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Alcaloidi - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struttura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Struttura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Struttura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Struttura</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Struttura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alcaloidi_e_chemioterapia_antitumorale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcaloidi_e_chemioterapia_antitumorale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Alcaloidi e chemioterapia antitumorale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcaloidi_e_chemioterapia_antitumorale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcaloidi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 80 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalo%C3%AFede" title="Alkaloïede - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alkaloïede" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A" title="شبه قلوي - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبه قلوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcaloide" title="Alcaloide - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alcaloide" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidl%C9%99r" title="Alkaloidlər - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alkaloidlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Алкалоіды - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алкалоіды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Алкалоид - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алкалоид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="উপক্ষার - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপক্ষার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcaloide" title="Alcaloide - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alcaloide" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidy" title="Alkaloidy - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alkaloidy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloide" title="Alkaloide - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alkaloide" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE" title="Αλκαλοειδή - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλκαλοειδή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloido" title="Alkaloido - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alkaloido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcaloide" title="Alcaloide - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alcaloide" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidid" title="Alkaloidid - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alkaloidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloide" title="Alkaloide - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alkaloide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آلکالوئید - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلکالوئید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidit" title="Alkaloidit - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alkaloidit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcalo%C3%AFde" title="Alcaloïde - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alcaloïde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcal%C3%B3ideach" title="Alcalóideach - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alcalóideach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcaloide" title="Alcaloide - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alcaloide" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloyd" title="Alkaloyd - mannese" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Alkaloyd" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93" title="אלקלואיד - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקלואיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1" title="एल्कलॉएड - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एल्कलॉएड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidi" title="Alkaloidi - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alkaloidi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidok" title="Alkaloidok - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alkaloidok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալկալոիդներ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալկալոիդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloido" title="Alkaloido - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alkaloido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiskjuefni" title="Beiskjuefni - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Beiskjuefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="アルカロイド - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルカロイド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ალკალოიდები - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალკალოიდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Алкалоидтар - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алкалоидтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಆಲ್ಕಲಾಯ್ಡ್ಗಳು - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲ್ಕಲಾಯ್ಡ್ಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%B9%BC%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="알칼로이드 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알칼로이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алкалоиддер - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алкалоиддер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcaloides" title="Alcaloides - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alcaloides" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidas" title="Alkaloidas - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alkaloidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalo%C4%ABdi" title="Alkaloīdi - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alkaloīdi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Алкалоид - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алкалоид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ആൽക്കലോയ്ഡ് - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൽക്കലോയ്ഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalo%C3%AFde" title="Alkaloïde - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alkaloïde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcalo%C3%AFde" title="Alcaloïde - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alcaloïde" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidy" title="Alkaloidy - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alkaloidy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="القلويد - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="القلويد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcaloide" title="Alcaloide - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alcaloide" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcaloid" title="Alcaloid - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alcaloid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Алкалоиды - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алкалоиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Алкалоид - ruteno" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алкалоид" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruteno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidet" title="Alkaloidet - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alkaloidet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Алкалоид - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алкалоид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="క్షారమయం - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్షారమయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Алкалоидҳо - tagico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алкалоидҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tagico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="แอลคาลอยด์ - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอลคาลอยด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Алкалоидлар - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алкалоидлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алкалоидтер - tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Алкалоидтер" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Алкалоїди - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алкалоїди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidlar" title="Alkaloidlar - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alkaloidlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alkaloid" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A2%B1" title="生物碱 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生物碱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ალკალოიდეფი - mengrelio" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალკალოიდეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mengrelio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%B9%BC" title="生物鹼 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物鹼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%B9%BC" title="生物鹼 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生物鹼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q70702#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alcaloidi" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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.hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint disclaimer"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/18px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/27px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/36px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Le informazioni riportate non sono consigli medici e potrebbero non essere accurate. I contenuti hanno solo fine illustrativo e non sostituiscono il parere medico: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disclaimer_medico" title="Wikipedia:Disclaimer medico">leggi le avvertenze</a>.</span></div> </div> <p>Gli <b>alcaloidi</b> sono una serie di <a href="/wiki/Composti_organici" class="mw-redirect" title="Composti organici">composti organici</a> contenenti <a href="/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto">azoto</a>, biogenici (cioè di origine biologica, più spesso di origine vegetale), principalmente <a href="/wiki/Composto_eterociclico" title="Composto eterociclico">eterociclici</a>. Per lo più con le proprietà di una <a href="/wiki/Base_(chimica)" title="Base (chimica)">base</a> debole ma anche alcuni composti neutri<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e persino alcuni debolmente <a href="/wiki/Acido" title="Acido">acidi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tra i costituenti delle piante più studiati e utilizzati dalla <a href="/wiki/Farmacologia" title="Farmacologia">farmacologia</a>, diversi alcaloidi sono tra le principali sostanze note che inducono <a href="/wiki/Sostanza_psicoattiva" title="Sostanza psicoattiva">effetti psicotropi</a> quando somministrate negli organismi animali nei quali spesso causano <a href="/wiki/Dipendenza" title="Dipendenza">dipendenza</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tolleranza_(fisiologia)" title="Tolleranza (fisiologia)">tolleranza farmacologica</a>. Si estraggono dalla pianta: </p> <ul><li>Mediante <a href="/wiki/Sublimazione" title="Sublimazione">sublimazione</a> (evaporazione e deposito cristallino su superficie fredda);</li> <li>Mediante <a href="/wiki/Soluzione_(chimica)" title="Soluzione (chimica)">soluzione</a> (cocaina in gasolio);</li> <li>Come residuo di <a href="/wiki/Distillazione" title="Distillazione">distillazione</a>.</li></ul> <p>Nella <a href="/wiki/Macerazione" title="Macerazione">macerazione</a> idroalcolica si liberano spesso se il <a href="/wiki/Soluto" title="Soluto">soluto</a> viene acidulato, per esempio con <a href="/wiki/Aceto" title="Aceto">aceto</a>, succo di <a href="/wiki/Limone" class="mw-redirect" title="Limone">limone</a> o <a href="/wiki/Acido_ascorbico" title="Acido ascorbico">acido ascorbico</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definizione">Definizione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Definizione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Definizione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caffeine-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Caffeine-2D-skeletal.svg/220px-Caffeine-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Caffeine-2D-skeletal.svg/330px-Caffeine-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Caffeine-2D-skeletal.svg/440px-Caffeine-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>La caffeina, derivata dalla <a href="/wiki/Purina" title="Purina">purina</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrodotoxin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tetrodotoxin.svg/220px-Tetrodotoxin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tetrodotoxin.svg/330px-Tetrodotoxin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tetrodotoxin.svg/440px-Tetrodotoxin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>La tetradotossina, biosintetizzata dal <a href="/wiki/Pesce_palla" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesce palla">pesce palla</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LSD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/LSD.png/170px-LSD.