape has influenced this scenario. The implementation of the "<i>Tarea Ordenamiento</i>," an economic reform that removed many food subsidies, has spurred alarming inflation, intensifying the shortage of basic foods like cereals, vegetables, dairy, and meat. As a result, Cuban households spend between 55% and 65% of their income on food, a proportion deemed disproportionate compared to international standards.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the report acknowledges the Cuban government's efforts in areas like social protection and universal access to basic services. It highlights Cuba's position in the Human Development Report 2021–2022 and the extensive COVID-19 vaccination coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To address food security challenges, the WFP has enhanced its collaboration with Cuban authorities. In 2022, the organization procured essential foods and macronutrients worth $10.7 million in response to alarming figures about anemia prevalence in infants.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amid this nutritional crisis, international interventions and collaborations are anticipated to alleviate the food and nutrition issues plaguing the Cuban populace.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_38-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cuba" title="Culture of Cuba">Culture of Cuba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_de_la_Trova_Santiago_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Casa_de_la_Trova_Santiago_Cuba.jpg/220px-Casa_de_la_Trova_Santiago_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Casa_de_la_Trova_Santiago_Cuba.jpg/330px-Casa_de_la_Trova_Santiago_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Casa_de_la_Trova_Santiago_Cuba.jpg/440px-Casa_de_la_Trova_Santiago_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A local musical house, Casa de la Trova in Santiago de Cuba</figcaption></figure> <p>Cuban culture is influenced by its melting pot of cultures, primarily those of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish culture">Spain</a>, West Africa and the Indigenous Guanahatabey and Taínos of Cuba. After the 1959 revolution, the government started a national literacy campaign, offered free education to all and established rigorous sports, ballet, and music programs.<sup id="cite_ref-hsas_414-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsas-414"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>395<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Cuba" title="Architecture of Cuba">Architecture of Cuba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CU_La_Habana_9709_028_(17229424611).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CU_La_Habana_9709_028_%2817229424611%29.jpg/220px-CU_La_Habana_9709_028_%2817229424611%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CU_La_Habana_9709_028_%2817229424611%29.jpg/330px-CU_La_Habana_9709_028_%2817229424611%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CU_La_Habana_9709_028_%2817229424611%29.jpg/440px-CU_La_Habana_9709_028_%2817229424611%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>The 18th-century entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Castillo_del_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Castillo del Príncipe">Castillo del Príncipe</a> in Havana, photo taken in 1997</figcaption></figure> <p>Architecture in Cuba was mainly manifested during the colonial period. It brought the culture of Spain with its Baroque influence. The first villas (settlements) were constituted by a church surrounded by several houses. These houses had an interior or central courtyard and were covered with grilles. There are magnificent religious buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs,_Havana" title="Basilica of San Francisco de Asís, Havana">Basílica de San Francisco</a> of Havana. In addition, large forts were built for defense, preventing the attack of pirates and buccaneers. There are several old historic centers in Cuba that were built during the Spanish colonial period, the most remarkable are the four cities inscribed as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO, <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cienfuegos" title="Cienfuegos">Cienfuegos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Cuba" title="Trinidad, Cuba">Trinidad</a>, which has great architectural bastions of all currents and trends from <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">eclectic</a> art, and other preserved colonial towns such as <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matanzas" title="Matanzas">Matanzas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Remedios,_Cuba" title="Remedios, Cuba">Remedios</a>. </p><p>During the Republican period, large buildings were built, such as <a href="/wiki/El_Capitolio" class="mw-redirect" title="El Capitolio">the Capitol</a>, modeled after the one in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>, and other large buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/FOCSA_Building" title="FOCSA Building">Focsa</a> and the Habana Hilton, later the <a href="/wiki/Tryp_Habana_Libre" title="Tryp Habana Libre">Habana Libre</a>. One of the most outstanding Cuban architects of the second half of the 20th century was <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Quintana_Simonetti" title="Antonio Quintana Simonetti">Antonio Quintana Simonetti</a>. </p><p>After the triumph of the Revolution, architecture received a strong Soviet influence with its desire for symmetry and space saving, and entire new neighborhoods were built in the style of the working-class quarters of Moscow or <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> fell, architecture received more diverse currents and there was a boom in 5 star hotels with impressive glass and steel facades in the style of modern <a href="/wiki/Skyscrapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyscrapers">skyscrapers</a> in Manhattan or other Latin American metropolises such as <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_literature" title="Cuban literature">Cuban literature</a></div> <p>Cuban literature began to find its voice in the early 19th century. Dominant themes of independence and freedom were exemplified by José Martí, who led the Modernist movement in Cuban literature. Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Nicolás Guillén">Nicolás Guillén</a> and José Z. Tallet focused on literature as social protest. The poetry and novels of <a href="/wiki/Dulce_Mar%C3%ADa_Loynaz" title="Dulce María Loynaz">Dulce María Loynaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lezama_Lima" title="José Lezama Lima">José Lezama Lima</a> have been influential. Romanticist <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Barnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Barnet">Miguel Barnet</a>, who wrote <i>Everyone Dreamed of Cuba</i>, reflects a more melancholy Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-415" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-415"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>396<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier" title="Alejo Carpentier">Alejo Carpentier</a> was important in the <a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">magic realism</a> movement. Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Reinaldo_Arenas" title="Reinaldo Arenas">Reinaldo Arenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Cabrera_Infante" title="Guillermo Cabrera Infante">Guillermo Cabrera Infante</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Da%C3%ADna_Chaviano" title="Daína Chaviano">Daína Chaviano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Pedro Juan Gutiérrez">Pedro Juan Gutiérrez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%A9_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Zoé Valdés">Zoé Valdés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Rosales" title="Guillermo Rosales">Guillermo Rosales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Padura" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo Padura">Leonardo Padura</a> have earned international recognition in the post-revolutionary era, though many of these have felt compelled to continue their work in exile due to ideological control of media by the Cuban authorities. However, some Cuban writers continue living and writing in Cuba, including Nancy Morejón.<sup id="cite_ref-416" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-416"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>397<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Music of Cuba</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloria_Estefan_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gloria_Estefan_2009.jpg/100px-Gloria_Estefan_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gloria_Estefan_2009.jpg/150px-Gloria_Estefan_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gloria_Estefan_2009.jpg/200px-Gloria_Estefan_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="465" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celia_Cruz_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celia_Cruz_1.jpg/104px-Celia_Cruz_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celia_Cruz_1.jpg/156px-Celia_Cruz_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celia_Cruz_1.jpg/208px-Celia_Cruz_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Estefan" title="Gloria Estefan">Gloria Estefan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a></div></div></div></div> <p>Cuban music is very rich and is the most commonly known expression of Cuban culture. The central form of this music is <i><a href="/wiki/Son_cubano" title="Son cubano">son</a></i>, which has been the basis of many other musical styles like "<a href="/wiki/Danz%C3%B3n" title="Danzón">Danzón</a> de nuevo ritmo", <a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">mambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-ch%C3%A1_(music)" title="Cha-cha-chá (music)">cha-cha-chá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa music</a>. Rumba ("de cajón o de solar") music originated in the early Afro-Cuban culture, mixed with Spanish elements of style.<sup id="cite_ref-417" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-417"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>398<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tres_(instrument)" title="Tres (instrument)">Tres</a> was invented in Cuba from Spanish cordophone instruments models (the instrument is actually a fusion of elements from the Spanish guitar and lute). Other traditional Cuban instruments are of African origin, <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> origin, or both, such as the <a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">maracas</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCiro" title="Güiro">güiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADmbula" title="Marímbula">marímbula</a> and various wooden drums including the <a href="/wiki/Mayohuac%C3%A1n" title="Mayohuacán">mayohuacán</a>. </p><p>Popular Cuban music of all styles has been enjoyed and praised widely across the world. Cuban classical music, which includes music with strong African and European influences, and features symphonic works as well as music for soloists, has received international acclaim thanks to composers like <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Lecuona" title="Ernesto Lecuona">Ernesto Lecuona</a>. Havana was the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap">rap</a> scene in Cuba when it began in the 1990s. In December 2012, the director of the Cuban Music Institute, Orlando Vistel, threatened to bar sexually explicit songs and music videos from public radio and television.<sup id="cite_ref-418" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-418"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>399<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dance_from_Cuba" title="Dance from Cuba">Dance from Cuba</a></div> <p>Cuban culture encompasses a wide range of dance forms.<sup id="cite_ref-419" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-419"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>400<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Danz%C3%B3n" title="Danzón">Danzón</a> was the official musical genre and dance of Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-Urfé_1965_420-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urfé_1965-420"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>401<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">Mambo</a> music and dance developed originally in Cuba, with further significant developments by Cuban musicians in Mexico and the US. The <a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)" title="Cha-cha-cha (dance)">cha-cha-cha</a> is another dance of Cuban origin,<sup id="cite_ref-421" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-421"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>402<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Cuban <a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">bolero</a> originated in <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a> in the last quarter of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-422" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-422"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>403<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Concert_dance" title="Concert dance">Concert dance</a> is supported by the government and includes internationally renowned companies such as the <a href="/wiki/Ballet_Nacional_de_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballet Nacional de Cuba">Ballet Nacional de Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnn_423-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnn-423"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>404<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Salsa_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsa dancing">Salsa dancing</a> originated in Cuba and <a href="/wiki/Cuban_salsa" title="Cuban salsa">Cuban salsa</a> is danced around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Cuba" title="Mass media in Cuba">Mass media in Cuba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WiFi_Internet_Access_Havanna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WiFi_Internet_Access_Havanna.JPG/220px-WiFi_Internet_Access_Havanna.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WiFi_Internet_Access_Havanna.JPG/330px-WiFi_Internet_Access_Havanna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WiFi_Internet_Access_Havanna.JPG/440px-WiFi_Internet_Access_Havanna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Users of a public WiFi hotspot in Havana, Cuba</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/ETECSA" title="ETECSA">ETECSA</a> opened 118 cybercafes across the country in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-bedroses_424-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bedroses-424"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>405<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Cuba provides an online encyclopedia website called <a href="/wiki/EcuRed" title="EcuRed">EcuRed</a> that operates in a "<a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a>" format.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_425-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-425"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>406<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internet access is controlled, and e-mail is closely monitored.<sup id="cite_ref-rsf_426-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsf-426"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>407<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2018, access to Internet by mobile data is available. In 2019, 7.1 million Cubans could access the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-427" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-427"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>408<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prices of connections, since<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> WiFi zones, or mobile data, or from houses through "Nauta Hogar" service have been decreasing, especially since the economic reform of January 2021, when all the salaries increased by at least 5 times, and the prices of Internet remain in the same point.<sup id="cite_ref-428" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-428"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>409<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-429" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-429"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>410<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, it was reported that 7.7 million Cuban people have Internet access.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_430-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-430"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>411<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 6.14 million mobile connections in Cuba in January 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_430-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-430"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>411<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubanfood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cubanfood.jpg/220px-Cubanfood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cubanfood.jpg/330px-Cubanfood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cubanfood.jpg/440px-Cubanfood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A traditional meal of <i>ropa vieja</i> (shredded flank steak in a tomato sauce base), black beans, yellow rice, plantains and fried yuca with beer</figcaption></figure> <p>Cuban cuisine is a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean cuisines</a>. Cuban recipes share spices and techniques with Spanish cooking, with some Caribbean influence in spice and flavor. Food rationing, which has been the norm in Cuba for the last four decades, restricts the common availability of these dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-431" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-431"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>412<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional Cuban meal is not served in courses; all food items are served at the same time. </p><p>The typical meal could consist of plantains, black beans and rice, <i><a href="/wiki/Ropa_vieja" title="Ropa vieja">ropa vieja</a></i> (shredded beef), <a href="/wiki/Cuban_bread" title="Cuban bread">Cuban bread</a>, pork with onions, and tropical fruits. Black beans and rice, referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Moros_y_Cristianos_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moros y Cristianos (food)">moros y cristianos</a></i> (or <i>moros</i> for short), and plantains are staples of the Cuban diet. Many of the meat dishes are cooked slowly with light sauces. Garlic, cumin, oregano, and bay leaves are the dominant spices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cuba" title="Sport in Cuba">Sport in Cuba</a></div> <p>Due to historical associations with the United States, many Cubans participate in sports that are popular in North America, rather than sports traditionally played in other Latin American nations. <a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Cuba" title="Baseball in Cuba">Baseball</a> is the most popular. Other popular sports include volleyball, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, basketball and <a href="/wiki/Water_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sports">water sports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-432" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-432"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>413<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba is a dominant force in <a href="/wiki/Amateur_boxing" title="Amateur boxing">amateur boxing</a>, consistently achieving high medal tallies in major international competitions. Boxers <a href="/wiki/Rances_Barthelemy" title="Rances Barthelemy">Rances Barthelemy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erislandy_Lara" title="Erislandy Lara">Erislandy Lara</a> defected to the U.S. and Mexico respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-433" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-433"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>414<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-434" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-434"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>415<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba also provides a <a href="/wiki/Cuba_at_the_Olympics" title="Cuba at the Olympics">national team</a> that competes in the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-435" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-435"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>416<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jose_R._Capablanca" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose R. Capablanca">Jose R. Capablanca</a> was a Cuban world chess champion from 1921 to 1927. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/64px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cuba" title="Portal:Cuba">Cuba portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/48px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/64px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cuba-related_articles" title="Index of Cuba-related articles">Index of Cuba-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">List of Caribbean islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cuba" title="Outline of Cuba">Outline of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cuba_Libre_Story" title="The Cuba Libre Story">The Cuba Libre Story</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data represents racial self-identification from Cuba's 2012 national census</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The most powerful political position is <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba">First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba</a>, not <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">President</a>. The first secretary controls the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba">Politburo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of Cuba">Secretariat</a>, Cuba's top decision-making bodies, making the officeholder <i>de facto</i> leader of Cuba.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/66\/En-Cuba-pronunciation.ogg\/En-Cuba-pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-Cuba-pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-Cuba-pronunciation.ogg/En-Cuba-pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Cuba-pronunciation.ogg" title="File:En-Cuba-pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KEW</span>-bə</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈkuβa]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4e\/Es-am-lat-Cuba.ogg\/Es-am-lat-Cuba.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Es-am-lat-Cuba.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/Es-am-lat-Cuba.ogg/Es-am-lat-Cuba.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Es-am-lat-Cuba.ogg" title="File:Es-am-lat-Cuba.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanish: <i lang="es">República de Cuba</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[reˈpuβlika<span class="wrap"> </span>ðe<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkuβa]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/transcoded\/2\/28\/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Cuba.ogg\/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Cuba.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rep\u00fablica de Cuba.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/2/28/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Cuba.ogg/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Cuba.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Cuba.ogg" title="File:República de Cuba.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the French captured Havana in 1555, the governor's son, Francisco de Angulo, went to the <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1916246_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1916246-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The French had recommended this to Spain, advising that declining to give up <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a> could result in Spain losing <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> and much of their territories on South American mainland in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Siege_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siege-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many in Britain were disappointed, believing that Florida was a poor return for Cuba and Britain's other gains in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Siege_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siege-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was a much higher proportion of free blacks to slaves than in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, for instance, or the other Caribbean islands. Historians such as Magnus Mõrner, who have studied <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">slavery in Latin America</a>, found that <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumissions</a> increased when slave economies were in decline, as in 18th-century Cuba and early 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-drimmer_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drimmer-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By contrast, Virginia, with about the same number of blacks, had only 58,042 or 11% who were free; the rest were enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-drimmer_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drimmer-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While Céspedes retained civilian leadership, the military aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a> were under the leadership of the Dominican <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_G%C3%B3mez" title="Máximo Gómez">Máximo Gómez</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A group of Dominican exiles, led by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_G%C3%B3mez" title="Máximo Gómez">Máximo Gómez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Marcano" title="Luis Marcano">Luis Marcano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modesto_D%C3%ADaz" title="Modesto Díaz">Modesto Díaz</a>, utilizing the experience they had gained in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War" title="Dominican Restoration War">Dominican Restoration War</a> (1863–65), became instructors of military strategy and tactics. With reinforcements and guidance from the Dominicans, the Cubans defeated Spanish detachments, cut railway lines, and gained dominance over vast sections of the eastern portion of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 February 1874, Gómez and 700 other rebels marched westward from their eastern base and defeated 2,000 Spanish troops at El Naranjo. The Spaniards lost 100 killed and 200 wounded and the rebels a total of 150 killed and wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017306_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017306-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant rebel victory came at the Battle of Las Guasimas, 16–20 March 1874, when 2,050 rebels, led by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maceo_Grajales" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Maceo Grajales">Antonio Maceo</a> and Gómez, defeated 5,000 Spanish troops with 6 cannons. The five-day battle cost the Spanish 1,037 casualties and the rebels 174 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017306_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017306-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A battalion of 500 Chinese fought under the command of General <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_G%C3%B3mez" title="Máximo Gómez">Máximo Gómez</a> in the 1874 Battle of Las Guasimas.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A monument in Havana honors the Cuban Chinese who fell in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestad2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2U4ROBRYP5ACpgPA227_227–228]_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestad2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2U4ROBRYP5ACpgPA227_227–228]-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spain sustained 200,000 casualties, mostly from disease; the rebels sustained 100,000–150,000 dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheina2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheina2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Over the previous decades, five U.S. presidents—<a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>—had tried to buy the island of Cuba from Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk198864_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk198864-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Battle of Santiago de Cuba</a>, on 3 July 1898, was the largest naval engagement during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, and resulted in the destruction of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron. Resistance in Santiago consolidated around Fort Canosa, while major battles between Spaniards and Americans took place at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Guasimas" title="Battle of Las Guasimas">Las Guasimas</a> on 24 June, and at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Caney" title="Battle of El Caney">El Caney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" title="Battle of San Juan Hill">San Juan Hill</a> on 1 July, after which the American advance ground to a halt. The Americans lost 81 killed and 360 wounded in taking El Caney, where the Spanish defenders lost 38 killed, 138 wounded and 160 captured. At San Juan, the Americans lost 216 killed and 1,024 wounded; Spanish losses were 58 killed, 170 wounded and 39 captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa, allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago. The Americans and Cubans began a brutal siege of the city, which surrendered on 16 July after the defeat of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron. Spain had sacrificed more of its sons to hold on to Cuba than she had in attempting to cling on to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Mexico and South America</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017308_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017308-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and suffered over 62,000 dead in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a> (1895–98).