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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_III_van_Parti%C3%AB" title="Fraates III van Partië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fraates III van Partië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB" title="فراتس الثالث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فراتس الثالث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82_III" title="Фраат III – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фраат III" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_III_de_P%C3%A0rtia" title="Fraates III de Pàrtia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fraates III de Pàrtia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraat%C3%A9s_III." title="Fraatés III. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fraatés III." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraates_III." title="Phraates III. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phraates III." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Φραάτης Γ΄ της Παρθίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φραάτης Γ΄ της Παρθίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_III_de_Partia" title="Fraates III de Partia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fraates III de Partia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraato_la_3-a" title="Fraato la 3-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fraato la 3-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praates_III.a" title="Praates III.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Praates III.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="فرهاد سوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهاد سوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraat%C3%A8s_III" title="Phraatès III – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phraatès III" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%95%84%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%A4_3%EC%84%B8" title="프라아테스 3세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프라아테스 3세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF_III" title="Հրահատ III – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրահատ III" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraat_III._Partski" title="Fraat III. Partski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fraat III. Partski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraate_III" title="Fraate III – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fraate III" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99" title="פראטס השלישי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פראטס השלישי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2_III" title="ფრაატ III – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრაატ III" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Phraat%C3%A9sz_p%C3%A1rtus_kir%C3%A1ly" title="III. Phraatész pártus király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="III. Phraatész pártus király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="فرهاد سوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرهاد سوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraates_III_Theos" title="Phraates III Theos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Phraates III Theos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%B93%E4%B8%96" title="フラーテス3世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フラーテス3世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_III_av_Partia" title="Fraates III av Partia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fraates III av Partia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_III" title="Fraates III – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fraates III" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_III" title="Fraates III – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fraates III" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_III" title="Fraates III – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fraates III" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82_III" title="Фраат III – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фраат III" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraat_III." title="Fraat III. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fraat III." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82_III_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Фраат III од Партије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фраат III од Партије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraat_III_od_Partije" title="Fraat III od Partije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fraat III od Partije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_III" title="Fraates III – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fraates III" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_III" title="Фарҳоди III – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фарҳоди III" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Fraates" title="III. Fraates – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="III. Fraates" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82_III_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Фраат III (цар Парфії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фраат III (цар Парфії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraates_III_c%E1%BB%A7a_Parthia" title="Phraates III của Parthia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phraates III của Parthia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Great King</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Phraates III<br /><span title="Parthian-language text"><span lang="xpr" dir="rtl">𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Great_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Great King">Great King</a><br /><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arsaces" title="Arsaces">Arsaces</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Drachm_of_Phraates_III,_Ecbatana_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Drachm_of_Phraates_III%2C_Ecbatana_mint.jpg/220px-Drachm_of_Phraates_III%2C_Ecbatana_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Drachm_of_Phraates_III%2C_Ecbatana_mint.jpg/330px-Drachm_of_Phraates_III%2C_Ecbatana_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Drachm_of_Phraates_III%2C_Ecbatana_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="366" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Phraates III's portrait on the obverse of a coin, showing him with a beard and a <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a> on his head. Minted at <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 62</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">King of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">69 – 57 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">57 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Piriustana,<br />Teleuniqe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a><br />unnamed daughter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty of Parthia">Arsacid dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Phraates III</b> (also spelled <b>Frahad III</b>; <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>: <span lang="xpr" dir="rtl">𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕</span> <i>Frahāt</i>), was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> from 69 BC to 57 BC. He was the son and successor of <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 75–69 BC</span>). </p><p>At Phraates III's accession, his empire could no longer be considered the supreme power in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, because of the ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 95–55 BC</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a> under