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/LSD.png/255px-LSD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/LSD.png/340px-LSD.png 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>La molecola detta <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a></figcaption></figure> <p>La definizione del termine alcaloide non è semplice ed è in molti casi oggetto di controversie accademiche.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le difficoltà nel definire un gruppo di molecole secondarie e naturali come gli alcaloidi derivano dalla somiglianza con altri composti secondari e dal diverso ambito applicativo. Per il biologo, l'alcaloide è un prodotto naturale, puro, biologicamente attivo, un composto chimico eterociclico che contiene azoto e può avere attività <a href="/wiki/Farmacologia" title="Farmacologia">farmacologica</a> e, in molti casi, uso medicinale o ecologico.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La definizione originaria, compresa la stessa etimologia, "simile a un <a href="/wiki/Base_(chimica)" title="Base (chimica)">alcale</a>", è stata ampliata adattandosi ai diversi ambiti di ricerca e nonostante le differenze tra i campi di ricerca in biologia, medicina e chimica si è arrivati a definizioni molto simili, dove è però necessario specificare una lunga lista di eccezioni. </p><p>Pur potendo avere caratteristiche chimiche compatibili con la definizione di alcaloide, <a href="/wiki/Amminoacido" title="Amminoacido">amminoacidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">nucleosidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aminozuccheri" title="Aminozuccheri">amminozuccheri</a> e <a href="/wiki/Antibiotico" title="Antibiotico">antibiotici</a> non sono considerati alcaloidi.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Una definizione soddisfacente è impossibile, dato che non esiste una divisione netta tra alcaloidi e <a href="/wiki/Ammine" title="Ammine">ammine</a> complesse naturali, ma le varie sostanze hanno in comune alcuni punti. Gli alcaloidi presentano alcune caratteristiche: </p> <ul><li>Contengono <a href="/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto">azoto</a>, solitamente derivato da un <a href="/wiki/Amminoacido" title="Amminoacido">amminoacido</a>.</li> <li>Sono generalmente <a href="/wiki/Solido" title="Solido">solidi</a> a temperatura ambiente, di <a href="/wiki/Amaro_(sapore)" title="Amaro (sapore)">sapore amaro</a> e di colore bianco nelle composizioni purificate; un'eccezione è la <a href="/wiki/Nicotina" title="Nicotina">nicotina</a> che è un <a href="/wiki/Liquido" title="Liquido">liquido</a> di colore dal bianco al giallo.</li> <li>Precipitano con <a href="/wiki/Metallo#Metalli_pesanti" title="Metallo">metalli pesanti</a>.</li> <li>La maggior parte degli alcaloidi precipita in soluzione neutra o debolmente <a href="/wiki/Acido" title="Acido">acida</a> con il <a href="/wiki/Reagente_di_Mayer" title="Reagente di Mayer">reagente di Mayer</a> dando un precipitato color crema.</li> <li>Il <a href="/wiki/Reagente_di_Dragendorff" title="Reagente di Dragendorff">reagente di Dragendorff</a> con gli alcaloidi causa un precipitato arancione.</li> <li>La <a href="/wiki/Caffeina" title="Caffeina">caffeina</a>, un derivato della <a href="/wiki/Purina" title="Purina">purina</a>, non precipita come la maggioranza degli alcaloidi.</li> <li>Sono generalmente, ma non esclusivamente, <a href="/wiki/Basico" class="mw-redirect" title="Basico">basici</a> e formano sali insolubili in acqua. La maggior parte degli alcaloidi è costituita da sostanze cristalline ben definite che si uniscono agli acidi per formare sali. Nelle piante possono esistere allo stato libero, sotto forma di sali o di <a href="/wiki/Ammino_ossido" title="Ammino ossido"><i>N</i>-ossidi</a>.</li> <li>Si ritrovano in un numero limitato di piante, ad esempio la <a href="/wiki/Morfina" title="Morfina">morfina</a> esiste solo in una specie.</li></ul> <p>Solitamente derivano da vegetali, possiedono uno o più atomi di <a href="/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto">azoto</a> (N) (generalmente in un <a href="/wiki/Anello_eterociclico" class="mw-redirect" title="Anello eterociclico">anello eterociclico</a>) e possiedono forti azioni <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">fisiologiche</a> su esseri umani e animali. Spesso sono <a href="/wiki/Veleno" title="Veleno">tossici</a> e/o <a href="/wiki/Sostanze_psicoattive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sostanze psicoattive">psicoattivi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struttura">Struttura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Struttura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Struttura"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ci sono tre tipi principali di alcaloidi: </p> <ol><li>alcaloidi non eterociclici, o alcaloidi atipici (protoalcaloidi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammina_biologica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ammina biologica (la pagina non esiste)">ammine biologiche</a>), come ad esempio la <a href="/wiki/Colchicina" title="Colchicina">colchicina</a>.</li> <li>pseudo-alcaloidi, derivati da <a href="/wiki/Terpeni" title="Terpeni">terpenoidi</a> o <a href="/wiki/Purina" title="Purina">purine</a>.</li> <li>alcaloidi eterociclici o alcaloidi tipici.