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominican Republic <a href="/wiki/Strongman_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongman (politics)">strongman</a> <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a> and Castro both supported attempts to overthrow each other. On 14 June 1959, a Cuban-supported invasion force<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> landed from an airplane at Constanza, Dominican Republic, only to be immediately massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheina2003b55_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheina2003b55-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week later, two yachts offloaded 186 invaders onto Chris-Craft launches for a landing on the North coast. Dominican Air Force pilots fired rockets from their <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">Vampire Jets</a> into the approaching launches, killing all but 30 men, who managed to make it to the beaches at Maimon and Estero Hondo. Trujillo ordered his son, <a href="/wiki/Ramfis_Trujillo" title="Ramfis Trujillo">Ramfis</a>, to lead the hunt for the survivors, and soon they were captured. The leaders of the invasion were taken aboard a Dominican Air Force plane and then pushed out in mid-air, falling to their deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Militant anti-Castro groups, funded by exiles, by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) and by Trujillo's Dominican government, carried out armed attacks and set up guerrilla bases in Cuba's mountainous regions. This led to the six-year <a href="/wiki/Escambray_rebellion" title="Escambray rebellion">Escambray rebellion</a> (1959–65), which lasted longer and involved more soldiers than the Cuban Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Ros_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ros-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuba_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuba-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An estimated 5,000 Cubans were killed in action during the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoyt_Atlantic_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoyt_Atlantic-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The presence of a substantial number of blacks and mulattoes in the Cuban forces (40–50 percent in Angola) helped give teeth to Castro's campaign against racism and related prejudice like <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy's study was described as "systematic and fair" by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_I._Dominguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge I. Dominguez">Jorge Domínguez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926193856/http://www.bc.gob.cu/English/cuban_bills.asp">"Cuban Peso Bills"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllaire2000">Allaire 2000</a>, p. 678</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/JFK-Speeches/Cincinnati-OH_19601006-Democratic-Dinner.aspx">"Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Dinner, Cincinnati, Ohio"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. 6 October 1960. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504161136/https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/cincinnati-oh-19601006-democratic-dinner">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+of+Senator+John+F.+Kennedy+at+Democratic+Dinner%2C+Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+%26+Museum&rft.date=1960-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2FResearch%2FResearch-Aids%2FJFK-Speeches%2FCincinnati-OH_19601006-Democratic-Dinner.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-castro-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica-castro_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fidel-Castro">"Fidel Castro"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 26 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802051425/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fidel-Castro">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>Castro created a one-party government to exercise dictatorial control over all aspects of Cuba's political, economic, and cultural life. All political dissent and opposition were ruthlessly suppressed</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fidel+Castro&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFidel-Castro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dw-castro-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dw-castro_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSand2016" class="citation web cs1">Sand, Sonila (26 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/fidel-castro-cubas-hero-and-dictator/a-36532751">"Cuba's hero and dictator, dead at 90"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816232904/https://www.dw.com/en/fidel-castro-cubas-hero-and-dictator/a-36532751">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuba%27s+hero+and+dictator%2C+dead+at+90&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2016-11-26&rft.aulast=Sand&rft.aufirst=Sonila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Ffidel-castro-cubas-hero-and-dictator%2Fa-36532751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitskyWay2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitsky" title="Steven Levitsky">Levitsky, Steven</a>; Way, Lucan A. (16 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZDI05p1PDgC&pg=PA361"><i>Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 361–363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49148-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49148-8"><bdi>978-1-139-49148-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409052842/https://books.google.com/books?id=NZDI05p1PDgC&pg=PA361">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Competitive+Authoritarianism%3A+Hybrid+Regimes+after+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=361-363&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-08-16&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49148-8&rft.aulast=Levitsky&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Way%2C+Lucan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZDI05p1PDgC%26pg%3DPA361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachapelleLevitskyWayCasey2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lachapelle, Jean; Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A.; Casey, Adam E. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/social-revolution-and-authoritarian-durability/B62A931E63978E8B8466225EC123D2A9">"Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Politics" title="World Politics">World Politics</a></i>. <b>72</b> (4): 557–600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0043887120000106">10.1017/S0043887120000106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8871">0043-8871</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225096277">225096277</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121122958/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/social-revolution-and-authoritarian-durability/B62A931E63978E8B8466225EC123D2A9">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Social+Revolution+and+Authoritarian+Durability&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=557-600&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225096277%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0043-8871&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0043887120000106&rft.aulast=Lachapelle&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Levitsky%2C+Steven&rft.au=Way%2C+Lucan+A.&rft.au=Casey%2C+Adam+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fworld-politics%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fsocial-revolution-and-authoritarian-durability%2FB62A931E63978E8B8466225EC123D2A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2016" class="citation web cs1">Stein, Elizabeth Ann (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-35">"Information and Civil Unrest in Dictatorships"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.35">10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7"><bdi>978-0-19-022863-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806171105/https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-35">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Information+and+Civil+Unrest+in+Dictatorships&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.35&rft.isbn=978-0-19-022863-7&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fpolitics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190228637-e-35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/03/six-facts-about-censorship-in-cuba/">"Six facts about censorship in Cuba"</a>. <i>www.amnesty.org</i>. 11 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011094221/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/03/six-facts-about-censorship-in-cuba/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.amnesty.org&rft.atitle=Six+facts+about+censorship+in+Cuba&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fcampaigns%2F2016%2F03%2Fsix-facts-about-censorship-in-cuba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Press_Freedom_Index_2015-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Press_Freedom_Index_2015_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press_Freedom_Index_2015_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://index.rsf.org/#!/index-details/CUB">"Press Freedom Index 2015"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150827202105/http://index.rsf.org/#!/index-details/CUB">Archived</a> 27 August 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 12 November 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221403/http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/cl_en_2008.pdf">"Press Freedom Index 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Reporters Without Borders. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/cl_en_2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom+Index+2008&rft.pub=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsf.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fcl_en_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangel1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Rangel" title="Carlos Rangel">Rangel, Carlos</a> (1977). <i>The Latin Americans: Their Love-Hate Relationship with the United States</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Brace_Jovanovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt Brace Jovanovich">Harcourt Brace Jovanovich</a>. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-148795-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-148795-0"><bdi>978-0-15-148795-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Americans%3A+Their+Love-Hate+Relationship+with+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-5&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-15-148795-0&rft.aulast=Rangel&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkidmoreSmith2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Skidmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas E. Skidmore">Skidmore, Thomas E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Smith" title="Peter H. Smith">Smith, Peter H.</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernlatinameri0006skid/page/1"><i>Modern Latin America</i></a></span> (6 ed.). 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Angel (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2020.106597">"Assessing the role of humans in Greater Antillean land vertebrate extinctions: New insights from Cuba"</a>. <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>. <b>249</b>: 106597. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020QSRv..24906597O">2020QSRv..24906597O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2020.106597">10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106597</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791">0277-3791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+role+of+humans+in+Greater+Antillean+land+vertebrate+extinctions%3A+New+insights+from+Cuba&rft.volume=249&rft.pages=106597&rft.date=2020-12&rft.issn=0277-3791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2020.106597&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020QSRv..24906597O&rft.aulast=Orihuela&rft.aufirst=Johanset&rft.au=Vi%C3%B1ola%2C+L%C3%A1zaro+W.&rft.au=Jim%C3%A9nez+V%C3%A1zquez%2C+Osvaldo&rft.au=Mychajliw%2C+Alexis+M.&rft.au=Hern%C3%A1ndez+de+Lara%2C+Odlanyer&rft.au=Lorenzo%2C+Logel&rft.au=Soto-Centeno%2C+J.+Angel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.quascirev.2020.106597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeganHofman2017" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, William F.; Hofman, Corinne L. (23 February 2017). "Cuba, the Bahama Archipelago, and Jamaica". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190605247.001.0001/acprof-9780190605247"><i>The Caribbean before Columbus</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 151–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190605247.003.0006">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190605247.003.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060524-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060524-7"><bdi>978-0-19-060524-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cuba%2C+the+Bahama+Archipelago%2C+and+Jamaica&rft.btitle=The+Caribbean+before+Columbus&rft.pages=151-196&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190605247.003.0006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-060524-7&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft.au=Hofman%2C+Corinne+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190605247.001.0001%2Facprof-9780190605247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoksandic2016" class="citation book cs1">Roksandic, van (20 September 2016). "The Role of the Nicaraguan Rise in the Early Peopling of the Greater Antilles". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/florida-scholarship-online/book/21174/chapter/180794954"><i>Cuban Archaeology in the Caribbean</i></a>. University Press of Florida. pp. 8–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5744%2Fflorida%2F9781683400028.003.0002">10.5744/florida/9781683400028.003.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68340-002-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68340-002-8"><bdi>978-1-68340-002-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+Nicaraguan+Rise+in+the+Early+Peopling+of+the+Greater+Antilles&rft.btitle=Cuban+Archaeology+in+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=8-16&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5744%2Fflorida%2F9781683400028.003.0002&rft.isbn=978-1-68340-002-8&rft.aulast=Roksandic&rft.aufirst=van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fflorida-scholarship-online%2Fbook%2F21174%2Fchapter%2F180794954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henken2008-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Henken2008_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenken2008" class="citation book cs1">Henken, Ted (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mv7anQoCbzgC"><i>Cuba: A Global Studies Handbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mv7anQoCbzgC&pg=PT59">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-984-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-984-9"><bdi>978-1-85109-984-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%3A+A+Global+Studies+Handbook&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-984-9&rft.aulast=Henken&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMv7anQoCbzgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span> (gives the landing date in Cuba as 27 October)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuba_Oficina_Del_Censo2009" class="citation book cs1">Cuba Oficina Del Censo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E0iIQ1nxJB4C"><i>Cuba: Population, History and Resources 1907</i></a>. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E0iIQ1nxJB4C&pg=PA28">28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-110-28818-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-110-28818-2"><bdi>978-1-110-28818-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%3A+Population%2C+History+and+Resources+1907&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar%2C+LLC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-110-28818-2&rft.au=Cuba+Oficina+Del+Censo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE0iIQ1nxJB4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span> (gives the landing date in Cuba as 28 October)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gott_p13-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gott_p13_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGott2004">Gott 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aVq0qOnLFusC&pg=PA13">13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreaOverfield,_James_H.2005" class="citation book cs1">Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H. (2005). "Letter by Christopher Columbus concerning recently discovered islands". <i>The Human Record</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin Company">Houghton Mifflin Company</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-37040-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-37040-5"><bdi>978-0-618-37040-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+by+Christopher+Columbus+concerning+recently+discovered+islands&rft.btitle=The+Human+Record&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-618-37040-5&rft.aulast=Andrea&rft.aufirst=Alfred+J.&rft.au=Overfield%2C+James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/colonial/encomienda-slavery.pdf">"Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>LatinAmericanStudies.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509061016/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/colonial/encomienda-slavery.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LatinAmericanStudies.org&rft.atitle=Encomienda+or+Slavery%3F+The+Spanish+Crown%27s+Choice+of+Labor+Organization+in+Sixteenth-Century+Spanish+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinamericanstudies.org%2Fcolonial%2Fencomienda-slavery.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAlister_1984_164-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McAlister_1984_164_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcAlister1984">McAlister 1984</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a1vBlgo68J4C&pg=PA164">164</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Diamond, Jared M.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/gunsgermssteel/variables/smallpox.html"><i>Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies</i></a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton & Co">W.W. Norton & Co</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03891-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03891-0"><bdi>978-0-393-03891-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116115810/http://www.pbs.org/gunsgermssteel/variables/smallpox.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guns%2C+Germs%2C+and+Steel%3A+The+Fates+of+Human+Societies&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03891-0&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fgunsgermssteel%2Fvariables%2Fsmallpox.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2008" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Pvi-ksuKFIC&pg=PA413"><i>Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34102-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34102-1"><bdi>978-0-313-34102-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Pestilence%2C+Pandemics%2C+and+Plagues%3A+A-M&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34102-1&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Pvi-ksuKFIC%26pg%3DPA413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. N. Hays (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/82">Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161127014715/https://books.google.com/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC&pg=PA82">Archived</a> 27 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. p.82. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-658-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-658-2">1-85109-658-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, James West. <i>After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection</i> Volume 1. Mc Graw Hill, New York 2010, Chapter 1, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1916183-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1916183_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1916">Wright 1916</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1916229-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1916229_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1916">Wright 1916</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1916246-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1916246_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1916">Wright 1916</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Cuba">"Cuba"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. 25 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210823081846/https://www.britannica.com/place/Cuba">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Cuba&rft.date=2023-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FCuba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drimmer-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drimmer_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drimmer_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drimmer_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drimmer_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drimmer_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drimmer_60-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvin_Drimmer1968" class="citation journal cs1">Melvin Drimmer (April 1968). "Reviewed Work: <i>Slavery in the Americas: A Comparative Study of Virginia and Cuba</i> by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Klein" title="Herbert S. Klein">Herbert S. Klein</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_William_and_Mary_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="The William and Mary Quarterly">The William and Mary Quarterly</a></i>. <b>25</b> (2): 307–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1919107">10.2307/1919107</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1919107">1919107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%3A+Slavery+in+the+Americas%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Virginia+and+Cuba+by+Herbert+S.+Klein&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=307-309&rft.date=1968-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1919107&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1919107%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Melvin+Drimmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siege-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siege_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siege_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siege_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siege_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Swynnerton" title="Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton">Thomas, Hugh</a>. "Chapter One". <i>Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom</i> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+One&rft.btitle=Cuba%3A+The+Pursuit+of+Freedom&rft.edition=2nd&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrer2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ada_Ferrer" title="Ada Ferrer">Ferrer, Ada</a> (2014). <i>Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107029422" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107029422"><bdi>978-1107029422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%27s+Mirror%3A+Cuba+and+Haiti+in+the+Age+of+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1107029422&rft.aulast=Ferrer&rft.aufirst=Ada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrer2014" class="citation book cs1">Ferrer, Ada (2014). <i>Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107029422" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107029422"><bdi>978-1107029422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%27s+Mirror%3A+Cuba+and+Haiti+in+the+Age+of+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1107029422&rft.aulast=Ferrer&rft.aufirst=Ada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrer2014" class="citation book cs1">Ferrer, Ada (2014). <i>Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107029422" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107029422"><bdi>978-1107029422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%27s+Mirror%3A+Cuba+and+Haiti+in+the+Age+of+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1107029422&rft.aulast=Ferrer&rft.aufirst=Ada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds2006" class="citation book cs1">Childs, Matt D. (2006). <i>The 1813 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_North_Carolina_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of North Carolina Press">The University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 320 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5772-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5772-4"><bdi>978-0-8078-5772-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1813+Aponte+Rebellion+in+Cuba+and+the+Struggle+against+Atlantic+Slavery&rft.pages=320+pages&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-5772-4&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=Matt+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheina2003352-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheina2003352_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScheina2003">Scheina 2003</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magnus Mõrner, <i>Race Mixture in Latin America</i>, Boston, 1967, pp. 124–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert S. Klein, <i>Slavery in the Americas: A Comparative Study of Virginia and Cuba</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967, p. 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomskyCarrSmorkaloff2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSr2hQkCIihMCpgPA115_115–117]-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChomskyCarrSmorkaloff2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSr2hQkCIihMCpgPA115_115–117]_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChomskyCarrSmorkaloff2004">Chomsky, Carr & Smorkaloff 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sr2hQkCIihMC&pg=PA115">115–117</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Foner" title="Philip S. Foner">Foner, Philip S.</a> (1989). <i>Antonio Maceo: The "Bronze Titan" of Cuba's Struggle for Independence</i>. <a href="/wiki/NYU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Press">NYU Press</a>. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonio+Maceo%3A+The+%22Bronze+Titan%22+of+Cuba%27s+Struggle+for+Independence&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017306-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017306_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017306_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017306_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lopez, Kathleen (1 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00086533&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA200977125&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">"Armando Choy, Gustavo Chui, Moises Sio Wong. 2005. Our History Is Still Being Written: The Story of Three Chinese-Cuban Generals in the Cuban Revolution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Studies_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Studies (journal)">Caribbean Studies</a></i>. <b>36</b> (2): 211–216. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923113246/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00086533&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA200977125&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs&userGroupName=anon%7E9ddbaad5">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2021</span> – via go.gale.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Studies&rft.atitle=Armando+Choy%2C+Gustavo+Chui%2C+Moises+Sio+Wong.+2005.+Our+History+Is+Still+Being+Written%3A+The+Story+of+Three+Chinese-Cuban+Generals+in+the+Cuban+Revolution&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-216&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D00086533%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA200977125%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestad2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2U4ROBRYP5ACpgPA227_227–228]-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestad2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2U4ROBRYP5ACpgPA227_227–228]_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestad2012">Westad 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2U4ROBRYP5AC&pg=PA227">227–228</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubagenweb.org/mil/e-war-hist.htm">"Historia de las Guerrras de Cuba"</a>. <i>cubagenweb.