his ally <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI Eupator</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 120–63 BC</span>). Phraates III's reign was thus marked by his efforts to restore his empire to its former position. To the west of his empire, war had engulfed the area. Tigranes and Mithridates VI urged him to join their war against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, while the Romans tried in turn to convince Phraates III to join them. Phraates III seemingly made promises to both parties but remained passive. He awaited the outcome of the war to take advantage of it at the right moment for the Parthians. </p><p>In 65 BC, Phraates III and his new son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Younger" title="Tigranes the Younger">Tigranes the Younger</a> (who was Tigranes the Elder's son) led an expedition into Armenia. Initially successful, their efforts were halted by a long siege at <a href="/wiki/Artaxata" title="Artaxata">Artaxata</a>. This led Phraates III to put Tigranes the Younger in charge of the Armenian expedition, reinforcing him with some Parthian soldiers. Tigranes the Younger, however, was ultimately defeated by his father, leading him to desert Phraates III and join the Roman commander <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> instead. Tigranes the Elder soon submitted to the Romans who kept him as king. They appointed Tigranes the Younger the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sophene" title="Kingdom of Sophene">Sophene</a>. However, he quickly fell out with Pompey and was sent as a prisoner to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. This was contested by Phraates III but to no avail. </p><p>Around the same time—in late 65 BC—Phraates III reconquered <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordyene" title="Gordyene">Gordyene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">northern Mesopotamia</a> from Tigranes. However, a Roman attack under the generals <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gabinius" title="Aulus Gabinius">Aulus Gabinius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Afranius_(consul)" title="Lucius Afranius (consul)">Lucius Afranius</a> as far as the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> resulted in Phraates III losing Gordyene, which was restored to Tigranes by the Romans. At the start of 64 BC, while Pompey was focusing on his expedition against Mithridates VI, Phraates III invaded Armenia, and ultimately reached an accord with Pompey and Tigranes; Mesopotamia and Adiabene were confirmed as Parthian territory, while Gordyene was confirmed as Armenian. Furthermore, a peace treaty was concluded between Phraates III and Tigranes. </p><p>In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 57 BC</span> Phraates III was <a href="/wiki/Patricide" title="Patricide">murdered</a> by his two sons, <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a>, with the latter ascending the throne. A civil war between the two brothers soon erupted and Orodes II emerged victorious. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_III&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Phraátēs</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Φραάτης</span></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> form of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> <i>Frahāt</i> (𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕), itself from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Iranian">Old Iranian</a> <i>*Frahāta-</i> ("gained, earned").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Modern_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Persian">Modern Persian</a> version is <i>Farhād</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فرهاد</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016160_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016160-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_III&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phraates III was a son of <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 75–69 BC</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was presumably a son of the Parthian ruler <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 171–132 BC</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201623_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201623-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty of Parthia">Arsacid</a> branch established by Sinatruces on the Parthian throne has been coined by the modern historian Marek Jan Olbrycht as the "Sinatrucids", which ruled the Parthian Empire from 78/77 BC to 12 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht20163_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht20163-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 124–91 BC</span>) the Parthian Empire fell into a state of turmoil and decline; the authority of the crown had declined, while the empire lost lands to its neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012171_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012171-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 95–55 BC</span>), took advantage of the Parthians' weakness and retook the "seventy valleys" he had previously ceded to Mithridates II. He also went on to conquer the Parthian colonies of <a href="/wiki/Media_Atropatene" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Atropatene">Media Atropatene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordyene" title="Gordyene">Gordyene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">northern Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tigranes had also fought campaigns in other kingdoms, adding <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a> to his vast kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011316_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011316-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_III&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Tigranes_II_the_Great_(2),_Antioch_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the obverse and reverse of a coin of Tigranes the Great" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coin_of_Tigranes_II_the_Great_%282%29%2C_Antioch_mint.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Tigranes_II_the_Great_%282%29%2C_Antioch_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coin_of_Tigranes_II_the_Great_%282%29%2C_Antioch_mint.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Tigranes_II_the_Great_%282%29%2C_Antioch_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coin_of_Tigranes_II_the_Great_%282%29%2C_Antioch_mint.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Tigranes_II_the_Great_%282%29%2C_Antioch_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption> Coin of <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 95–55 BC</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>When Phraates III came to the throne in 69 BC, he inherited an empire that could no longer be considered the supreme power in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, because of the ascendancy of Armenia under Tigranes and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a> under the latter's ally <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI Eupator</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 120–63 BC</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011316_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011316-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this began to change; in the same year, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Lucullus" title="Lucullus">Lucullus</a> pushed Tigranes out of Syria and Cilicia, forcing him to retreat to Armenia, where Mithridates VI took refuge