</li></ol> <p>Gli alcaloidi sono sostanze altamente reattive con attività biologiche anche a dosaggi bassi. Alcuni tra i più importanti sono: </p> <ul><li>gli alcaloidi a nucleo <a href="/wiki/Isochinolina" title="Isochinolina">isochinolinico</a>, tra cui si annoverano la <a href="/wiki/Papaverina" title="Papaverina">papaverina</a> e gli alcaloidi del <a href="/wiki/Curaro" title="Curaro">curaro</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isoquinoline_chemical_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Isoquinoline_chemical_structure.png/310px-Isoquinoline_chemical_structure.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Isoquinoline_chemical_structure.png/465px-Isoquinoline_chemical_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Isoquinoline_chemical_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>Isochinolina</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>il gruppo degli alcaloidi a nucleo <a href="/wiki/Fenantrene" title="Fenantrene">fenantrenico</a> come morfina e <a href="/wiki/Codeina" title="Codeina">codeina</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fenantrene.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Fenantrene.PNG" decoding="async" width="142" height="119" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="119" /></a><figcaption>Fenantrene</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>gli alcaloidi a nucleo steroideo (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solasodina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solasodina (la pagina non esiste)">solasodina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomatidina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomatidina (la pagina non esiste)">tomatidina</a>, ecc.).</li> <li>il gruppo del <a href="/wiki/Tropano" title="Tropano">tropano</a> che comprende <a href="/wiki/Atropina" title="Atropina">atropina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iosciamina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iosciamina (la pagina non esiste)">iosciamina</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ioscina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioscina">ioscina</a> presenti nelle <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datura_stramonium" title="Datura stramonium">Datura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyosciamus_niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyosciamus niger">Hyosciamus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandragora" title="Mandragora">Mandragora</a>). Bloccano l'attività del <a href="/wiki/Sistema_nervoso_parasimpatico" title="Sistema nervoso parasimpatico">sistema nervoso parasimpatico</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropane_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tropane_2.svg/110px-Tropane_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tropane_2.svg/165px-Tropane_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tropane_2.svg/220px-Tropane_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>Tropano</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>il gruppo dell'<a href="/wiki/Imidazolo" title="Imidazolo">imidazolo</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imidazol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Imidazol.svg/110px-Imidazol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Imidazol.svg/165px-Imidazol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Imidazol.svg/220px-Imidazol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="66" data-file-height="98" /></a><figcaption>Imidazolo</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>il gruppo della <a href="/wiki/Piridina" title="Piridina">piridina</a> comprendente la <a href="/wiki/Piperidina" title="Piperidina">piperidina</a>, derivati dall'acido nicotinico (<a href="/wiki/Vitamina_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamina B3">vitamina B3</a>), <a href="/wiki/Trigonellina" title="Trigonellina">trigonellina</a> componente caratteristico del <a href="/wiki/Trigonella_foenum-graecum" title="Trigonella foenum-graecum">fieno greco</a> e del caffè verde, <a href="/wiki/Lobelina" title="Lobelina">lobelina</a> presente nella <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobelia_inflata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lobelia inflata (la pagina non esiste)">Lobelia inflata</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Nicotina" title="Nicotina">nicotina</a> ricavabile dal <a href="/wiki/Tabacco" title="Tabacco">tabacco</a>, piperina nelle piante del genere <i><a href="/wiki/Piper_(botanica)" title="Piper (botanica)">Piper</a></i>. Stimolano e poi bloccano tutte le attività del <a href="/wiki/Sistema_nervoso_autonomo" title="Sistema nervoso autonomo">sistema nervoso autonomo</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyridine_formula.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Pyridine_formula.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="103" /></a><figcaption>Piridina</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piperidin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Piperidin.svg/110px-Piperidin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Piperidin.svg/165px-Piperidin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Piperidin.svg/220px-Piperidin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="110" /></a><figcaption>Piperidina</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>il gruppo della <a href="/wiki/Chinolina" title="Chinolina">chinolina</a> come la <a href="/wiki/Chinidina" title="Chinidina">chinidina</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Cinconina" title="Cinconina">cinconina</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinolina_struttura.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Chinolina_struttura.PNG" decoding="async" width="148" height="93" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="93" /></a><figcaption>Chinolina</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>il gruppo della <a href="/wiki/Pirrolizidina" title="Pirrolizidina">pirrolizidina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alcaloide_pirrolizidinico" title="Alcaloide pirrolizidinico">alcaloide pirrolizidinico</a>) comprendente composti molto tossici, soprattutto a livello epatico. Si trovano nelle piante delle specie <i><a href="/wiki/Symphytum" title="Symphytum">Symphytum</a></i> e <i><a href="/wiki/Senecio" title="Senecio">Senecio</a></i>, nella <a href="/wiki/Borago_officinalis" title="Borago officinalis">Borago</a>, nella <a href="/wiki/Tussilago_farfara" title="Tussilago farfara">Tussilago farfara</a> e molte altre.