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180908064028/http://www.cubagenweb.org/mil/e-war-hist.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cubagenweb.org&rft.atitle=Historia+de+las+Guerrras+de+Cuba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cubagenweb.org%2Fmil%2Fe-war-hist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheina2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheina2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScheina2003">Scheina 2003</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/funfacts/lilwar.htm">"The Little War of 1878 – History of Cuba"</a>. <i>historyofcuba.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815055924/http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/funfacts/lilwar.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historyofcuba.com&rft.atitle=The+Little+War+of+1878+%E2%80%93+History+of+Cuba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofcuba.com%2Fhistory%2Ffunfacts%2Flilwar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSmpMmVQAvAcCpgPA3_3]-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSmpMmVQAvAcCpgPA3_3]_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott2000">Scott 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SmpMmVQAvAcC&pg=PA3">3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomskyCarrSmorkaloff2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSr2hQkCIihMCpgPA37_37–38]-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChomskyCarrSmorkaloff2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSr2hQkCIihMCpgPA37_37–38]_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChomskyCarrSmorkaloff2004">Chomsky, Carr & Smorkaloff 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sr2hQkCIihMC&pg=PA37">37–38</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandler-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sandler_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandler_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandler_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandler_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandler2002" class="citation book cs1">Sandler, Stanley, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PP1">"Part 25"</a>. <i>Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-344-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-344-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-344-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108204734/https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+25&rft.btitle=Ground+Warfare%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=549&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-344-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_xxOM85bD8C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arias-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arias_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arias_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArias2005" class="citation book cs1">Arias, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7AlqghmzQVUC&pg=PA171"><i>Spanish-Americans: Lives And Faces</i></a>. Victoria, BC, Canada: <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Publishing" title="Trafford Publishing">Trafford Publishing</a>. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-4717-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-4717-3"><bdi>978-1-4120-4717-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108204705/https://books.google.com/books?id=7AlqghmzQVUC&pg=PA171#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish-Americans%3A+Lives+And+Faces&rft.place=Victoria%2C+BC%2C+Canada&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4120-4717-3&rft.aulast=Arias&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7AlqghmzQVUC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHome1997" class="citation book cs1">Home, Robert K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ovC4TylXNkC&pg=PA195"><i>Of Planting and Planning: The Making of British Colonial Cities</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Chapman_and_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapman and Hall">Chapman and Hall</a>. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-419-20230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-419-20230-1"><bdi>978-0-419-20230-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108204721/https://books.google.com/books?id=1ovC4TylXNkC&pg=PA195">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Planting+and+Planning%3A+The+Making+of+British+Colonial+Cities&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-419-20230-1&rft.aulast=Home&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ovC4TylXNkC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrinJohnsonMcPhersonFahs2013" class="citation book cs1">Murrin, John M.; <a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Johnson" title="Paul E. Johnson">Johnson, Paul E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a>; Fahs, Alice; <a href="/wiki/Gary_Gerstle" title="Gary Gerstle">Gerstle, Gary</a> (27 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WcMWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA508"><i>Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Volume II: Since 1863, Concise Edition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781285629544" title="Special:BookSources/9781285629544"><bdi>9781285629544</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108204715/https://books.google.com/books?id=WcMWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA508">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+Power%3A+A+History+of+the+American+People%2C+Volume+II%3A+Since+1863%2C+Concise+Edition&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft.isbn=9781285629544&rft.aulast=Murrin&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Paul+E.&rft.au=McPherson%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Fahs%2C+Alice&rft.au=Gerstle%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWcMWAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Spanish–American_War" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">The Spanish–American War</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanamwar.com/proctorspeech.htm">"Cuban Reconcentration Policy and its Effects"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165715/http://www.spanamwar.com/proctorspeech.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuban+Reconcentration+Policy+and+its+Effects&rft.au=The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spanamwar.com%2Fproctorspeech.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morison-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morison_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorisonMorisonPolmar2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Loring_Morison" title="Samuel Loring Morison">Morison, Samuel Loring</a>; <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a>; <a href="/wiki/Norman_Polmar" title="Norman Polmar">Polmar, Norman</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SYurkGIlgLMC&pg=PA18"><i>The American Battleship</i></a>. St. Paul, Minn.: <a href="/wiki/MBI_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="MBI Publishing Company">MBI Publishing Company</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0989-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0989-6"><bdi>978-0-7603-0989-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108204722/https://books.google.com/books?id=SYurkGIlgLMC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Battleship&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+Minn.&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-0989-6&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Loring&rft.au=Morison%2C+Samuel+Eliot&rft.au=Polmar%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSYurkGIlgLMC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk198864-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk198864_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalk1988">Falk 1988</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312084210/http://millercenter.org/president/biography/pierce-foreign-affairs">"Franklin Pierce: Foreign Affairs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller Center">Miller Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/biography/pierce-foreign-affairs">the original</a> on 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franklin+Pierce%3A+Foreign+Affairs&rft.pub=Miller+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fbiography%2Fpierce-foreign-affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017308-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017308_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp">"Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Avalon_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Avalon Project">The Avalon Project</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>. 10 December 1898. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708063629/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Peace+Between+the+United+States+and+Spain&rft.date=1898-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F19th_century%2Fsp1898.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pérez1998-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pérez1998_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez1998" class="citation book cs1">Pérez, Louis A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRhK4vMXe1QC&pg=PR15"><i>Cuba Between Empires: 1878–1902</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7197-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7197-9"><bdi>978-0-8229-7197-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108204559/https://books.google.com/books?id=qRhK4vMXe1QC&pg=PR15#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+Between+Empires%3A+1878%E2%80%931902&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7197-9&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRhK4vMXe1QC%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiaz-BriquetsPérez-López2006" class="citation book cs1">Diaz-Briquets, Sergio; Pérez-López, Jorge F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fiquofr8LSoC&pg=PA63"><i>Corruption in Cuba: Castro and Beyond</i></a>. Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71321-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71321-5"><bdi>978-0-292-71321-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108204734/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fiquofr8LSoC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corruption+in+Cuba%3A+Castro+and+Beyond&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71321-5&rft.aulast=Diaz-Briquets&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-L%C3%B3pez%2C+Jorge+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFiquofr8LSoC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_1998_283to287-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_1998_283to287_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1998">Thomas 1998</a>, pp. 283–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Beede1994" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin Beede, ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC&pg=PA134"><i>The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Garland_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Garland Publishing">Garland</a>. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5624-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5624-7"><bdi>978-0-8240-5624-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108204727/https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC&pg=PA134#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1898%2C+and+U.S.+Interventions%2C+1898%E2%80%931934%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-5624-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48g116X9IIwC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D2012-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D2012_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D2012_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D2012_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanderlin2012" class="citation book cs1">Sanderlin, Terry K. (24 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFT8Mp8VuNkC&pg=PA7"><i>The Last American Rebel in Cuba</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/AuthorHouse" title="AuthorHouse">AuthorHouse</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4685-9430-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4685-9430-0"><bdi>978-1-4685-9430-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+American+Rebel+in+Cuba&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4685-9430-0&rft.aulast=Sanderlin&rft.aufirst=Terry+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFT8Mp8VuNkC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChaffeePrevost1992-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChaffeePrevost1992_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChaffeePrevost1992_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChaffeePrevost1992_105-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaffeePrevost1992" class="citation book cs1">Chaffee, Wilber Albert; Prevost, Gary (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9CJec-NWjS0C&pg=PA4"><i>Cuba: A Different America</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-7694-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-7694-1"><bdi>978-0-8476-7694-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108204759/https://books.google.com/books?id=9CJec-NWjS0C&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%3A+A+Different+America&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-7694-1&rft.aulast=Chaffee&rft.aufirst=Wilber+Albert&rft.au=Prevost%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9CJec-NWjS0C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgote-Freyre2006" class="citation book cs1">Argote-Freyre, Frank (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fulgenciobatista00argo/page/50"><i>Fulgencio Batista</i></a>. Vol. 1. New Brunswick, N.J.: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fulgenciobatista00argo/page/50">50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3701-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3701-6"><bdi>978-0-8135-3701-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fulgencio+Batista&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3701-6&rft.aulast=Argote-Freyre&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffulgenciobatista00argo%2Fpage%2F50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MJ303-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MJ303_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ303_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2001" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Melanie (2001). "Cuba: History". In West, Jacqueline (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o9ODxqsr-dIC&pg=PA303"><i>South America, Central America and the Caribbean 2002</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-121-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-121-6"><bdi>978-1-85743-121-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108205214/https://books.google.com/books?id=o9ODxqsr-dIC&pg=PA303#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cuba%3A+History&rft.btitle=South+America%2C+Central+America+and+the+Caribbean+2002&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-121-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do9ODxqsr-dIC%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suchlicki2002-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suchlicki2002_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suchlicki2002_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuchlicki2002" class="citation book cs1">Suchlicki, Jaime (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BHhUknsCtfIC&pg=PA95"><i>Cuba: From Columbus to Castro and Beyond</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Potomac_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Potomac Books">Potomac Books</a>. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-436-4"><bdi>978-1-57488-436-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108205216/https://books.google.com/books?id=BHhUknsCtfIC&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%3A+From+Columbus+to+Castro+and+Beyond&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-436-4&rft.aulast=Suchlicki&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBHhUknsCtfIC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domínguez_1978_76-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Domínguez_1978_76_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDomínguez1978">Domínguez 1978</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1oF-WQmOPgC&pg=PA76">76</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomínguez1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDomínguez1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDomínguez1978">Domínguez 1978</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villafana2011-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Villafana2011_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villafana2011_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villafana2011_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillafana2011" class="citation book cs1">Villafana, Frank R. (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj2mIS40lAMC&pg=PA201"><i>Expansionism: Its Effects on Cuba's Independence</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4656-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4656-1"><bdi>978-1-4128-4656-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108205114/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj2mIS40lAMC&pg=PA201#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expansionism%3A+Its+Effects+on+Cuba%27s+Independence&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-4656-1&rft.aulast=Villafana&rft.aufirst=Frank+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJj2mIS40lAMC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horowitz_1988_662-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horowitz_1988_662_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horowitz_1988_662_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horowitz_1988_662_112-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horowitz_1988_662_112-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorowitz1988">Horowitz 1988</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hx2_y7Vu-PUC&pg=PA662">662</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bethell-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bethell_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bethell_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bethell_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethell1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Bethell" title="Leslie Bethell">Bethell, Leslie</a> (1993). <i>Cuba</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43682-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43682-3"><bdi>978-0-521-43682-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43682-3&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweig_2004_4-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sweig_2004_4_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSweig2004">Sweig 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ob-I8MyTqx8C&pg=PA4">4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESweig2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweig2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSweig2004">Sweig 2004</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080825011807/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,802544,00.html">"Batista's Boot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 18 January 1943. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,802544,00.html">the original</a> on 25 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Batista%27s+Boot&rft.date=1943-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C802544%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolmarAllen" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Polmar" title="Norman Polmar">Polmar, Norman</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Allen_(author)" title="Thomas B. Allen (author)">Allen, Thomas B.</a> <i>World War II: The Encyclopedia of the War Years 1941–1945</i>. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+War+Years+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=230&rft.aulast=Polmar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Allen%2C+Thomas+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domínguez_1978_101-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Domínguez_1978_101_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDomínguez1978">Domínguez 1978</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1oF-WQmOPgC&pg=PA101">101</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domínguez_1978_110_111-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Domínguez_1978_110_111_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDomínguez1978">Domínguez 1978</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1oF-WQmOPgC&pg=PA110">110–1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alvarez_2004-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_2004_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlvarez2004">Alvarez 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/general-batista-returns-power-cuba">"A Coup in Cuba"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801010146/https://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/general-batista-returns-power-cuba">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=A+Coup+in+Cuba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Frichard-cavendish%2Fgeneral-batista-returns-power-cuba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_S._Olson" title="James S. Olson">Olson, James Stuart</a> (2000). <i>Historical Dictionary of the 1950s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. pp. 67–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30619-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30619-2"><bdi>0-313-30619-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+1950s&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-30619-2&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweig_2004_6-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sweig_2004_6_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSweig2004">Sweig 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ob-I8MyTqx8C&pg=PA6">6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lewis_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Lewis" title="Paul H. Lewis">Lewis, Paul H.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LAvw-YXm4TsC&pg=PA186"><i>Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America</i></a>. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3739-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3739-2"><bdi>978-0-7425-3739-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108205115/https://books.google.com/books?id=LAvw-YXm4TsC&pg=PA186#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authoritarian+Regimes+in+Latin+America&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3739-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLAvw-YXm4TsC%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://college.cengage.com/history/world/keen/latin_america/8e/assets/students/sources/pdfs/87_fidel_castro.pdf">"Fidel Castro: "History Will Absolve Me"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>college.cengage.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604150031/https://college.cengage.com/history/world/keen/latin_america/8e/assets/students/sources/pdfs/87_fidel_castro.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=college.cengage.com&rft.atitle=Fidel+Castro%3A+%22History+Will+Absolve+Me%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollege.cengage.com%2Fhistory%2Fworld%2Fkeen%2Flatin_america%2F8e%2Fassets%2Fstudents%2Fsources%2Fpdfs%2F87_fidel_castro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asce-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asce_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asce_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asce_126-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithLlorens1998">Smith & Llorens 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaklanoff1998">Baklanoff 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_1998_1173-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_1998_1173_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1998">Thomas 1998</a>, p. 1173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadrónBetancourt2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Padrón, José Luis; Betancourt, Luis Adrián (2008). <i>Batista, últimos días en el poder</i> (in Spanish). Havana: Unión.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Batista%2C+%C3%BAltimos+d%C3%ADas+en+el+poder.&rft.place=Havana&rft.pub=Uni%C3%B3n&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Padr%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rft.au=Betancourt%2C+Luis+Adri%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IhrieOropesa2011-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IhrieOropesa2011_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaureen_IhrieSalvador_Oropesa2011" class="citation book cs1">Maureen Ihrie; Salvador Oropesa (31 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zPDFHE_5besC&pg=PA262"><i>World Literature in Spanish: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-08083-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-08083-8"><bdi>978-0-313-08083-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108205117/https://books.google.com/books?id=zPDFHE_5besC&pg=PA262">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Literature+in+Spanish%3A+An+Encyclopedia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft.isbn=978-0-313-08083-8&rft.au=Maureen+Ihrie&rft.au=Salvador+Oropesa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzPDFHE_5besC%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chomsky2010-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky2010_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky2010_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky2010_131-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aviva_Chomsky" title="Aviva Chomsky">Chomsky, Aviva</a> (23 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=094JHT5JtCAC&pg=PA37"><i>A History of the Cuban Revolution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2956-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2956-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-2956-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108205221/https://books.google.com/books?id=094JHT5JtCAC&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Cuban+Revolution&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-11-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-2956-8&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Aviva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D094JHT5JtCAC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1959/06/24/archives/trujillo-reported-to-crush-invasion-backed-by-cuba-trujillo-is-said.html">"Trujillo Reported to Crush Invasion Backed by Cuba; TRUJILLO IS SAID TO HALT INVASION"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 24 June 1959. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816063603/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/06/24/archives/trujillo-reported-to-crush-invasion-backed-by-cuba-trujillo-is-said.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trujillo+Reported+to+Crush+Invasion+Backed+by+Cuba%3B+TRUJILLO+IS+SAID+TO+HALT+INVASION&rft.date=1959-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1959%2F06%2F24%2Farchives%2Ftrujillo-reported-to-crush-invasion-backed-by-cuba-trujillo-is-said.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheina2003b55-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheina2003b55_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScheina2003b">Scheina 2003b</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2016/12/22/the-assassination-of-rafael-trujillo/">"The Rafael Trujillo Assassination: Why Did the CIA Follow Through?"</a>. 22 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620122305/https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2016/12/22/the-assassination-of-rafael-trujillo/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rafael+Trujillo+Assassination%3A+Why+Did+the+CIA+Follow+Through%3F&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2F2016%2F12%2F22%2Fthe-assassination-of-rafael-trujillo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ros-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ros_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ros (2006) pp. 159–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuba-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cuba_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222204658/http://www.escambray.cu/Eng/Bandits/FpasadoE.htm">"Anti-Cuba Bandits: terrorism in past tense"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escambray.cu/Eng/Bandits/FpasadoE.htm">the original</a> on 22 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Cuba+Bandits%3A+terrorism+in+past+tense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escambray.cu%2FEng%2FBandits%2FFpasadoE.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk198867-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk198867_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalk1988">Falk 1988</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>When the State Kills: The Death Penalty v. Human Rights</i>. New York, United States: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> Publications. 