with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011316,_318–319_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011316,_318–319-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucullus then marched towards Armenia, where he was likewise successful, forcing Tigranes and Mithridates VI to withdraw to the northern part of the country. From there they implored Phraates III to aid them in exchange for the lost Parthian lands of Gordyene, Adiabene, and northern Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011319_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011319-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was not the first time the two allies had attempted to persuade the Parthians into an alliance against the Romans. A few years earlier (72 BC), Mithridates VI had asked Phraates III's father Sinatruces to join him; he declined, preferring to remain neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Phraates III was in correspondence with Lucullus, who proposed an alliance between the two powers, seemingly with the guarantee that he would acknowledge Parthian demands against Tigranes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011320_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011320-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Lucullus had been successful in his war against the two monarchs initially, their forces remained a threat to the Romans and still possessed the strength to repel him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011322_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011322-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phraates III seemingly made promises to both parties but remained passive to await the outcome of the war. He could then take advantage of it at the right moment for the Parthians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011320–322_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011320–322-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Mithradates_VI_Eupator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the obverse and reverse of a coin of Mithridates VI Eupator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coin_of_Mithradates_VI_Eupator.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Mithradates_VI_Eupator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coin_of_Mithradates_VI_Eupator.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Mithradates_VI_Eupator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coin_of_Mithradates_VI_Eupator.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Mithradates_VI_Eupator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption> Coin of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI Eupator</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 120–63 BC</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 66 BC, Phraates III entered into negotiations with Lucullus' successor <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, who possibly offered Roman acknowledgement of Parthian authority over Mesopotamia, Adiabene, and Gordyene in exchange for military aid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011322_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011322-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, Tigranes' namesake son and heir, <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Younger" title="Tigranes the Younger">Tigranes the Younger</a>, fell out with his father and fled to the court of Phraates III. He agreed to help Phraates III take the Armenian throne in return for marrying his daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marriage, which took place in 66/65 BC, gave Phraates III the opportunity to involve himself in the affairs of Armenia, including preventing Pompey from putting Parthian interests in jeopardy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201879_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201879-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phraates III, together with Tigranes the Younger, led an expedition into Armenia. Initially successful, their efforts were halted by a long siege at <a href="/wiki/Artaxata" title="Artaxata">Artaxata</a>, which led Phraates III to put Tigranes the Younger in charge of the Armenian expedition, reinforcing him with some Parthian soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Tigranes the Younger was defeated by his father, however, leading him to desert Phraates III and join Pompey instead.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tigranes the Elder soon surrendered to Pompey, who chose to allow him to retain his crown.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Tigranes the Younger was made the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sophene" title="Kingdom of Sophene">Sophene</a> with the assurance that he would ascend to the Armenian throne after his father's death.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, after a brief reign, Tigranes the Younger was imprisoned and deported to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. The reason behind this is disputed. According to Rahim M. Shayegan, it was because he remained an ally of Phraates III, with whom he still conspired with to overthrow Tigranes the Elder, whilst <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Marciak" title="Michał Marciak">Michał Marciak</a> states it was due to his dispute with Pompey over Sophene's treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring of 65 BC, Phraates III protested the arrest of his son-in-law but to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011323_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011323-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time—in late 65 BC—Phraates III reconquered Adiabene, Gordyene and northern Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011245_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011245-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a Roman attack under the generals <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gabinius" title="Aulus Gabinius">Aulus Gabinius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Afranius_(consul)" title="Lucius Afranius (consul)">Lucius Afranius</a> as far as the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> resulted in Phraates III losing Gordyene, which was restored to Tigranes by the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phraates III protested against the Romans for the second time—again to no avail. After the Roman forces pulled out of Mesopotamia in the winter of 65/4 BC, and Pompey resumed his war against Mithridates VI, Phraates III took advantage of the situation and invaded Armenia at the start of 64 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011324_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011324-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phraates III ultimately reached an accord with Pompey and Tigranes; Mesopotamia and Adiabene were confirmed as Parthian territory, while Gordyene was confirmed as Armenian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011324,_326_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011324,_326-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, a peace treaty was established between Phraates III and Tigranes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012172_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012172-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coinage_and_Imperial_ideology">Coinage and Imperial ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_III&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coinage and Imperial ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Phraates_III_with_bust_facing_left,_minted_at_Ray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the obverse and reverse sides of a coin of Phraates III shown wearing a tiara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coin_of_Phraates_III_with_bust_facing_left%2C_minted_at_Ray.