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrrolizidine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pyrrolizidine.svg/110px-Pyrrolizidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pyrrolizidine.svg/165px-Pyrrolizidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pyrrolizidine.svg/220px-Pyrrolizidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Pirrolizidina</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>il gruppo dell'<a href="/wiki/Indolo" title="Indolo">indolo</a> è un gruppo complesso: comprende gli "alcaloidi animali" come <a href="/wiki/Adrenalina" title="Adrenalina">adrenalina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noradrenalina" title="Noradrenalina">noradrenalina</a> e <a href="/wiki/Serotonina" title="Serotonina">serotonina</a> (5-idrossitriptamina - 5HT); quelli tranquillizzanti derivati dalla <a href="/wiki/Passiflora" title="Passiflora">Passiflora</a>; gli stimolanti uterini come l'<a href="/wiki/Ergotamina" title="Ergotamina">ergotamina</a> ed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergometrina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ergometrina (la pagina non esiste)">ergometrina</a> ricavabili da funghi della specie <i><a href="/wiki/Claviceps" class="mw-redirect" title="Claviceps">Claviceps</a></i> e il suo derivato dietilammide dell'<a href="/wiki/Acido_lisergico" title="Acido lisergico">acido lisergico</a> (LSD); gli alcaloidi di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rauwolfia_serpentaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rauwolfia serpentaria (la pagina non esiste)">Rauwolfia serpentaria</a>, ipotensivi e depressivi, e molti stimolanti del <a href="/wiki/Sistema_nervoso_centrale" title="Sistema nervoso centrale">sistema nervoso centrale</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stricnina" title="Stricnina">stricnina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yohimbina" title="Yohimbina">yohimbina</a> e <a href="/wiki/Psilocibina" title="Psilocibina">psilocibina</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indol2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Indol2.svg/110px-Indol2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Indol2.svg/165px-Indol2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Indol2.svg/220px-Indol2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="121" /></a><figcaption>Indolo</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>alcaloidi a nucleo <a href="/wiki/Indolizidina" title="Indolizidina">indolizidinico</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indolizidine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Indolizidine.svg/110px-Indolizidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Indolizidine.svg/165px-Indolizidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Indolizidine.svg/220px-Indolizidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="51" /></a><figcaption>Indolizidina</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>alcaloidi a nucleo <a href="/wiki/Chinolizidina" title="Chinolizidina">chinolizidinico</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinolizidine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Quinolizidine.svg/110px-Quinolizidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Quinolizidine.svg/165px-Quinolizidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Quinolizidine.svg/220px-Quinolizidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="87" data-file-height="51" /></a><figcaption>Chinolizidina</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>alcaloidi a nucleo <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purinico</a> come la <a href="/wiki/Teofillina" title="Teofillina">teofillina</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Caffeina" title="Caffeina">caffeina</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Teobromina" title="Teobromina">teobromina</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9H-Purine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/9H-Purine.svg/110px-9H-Purine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/9H-Purine.svg/165px-9H-Purine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/9H-Purine.svg/220px-9H-Purine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="147" data-file-height="112" /></a><figcaption>Purina</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>alcaloidi a nucleo <a href="/wiki/Tropoloni" title="Tropoloni">tropolonico</a> come la colchicina.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colchicine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Colchicine.svg/130px-Colchicine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Colchicine.svg/195px-Colchicine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Colchicine.svg/260px-Colchicine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption> La colchicina, molecola <a href="/wiki/Mitosi" title="Mitosi">antimitotica</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropolone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tropolone.png/110px-Tropolone.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tropolone.png/165px-Tropolone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tropolone.png/220px-Tropolone.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Tropolone</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <p>I seguenti alcaloidi influiscono sul sistema neuromuscolare agendo sui <a href="/wiki/Recettori_adrenergici" class="mw-redirect" title="Recettori adrenergici">recettori adrenergici</a>: </p> <ul><li>la <a href="/wiki/Chinolina" title="Chinolina">chinolina</a> presente nell'<a href="/wiki/Angostura_(amaro)" title="Angostura (amaro)">angostura</a> e in piante del genere <i><a href="/wiki/Cinchona" title="Cinchona">Cinchona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a>)</i></li> <li>l'<a href="/wiki/Isochinolina" title="Isochinolina">isochinolina</a> derivata sempre dal genere <a href="/wiki/Cinchona" title="Cinchona">Cinchona</a>, molto importante</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Mescalina" title="Mescalina">mescalina</a> ricavata dalla <a href="/wiki/Lophophora_williamsii" title="Lophophora williamsii">Lophophora Williamsii</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cactaceae" title="Cactaceae">Cactaceae</a>, chiamata comunemente <a