1989. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780862101640" title="Special:BookSources/9780862101640"><bdi>9780862101640</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1017244324">1017244324</a>. <a href="/wiki/NCJ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NCJ (identifier)">NCJ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=117205">117205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+State+Kills%3A+The+Death+Penalty+v.+Human+Rights&rft.place=New+York%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Amnesty+International+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1017244324&rft.isbn=9780862101640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chase_2010-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chase_2010_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chase, Michelle (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://read.dukeupress.edu/content/a-century-of-revolution">"The Trials"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Greg_Grandin" title="Greg Grandin">Grandin, Greg</a>; Gilbert, Joseph (eds.). <i>A Century of Revolution</i>. Durham, NC: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJ7ZBGy0wsIC&dq=a%20century%20of%20revolution&pg=PA163">163–198</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F9780822392859">10.1215/9780822392859</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822347378" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822347378"><bdi>978-0822347378</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107055759/http://read.dukeupress.edu/content/a-century-of-revolution">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Trials&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Revolution&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pages=163-198&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F9780822392859&rft.isbn=978-0822347378&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fread.dukeupress.edu%2Fcontent%2Fa-century-of-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-31059030">US rejects Cuba demand to hand back Guantanamo Bay base</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207183342/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-31059030">Archived</a> 7 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". BBC News. 30 January 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabe1988-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rabe1988_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabe1988_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabe1988_142-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabe1988_142-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabe1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Rabe" title="Stephen G. Rabe">Rabe, Stephen G.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o2SFNdAiB7UC&pg=PA123"><i>Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/UNC_Press_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="UNC Press Books">UNC Press Books</a>. pp. 123–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4204-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4204-1"><bdi>978-0-8078-4204-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower+and+Latin+America%3A+The+Foreign+Policy+of+Anticommunism&rft.pages=123-125&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4204-1&rft.aulast=Rabe&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do2SFNdAiB7UC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crooker2005-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crooker2005_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooker2005_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooker2005_143-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrooker2005" class="citation book cs1">Crooker, Richard A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l-5GqG1hluIC&pg=PA43"><i>Cuba</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0497-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0497-3"><bdi>978-1-4381-0497-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0497-3&rft.aulast=Crooker&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl-5GqG1hluIC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Commission-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Commission_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._International_Trade_Commission" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/U.S._International_Trade_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. International Trade Commission">U.S. International Trade Commission</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c0wCioRlTG0C&pg=SA2-PA2"><i>The Economic Impact of U.S. Sanctions with Respect to Cuba</i></a>. DIANE. p. Section 2–3, p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4578-2290-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4578-2290-2"><bdi>978-1-4578-2290-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Impact+of+U.S.+Sanctions+with+Respect+to+Cuba&rft.pages=Section+2-3%2C+p.+2&rft.pub=DIANE&rft.isbn=978-1-4578-2290-2&rft.au=U.S.+International+Trade+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc0wCioRlTG0C%26pg%3DSA2-PA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_145-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://piie.com/sites/default/files/publications/papers/sanctions-cuba-60-3.pdf">"Case Studies in Sanctions and Terrorism: Case 60–3, US v. Cuba (1960– : Castro)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Peterson_Institute_for_International_Economics" title="Peterson Institute for International Economics">Peterson Institute for International Economics</a>. October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214180014/https://piie.com/sites/default/files/publications/papers/sanctions-cuba-60-3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+Studies+in+Sanctions+and+Terrorism%3A+Case+60%E2%80%933%2C+US+v.+Cuba+%281960%E2%80%93+%3A+Castro%29&rft.pub=Peterson+Institute+for+International+Economics&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpiie.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fpapers%2Fsanctions-cuba-60-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polmar-2017-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polmar-2017_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolmarGresham2006" class="citation book cs1">Polmar, Norman; Gresham, John D. (17 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGMaAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA223"><i>DEFCON-2: Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War During the Cuban Missile Crisis</i></a>. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-67022-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-67022-3"><bdi>978-0-471-67022-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60373348">60373348</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108205217/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGMaAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA223">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DEFCON-2%3A+Standing+on+the+Brink+of+Nuclear+War+During+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006-01-17&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60373348&rft.isbn=978-0-471-67022-3&rft.aulast=Polmar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Gresham%2C+John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgGMaAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan-2020-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duncan-2020_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncanStein2020" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Terri Kaye; Stein, R. Conrad (15 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_ElEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>Thirteen Days of Tension: The Cuban Missile Crisis</i></a>. Movements and Moments That Changed America. New York: <a href="/wiki/Rosen_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosen Publishing Group">Rosen Publishing Group</a>. pp. 8, 49, 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-72534-219-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-72534-219-4"><bdi>978-1-72534-219-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1203013466">1203013466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirteen+Days+of+Tension%3A+The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Movements+and+Moments+That+Changed+America&rft.pages=8%2C+49%2C+94&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1203013466&rft.isbn=978-1-72534-219-4&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Terri+Kaye&rft.au=Stein%2C+R.+Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De_ElEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuppe2001" class="citation web cs1">Ruppe, David (1 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=92662&page=1">"U.S. Military Wanted to Provoke War With Cuba"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421204148/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=92662&page=1">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=U.S.+Military+Wanted+to+Provoke+War+With+Cuba&rft.date=2001-05-01&rft.aulast=Ruppe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Fstory%3Fid%3D92662%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaria2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_A._Faria,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel A. Faria, Jr.">Faria, Miguel A.</a> (2002). <i>Cuba in Revolution – Escape From a Lost Paradise</i>. Macon, Georgia: Hacienda Publishing. pp. 163–228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+in+Revolution+%E2%80%93+Escape+From+a+Lost+Paradise&rft.place=Macon%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=163-228&rft.pub=Hacienda+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Faria&rft.aufirst=Miguel+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoppelCalero2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-location-test"><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Koppel" class="mw-redirect" title="Martín Koppel">Koppel, Martín</a>; <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ger_Calero" title="Róger Calero">Calero, Róger</a> (25 February 2019). Written at <a href="/wiki/Havana_International_Book_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Havana International Book Fair">Havana International Book Fair</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themilitant.com/2019/02/16/cuba-and-algerian-revolutions-an-intertwined-history/">"Cuba and Algerian revolutions: an intertwined history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Militant" title="The Militant">The Militant</a></i>. Vol. 83, no. 8. New York City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819163139/https://themilitant.com/2019/02/16/cuba-and-algerian-revolutions-an-intertwined-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Militant&rft.atitle=Cuba+and+Algerian+revolutions%3A+an+intertwined+history&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft.aulast=Koppel&rft.aufirst=Mart%C3%ADn&rft.au=Calero%2C+R%C3%B3ger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemilitant.com%2F2019%2F02%2F16%2Fcuba-and-algerian-revolutions-an-intertwined-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheina-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_151-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_151-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_151-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_151-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_151-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_151-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_151-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScheina2003b">Scheina 2003b</a>, pp. 1003–1035</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenkenVignoli2015" class="citation web cs1">Henken, Ted; Vignoli, Gabriel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.american.edu/centers/latin-american-latino-studies/upload/2015-au-ssrc-henken-vignoli-enterprising-cuba-final.pdf">"ENTERPRISING CUBA: CITIZEN EMPOWERMENT, STATE ABANDONMENT, OR U.S. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>american.edu</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=american.edu&rft.atitle=ENTERPRISING+CUBA%3A+CITIZEN+EMPOWERMENT%2C+STATE+ABANDONMENT%2C+OR+U.S.+BUSINESS+OPPORTUNITY%3F&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Henken&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft.au=Vignoli%2C+Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.american.edu%2Fcenters%2Flatin-american-latino-studies%2Fupload%2F2015-au-ssrc-henken-vignoli-enterprising-cuba-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-castro-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-castro_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrevost2007" class="citation journal cs1">Prevost, Grey (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=headwaters">"Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution"</a>. <i>Headwaters</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 25–26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Headwaters&rft.atitle=Fidel+Castro+and+the+Cuban+Revolution&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-26&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Prevost&rft.aufirst=Grey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.csbsju.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1040%26context%3Dheadwaters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decade-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-decade_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek1jDwAAQBAJ&dq=revolutionary+offensive+zafra&pg=PA72"><i>Cuba's Forgotten Decade How the 1970s Shaped the Revolution</i></a>. Lexington Books. 2018. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498568746" title="Special:BookSources/9781498568746"><bdi>9781498568746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%27s+Forgotten+Decade+How+the+1970s+Shaped+the+Revolution&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781498568746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEk1jDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Drevolutionary%2Boffensive%2Bzafra%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPineo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pineo, Ronn (1 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0169796X19826731">"Cuban Public Healthcare: A Model of Success for Developing Nations"</a>. <i>Journal of Developing Societies</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 16–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0169796X19826731">10.1177/0169796X19826731</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-796X">0169-796X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Developing+Societies&rft.atitle=Cuban+Public+Healthcare%3A+A+Model+of+Success+for+Developing+Nations&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-61&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0169796X19826731&rft.issn=0169-796X&rft.aulast=Pineo&rft.aufirst=Ronn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0169796X19826731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethell,_Leslie1998" class="citation book cs1">Bethell, Leslie (13 August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturalhistoryo00lesl"><i>The Cambridge History of Latin America</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62327-8"><bdi>978-0-521-62327-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Latin+America&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-08-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62327-8&rft.au=Bethell%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturalhistoryo00lesl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcella1977" class="citation journal cs1">Marcella, Gabriel (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMdLAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA13">"Cuba and the Regional Balance of Power: Cuba's International Involvement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parameters_(journal)" title="Parameters (journal)">Parameters</a></i>. <b>VII</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_War_College" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army War College">U.S. Army War College</a>: 13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209040625/https://books.google.com/books?id=kMdLAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parameters&rft.atitle=Cuba+and+the+Regional+Balance+of+Power%3A+Cuba%27s+International+Involvement&rft.volume=VII&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Marcella&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkMdLAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomínguez1989[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDomínguez1989[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDomínguez1989">Domínguez 1989</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimha2015" class="citation web cs1">Simha, Rakesh Krishnan (21 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/blogs/stranger_than_fiction/2015/10/21/why-the-cuban-military-machine-should-intervene-in-syria_484903">"Why the Cuban military machine should intervene in Syria"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Russia_Beyond" title="Russia Beyond">Russia Beyond</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317180959/https://www.rbth.com/blogs/stranger_than_fiction/2015/10/21/why-the-cuban-military-machine-should-intervene-in-syria_484903">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond&rft.atitle=Why+the+Cuban+military+machine+should+intervene+in+Syria&rft.date=2015-10-21&rft.aulast=Simha&rft.aufirst=Rakesh+Krishnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fblogs%2Fstranger_than_fiction%2F2015%2F10%2F21%2Fwhy-the-cuban-military-machine-should-intervene-in-syria_484903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime: Prospects for the 21st Century</i>. Springer. 2016. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nuclear+Non-Proliferation+Regime%3A+Prospects+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/30/africa-fidel-castro-nelson-mandela-cuba">"To so many Africans, Fidel Castro is a hero. Here's why | Fidel Castro | The Guardian"</a>. <i>amp.theguardian.com</i>. 30 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819155011/https://amp.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/30/africa-fidel-castro-nelson-mandela-cuba">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amp.theguardian.com&rft.atitle=To+so+many+Africans%2C+Fidel+Castro+is+a+hero.+Here%27s+why+%26%23124%3B+Fidel+Castro+%26%23124%3B+The+Guardian&rft.date=2016-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2016%2Fnov%2F30%2Fafrica-fidel-castro-nelson-mandela-cuba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoyt_Atlantic-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoyt_Atlantic_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoyt_Atlantic_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Williams, John Hoyt (August 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1988/08/cuba-havanas-military-machine/305932/">"Cuba: Havana's Military Machine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607110023/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1988/08/cuba-havanas-military-machine/305932/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Cuba%3A+Havana%27s+Military+Machine&rft.date=1988-08&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John+Hoyt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1988%2F08%2Fcuba-havanas-military-machine%2F305932%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Impact of Cuban-Soviet Ties in the Western Hemisphere, Spring 1979: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, First Session, April 25 and 26, 1979</i>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impact+of+Cuban-Soviet+Ties+in+the+Western+Hemisphere%2C+Spring+1979%3A+Hearings+Before+the+Subcommittee+on+Inter-American+Affairs+of+the+Committee+on+Foreign+Affairs%2C+House+of+Representatives%2C+Ninety-sixth+Congress%2C+First+Session%2C+April+25+and+26%2C+1979&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122223212/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP77M00144R000400100003-7.pdf">"Foreign Intervention by Cuba"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP77M00144R000400100003-7.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Intervention+by+Cuba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FCIA-RDP77M00144R000400100003-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cubainternationa00faur"><i>Cuba: The International Dimension</i></a></span>. Transaction Publishers. 1990. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cubainternationa00faur/page/138">138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887383243" title="Special:BookSources/9780887383243"><bdi>9780887383243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%3A+The+International+Dimension&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780887383243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcubainternationa00faur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRa'anan1978" class="citation journal cs1">Ra'anan, Gavriel D. (31 December 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P6420.html">"The Evolution of the Soviet Use of Surrogates in Military Relations with the Third World, with Particular Emphasis on Cuban Participation in Africa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629074717/https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P6420.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corporation&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Soviet+Use+of+Surrogates+in+Military+Relations+with+the+Third+World%2C+with+Particular+Emphasis+on+Cuban+Participation+in+Africa&rft.date=1978-12-31&rft.aulast=Ra%27anan&rft.aufirst=Gavriel+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fpapers%2FP6420.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValenta1981" class="citation magazine cs1">Valenta, Jiri (February 1981). "The Soviet-Cuban Alliance in Africa and the Caribbean". <i>The World Today</i>. Vol. 37. Royal Institute of International Affairs. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40395260">40395260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Today&rft.atitle=The+Soviet-Cuban+Alliance+in+Africa+and+the+Caribbean&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1981-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40395260%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Valenta&rft.aufirst=Jiri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmaj-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cmaj_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cmaj_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2474886">"Health consequences of Cuba's Special Period"</a>. <i>CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal</i>. <b>179</b> (3): 257. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.1080068">10.1503/cmaj.1080068</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2474886">2474886</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18663207">18663207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMAJ%3A+Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Health+consequences+of+Cuba%27s+Special+Period&rft.volume=179&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2474886%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18663207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.1080068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2474886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Maroday2015" class="citation web cs1">Patricia Maroday (12 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314103057/http://www.mercatrade.com/blog/country-profile-cuba/">"Doing Business with Cuba – The Complete Guide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercatrade.com/blog/country-profile-cuba/">the original</a> on 14 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doing+Business+with+Cuba+%E2%80%93+The+Complete+Guide&rft.date=2015-01-12&rft.au=Patricia+Maroday&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercatrade.com%2Fblog%2Fcountry-profile-cuba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGershmanGutierrez2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGershmanGutierrez2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGershmanGutierrez2009">Gershman & Gutierrez 2009</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_LauriaMonica_CampbellMaría_Salazar2008" class="citation web cs1">Carlos Lauria; Monica Campbell; María Salazar (18 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpj.org/reports/2008/03/cuba-press-crackdown.php">"Cuba's Long Black Spring"</a>. The Committee to Protect Journalists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830062924/https://www.cpj.org/reports/2008/03/cuba-press-crackdown.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuba%27s+Long+Black+Spring&rft.pub=The+Committee+to+Protect+Journalists&rft.date=2008-03-18&rft.au=Carlos+Lauria&rft.au=Monica+Campbell&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADa+Salazar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2Freports%2F2008%2F03%2Fcuba-press-crackdown.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090702082005/http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/Cuba_report.pdf">"Cuba – No surrender by independent journalists, five years on from "black spring"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Reporters Without Borders. March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/Cuba_report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuba+%E2%80%93+No+surrender+by+independent+journalists%2C+five+years+on+from+%22black+spring%22&rft.pub=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsf.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FCuba_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afp.com/english/news/stories/newsmlmmd.fce074e0275fae2a0c16383ec4973c96.191.html">"Castro resigns as Cuban president: official media"</a>. Agence France-Presse. 19 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Castro+resigns+as+Cuban+president%3A+official+media&rft.pub=Agence+France-Presse&rft.date=2008-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afp.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fstories%2Fnewsmlmmd.fce074e0275fae2a0c16383ec4973c96.191.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7261204.stm">"Raul Castro named Cuban president"</a>. BBC News. 24 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622045408/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7261204.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Raul+Castro+named+Cuban+president&rft.date=2008-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F7261204.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10881009">"Byte by byte"</a>. The Economist. 19 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080322204221/http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10881009">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Byte+by+byte&rft.date=2008-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Fla%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D10881009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/02/raul-castro-fidel-cuba-officials">"Raúl Castro replaces top Cuban officials"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. 2 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310081342/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/02/raul-castro-fidel-cuba-officials">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ra%C3%BAl+Castro+replaces+top+Cuban+officials&rft.date=2009-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fmar%2F02%2Fraul-castro-fidel-cuba-officials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130821171219/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/04/content_11483233.htm">"China View 2009-06-04: OAS plenary votes to end Cuba's exclusion"</a>. News.xinhuanet.com. 4 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/04/content_11483233.htm">the original</a> on 21 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+View+2009-06-04%3A+OAS+plenary+votes+to+end+Cuba%27s+exclusion&rft.pub=News.xinhuanet.com&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2009-06%2F04%2Fcontent_11483233.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130821175617/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/04/content_11485277.htm">"China View 2009-06-04: Cuba's Fidel Castro calls OAS a "U.S. Trojan horse"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. News.xinhuanet.com. 4 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/04/content_11485277.htm">the original</a> on 21 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+View+2009-06-04%3A+Cuba%27s+Fidel+Castro+calls+OAS+a+%22U.S.+Trojan+horse%22&rft.pub=News.xinhuanet.com&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2009-06%2F04%2Fcontent_11485277.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/16/world/americas/cuba-travel-policy/">CNN: "Cuba eases travel restriction for citizens" by Ben Brumfield</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095615/http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/16/world/americas/cuba-travel-policy/">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 16 October 2012 |<i>Until now, Cubans had to pay $150 for an exit visa. A resident in the country that the Cuban wanted to visit would also have to write a letter of invitation. Fees associated with the letter ran as high as $200. That's a steep price in a country where the average official monthly income is about $20.