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Phraates_III_with_bust_facing_left%2C_minted_at_Ray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coin_of_Phraates_III_with_bust_facing_left%2C_minted_at_Ray.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Phraates_III_with_bust_facing_left%2C_minted_at_Ray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coin_of_Phraates_III_with_bust_facing_left%2C_minted_at_Ray.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Phraates_III_with_bust_facing_left%2C_minted_at_Ray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption> Coin of Phraates III wearing a <a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">tiara</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drachm_of_Phraates_III,_Mithradatkert_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the obverse and reverse sides of a coin of Phrates III shown wearing a diadem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drachm_of_Phraates_III%2C_Mithradatkert_mint.jpg/220px-Drachm_of_Phraates_III%2C_Mithradatkert_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drachm_of_Phraates_III%2C_Mithradatkert_mint.jpg/330px-Drachm_of_Phraates_III%2C_Mithradatkert_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drachm_of_Phraates_III%2C_Mithradatkert_mint.jpg/440px-Drachm_of_Phraates_III%2C_Mithradatkert_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Phraates III wearing a <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Phraates III was the penultimate Parthian king to use the legend of "King, God" in his <a href="/wiki/Parthian_coinage" title="Parthian coinage">coinage</a> (the first Parthian to use it being Mithridates I), an uncommon title amongst the Parthian monarchs. The last Parthian ruler to use the title was Mithridates IV.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201268_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201268-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other titles used by Phraates III were <i>Epiphanes</i>, <i>Theopator</i> and <i>Eupator</i>. According to the modern historian Edward Dąbrowa, these titles were seemingly used by the Parthians as a method to back their claims to the throne, "through their close relation to the divine ancestor, or by their own divine status."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2010228_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2010228-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phraates III also used the titles of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Great King">Great King</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011225,_235_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011225,_235-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the rest of the Parthian kings, he used the title of <i>Arsaces</i>—the name of the first Parthian ruler <a href="/wiki/Arsaces_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsaces I">Arsaces I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 247 – 217 BC</span>)—on his coinage. This had become a royal honorific among the Parthian monarchs out of their admiration for his achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the obverse of his coins, Phraates III used two types of headgear; a <a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">tiara</a> decorated with a line of <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">stags</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201270_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201270-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a unique <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a> inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> diadem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2007127_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2007127-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death, the tiara does not appear on Parthian coinage for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201624_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201624-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coinage of Phraates III influenced the Parthian vassal kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Persis</a>; its king, <a href="/wiki/Pakor_I" title="Pakor I">Pakor I</a>, adopted the same hairstyle used on the obverse of Phraates III's coins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013776_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013776-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the reverse of Phraates III's <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachms</a>, an altered version of the traditional seated archer-figure is depicted; instead of a sleeved coat, he is now wearing the same open-necked tunic worn by Phraates III on the obverse of his coins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201268,_70–71_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201268,_70–71-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the modern historian Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, "The archer on the reverse is now clearly the same person as the king on the obverse."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201271_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201271-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bird similar to the eagle of the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> has also been added on the hand of the seated figure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201271_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201271-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Parthian era, Iranians used Hellenistic iconography to portray their divine figures,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201276–77_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201276–77-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce198482_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce198482-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus the eagle can be associated with the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avestan</a> <a href="/wiki/Verethragna" title="Verethragna">Verethragna</a>, the royal falcon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201271–72,_77_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201271–72,_77-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2007423_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2007423-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_III&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 57 BC</span>, Phraates III was <a href="/wiki/Patricide" title="Patricide">murdered</a> by his two sons, <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a>. Orodes II at first supported his elder brother Mithridates IV, but eventually decided to revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016196_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016196-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the support of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Suren" title="House of Suren">Suren</a> clan, Orodes II defeated his brother and established himself as the sole ruler of the Parthian Empire in 55 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_III&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phraates III was the first Parthian monarch who vigorously attempted to restore the Parthian realm to its former international position after the death of Mithridates II in 91 BC—an attempt that would take up much of his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201356_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201356-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was partially successful in his efforts to regain lost land, such as northern Mesopotamia and