href="/wiki/Peyote" class="mw-redirect" title="Peyote">Peyote</a>)</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Papaverina" title="Papaverina">papaverina</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Narcotina" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcotina">narcotina</a> estratte dalla specie <a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">Papaver Somniferum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a>)</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Protopina" title="Protopina">protopina</a> è presente nelle piante del genere <i><a href="/wiki/Papaver" title="Papaver">Papaver</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberina" title="Berberina">berberina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idrastina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idrastina (la pagina non esiste)">idrastina</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadina (la pagina non esiste)">canadina</a> presenti in piante dell'ordine <a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a>, come specie del genere <a href="/wiki/Berberis" title="Berberis">Berberis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berberidaceae" title="Berberidaceae">Berberidaceae</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrastis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrastis (la pagina non esiste)">Hydrastis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a>) e <a href="/wiki/Chelidonium" title="Chelidonium">Chelidonium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a>)</li> <li>il gruppo della <a href="/wiki/Purina" title="Purina">purina</a> come <a href="/wiki/Caffeina" title="Caffeina">caffeina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teobromina" title="Teobromina">teobromina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teofillina" title="Teofillina">teofillina</a> e <a href="/wiki/Aminofillina" title="Aminofillina">aminofillina</a> presenti in piante come il <a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">Theobroma Cacao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sterculiaceae" title="Sterculiaceae">Sterculiaceae</a>, la pianta del <a href="/wiki/Cacao" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacao">cacao</a>), <a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">Coffea Arabica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a>, la pianta del <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8" title="Caffè">caffè</a>) e <a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">Camellia Sinensis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theaceae" title="Theaceae">Theaceae</a>, la pianta del <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8" title="Tè">tè</a>): derivati da <a href="/wiki/Adenina" title="Adenina">adenina</a> e <a href="/wiki/Guanina" title="Guanina">guanina</a> (nome collettivo <a href="/wiki/Xantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Xantine">xantine</a>). Prolungano l'<a href="/wiki/Emivita_(farmacologia)" title="Emivita (farmacologia)">emivita</a> di molti <a href="/wiki/Ormone" title="Ormone">ormoni</a>, tra cui l'<a href="/wiki/Ghiandole_surrenali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiandole surrenali">adrenalina</a>.</li> <li>i <a href="/wiki/Terpenoidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Terpenoidi">terpenoidi</a> presenti in piante come l'<a href="/wiki/Aconitum_napellus" title="Aconitum napellus">Aconitum Napellus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a>, altamente tossico) e la <a href="/wiki/Valeriana_officinalis" title="Valeriana officinalis">Valeriana Officinalis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Valerianaceae" title="Valerianaceae">Valerianaceae</a>, tranquillante).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcaloidi_e_chemioterapia_antitumorale">Alcaloidi e chemioterapia antitumorale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Alcaloidi e chemioterapia antitumorale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Alcaloidi e chemioterapia antitumorale"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>È sin dagli anni 1940 che gli alcaloidi vegetali sono oggetto di intenso studio per trovarne un'applicazione nella <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapia_dei_tumori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapia dei tumori (la pagina non esiste)">terapia dei tumori</a>. Il primo a trovare impiego come tale è stata la colchicina, isolata dalla "freddolina" (<a href="/wiki/Colchicum_autumnale" title="Colchicum autumnale">Colchicum Autumnale</a>). Questo alcaloide impedisce la <a href="/wiki/Polimerizzazione" title="Polimerizzazione">polimerizzazione</a> delle strutture cellulari chiamate <i>"microtubuli"</i> e ha come bersaglio proprio la proteina principale che li costituisce, la <b><a href="/wiki/Tubulina" title="Tubulina">tubulina</a></b>. Tuttavia è molto tossica e il suo impiego nella terapia dei tumori è oggi del tutto abbandonato. </p><p>Un'altra classe di alcaloidi è stata introdotta dopo la colchicina per la terapia dei tumori. Si tratta di alcuni alcaloidi isolati dalla <i>Vinca rosea</i> (o <i>Catharanteus roseus</i>) e risultati efficaci nella grande maggioranza dei tumori solidi umani, incluse alcune forme di <a href="/wiki/Leucemia" title="Leucemia">leucemia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Linfoma" title="Linfoma">linfoma</a>. Si tratta della <b>vinblastina</b> e della <b>vincristina</b>. Il loro meccanismo molecolare è anch'esso quello di interferire con la dinamica dei microtubuli, in modo simile alla colchicina, tuttavia sono dotate di una spiccata tossicità per le strutture nervose e in particolare per quelle periferiche. Anche per questo sono stati sintetizzati derivati meno tossici, come la <b>vinorelbina</b> e la <b>vinflunina</b>. </p><p>Uno dei loro effetti collaterali più precoci sono le nevriti e le neuropatie che comprendono parestesie, <a href="/wiki/Pallestesia" title="Pallestesia">pallestesie</a>, dolori di tipo folgorante e difetti trofici. La ragione di questi effetti risiede nella loro stessa base d'azione: interferendo con i microtubuli delle strutture nervose impediscono il trasporto di proteine essenziali e di alcuni nutrienti a livello periferico e da questo deriva la sofferenza nervosa. Un metodo efficace per tamponare questo