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18933175">BBC: "Leaving Cuba: The difficult task of exiting the island"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Rainsford" title="Sarah Rainsford">Sarah Rainsford</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207180432/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18933175">Archived</a> 7 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 12 July 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wola.org/commentary/cubans_allowed_to_travel_abroad_without_exit_visas">Washington Office on Latin America: "Cubans Allowed to Travel Abroad Without Exit Visas" By Geoff Thale and Clay Boggs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402155526/http://www.wola.org/commentary/cubans_allowed_to_travel_abroad_without_exit_visas">Archived</a> 2 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 16 October 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenken2013" class="citation book cs1">Henken, Ted (2013). <i>Cuba</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pe_XAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA245">245</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610690126" title="Special:BookSources/9781610690126"><bdi>9781610690126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781610690126&rft.aulast=Henken&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2013" class="citation web cs1">Gupta, Girish (14 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710060827/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2013/01/14/cuba-passports-travel-abroad/1832811/">"Cubans line up for the chance to leave"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2013/01/14/cuba-passports-travel-abroad/1832811/">the original</a> on 10 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Cubans+line+up+for+the+chance+to+leave&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Girish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2013%2F01%2F14%2Fcuba-passports-travel-abroad%2F1832811%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world-jan-june13-cuba1_01-14/">PBS: "Cuba Opens Travel Abroad for Most Citizens, Eliminating Exit Visa Requirement"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050947/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world-jan-june13-cuba1_01-14/">Archived</a> 28 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 14 January 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/11/cuba-exit-visas/1694569/">USA Today: "Cubans can leave, but to where and with what?" by Girish Gupta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710053815/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/11/cuba-exit-visas/1694569/">Archived</a> 10 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 11 November 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_MitchellEric_McClam2014" class="citation web cs1">Andrea Mitchell; Eric McClam (18 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/u-s-cuba-relations/cuba-frees-american-alan-gross-held-five-years-n269926">"Cuba Frees American Alan Gross, Held for Five Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821205750/http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/u-s-cuba-relations/cuba-frees-american-alan-gross-held-five-years-n269926">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuba+Frees+American+Alan+Gross%2C+Held+for+Five+Years&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.au=Andrea+Mitchell&rft.au=Eric+McClam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fstoryline%2Fu-s-cuba-relations%2Fcuba-frees-american-alan-gross-held-five-years-n269926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/d2709fff1daf410d87fef30aaa9b069c">"Raul Castro leaving Cuban presidency, not power"</a>. Associated Press. 18 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604154142/https://apnews.com/d2709fff1daf410d87fef30aaa9b069c">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>The 86-year-old former guerrilla remains head of Cuba's Communist Party, a position that leaves him with broad authority — including much oversight of the man who is replacing him as president.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Raul+Castro+leaving+Cuban+presidency%2C+not+power&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fd2709fff1daf410d87fef30aaa9b069c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustin2019" class="citation news cs1">Augustin, Ed (25 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/25/cuba-approves-new-socialist-constitution">"Cuba overwhelmingly approves new constitution affirming 'irrevocable' socialism"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813073857/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/25/cuba-approves-new-socialist-constitution">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cuba+overwhelmingly+approves+new+constitution+affirming+%27irrevocable%27+socialism&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft.aulast=Augustin&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Ffeb%2F25%2Fcuba-approves-new-socialist-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_191-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_191-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Lydia (4 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/cuba-lgbt-revolution-gay-lesbian-transgender-rights-havana-raul-castro-a8122591.html">"Inside Cuba's LGBT revolution: How the island's attitudes to sexuality and gender were transformed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Havana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514152751/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/cuba-lgbt-revolution-gay-lesbian-transgender-rights-havana-raul-castro-a8122591.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Inside+Cuba%27s+LGBT+revolution%3A+How+the+island%27s+attitudes+to+sexuality+and+gender+were+transformed&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcuba-lgbt-revolution-gay-lesbian-transgender-rights-havana-raul-castro-a8122591.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/16/raul-castro-cuba-communist-party-resigning">"Raúl Castro confirms he is resigning as head of Cuba's Communist party"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 16 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925090808/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/16/raul-castro-cuba-communist-party-resigning">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ra%C3%BAl+Castro+confirms+he+is+resigning+as+head+of+Cuba%27s+Communist+party&rft.date=2021-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fapr%2F16%2Fraul-castro-cuba-communist-party-resigning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-04-17/raul-castro-resigning-ending-long-era-in-cuba/100076126">"Raul Castro confirms he's retiring, ending long era of Castro leadership in Cuba"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Associated Press. 17 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416230512/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-04-17/raul-castro-resigning-ending-long-era-in-cuba/100076126">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Raul+Castro+confirms+he%27s+retiring%2C+ending+long+era+of+Castro+leadership+in+Cuba&rft.date=2021-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-04-17%2Fraul-castro-resigning-ending-long-era-in-cuba%2F100076126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:11_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarin.com/mundo/protestas-cuba-manifestantes-concentraron-frente-embajada-argentina-grito-patria-vida-_0_mKNNyd068.html">"Protestas en Cuba: manifestantes se concentraron frente a la embajada en Argentina al grito de "Patria y vida"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Buenos Aires. 11 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712000417/https://www.clarin.com/mundo/protestas-cuba-manifestantes-concentraron-frente-embajada-argentina-grito-patria-vida-_0_mKNNyd068.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protestas+en+Cuba%3A+manifestantes+se+concentraron+frente+a+la+embajada+en+Argentina+al+grito+de+%22Patria+y+vida%22&rft.date=2021-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarin.com%2Fmundo%2Fprotestas-cuba-manifestantes-concentraron-frente-embajada-argentina-grito-patria-vida-_0_mKNNyd068.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proceso.com.mx/nacional/2021/7/11/cubanos-protestan-en-el-zocalo-contra-el-regimen-de-diaz-canel-267600.html">"Cubanos protestan en el Zócalo conta el régimen de Díaz Canel"</a>. <i>www.proceso.com.mx</i>. 11 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118202059/https://www.proceso.com.mx/nacional/2021/7/11/cubanos-protestan-en-el-zocalo-contra-el-regimen-de-diaz-canel-267600.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.proceso.com.mx&rft.atitle=Cubanos+protestan+en+el+Z%C3%B3calo+conta+el+r%C3%A9gimen+de+D%C3%ADaz+Canel&rft.date=2021-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proceso.com.mx%2Fnacional%2F2021%2F7%2F11%2Fcubanos-protestan-en-el-zocalo-contra-el-regimen-de-diaz-canel-267600.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPERÚ2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">PERÚ, NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO (12 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elcomercio.pe/lima/sucesos/san-isidro-ciudadanos-cubanos-realizan-una-protesta-frente-a-la-embajada-de-su-pais-video-lima-nndc-noticia/">"San Isidro: ciudadanos cubanos realizan una protesta frente a la embajada de su país | VIDEO | Lima | nndc | LIMA"</a>. <i>El Comercio</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118202059/https://elcomercio.pe/lima/sucesos/san-isidro-ciudadanos-cubanos-realizan-una-protesta-frente-a-la-embajada-de-su-pais-video-lima-nndc-noticia/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Comercio&rft.atitle=San+Isidro%3A+ciudadanos+cubanos+realizan+una+protesta+frente+a+la+embajada+de+su+pa%C3%ADs+%7C+VIDEO+%7C+Lima+%7C+nndc+%7C+LIMA&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft.aulast=PER%C3%9A&rft.aufirst=NOTICIAS+EL+COMERCIO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felcomercio.pe%2Flima%2Fsucesos%2Fsan-isidro-ciudadanos-cubanos-realizan-una-protesta-frente-a-la-embajada-de-su-pais-video-lima-nndc-noticia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloresCobo2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Flores, Griselda; Cobo, Leila (19 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/2021-latin-grammys-winners-list-1234999583/">"Camilo Is Top Winner, Cuban Anthem 'Patria y Vida' Wins Song of the Year at 2021 Latin Grammys: Winners List"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120052249/https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/2021-latin-grammys-winners-list-1234999583/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Camilo+Is+Top+Winner%2C+Cuban+Anthem+%27Patria+y+Vida%27+Wins+Song+of+the+Year+at+2021+Latin+Grammys%3A+Winners+List&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft.aulast=Flores&rft.aufirst=Griselda&rft.au=Cobo%2C+Leila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fmusic%2Flatin%2F2021-latin-grammys-winners-list-1234999583%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-63035426">"Cuba Family Code: Country votes to legalise same-sex marriage"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 26 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928110542/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-63035426">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Cuba+Family+Code%3A+Country+votes+to+legalise+same-sex+marriage&rft.date=2022-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-63035426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/hurricane-irma-landfall-cuba-category-5-170909040746649.html">"Florida braces for Hurricane Irma after Cuba landfall"</a>. <i>aljazeera.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909212031/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/hurricane-irma-landfall-cuba-category-5-170909040746649.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Florida+braces+for+Hurricane+Irma+after+Cuba+landfall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F09%2Fhurricane-irma-landfall-cuba-category-5-170909040746649.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_ThevenotRobin_Respaut2017" class="citation web cs1">Brian Thevenot; Robin Respaut (9 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910053409/https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/hurricane-irma-rips-through-cuba-on-its-way-to-florida/article36221350/">"Winds whip Florida Keys as Hurricane Irma turns sights northward"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Reuters. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Storm+Gains+Strength+as+It+Nears+Florida&rft.date=2017-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F09%2Fus%2Fhurricane-irma-florida.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn.com-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn.com_202-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn.com_202-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilary_ClarkePatrick_Oppmann" class="citation news cs1">Hilary Clarke; Patrick Oppmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/11/americas/irma-cuba/index.html">"Irma kills 10 people in Cuba"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912154601/http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/11/americas/irma-cuba/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Irma+kills+10+people+in+Cuba&rft.au=Hilary+Clarke&rft.au=Patrick+Oppmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F09%2F11%2Famericas%2Firma-cuba%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/">"List of Parties"</a>. <i>cbd.int</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110124005746/http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbd.int&rft.atitle=List+of+Parties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fconvention%2Fparties%2Flist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/cu/cu-nbsap-v2-es.pdf">"Plan de Acción Nacional 2006/2010 sobre la Diversidad Biológica. República de Cuba"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>cbd.int</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012409/http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/cu/cu-nbsap-v2-es.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbd.int&rft.atitle=Plan+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Nacional+2006%2F2010+sobre+la+Diversidad+Biol%C3%B3gica.+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Cuba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fdoc%2Fworld%2Fcu%2Fcu-nbsap-v2-es.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/cu/cu-nr-04-es.pdf">"IV Informe Nacional al Convento sobre la Diversidad Biológica. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbd.int&rft.atitle=IV+Informe+Nacional+al+Convento+sobre+la+Diversidad+Biol%C3%B3gica.+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Cuba.+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fdoc%2Fworld%2Fcu%2Fcu-nr-04-es.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suchlicki2001-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suchlicki2001_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaime_Suchlicki2001" class="citation book cs1">Jaime Suchlicki (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yzIlAZ6OPsUC&pg=PA69"><i>Historical Dictionary of Cuba</i></a>. 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"An approach to sustainable development: the case of Cuba". <i>Environment, Development and Sustainability</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 573–591. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EDSus..14..573C">2012EDSus..14..573C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10668-012-9338-8">10.1007/s10668-012-9338-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153707220">153707220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment%2C+Development+and+Sustainability&rft.atitle=An+approach+to+sustainable+development%3A+the+case+of+Cuba&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=573-591&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153707220%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10668-012-9338-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012EDSus..14..573C&rft.aulast=Cabello&rft.aufirst=Juan+Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_210-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_210-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_210-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_210-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_210-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_210-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_210-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013359/http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/Cuba%20Constitution.pdf">"The Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1976 (as Amended to 2002)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Assembly of People's Power. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/Cuba%20Constitution.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Cuba%2C+1976+%28as+Amended+to+2002%29&rft.pub=National+Assembly+of+People%27s+Power&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitutionnet.org%2Ffiles%2FCuba%2520Constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span><br />For discussion of the 1992 amendments, see <a href="#CITEREFDomínguez2003">Domínguez 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:022_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCederlöf2023" class="citation book cs1">Cederlöf, Gustav (2023). <i>The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2021</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I confirm to this assembly that Raul Castro, as first secretary of the Communist Party, will lead the decisions about the future of the country,' Diaz-Canel said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raul+Castro+to+lead+Cuba%27s+Communist+Party+until+2021&rft.pub=France+24&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.france24.com%2Fen%2F20180419-raul-castro-leadership-cuba-communist-party-2021-diaz-canel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1203299.stm">"Country profile: Cuba"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitue&rft.atitle=Cuba+1976+%28rev.+2002%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FCuba_2002%3Flang%3Den%23796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalvisSuperti2019" class="citation journal cs1">Galvis, Ángela Fonseca; Superti, Chiara (3 October 2019). "Who wins the most when everybody wins? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Politics+and+Society&rft.atitle=Authoritarian+Regimes+and+Their+Permitted+Oppositions%3A+Election+Day+Outcomes+in+Cuba&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=27-52&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157677498%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1531-426X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Flaps.12017&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez&rft.aufirst=Jorge+I.&rft.au=Galvis%2C+%C3%81ngela+Fonseca&rft.au=Superti%2C+Chiara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Flatin-american-politics-and-society%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fauthoritarian-regimes-and-their-permitted-oppositions-election-day-outcomes-in-cuba%2F3F9E5B1A4EB059A316A9AB2BB0628216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmythBiancoChan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Smyth, Regina; Bianco, William; Chan, Kwan Nok (25 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/703068">"Legislative Rules in Electoral Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of Hong Kong's Legislative Council"</a>. <i>The Journal of Politics</i>. <b>81</b> (3): 892–905. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F703068">10.1086/703068</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3816">0022-3816</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159138096">159138096</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106105705/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/703068">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Politics+and+Society&rft.atitle=Authoritarian+Regimes+and+Their+Permitted+Oppositions%3A+Election+Day+Outcomes+in+Cuba&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=27-52&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157677498%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1531-426X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Flaps.12017&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez&rft.aufirst=Jorge+I.&rft.au=Galvis%2C+%C3%81ngela+Fonseca&rft.au=Superti%2C+Chiara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Flatin-american-politics-and-society%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fauthoritarian-regimes-and-their-permitted-oppositions-election-day-outcomes-in-cuba%2F3F9E5B1A4EB059A316A9AB2BB0628216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeogrande2012" class="citation book cs1">Leogrande, William M. 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Retrieved 5 September 2022. <i>"Cuba es una dictadura militar y una sociedad militarizada."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326012540/http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/BLatell.pdf">"The Cuban military and transition dynamics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/BLatell.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+military+and+transition+dynamics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctp.iccas.miami.edu%2FResearch_Studies%2FBLatell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/02/24/cuba-president-castro-parliament/1943365/">"Cuba's Raul Castro announces retirement in 5 years"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. 25 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028124350/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/02/24/cuba-president-castro-parliament/1943365/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Cuba%27s+Raul+Castro+announces+retirement+in+5+years&rft.date=2013-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2013%2F02%2F24%2Fcuba-president-castro-parliament%2F1943365%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunitaLimaAhmed2016" class="citation news cs1">Munita, Tomas; Lima, Mauricio; Ahmed, Azam (3 December 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/03/world/americas/a-nation-in-mourning-images-of-cuba-after-fidel-castro.html">"A Nation in Mourning: Images of Cuba After Fidel Castro"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203172558/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/03/world/americas/a-nation-in-mourning-images-of-cuba-after-fidel-castro.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Nation+in+Mourning%3A+Images+of+Cuba+After+Fidel+Castro&rft.date=2016-12-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Munita&rft.aufirst=Tomas&rft.au=Lima%2C+Mauricio&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Azam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F03%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fa-nation-in-mourning-images-of-cuba-after-fidel-castro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/cuban-president-diaz-canel-made-communist-party-leader-ending-castro-era-2021-04-19/">"Raul Castro retires but Cuban Communist Party emphasizes continuity"</a>. Reuters. 19 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331094026/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/cuban-president-diaz-canel-made-communist-party-leader-ending-castro-era-2021-04-19/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raul+Castro+retires+but+Cuban+Communist+Party+emphasizes+continuity&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2021-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcuban-president-diaz-canel-made-communist-party-leader-ending-castro-era-2021-04-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domínguez_1989_6-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Domínguez_1989_6_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDomínguez1989">Domínguez 1989</a>, p. 6: "Cuba is a small country, but it has the foreign policy of a big power."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feinsilver_1989_2-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feinsilver_1989_2_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeinsilver1989">Feinsilver 1989</a>, p. 2: "Cuba has projected disproportionately greater power and influence through military might ... through economic largesse ... as a mediator in regional conflicts, and as a forceful and persuasive advocate of Third World interests in international forums. Cuba's scientific achievements, while limited, are also being shared with other Third World countries, thereby furthering Cuban influence and prestige abroad."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gleijeses_1996_159,161-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gleijeses_1996_159,161_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGleijeses1996">Gleijeses 1996</a>, pp. 159, 161: "Cuba's relationship with Algeria in 1961–5 ... clashes with the image of Cuban foreign policy—cynical ploys of a [Soviet] client state—that prevails not only in the United States but also in many European capitals. ... The aid Cuba gave Algeria in 1961–2 had nothing to do with the East-West conflict. Its roots predate Castro's victory in 1959 and lie in the Cubans' widespread identification with the struggle of the Algerian people."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gleijeses_2010_327-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gleijeses_2010_327_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGleijeses2010">Gleijeses 2010</a>, p. 327: "The dispatch of 36,000 Cuban soldiers to Angola between November 1975 and April 1976 stunned the world; ... by 1988, there were 55,000 Cuban soldiers in Angola."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gleijeses_2002_392-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gleijeses_2002_392_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGleijeses2002">Gleijeses 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHWGwG71hzMC&pg=PA392">392</a>: "After Angola, Cuba's largest military intervention was in Ethiopia, where in 1978 16,000 Cuban troops helped repulse the invading Somali army."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGebru_Tareke2009">Gebru Tareke 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dRIfYPTZxJsC&pg=PA62">62–3</a>. Tareke refers here to the training given to 10 members of the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Liberation_Front" title="Eritrean Liberation Front">Eritrean Liberation Front</a> in 1968 during the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean struggle for independence</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gleijeses_1997_50-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gleijeses_1997_50_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGleijeses1997">Gleijeses 1997</a>, p. 50: "On 14–16 October 1960, [Guinean president Ahmed Sékou] Touré went to Havana. It was the first visit of an African chief of state to Cuba. The following year Cuba's foreign aid programme to Third World governments began when fifteen students from Guinea arrived in Havana to attend the university or technical institutes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gleijeses_1997_45-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gleijeses_1997_45_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGleijeses1997">Gleijeses 1997</a>, p. 45: "Joining the rebellion in 1966, and remaining through the war's end in 1974, this was the longest Cuban intervention in Africa before the despatch of troops to Angola in November 1975. It was also the most successful. As the Guinean paper <i>Nõ Pintcha</i> declared, 'The Cubans' solidarity was decisive for our struggle<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gleijeses_2002_227-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gleijeses_2002_227_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGleijeses2002">Gleijeses 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHWGwG71hzMC&dq=%22not+very+important%22&pg=PA227">227</a>. The Cuban contribution to the independence of Mozambique was not very important.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamazani1975[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7ETnbmUmxoUCpgPA91_91]-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamazani1975[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7ETnbmUmxoUCpgPA91_91]_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamazani1975">Ramazani 1975</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ETnbmUmxoUC&pg=PA91">91</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"AP 1950 Invasion Wiped Out Says Trujillo". Waterloo, Iowa: Waterloo Daily Courier. 24 June 1959. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=AP+1950+Invasion+Wiped+Out+Says+Trujillo&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1959-06-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126212007/http://museodelaresistencia.org/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=232">"Resistencia 1916–1966"</a>. museodelaresistencia.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museodelaresistencia.org/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=232">the original</a> on 26 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resistencia+1916%E2%80%931966&rft.pub=museodelaresistencia.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museodelaresistencia.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_wrapper%26view%3Dwrapper%26Itemid%3D232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511102350/http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EU-Cuba-Joint%20declaration-261108_EN.pdf">"Joint declarations concerning areas and modalities provisionally identified for cooperation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. European Commission. 