Adiabene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011324,_326_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011324,_326-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was unsuccessful in his ambitions towards Armenia, which would be continued by his son Orodes II after the death of Tigranes and the succession of the latter's son <a href="/wiki/Artavasdes_II_of_Armenia" title="Artavasdes II of Armenia">Artavasdes II</a> in 55 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201880_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201880-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_III&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages">Marriages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_III&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phraates III's wives are all known from records on <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> tablets:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011235_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011235-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Piriustana</li> <li>Teleuniqe</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issue">Issue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_III&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a>, eldest son and Parthian king from 57 to 54 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2018391_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2018391-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a>, Parthian king from 57 to 37 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2018391_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2018391-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unnamed daughter, married <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a>'s son, <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Younger" title="Tigranes the Younger">Tigranes the Younger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201879_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201879-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_III&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, the regular usage of the title of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> began once again under <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 37–2 BC</span>); the last Parthian monarch to use it regularly was <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 124–91 BC</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phraates III's father and predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a>, also portrayed himself with the same tiara on his coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2015363_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2015363-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_III&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2005_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2005">Schmitt 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016160-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016160_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 195; <a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2012">Dąbrowa 2012</a>, p. 169; <a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2015">Olbrycht 2015</a>, p. 363</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201623-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201623_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2016">Olbrycht 2016</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht20163-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht20163_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2016">Olbrycht 2016</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012171-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012171_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2012">Dąbrowa 2012</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarsoian2005">Garsoian 2005</a>; <a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, pp. 245, 320; <a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2012">Dąbrowa 2012</a>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011316-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011316_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011316_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011316,_318–319-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011316,_318–319_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, pp. 316, 318–319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011319-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011319_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2018">Dąbrowa 2018</a>, p. 78; <a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2012">Dąbrowa 2012</a>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011320-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011320_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011322-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011322_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011322_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011320–322-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011320–322_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, pp. 320–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2018">Dąbrowa 2018</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201879-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201879_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201879_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2018">Dąbrowa 2018</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2018">Dąbrowa 2018</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2018">Dąbrowa 2018</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2018">Dąbrowa 2018</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 323; <a href="#CITEREFMarciak2017">Marciak 2017</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 323; <a href="#CITEREFMarciak2017">Marciak 2017</a>, pp. 95–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011323-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011323_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011245-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011245_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, pp. 323–324; <a href="#CITEREFMarciak2017">Marciak 2017</a>, pp. 244–245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011324-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011324_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011324,_326-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011324,_326_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011324,_326_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, pp. 324, 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012172-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012172_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2012">Dąbrowa 2012</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201268-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201268_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2010228-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2010228_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2010">Dąbrowa 2010</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011225,_235-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011225,_235_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, pp. 225, 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 225; <a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2012">Dąbrowa 2012</a>, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2012">Dąbrowa 2012</a>, p. 169; <a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201270-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201270_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2015363-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2015363_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2015">Olbrycht 2015</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2007127-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2007127_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2007">Dąbrowa 2007</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201624-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201624_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2016">Olbrycht 2016</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013776-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013776_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2013">Rezakhani 2013</a>, p. 776.