effetto è la buona <a href="/wiki/Idratazione_dei_tessuti" title="Idratazione dei tessuti">idratazione</a> del paziente e la supplementazione con <a href="/wiki/Vitamine" title="Vitamine">vitamine</a> del gruppo B, tutte con azione benefica sul trofismo dei nervi periferici. </p><p>Un'altra classe di alcalodi impiegata correntemente nella <a href="/wiki/Chemioterapia" title="Chemioterapia">chemioterapia</a> è quella dei <i>"taxani",</i> alcaloidi isolati dal <i>Taxus canadensis</i> e risultati molto attivi in diversi <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">carcinomi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sarcoma" title="Sarcoma">sarcomi</a> umani, mentre il loro impiego nelle emopatie maligne è nullo. Il loro meccanismo d'azione è esattamente opposto a quello della colchicina: invece di impedire la costruzione dei microtubuli, impediscono il loro disassemblamento per ricreare nuove strutture microtubulari (effetto di "congelamento" strutturale). Il primo a essere sperimentato fu il <a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" class="mw-redirect" title="Paclitaxel">paclitaxel</a> e poi sono stati sintetizzati derivati con minore tossicità e maggiore <a href="/wiki/Biodisponibilit%C3%A0" title="Biodisponibilità">biodisponibilità</a>, come il <a href="/wiki/Docetaxel" title="Docetaxel">docetaxel</a>. </p><p>Un ultimo gruppo che è entrato recentemente nella fase di sperimentazione clinica sono gli alcalodi isolati dalla <i>Camptotheca acuminata</i>. Il prototipo è la <b>camptotecina</b>, che ha come bersaglio non direttamente il <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, ma un enzima nucleare deputato alla stabilizzazione dell'intero <a href="/wiki/Genoma" title="Genoma">genoma</a>, la <b>topoisomerasi</b>. È risultata attiva contro molte forme di tumore solido e sono stati sintetizzati anche dei suoi derivati leggermente più efficaci e contemporaneamente meno tossici. Tre di questi sono la <b>9-nitro-camptotecina</b>, il <b>TPT o Topotecano</b>, il <b>CPT-11 o Irinotecano</b> e l'<b>Edotecarin</b>. </p><p>Negli anni 1980 sono stati studiati più di una trentina di alcaloidi provenienti da varie fonti vegetali. Alcuni di essi sono risultati estremamente efficaci nell'eliminazione di tumori e leucemie indotte in modelli animali, tuttavia la loro tossicità sistemica è risultata ancora troppo elevata per permetterne l'introduzione nella terapia umana. Tra essi i più efficaci sono risultati: </p> <ul><li>le <b>acronicine</b> (dall'Acronychia baueri)</li> <li>la <b>talicarpina</b> (dal Thalictrum dasycarpum)</li> <li>la <b>tetrandrina</b> (dalla Stephania tetrandra)</li> <li>la <b>cefarantina</b> (dalla Stephania cepharanta)</li> <li>la <b>ruteacarpina</b> (dalla Evodia ruteacarpa)</li> <li>la <b>ellipticina</b> (dalla Derria elliptica)</li></ul> <p>Quest'ultima molecola ha suscitato negli ultimi cinque anni un intenso interesse nel campo dell'<a href="/wiki/Oncologia" title="Oncologia">oncologia</a>. Infatti il suo 9-idrossiderivato può legare alcune forme mutate (inattive) del famoso <b>oncosoppressore</b> <a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a>, responsabile della comparsa di tumori solidi, e ripristinarne la funzione corretta. Sono in corso studi di laboratorio per capire il meccanismo con cui questa molecola possa interferire con la progressione tumorale attraverso la manipolazione della proteina p53. Anche per quanto riguarda le acronicine, il loro derivato S 23906 è attualmente in fase II di sperimentazione (trial clinici) perché risultato molto promettente. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00220"><span style="font-style:italic;">IUPAC - alkaloids (A00220)</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">goldbook.iupac.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 26 febbraio 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> B. Franck, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19670790329"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Alkaloids, Chemistry and Physiology. Von R. H. F. Manske. Bd. VIII: The Indole Alkaloids. Academic Press Inc., New York-London 1965. 1. Aufl., 861 S., geb. $ 32,000</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Angewandte Chemie</span>, vol. 79, n. 3, 7 febbraio 1967, pp. 159-159, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fange.19670790329">10.1002/ange.19670790329</a>. <small>URL consultato il 26 febbraio 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Aniszewski, Tadeusz., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/162587596"><span style="font-style:italic;">Definition</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Alkaloids - secrets of life : alkaloid chemistry, biological significance, applications and ecological role</span>, Elsevier, 2007, p. 1, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-444-52736-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-444-52736-3">978-0-444-52736-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/162587596">162587596</a>. <small>URL consultato il 26 febbraio 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> R. HEGNAUER, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-395540-1.50018-x"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chemical Plant Taxonomy</span></a>, Elsevier, 1963, pp. 389-427, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-12-395540-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-12-395540-1">978-0-12-395540-1</a>. <small>URL consultato il 26 febbraio 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> E. Lovell Becker e I. Landau, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004669-198603000-00007"><span style="font-style:italic;">International Dictionary of Medicine and Biology</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Journal of Clinical Engineering</span>, vol. 11, n. 2, 1986-03, p. 134, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00004669-198603000-00007">10.1097/00004669-198603000-00007</a>. <small>URL consultato il 26 febbraio 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSolomons" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> T. W. Graham Solomons, <span style="font-style:italic;">Chimica organica</span>, 2ª ed., Bologna, Zanichelli, 2001, pp. 892-900, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-08-09414-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-08-09414-6">88-08-09414-6</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcaloidi_della_vinca" title="Alcaloidi della vinca">Alcaloidi della vinca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeina" title="Caffeina">Caffeina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaina" title="Cocaina">Cocaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curaro" title="Curaro">Curaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucoalcaloidi" title="Glucoalcaloidi">Glucoalcaloidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morfina" title="Morfina">Morfina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotina" title="Nicotina">Nicotina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/alcaloide" class="extiw" title="wikt:alcaloide">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Alkaloids"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alkaloids?