26 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EU-Cuba-Joint%20declaration-261108_EN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+declarations+concerning+areas+and+modalities+provisionally+identified+for+cooperation&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fdevelopment%2Ficenter%2Frepository%2FEU-Cuba-Joint%2520declaration-261108_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirst2010" class="citation web cs1">Hirst, Joel D. (2 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615195732/http://www.cfr.org/venezuela/bolivarian-alliance-americas/p23585">"The Bolivarian Alliance of the Americas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">cfr.org</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/venezuela/bolivarian-alliance-americas/p23585">the original</a> on 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bolivarian+Alliance+of+the+Americas&rft.pub=cfr.org&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft.aulast=Hirst&rft.aufirst=Joel+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fvenezuela%2Fbolivarian-alliance-americas%2Fp23585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillman2011" class="citation web cs1">Millman, Joel (15 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203731004576045640711118766">"New Prize in Cold War: Cuban Doctors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">wsj.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929193703/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203731004576045640711118766">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Prize+in+Cold+War%3A+Cuban+Doctors&rft.pub=wsj.com&rft.date=2011-01-15&rft.aulast=Millman&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052970203731004576045640711118766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsenault2012" class="citation web cs1">Arsenault, Chris (31 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/venezuelaelection/2012/10/20121039242915607.html">"Cuban doctors prescribe hope in Venezuela"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">aljazeera.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921013600/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/venezuelaelection/2012/10/20121039242915607.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuban+doctors+prescribe+hope+in+Venezuela&rft.pub=aljazeera.com&rft.date=2012-12-31&rft.aulast=Arsenault&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fspotlight%2Fvenezuelaelection%2F2012%2F10%2F20121039242915607.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span><br />As the article discusses, the oil-for-doctors programme has not been welcomed uncritically in Venezuela. The initial impetus for Cuban doctors' going to Venezuela was a Chavez-government welfare project called <i><a href="/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro" title="Mission Barrio Adentro">Misión Barrio Adentro</a></i> (<a href="#CITEREFAlbornoz2006">Albornoz 2006</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2000">Roy 2000</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomínguez2001" class="citation journal cs1">Domínguez, Jorge I. (2001). "Reviews: <i>Cuba, the United States, and the Helms-Burton Doctrine: International Reactions</i> by Joaquín Roy". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Latin_American_Studies" title="Journal of Latin American Studies">Journal of Latin American Studies</a></i>. <b>33</b> (4): 888–890. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022216x0133626x">10.1017/s0022216x0133626x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3653779">3653779</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145691025">145691025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Reviews%3A+Cuba%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+the+Helms-Burton+Doctrine%3A+International+Reactions+by+Joaqu%C3%ADn+Roy&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=888-890&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145691025%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3653779%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022216x0133626x&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez&rft.aufirst=Jorge+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091130044737/http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2009/April/20090421102201dmslahrellek0.4116632.html?CP.rss=true">"Obama Says U.S., Cuba Taking Critical Steps Toward a New Day"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Journey+to+Reconciliation+Visited+Worlds+of+Presidents%2C+Popes+and+Spies&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.au=Mark+Landler+and+Michael+R.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F12%2F18%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fjourney-to-rapprochement-visited-worlds-of-presidents-popes-and-spies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2015" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, David (1 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/07/01/obama-cuba-raul-castro-embassy/29555255/">"Obama, Cuba announce embassy openings"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929200719/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/07/01/obama-cuba-raul-castro-embassy/29555255/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+and+Cuba+reach+deal+to+reopen+embassies+and+reestablish+ties&rft.aulast=Jaffe&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fus-and-cuba-reach-deal-to-reopen-embassies-and-reestablish-ties%2F2015%2F06%2F30%2F258209ba-1f70-11e5-84d5-eb37ee8eaa61_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchiboldDavis2015" class="citation news cs1">Archibold, Randal C.; Davis, Julie Hirschfield (14 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/15/world/americas/obama-cuba-remove-from-state-terror-list.html">"Cuba to Be Removed From U.S. List of Nations That Sponsor Terrorism"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001153816/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/15/world/americas/obama-cuba-remove-from-state-terror-list.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Despite+Cuba%27s+important+history+of+solidarity+with+Ukraine%2C+Russia+remains+a+key+ally&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft.au=William+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2022%2F03%2F29%2Fdespite-cubas-important-history-solidarity-with-ukraine-russia-remains-key-ally%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialogo-americas.com/articles/cuba-and-russia-strengthen-strategic-partnership/#.ZEsYuC-l0_U">"Cuba and Russia Strengthen Strategic Partnership"</a>. <i>dialogo-americas.com</i>. 6 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428005728/https://dialogo-americas.com/articles/cuba-and-russia-strengthen-strategic-partnership/#.ZEsYuC-l0_U">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Evoking+Castro%2C+Putin+and+Cuban+leader+pledge+to+deepen+ties&rft.date=2022-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fevoking-castro-putin-cuban-leader-pledge-deepen-ties-2022-11-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_264-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_264-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_264-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_264-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_264-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_264-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_264-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_264-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_264-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadinger2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Padinger, Germán (9 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/11/09/embargo-eeuu-cuba-afectado-economia-isla-orix/">"En qué consiste el embargo comercial de Estados Unidos sobre Cuba"</a>. <i>CNN</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923191445/https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/11/09/embargo-eeuu-cuba-afectado-economia-isla-orix/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=En+qu%C3%A9+consiste+el+embargo+comercial+de+Estados+Unidos+sobre+Cuba&rft.date=2021-11-09&rft.aulast=Padinger&rft.aufirst=Germ%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnnespanol.cnn.com%2F2021%2F11%2F09%2Fembargo-eeuu-cuba-afectado-economia-isla-orix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/regions/wha/cuba/democ_act_1992.html">"Cuban Democracy Act"</a>. U.S. Department of State. 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115002210/https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/regions/wha/cuba/democ_act_1992.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuban+Democracy+Act&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1997-2001.state.gov%2Fwww%2Fregions%2Fwha%2Fcuba%2Fdemoc_act_1992.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"499. Memorandum From the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Mallory) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Rubottom)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d499"><i>Foreign Relations of the United States</i></a>. Washington: Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute - <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. 6 April 1960. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927035426/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d499">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>If the above are accepted or cannot be successfully countered, it follows that every possible means should be undertaken promptly to weaken the economic life of Cuba. 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The Economist. 24 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184844/https://www.economist.com/node/21550421">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inequality%3A+The+deal%27s+off&rft.date=2012-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21550421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehavanaconsultinggroup.com/en-US/Articles/Article/20?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1">"CUBA: The Fastest Growing Remittances Market in Latin America"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CUBA%3A+The+Fastest+Growing+Remittances+Market+in+Latin+America&rft.date=2016-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehavanaconsultinggroup.com%2Fen-US%2FArticles%2FArticle%2F20%3FAspxAutoDetectCookieSupport%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oncubanews.com/cuba/envio-de-remesas-a-cuba-cayo-el-5414-en-2020-segun-expertos/">"Envío de remesas a Cuba cayó el 54,14 % en 2020, según expertos"</a>. <i>On Cuba News</i> (in Spanish). 24 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929195112/https://oncubanews.com/cuba/envio-de-remesas-a-cuba-cayo-el-5414-en-2020-segun-expertos/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+nuevos+lineamientos+econ%C3%B3micos&rft.pub=Semanarioaqui.com&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.au=Categor%C3%ADa%3A+Lucha+de+nuestros+pueblos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsemanarioaqui.com%2Findex.php%2Flucha-de-nuestros-pueblos-2%2F357-cuba-adopta-nuevos-lineamientos-economicos-para-aumentar-la-produccion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730061603/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/12/cuba%20economy%20feinberg/cuba%20economy%20feinberg%209.pdf">"New Cuban Economy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/12/cuba%20economy%20feinberg/cuba%20economy%20feinberg%209.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Cuban+Economy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fresearch%2Ffiles%2Fpapers%2F2012%2F12%2Fcuba%2520economy%2520feinberg%2Fcuba%2520economy%2520feinberg%25209.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article89133407.html">Study: Cubans don't make much, but it's more than state salaries indicate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904013753/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article89133407.html">Archived</a> 4 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Miami Herald, 12 July 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/world/cuba-launches-rationing-in-face-of-economic-crisis">"Cuba rations chicken, eggs and rice as economic crisis worsens"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>Cuba imports roughly two-thirds of its food at an annual cost of more than $2.7 billion and brief shortages of individual products have been common for years. In recent months, a growing number of products have started to go missing for days or weeks at a time, and long lines have sprung up within minutes of the appearance of scarce products like chicken or flour.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Cuba+rations+chicken%2C+eggs+and+rice+as+economic+crisis+worsens&rft.date=2019-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fcuba-launches-rationing-in-face-of-economic-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/cuba-announces-increase-wages-part-economic-reform-n1024451">"Cuba announces increase in wages as part of economic reform"</a>. NBC News. AP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608170918/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/cuba-announces-increase-wages-part-economic-reform-n1024451">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cuba+announces+increase+in+wages+as+part+of+economic+reform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Flatino%2Fcuba-announces-increase-wages-part-economic-reform-n1024451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article247776195.html">"Cuba eliminates the CUC and announces currency unification"</a>. <i>Miami Herald</i>. 11 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127222459/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article247776195.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Cuba+eliminates+the+CUC+and+announces+currency+unification&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcuba%2Farticle247776195.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aj112021-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aj112021_328-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aj112021_328-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/1/1/what-will-cubas-new-single-currency-mean-for-the-island">"What will Cuba's new single currency mean for the island?"</a>. Al Jazeera. 1 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210617115037/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/1/1/what-will-cubas-new-single-currency-mean-for-the-island">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+will+Cuba%27s+new+single+currency+mean+for+the+island%3F&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Feconomy%2F2021%2F1%2F1%2Fwhat-will-cubas-new-single-currency-mean-for-the-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForde2021" class="citation news cs1">Forde, Kaelyn (16 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/7/16/cuba-protests-the-economic-woes-helping-drive-discontent">"Cuba protests: The economic woes driving discontent"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815202251/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/7/16/cuba-protests-the-economic-woes-helping-drive-discontent">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Cuba+protests%3A+The+economic+woes+driving+discontent&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft.aulast=Forde&rft.aufirst=Kaelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Feconomy%2F2021%2F7%2F16%2Fcuba-protests-the-economic-woes-helping-drive-discontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-55967709">"Cuba opens up its economy to private businesses"</a>. BBC. 7 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528044943/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-55967709">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cuba+opens+up+its+economy+to+private+businesses&rft.date=2021-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-55967709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailyfriend.co.za/2021/02/08/cuba-to-reform-economy-allow-more-private-enterprise/">"Cuba to reform economy, allow more private enterprise"</a>. Daily Friend. 8 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608170922/https://dailyfriend.co.za/2021/02/08/cuba-to-reform-economy-allow-more-private-enterprise/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cuba+to+reform+economy%2C+allow+more+private+enterprise&rft.date=2021-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailyfriend.co.za%2F2021%2F02%2F08%2Fcuba-to-reform-economy-allow-more-private-enterprise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/cuba-opens-foreign-currency-shops-ends-tax-dollar-71886770">"Cuba opens foreign currency-only shops, ends tax on dollar"</a>. ABCnews. AP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608170919/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/cuba-opens-foreign-currency-shops-ends-tax-dollar-71886770">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cuba+opens+foreign+currency-only+shops%2C+ends+tax+on+dollar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fcuba-opens-foreign-currency-shops-ends-tax-dollar-71886770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalfant2020" class="citation news cs1">Chalfant, Morgan (23 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/trump-announces-new-sanctions-on-cuba/ar-BB19lMIc">"Trump announces new sanctions on Cuba"</a>. MSNnews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608170921/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/trump-announces-new-sanctions-on-cuba/ar-BB19lMIc">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+announces+new+sanctions+on+Cuba&rft.date=2020-09-23&rft.aulast=Chalfant&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-announces-new-sanctions-on-cuba%2Far-BB19lMIc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.mercopress.com/2021/05/26/biden-administration-decided-to-keep-cuba-in-the-bad-boys-list">"Biden administration decided to keep Cuba in the "bad boys" list"</a>. 26 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608171458/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/05/26/biden-administration-decided-to-keep-cuba-in-the-bad-boys-list">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biden+administration+decided+to+keep+Cuba+in+the+%22bad+boys%22+list&rft.date=2021-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.mercopress.com%2F2021%2F05%2F26%2Fbiden-administration-decided-to-keep-cuba-in-the-bad-boys-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITC-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITC_335-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109163626/http://legacy.intracen.org/appli1/TradeCom/TP_EP_CI.aspx?RP=192&YR=2011">"World Competitiveness Map"</a>. <i>International Trade Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.intracen.org/appli1/TradeCom/TP_EP_CI.aspx?RP=192&YR=2011">the original</a> on 9 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Trade+Center&rft.atitle=World+Competitiveness+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.intracen.org%2Fappli1%2FTradeCom%2FTP_EP_CI.aspx%3FRP%3D192%26YR%3D2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_336-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_336-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/mcs-2013-nicke.pdf">"Nickel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United States Geological Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509061155/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/mcs-2013-nicke.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=Nickel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fnickel%2Fmcs-2013-nicke.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-torres-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-torres_337-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvette_E._Torres1997" class="citation web cs1">Ivette E. Torres (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1997/9509097.pdf">"The Mineral Industry of Cuba"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012091655/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1997/9509097.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalk1988">Falk 1988</a>, p. 74: "[A] tenth of the entire Caribbean population has ... [emigrated to the U.S.] over the past 30 years".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090709154810/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/000797.html">"US Census Press Releases"</a>. 3 September 2002. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Visa+Lottery+for+Cubans&rft.date=1994-10-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F10%2F13%2Fworld%2Fvisa-lottery-for-cubans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-370"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_370-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_370-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_370-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_370-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_370-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHullKent2023" class="citation web cs1">Hull, Christopher; Kent, James Clifford (20 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/cuba-sufre-el-mayor-exodo-ante-su-peor-crisis-desde-el-colapso-de-la-urss-200237">"Cuba sufre el mayor éxodo ante su peor crisis desde el colapso de la URSS"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Cuba+sufre+el+mayor+%C3%A9xodo+ante+su+peor+crisis+desde+el+colapso+de+la+URSS&rft.date=2023-02-20&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Kent%2C+James+Clifford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fcuba-sufre-el-mayor-exodo-ante-su-peor-crisis-desde-el-colapso-de-la-urss-200237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Cuba.pdf">"Cuba Migration Profiles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UNICEF</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNICEF&rft.atitle=Cuba+Migration+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Fmiggmgprofiles%2Findicators%2Ffiles%2FCuba.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon1997" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, George (1 March 1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/santeriafromafri00bran"><i>Santeria from Africa to the New World</i></a></span>. Indiana University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/santeriafromafri00bran/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21114-9"><bdi>978-0-253-21114-9</bdi></a>. <q>lucumi language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Santeria+from+Africa+to+the+New+World&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1997-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21114-9&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsanteriafromafri00bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=luq">"Lucumi: A Language of Cuba (Ethnologue)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lucumi%3A+A+Language+of+Cuba+%28Ethnologue%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dluq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10130814">"Cuban Creole choir brings solace to Haiti's children"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cuban+Creole+choir+brings+solace+to+Haiti%27s+children&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10130814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CU">"Languages of Cuba"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Cuba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DCU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewrel-376"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pewrel_376-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909201109/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf">"Religious Composition by Country"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Global Religious Landscape</i>. Pew Forum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/globalReligion-tables.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.atitle=Religious+Composition+by+Country&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FuploadedFiles%2FTopics%2FReligious_Affiliation%2FglobalReligion-tables.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/10/cubans-love-the-pope-and-the-catholic-church-but-theyre-just-not-that-into-religion/">"Cubans love the pope and the Catholic Church, but they're just not that into religion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Cubans+love+the+pope+and+the+Catholic+Church%2C+but+they%27re+just+not+that+into+religion&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2015%2F04%2F10%2Fcubans-love-the-pope-and-the-catholic-church-but-theyre-just-not-that-into-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1996">Smith 1996</a>, p. 105: "The expansion of religious liberty began more than a decade ago, for example, and Cuban citizens, by and large, are free to practice their faiths without fear of persecution."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domínguez_2003_4-379"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Domínguez_2003_4_379-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDomínguez2003">Domínguez 2003</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolfHolpuchBrunoWatts2015" class="citation news cs1">Woolf, Nicky; Holpuch, Amanda; Bruno, Angela; Watts, Jonathan in; Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (22 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2015/sep/21/pope-francis-in-cuba-pontiff-to-hold-mass-in-holguins-revolution-square-live">"Pope Francis in Cuba: pontiff arrives in Santiago – as it happened"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+in+Cuba%3A+pontiff+arrives+in+Santiago+%E2%80%93+as+it+happened&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Nicky&rft.au=Holpuch%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Bruno%2C+Angela&rft.au=Watts%2C+Jonathan+in&rft.au=Kirchgaessner%2C+Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Flive%2F2015%2Fsep%2F21%2Fpope-francis-in-cuba-pontiff-to-hold-mass-in-holguins-revolution-square-live&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115200947/http://www.voanews.com/content/cuba-pope-francis-visit-prisoners-amnesty/2959896.html">"Cuba to Free 3,500 Prisoners Ahead of Pope Visit"</a>. <i>voanews.com</i>. Voice of America. 11 September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/content/cuba-pope-francis-visit-prisoners-amnesty/2959896.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=voanews.com&rft.atitle=Cuba+to+Free+3%2C500+Prisoners+Ahead+of+Pope+Visit&rft.date=2015-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fcontent%2Fcuba-pope-francis-visit-prisoners-amnesty%2F2959896.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiroff2015" class="citation news cs1">Miroff, Nick (11 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/cuba-pardons-more-than-3500-prisoners-ahead-of-pope-francis-visit/2015/09/11/5e1c1f27-ab63-444f-98ca-fff75cb92d3b_story.html">"Cuba pardons more than 3,500 prisoners ahead of Pope Francis visit"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Cuba+pardons+more+than+3%2C500+prisoners+ahead+of+Pope+Francis+visit&rft.date=2015-09-11&rft.aulast=Miroff&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fthe_americas%2Fcuba-pardons-more-than-3500-prisoners-ahead-of-pope-francis-visit%2F2015%2F09%2F11%2F5e1c1f27-ab63-444f-98ca-fff75cb92d3b_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2015" class="citation web cs1">Alexander, Harriett (11 September 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/cuba/11858266/Cuba-pardons-3522-prisoners-ahead-of-Pope-Francis-visit.html">"Cuba pardons 3,522 prisoners ahead of Pope Francis visit"</a></span>. <i>telegraph.co.uk</i>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/cuba/11858266/Cuba-pardons-3522-prisoners-ahead-of-Pope-Francis-visit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Cuba+pardons+3%2C522+prisoners+ahead+of+Pope+Francis+visit&rft.date=2015-09-11&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Harriett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fcentralamericaandthecaribbean%2Fcuba%2F11858266%2FCuba-pardons-3522-prisoners-ahead-of-Pope-Francis-visit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmonds-384"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edmonds_384-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondsGonzalez2010" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, E.B.; Gonzalez, M.A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oFQ65RzBm5wC&pg=PA171"><i>Caribbean Religious History: An Introduction</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2250-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2250-3"><bdi>978-0-8147-2250-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Religious+History%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2250-3&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=E.B.&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoFQ65RzBm5wC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodsonMillet_Batista2008" class="citation book cs1">Dodson, Jualynne E.; Millet Batista, José (2008). <i>Sacred Spaces and Religious Traditions in Oriente Cuba</i>. 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(2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cubareaderhistor0000unse"><i>The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics</i></a></span>. Durham, NC: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3197-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-3197-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cuba+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3197-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcubareaderhistor0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i> (4th ed.). McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786474707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786474707"><bdi>978-0786474707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0786474707&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett2002" class="citation book cs1">Corbett, Ben (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisiscubaoutlaw00benc"><i>This Is Cuba: An Outlaw Culture Survives</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3826-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3826-2"><bdi>978-0-8133-3826-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Is+Cuba%3A+An+Outlaw+Culture+Survives&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3826-2&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthisiscubaoutlaw00benc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomínguez1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_I._Dominguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge I. Dominguez">Domínguez, Jorge I.