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201268,_70–71-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201268,_70–71_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>, pp. 68, 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201271-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201271_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201271_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201276–77-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201276–77_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>, p. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce198482-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce198482_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1984">Boyce 1984</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201271–72,_77-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201271–72,_77_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>, pp. 71–72, 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2007423-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2007423_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2007">Curtis 2007</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016196-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016196_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2016">Olbrycht 2016</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 196; <a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201356-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201356_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2013">Dąbrowa 2013</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201880-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201880_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2018">Dąbrowa 2018</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011235-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011235_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2018391-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2018391_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2018391_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2018">Dąbrowa 2018</a>, p. 391.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_III&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&q=false"><i>Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 1–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415239028" title="Special:BookSources/9780415239028"><bdi>9780415239028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastrians%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=1-252&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780415239028&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da6gbxVfjtUEC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6186849">"Religious iconography on ancient Iranian coins"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Late Antiquity</i>. London: 413–434.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Religious+iconography+on+ancient+Iranian+coins&rft.pages=413-434&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Vesta+Sarkhosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6186849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2012" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2012). "Parthian coins: Kingship and Divine Glory". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6186948"><i>The Parthian Empire and its Religions</i></a></span>. Computus Druck Satz & Verlag. pp. 67–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783940598134" title="Special:BookSources/9783940598134"><bdi>9783940598134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parthian+coins%3A+Kingship+and+Divine+Glory&rft.btitle=The+Parthian+Empire+and+its+Religions&rft.pages=67-83&rft.pub=Computus+Druck+Satz+%26+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783940598134&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Vesta+Sarkhosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6186948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDąbrowa2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dąbrowa, Edward (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1501481">"The Parthian Kingship"</a></span>. <i>History of the Ancient Near East / Monographs</i>. <b>XI</b>: 123–134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+Ancient+Near+East+%2F+Monographs&rft.atitle=The+Parthian+Kingship&rft.volume=XI&rft.pages=123-134&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=D%C4%85browa&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1501481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDąbrowa2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dąbrowa, Edward (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1502253">"Arsakes Epiphanes. Were the Arsacids Deities 'Revealed'?"</a></span>. <i>Studi Ellenistici</i>. <b>XXIV</b>: 223–231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studi+Ellenistici&rft.atitle=Arsakes+Epiphanes.+Were+the+Arsacids+Deities+%27Revealed%27%3F&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.pages=223-231&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=D%C4%85browa&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1502253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDąbrowa2012" class="citation book cs1">Dąbrowa, Edward (2012). "The Arsacid Empire". 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class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDąbrowa2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dąbrowa, Edward (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13465788">"The Parthian Aristocracy: its Social Position and Political Activity"</a></span>. <i>Parthica</i>. <b>15</b>: 53–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parthica&rft.atitle=The+Parthian+Aristocracy%3A+its+Social+Position+and+Political+Activity&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=53-62&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=D%C4%85browa&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13465788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarsoian2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Garsoian, Nina (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tigran-ii">"Tigran II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tigran+II&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Garsoian&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ftigran-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKia2016" class="citation book cs1">Kia, Mehrdad (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5BHDAAAQBAJ&q=false"><i>The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610693912" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610693912"><bdi>978-1610693912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1610693912&rft.aulast=Kia&rft.aufirst=Mehrdad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5BHDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarciak2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Marciak" title="Michał Marciak">Marciak, Michał</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwEtDwAAQBAJ"><i>Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004350724" title="Special:BookSources/9789004350724"><bdi>9789004350724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sophene%2C+Gordyene%2C+and+Adiabene%3A+Three+Regna+Minora+of+Northern+Mesopotamia+Between+East+and+West&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004350724&rft.aulast=Marciak&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwEtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht1997" class="citation journal cs1">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1493021">"Parthian King's tiara - Numismatic evidence and some aspects of Arsacid political ideology"</a></span>. <i>Notae Numismaticae</i>. <b>2</b>: 27–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notae+Numismaticae&rft.atitle=Parthian+King%27s+tiara+-+Numismatic+evidence+and+some+aspects+of+Arsacid+political+ideology&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=27-61&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1493021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2015" class="citation book cs1">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2015). "Arsacid Iran and the nomads of Central Asia – Ways of cultural transfer". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12173945"><i>Complexity of Interaction along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millenium CE</i></a></span>. Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology. Vol. 7. Bonn. pp. 333–390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsacid+Iran+and+the+nomads+of+Central+Asia+%E2%80%93+Ways+of+cultural+transfer&rft.btitle=Complexity+of+Interaction+along+the+Eurasian+Steppe+Zone+in+the+First+Millenium+CE&rft.place=Bonn&rft.series=Bonn+Contributions+to+Asian+Archaeology&rft.pages=333-390&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12173945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+III" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2016" class="citation book cs1">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). "Dynastic Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of Sāsān". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.). <i>The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxbow Books">Oxbow Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785702082" title="Special:BookSources/9781785702082"><bdi>9781785702082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dynastic+Connections+in+the+Arsacid+Empire+and+the+Origins+of+the+House+of+S%C4%81s%C4%81n&rft.btitle=The+Parthian+and+Early+Sasanian+Empires%3A+Adaptation+and+Expansion&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781785702082&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezakhani2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khodadad_Rezakhani" title="Khodadad Rezakhani">Rezakhani, Khodadad</a> (2013). "Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199733309" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199733309"><bdi>978-0199733309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsacid%2C+Elymaean%2C+and+Persid+Coinage&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Iran&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199733309&rft.aulast=Rezakhani&rft.aufirst=Khodadad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schmitt, Rüdiger (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/personal-names-iranian-iv-parthian">"Personal Names, Iranian iv. Parthian Period"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Personal+Names%2C+Iranian+iv.+Parthian+Period&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fpersonal-names-iranian-iv-parthian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShayegan2011" class="citation book cs1">Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_gcyC8l80MC&q=false"><i>Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 1–539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521766418" title="Special:BookSources/9780521766418"><bdi>9780521766418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arsacids+and+Sasanians%3A+Political+Ideology+in+Post-Hellenistic+and+Late+Antique+Persia&rft.pages=1-539&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521766418&rft.aulast=Shayegan&rft.aufirst=M.+Rahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_gcyC8l80MC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+III" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Phraates III </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Empire">Arsacid dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 57 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Parthian_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parthian monarchs">King of the Parthian Empire</a> </b><br />69–57 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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of Parthia">Arsaces II</a> <small>(217–191 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapatius" title="Priapatius">Priapatius</a> <small>(191–170 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_I" title="Phraates I">Phraates I</a> <small>(170/168–165/164 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <small>(165/4–132 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a> <small>(132–127 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a> <small>(127–124 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <small>(124–91 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a> <small>(91–87/80 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(87–80 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <small>(80–75 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <small>(75–69 BC)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phraates III</a> <small>(69–57 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <small>(57–54 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <small>(57–37 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_I" title="Pacorus I">Pacorus I</a> <small>(39 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <small>(37–2 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(32 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <small>(2 BC–4 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <small>(2 BC–4 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <small>(4–6 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <small>(6–12 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <small>(12–35 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <small>(35–36 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <small>(36–38/41 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <small>(40–46 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a> <small>(40–51 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(49–51 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <small>(51 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <small>(51–78 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(55–58 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <small>(78–110 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(78–80 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(79–81 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(109–129 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a> <small>(110–147 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(116–117 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(116 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(129–140 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <small>(147–191 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(191 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <small>(191–208 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <small>(208–228 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> <small>(213–224 AD)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>§</sup> usurpers or rival claimants</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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