</a> (1978). <i>Cuba: Order and Revolution</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17925-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17925-7"><bdi>978-0-674-17925-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%3A+Order+and+Revolution&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-674-17925-7&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez&rft.aufirst=Jorge+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomínguez1989" class="citation book cs1">Domínguez, Jorge I. (1989). <i>To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-89325-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-89325-2"><bdi>978-0-674-89325-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Make+a+World+Safe+for+Revolution%3A+Cuba%27s+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-674-89325-2&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez&rft.aufirst=Jorge+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomínguez2003" class="citation book cs1">Domínguez, Jorge I. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~jidoming/images/jid_constitution.PDF"><i>A Constitution for Cuba's Political Transition: The Utility of Retaining (and Amending) the 1992 Constitution</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Coral Gables, FL: Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932385-04-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932385-04-5"><bdi>978-1-932385-04-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Constitution+for+Cuba%27s+Political+Transition%3A+The+Utility+of+Retaining+%28and+Amending%29+the+1992+Constitution&rft.place=Coral+Gables%2C+FL&rft.pub=Institute+for+Cuban+and+Cuban-American+Studies%2C+University+of+Miami&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-932385-04-5&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez&rft.aufirst=Jorge+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~jidoming%2Fimages%2Fjid_constitution.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspino2000" class="citation book cs1">Espino, María Dolores (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224093915/https://www.ascecuba.org/publications/annual-proceedings/cuba-in-transition-volume-10/">"Cuban Tourism During the Special Period"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/annual-proceedings/cuba-in-transition-volume-10/"><i>Cuba in Transition, Volume 10</i></a>. Silver Spring, MD: ASCE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9649082-8-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9649082-8-4"><bdi>978-0-9649082-8-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascecuba.org/c/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/v10-espino.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cuban+Tourism+During+the+Special+Period&rft.btitle=Cuba+in+Transition%2C+Volume+10&rft.place=Silver+Spring%2C+MD&rft.pub=ASCE&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9649082-8-4&rft.aulast=Espino&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Dolores&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascecuba.org%2Fc%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F09%2Fv10-espino.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk1988" class="citation journal cs1">Falk, Pamela S. (1988). "Washing and Havana". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wilson_Quarterly" title="The Wilson Quarterly">The Wilson Quarterly</a></i>. <b>12</b> (5): 64–74. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40257732">40257732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Washing+and+Havana&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=64-74&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40257732%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Pamela+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinsilver1989" class="citation journal cs1">Feinsilver, Julie M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100022810">"Cuba as a 'World Medical Power': The Politics of Symbolism"</a>. <i>Latin American Research Review</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 1–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100022810">10.1017/S0023879100022810</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2503679">2503679</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157183823">157183823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Cuba+as+a+%27World+Medical+Power%27%3A+The+Politics+of+Symbolism&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-34&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157183823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2503679%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0023879100022810&rft.aulast=Feinsilver&rft.aufirst=Julie+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0023879100022810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGebru_Tareke2009" class="citation book cs1">Gebru Tareke (2009). <i>The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa</i>. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14163-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14163-4"><bdi>978-0-300-14163-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Revolution%3A+War+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14163-4&rft.au=Gebru+Tareke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershmanGutierrez2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gershman, Carl; Gutierrez, Orlando (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/can-cuba-change-ferment-civil-society">"Can Cuba Change? Ferment in Civil Society"</a>. <i>Journal of Democracy</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 36–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.0.0051">10.1353/jod.0.0051</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144413653">144413653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Can+Cuba+Change%3F+Ferment+in+Civil+Society&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-54&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.0.0051&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144413653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gershman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Gutierrez%2C+Orlando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdemocracy.org%2Farticle%2Fcan-cuba-change-ferment-civil-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleijeses1996" class="citation journal cs1">Gleijeses, Piero (1996). "Cuba's First Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Latin_American_Studies" title="Journal of Latin American Studies">Journal of Latin American Studies</a></i>. <b>28</b> (1): 159–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022216x00012670">10.1017/s0022216x00012670</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/157991">157991</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144610436">144610436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Cuba%27s+First+Venture+in+Africa%3A+Algeria%2C+1961%E2%80%931965&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=159-195&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144610436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F157991%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022216x00012670&rft.aulast=Gleijeses&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleijeses1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gleijeses, Piero (1997). "The First Ambassadors: Cuba's Contribution to Guinea-Bissau's War of Independence". <i>Journal of Latin American Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 45–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022216x96004646">10.1017/s0022216x96004646</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/158071">158071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144904249">144904249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+First+Ambassadors%3A+Cuba%27s+Contribution+to+Guinea-Bissau%27s+War+of+Independence&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-88&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144904249%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F158071%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022216x96004646&rft.aulast=Gleijeses&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleijeses2002" class="citation book cs1">Gleijeses, Piero (2002). <i>Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976</i>. Chapel Hill, NC: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2647-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2647-8"><bdi>978-0-8078-2647-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflicting+Missions%3A+Havana%2C+Washington%2C+and+Africa%2C+1959%E2%80%931976&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-2647-8&rft.aulast=Gleijeses&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleijeses2010" class="citation book cs1">Gleijeses, Piero (2010). "Cuba and the Cold War, 1959–1980". <i><span></span></i>In Melvyn P. Leffler & Odd Arne Westad, eds.,<i> The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume II: Crises and Détente</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 327–348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83720-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83720-0"><bdi>978-0-521-83720-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cuba+and+the+Cold+War%2C+1959%E2%80%931980&rft.btitle=In+Melvyn+P.+Leffler+%26+Odd+Arne+Westad%2C+eds.%2C+The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Cold+War%2C+Volume+II%3A+Crises+and+D%C3%A9tente&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=327-348&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83720-0&rft.aulast=Gleijeses&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGott2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gott" title="Richard Gott">Gott, Richard</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cubanewhistory0000gott"><i>Cuba: A New History</i></a></span>. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10411-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10411-0"><bdi>978-0-300-10411-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10411-0&rft.aulast=Gott&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcubanewhistory0000gott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Louis_Horowitz" title="Irving Louis Horowitz">Horowitz, Irving Louis</a> (1988). <i>Cuban Communism</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-672-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-672-5"><bdi>978-0-88738-672-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuban+Communism&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Transaction+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88738-672-5&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Irving+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlister1984" class="citation book cs1">McAlister, Lyle N. (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spainportugalinn0000mcal"><i>Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700</i></a></span>. Minneapolis, MN: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1216-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1216-1"><bdi>978-0-8166-1216-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+and+Portugal+in+the+New+World%2C+1492%E2%80%931700&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-1216-1&rft.aulast=McAlister&rft.aufirst=Lyle+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspainportugalinn0000mcal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedraza2007" class="citation book cs1">Pedraza, Silvia (2007). <i>Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86787-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86787-0"><bdi>978-0-521-86787-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Disaffection+in+Cuba%27s+Revolution+and+Exodus&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86787-0&rft.aulast=Pedraza&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamazani1975" class="citation book cs1">Ramazani, Rouhollah K. (1975). <i>The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz</i>. Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-286-0069-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-286-0069-0"><bdi>978-90-286-0069-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Gulf+and+the+Strait+of+Hormuz&rft.place=Alphen+aan+den+Rijn&rft.pub=Sijthoff+%26+Noordhoff&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-90-286-0069-0&rft.aulast=Ramazani&rft.aufirst=Rouhollah+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2000" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Joaquín (2000). <i>Cuba, the United States, and the Helms-Burton Doctrine: International Reactions</i>. Gainesville, FL: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Florida Press">University of Florida Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1760-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1760-0"><bdi>978-0-8130-1760-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+the+Helms-Burton+Doctrine%3A+International+Reactions&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+FL&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-1760-0&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Joaqu%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheina2003" class="citation book cs1">Scheina, Robert L. (2003). <i>Latin America's Wars, Volume I: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899</i>. Dulles, VA: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-449-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-449-4"><bdi>978-1-57488-449-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+Wars%2C+Volume+I%3A+The+Age+of+the+Caudillo%2C+1791%E2%80%931899&rft.place=Dulles%2C+VA&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-449-4&rft.aulast=Scheina&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheina2003b" class="citation book cs1">Scheina, Robert L. (2003b). <i>Latin America's Wars Volume II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900-2001</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+Wars+Volume+II%3A+The+Age+of+the+Professional+Soldier%2C+1900-2001&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Scheina&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_J._Scott" title="Rebecca J. Scott">Scott, Rebecca J.</a> (2000) [1985]. <i>Slave Emancipation in Cuba: The Transition to Free Labor, 1860–1899</i>. Pittsburgh, PA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5735-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5735-5"><bdi>978-0-8229-5735-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slave+Emancipation+in+Cuba%3A+The+Transition+to+Free+Labor%2C+1860%E2%80%931899&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+PA&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-5735-5&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Smith_(diplomat)" title="Wayne Smith (diplomat)">Smith, Wayne S.</a> (1996). "Cuba's Long Reform". <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. <b>75</b> (2): 99–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20047491">10.2307/20047491</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20047491">20047491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Cuba%27s+Long+Reform&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-112&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20047491&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20047491%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Wayne+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithLlorens1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Kirby; Llorens, Hugo (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406061627/https://www.ascecuba.org/publications/annual-proceedings/cuba-in-transition-volume-08/">"Renaissance and Decay: A Comparison of Socioeconomic Indicators in Pre-Castro and Current-Day Cuba"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/annual-proceedings/cuba-in-transition-volume-08/"><i>Cuba in Transition, Volume 8</i></a>. Silver Spring, MD: ASCE. pp. 247–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9649082-7-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9649082-7-7"><bdi>978-0-9649082-7-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascecuba.org/c/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/v08-30smith.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Renaissance+and+Decay%3A+A+Comparison+of+Socioeconomic+Indicators+in+Pre-Castro+and+Current-Day+Cuba&rft.btitle=Cuba+in+Transition%2C+Volume+8&rft.place=Silver+Spring%2C+MD&rft.pages=247-259&rft.pub=ASCE&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-9649082-7-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kirby&rft.au=Llorens%2C+Hugo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascecuba.org%2Fc%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F09%2Fv08-30smith.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweig2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julia_E._Sweig" title="Julia E. Sweig">Sweig, Julia E.</a> (2004) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidecubanrevol00juli"><i>Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground</i></a> (New ed.). Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01612-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01612-5"><bdi>978-0-674-01612-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Cuban+Revolution%3A+Fidel+Castro+and+the+Urban+Underground&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01612-5&rft.aulast=Sweig&rft.aufirst=Julia+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidecubanrevol00juli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Swynnerton" title="Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton">Thomas, Hugh</a> (1998). <i>Cuba; or, The Pursuit of Freedom</i> (updated ed.). Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80827-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80827-2"><bdi>978-0-306-80827-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%3B+or%2C+The+Pursuit+of+Freedom&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=updated&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80827-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestad2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Westad, Odd Arne</a> (2012). <i>Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/The_Bodley_Head" title="The Bodley Head">The Bodley Head</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84792-197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84792-197-0"><bdi>978-1-84792-197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restless+Empire%3A+China+and+the+World+Since+1750&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84792-197-0&rft.aulast=Westad&rft.aufirst=Odd+Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitefordBranch2008" class="citation book cs1">Whiteford, Linda M.; Branch, Laurence G. (2008). <i>Primary Health Care in Cuba: The Other Revolution</i>. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5994-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5994-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-5994-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primary+Health+Care+in+Cuba%3A+The+Other+Revolution&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5994-3&rft.aulast=Whiteford&rft.aufirst=Linda+M.&rft.au=Branch%2C+Laurence+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1916" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Irene Aloha (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL143127W/The_early_history_of_Cuba_1492-1586"><i>The Early History of Cuba, 1492–1586</i></a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">The Macmillan Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+Cuba%2C+1492%E2%80%931586&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Irene+Aloha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL143127W%2FThe_early_history_of_Cuba_1492-1586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cuba" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Cuba">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080830044824/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cuba.htm">Cuba</a> from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Colorado Boulder</a> Libraries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/">Cuba</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/IFs/frm_CountryProfile/CU">Key Development Forecasts for Cuba</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuba_topics" title="Template:Cuba topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuba_topics" title="Template talk:Cuba topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuba_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuba topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuba_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuba</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cuba-related_articles" title="Index of Cuba-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Revolution" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Pre-Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cuban_history" title="Timeline of Cuban history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_War_(Cuba)" title="Little War (Cuba)">Little War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#Sinking" title="USS Maine (1889)">Sinking of USS <i>Maine</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_I" title="Cuba during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Cuba_hurricane" title="1932 Cuba hurricane">1932 hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States embargo against Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escambray_rebellion" title="Escambray rebellion">Escambray rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">Operation Peter Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literacy_campaign" title="Cuban literacy campaign">Cuban literacy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)" title="Great Debate (Cuba)">Great Debate (Cuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Offensive" title="Revolutionary Offensive">Revolutionary Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_years" title="Grey years">Grey years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutionalization_process" title="Institutionalization process">Institutionalization process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariel_boatlift" title="Mariel boatlift">Mariel boatlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectification_process" title="Rectification process">Rectification process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleconazo" title="Maleconazo">Maleconazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932008_Cuban_transfer_of_presidential_duties" title="2006–2008 Cuban transfer of presidential duties">Fidel's transfer of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Havana" title="History of Havana">History of Havana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Havana" title="Timeline of Havana">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other cities <ul><li>Timelines: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Camag%C3%BCey" title="Timeline of Camagüey">Camagüey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cienfuegos" title="Timeline of Cienfuegos">Cienfuegos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Guant%C3%A1namo" title="Timeline of Guantánamo">Guantánamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Holgu%C3%ADn" title="Timeline of Holguín">Holguín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Matanzas" title="Timeline of Matanzas">Matanzas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Timeline of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Cuba" title="List of cities in Cuba">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Cuba" title="Municipalities of Cuba">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Cuba" title="Provinces of Cuba">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Cuba" title="List of islands of Cuba">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Cuba" title="List of earthquakes in Cuba">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuba_hurricanes" title="List of Cuba hurricanes">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Cuba" title="List of rivers of Cuba">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cuba" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cuba">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba" title="Politics of Cuba">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba" title="Constitution of Cuba">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cuba" title="Corruption in Cuba">Corruption in Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Cuba)" title="Council of Ministers (Cuba)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Cuba)" title="Council of State (Cuba)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cuba" title="Elections in Cuba">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cuba" title="Foreign relations of Cuba">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cuba" title="Human rights in Cuba">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cuba" title="Censorship in Cuba">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cuba" title="Human trafficking in Cuba">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cuba">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Cuba" title="Law of Cuba">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cuba" title="List of political parties in Cuba">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="National Assembly of People's Power">National Assembly of People's Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of People's Power">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Cuba">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">President of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Cuba" title="List of heads of state of Cuba">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Cuba" title="Vice President of Cuba">Vice President of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba" title="Prime Minister of Cuba">Prime Minister of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Cuba" title="List of heads of government of Cuba">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Army" title="Cuban Revolutionary Army">Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Navy" title="Cuban Revolutionary Navy">Revolutionary Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Air_and_Air_Defense_Force" title="Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Troops_Militia" title="Territorial Troops Militia">Territorial Troops Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_National_Army" title="Cuban National Army">National Army</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Law enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Police_Force" title="National Revolutionary Police Force">National Revolutionary Police Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Revolution" title="Committees for the Defense of the Revolution">Committees for the Defense of the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Inteligencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirección General de Inteligencia">Dirección General de Inteligencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Directorate" title="Military Counterintelligence Directorate">Military Counterintelligence Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cuba" title="Agriculture in Cuba">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Reforma_Agraria" title="Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria">Agrarian reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPA_(agriculture)" title="CPA (agriculture)">Cooperatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cuba" title="Central Bank of Cuba">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_economy_of_Cuba" title="Dual economy of Cuba">Dual economy of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_peso" title="Cuban peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_convertible_peso" title="Cuban convertible peso">Convertible peso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Cuba" title="International rankings of Cuba">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cuba" title="Telecommunications in Cuba">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cuba" title="Tourism in Cuba">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cuba" title="Transport in Cuba">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Cubana de Aviación">airline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cuba" title="Culture of Cuba">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Society" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_art" title="Cuban art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Cuba" title="Architecture of Cuba">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cuba" title="Cinema of Cuba">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cigar" title="Cuban cigar">Cigars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_from_Cuba" title="Dance from Cuba">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cuba" title="Education in Cuba">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Cuba">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cuba" title="Health in Cuba">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Cuba" title="Healthcare in Cuba">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Cuba" title="List of hospitals in Cuba">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Cuba" title="Internet in Cuba">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Cuba" title="Internet censorship in Cuba">Censorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literature" title="Cuban literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Cuba" title="Mass media in Cuba">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Cuba" title="List of newspapers in Cuba">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Cuba" title="Television in Cuba">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_musical_theatre" title="Cuban musical theatre">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Havana" title="Festivals in Havana">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cuba" title="Public holidays in Cuba">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Havana_Cuba" title="Radio Havana Cuba">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_Cuba" title="Rationing in Cuba">Rationing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_and_Guiding_in_Cuba" title="Scouting and Guiding in Cuba">Scouting and Guiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolismo" title="Sociolismo">Sociolismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cuba" title="Sport in Cuba">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Cuba">Association Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Cuba" title="Baseball in Cuba">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_Cuba" title="Boxing in Cuba">Boxing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cuba" title="Women in Cuba">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cuba" title="Demographics of Cuba">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Afro-Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_Americans" title="List of Cuban Americans">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Cuban" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verdean Cuban">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cubans" title="Chinese Cubans">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Cubans" title="Filipino Cubans">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Cuba" title="French immigration to Cuba">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Cuban" title="Haitian Cuban">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño">Isleños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Cubans" title="Italian Cubans">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Cubans" title="Japanese Cubans">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Cuba" title="Koreans in Cuba">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_in_Cuba" title="List of Lebanese people in Cuba">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Mexican immigration to Cuba">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Spanish immigration to Cuba">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_architects" title="List of Cuban architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_artists" title="List of Cuban artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_athletes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cuban athletes">Athletes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_from_Cuba" title="List of Major League Baseball players from Cuba">Baseball players</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_painters" title="List of Cuban painters">Painters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_abstract_painters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cuban abstract painters">abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_writers" title="List of Cuban writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_women_writers" title="List of Cuban women writers">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuba" title="Category:Cuba">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cuba" title="Outline of Cuba">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cuba-related_articles" title="Index of Cuba-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caribbean_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caribbean_topics" title="Template:Caribbean topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caribbean_topics" title="Template talk:Caribbean topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Caribbean_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean (1492–1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy</a> (1500s–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Dutch Caribbean (1554–1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_West_Indies" title="History of the British West Indies">British Caribbean (1586–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French Caribbean (1625–1817)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Curonian colonization of the Americas">Baltic-German Caribbean (1654-1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish Caribbean (1672–1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">German Caribbean (1685-1693)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_colony_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy">Swedish Caribbean (1784–1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_history" title="Afro-Caribbean history">Afro-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Indigenous people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_hurricanes_on_Caribbean_history" title="Impact of hurricanes on Caribbean history">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influx_of_disease_in_the_Caribbean" title="Influx of disease in the Caribbean">Influx of diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_and_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaria and the Caribbean">Malaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Caribbean" title="Territorial evolution of the Caribbean">Territorial evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean#Geography_and_geology" title="Caribbean">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeward_Antilles" title="Leeward Antilles">Leeward Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Lowlands" title="Caribbean Lowlands">Caribbean Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Plate">Caribbean Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Caribbean (page does not exist)">Southern Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Caribbean_zone" title="Western Caribbean zone">Western Caribbean zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_bioregion" title="Caribbean bioregion">Bioregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of earthquakes in the Caribbean">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Caribbean" title="Extreme points of the Caribbean">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands_by_area" title="List of Caribbean islands by area">by area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammals_of_the_Caribbean" title="Mammals of the Caribbean">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetaceans_of_the_Caribbean" title="Cetaceans of the Caribbean">Cetaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_West_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas in the West Indies">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_Caribbean" title="List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of populated places in the Caribbean">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of rivers of Central America and the Caribbean">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trees_of_the_Caribbean" title="List of trees of the Caribbean">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of the Caribbean">Ultras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_the_West_Indies#Sovereign_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the West Indies">Sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_the_West_Indies#Dependent_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the West Indies">Dependent territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean#Politics" title="Caribbean">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">Afro-Caribbean leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARIFORUM" title="CARIFORUM">CARIFORUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Caribbean" title="Economy of the Caribbean">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_airlines_in_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of largest airlines in Central America and the Caribbean">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of airports in the Caribbean">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Basin_Trade_and_Partnership_Act" title="Caribbean Basin Trade and Partnership Act">Caribbean Basin Trade and Partnership Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Caribbean" title="Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean">Central banks and currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_industry_in_the_Caribbean" title="Citrus industry in the Caribbean">Citrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_companies" title="List of Caribbean companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_the_Caribbean" title="Fishing industry in the Caribbean">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hotels_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of hotels in the Caribbean">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_Americas" title="List of stock exchanges in the Americas">Stock exchanges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Securities_Exchange" title="Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange">Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">Sugar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_sugar_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban sugar economy">in Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Sugar production in the Danish West Indies">in the Danish West Indies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in the Caribbean">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Caribbean" title="Culture of the Caribbean">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_Caribbean" title="Beer in the Caribbean">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_people" title="Caribbean people">Caribbean people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_carnivals_around_the_world#Local_Caribbean_Carnivals" title="List of Caribbean carnivals around the world">Carnivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_poetry" title="Caribbean poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_in_the_Caribbean_by_country" title="Category:Radio stations in the Caribbean by country">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Caribbean">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="Central American and Caribbean Games">Central American and Caribbean Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of stadiums in Central America and the Caribbean">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of television stations in the Caribbean">Television stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Caribbean">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caribbean" title="Languages of the Caribbean">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_countries_by_population" title="List of Caribbean countries by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Caribbean" title="Category:Religion in the Caribbean">Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean-related_topics" title="List of Caribbean-related topics">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caribbean" title="Category:Caribbean">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_North_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/120px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/180px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/240px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">St. Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-Aligned_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template talk:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-Aligned_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#Members,_observers_and_guests" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Members</a> and the NAM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Cyprus and the Non-Aligned Movement">Cyprus</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Ghana and the Non-Aligned Movement">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Malta and the Non-Aligned Movement">Malta</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Sri Lanka and the Non-Aligned Movement">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Tanzania and the Non-Aligned Movement">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">Yugoslavia</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bureau</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Bureau_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement">Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Centre_for_South-South_Technical_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation">Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Center for Human Rights and Cultural Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Youth_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Youth Organization">NAM Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAM_News_Network" title="NAM News Network">NAM News Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_News_Agencies_Pool" title="Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool">News Agencies Pool</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Josip_Broz_Tito%22_Art_Gallery_of_the_Nonaligned_Countries" title=""Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries">"Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement_Summits" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement Summits">Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Meeting" title="Brioni Meeting">Brioni Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="2nd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="4th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="5th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="6th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="9th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="19th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">19th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito#Non-Alignment" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno#Figurehead_president" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser#Adoption_of_neutralism" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumediene#Foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Houari Boumediene">Houari Boumediene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro#Foreign_wars_and_NAM_Presidency:_1975–1979" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#Foreign_affairs" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡ denotes a former member state of the Non-Aligned Movement</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Peoples_of_Our_America_-_Peoples’_Trade_Treaty_(ALBA-TCP)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Template:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Template talk:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Peoples_of_Our_America_-_Peoples’_Trade_Treaty_(ALBA-TCP)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America - Peoples’ Trade Treaty (ALBA-TCP)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_ALBA" title="Member states of ALBA">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of ALBA"><img alt="Emblem of ALBA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/50px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/75px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/100px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012174332X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/246945449">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127245163">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205805/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRvdgbTdTyQJcJ3FQ8vB">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4033340-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79079435">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118684677">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152918909">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119334489">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118684677">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152918909">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119334489">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567313">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kuba"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129703&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450790">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/116420">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548090105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b06c4e86-97f7-3419-84a9-a23c60ea0b22">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/e0871512-5ae4-466a-9961-cf0b21de8454">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/AYiF9yhp">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003388">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044686">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=502">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cuba&params=22_00_N_80_00_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">80°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.000°N 80.000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">22.000; -80.000</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐g2ggh Cached time: 20241123175406 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 4.562 seconds Real time usage: 5.257 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 36563/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1142582/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 136522/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive 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href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_the_Caribbean" title="Category:Countries in the Caribbean">Countries in the Caribbean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Bloc" title="Category:Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_colonies_in_North_America" title="Category:Former colonies in North America">Former colonies in North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Spanish_colonies" title="Category:Former Spanish colonies">Former Spanish colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greater_Antilles" title="Category:Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Island_countries" title="Category:Island countries">Island countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Spain" title="Category:New Spain">New Spain</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFBenjamin_Beede1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethell,_Leslie1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethell1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraithwaiteBraithwaite2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreierWildschut2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_ThevenotRobin_Respaut2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnett2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrne2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCabello2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalzon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlos_LauriaMonica_CampbellMaría_Salazar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCategoría:_Lucha_de_nuestros_pueblos2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCave2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCederlöf2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaffeePrevost1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalfant2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChase2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilds2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomskyCarrSmorkaloff2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClodfelter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbett2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrooker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuba_Oficina_Del_Censo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_Trotta_and_Steve_Holland2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Einhorn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiaz-BriquetsPérez-López2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodsonMillet_Batista2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomínguez1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomínguez1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomínguez2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomínguez2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomínguezGalvisSuperti2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDuncanStein2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEckstein1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEditorial2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmondsGonzalez2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspino2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFacioMaura_Toro-Morn,_and_Anne_R._Roschelle2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalk1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaria2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinsilver1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandesSirakRingbauerSedig2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrer2014\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFFloresCobo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoner1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForde2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrances_RoblesJulie_Hirschfeld_Davis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrist2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalvisSuperti2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamboaAbdullah2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGebru_Tareke2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelosoPavlik2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGershmanGutierrez2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleijeses1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleijeses1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleijeses2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleijeses2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlendinning2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGott2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrein2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenken2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenken2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenkenVignoli2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilary_ClarkePatrick_Oppmann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirst2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHome1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHullKent2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvette_E._Torres1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaime_Suchlicki2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeganHofman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKessler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoppelCalero2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLachapelleLevitskyWayCasey2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaursen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLederman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeoGrande2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeogrande2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitskyWay2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcella1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcheco-TeruelParraFuentes-SmithSalas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Landler_and_Michael_R._Gordon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaureen_IhrieSalvador_Oropesa2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAlister1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvin_Drimmer1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerLu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiroff2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorisonMorisonPolmar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunitaLimaAhmed2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrinJohnsonMcPhersonFahs2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Carroll2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrihuelaViñolaJiménez_VázquezMychajliw2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPERÚ2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadinger2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadrónBetancourt2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParlapiano2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatricia_Maroday2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedraza2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPineo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlummer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolmarAllen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolmarGresham2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrevost2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérez1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRa\u0026#039;anan1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabe1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamazani1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRangel1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoksandic2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuppe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSand2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderlin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatterfield2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheina2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheina2003b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimha2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkidmoreSmith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithLlorens1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmythBiancoChan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrobel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuchlicki2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweig2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamayo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Committee_Office,_House_of_Commons2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Spanish–American_War\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorres2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._International_Trade_Commission\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValenta1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillafana2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayne_S._Smith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestad2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitefordBranch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitefordManderson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Kelly2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolfHolpuchBrunoWatts2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYaffe2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 18,\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 10,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 3,\n [\"Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)\"] = 1,\n [\"Caribbean topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 97,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 72,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 162,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 13,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries of North America\"] = 1,\n [\"Cuba topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"DecreaseNeutral\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 19,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"GS\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 34,\n [\"How\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Lower\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 36,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"NCJ\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Non-Aligned Movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 12,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary source inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Raise\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 26,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Socialist states\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 16,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","580","18.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","440","14.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","400","13.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","11.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","240","7.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","5.8"],["type","140","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","80","2.6"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","80","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","1.3"],["[others]","560","18.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g2ggh","timestamp":"20241123175406","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cuba","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuba","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q241","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q241","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-03T22:55:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T00:35:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bd\/Flag_of_Cuba.svg","headline":"sovereign state situated on an island in the Caribbean Sea"}</script> </body> </html>