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/alcaloide" class="extiw" title="wikt:alcaloide">alcaloide</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alkaloids?uselang=it">alcaloide</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcaloidi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTreccani.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alcaloidi"><span style="font-style:italic;">alcaloidi</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70702#P3365" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSapere.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/alcalòide.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">alcalòide</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sapere.it</span>, <a href="/wiki/De_Agostini" title="De Agostini">De Agostini</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70702#P6706" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/alkaloid"><span style="font-style:italic;">alkaloid</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70702#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00220.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">IUPAC Gold Book, "alkaloids"</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">goldbook.iupac.org</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTreccani_alcaloidi" class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alcaloidi"><span style="font-style:italic;">Alcaloidi</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line</span>, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list 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.navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Sistematica_organica"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="background:azzurro;"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sistematica_organica" title="Template:Sistematica organica"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Sistematica_organica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Sistematica organica (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sistematica_organica&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Sistematica_organica" title="Sistematica organica">Sistematica organica</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;"><a href="/wiki/Composti_alifatici" title="Composti alifatici">Composti alifatici</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Acetali" title="Acetali">Acetali</a> · <a href="/wiki/Acidi_carbossilici" title="Acidi carbossilici">Acidi carbossilici</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alcani" title="Alcani">Alcani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alcheni" title="Alcheni">Alcheni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alchini" title="Alchini">Alchini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alcoli" title="Alcoli">Alcoli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aldeidi" title="Aldeidi">Aldeidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anidride" title="Anidride">Anidridi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Annuleni" title="Annuleni">Annuleni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chetali" title="Chetali">Chetali</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chetoni" title="Chetoni">Chetoni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cicloalcani" title="Cicloalcani">Cicloalcani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cicloalcheni" title="Cicloalcheni">Cicloalcheni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dioli" title="Dioli">Dioli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Enoli" title="Enoli">Enoli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Epossidi" title="Epossidi">Epossidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Esteri" title="Esteri">Esteri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eteri" title="Eteri">Eteri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eteri_corona" title="Eteri corona">Eteri corona</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lattoni" title="Lattoni">Lattoni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lattoli" title="Lattoli">Lattoli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Perossidi" title="Perossidi">Perossidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Perossiacido" title="Perossiacido">Perossiacidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Polieni" title="Polieni">Polieni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Polioli" title="Polioli">Polioli</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;"><a href="/wiki/Composti_aromatici" title="Composti aromatici">Composti aromatici</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arini_(chimica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arini (chimica) (la pagina non esiste)">Arini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ciclofani" title="Ciclofani">Ciclofani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fenoli" title="Fenoli">Fenoli</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eterocicli_aromatici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eterocicli aromatici (la pagina non esiste)">Eterocicli aromatici</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;"><a href="/wiki/Azoto#Composti_dell'azoto" title="Azoto">Contenenti azoto</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcaloidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ammonio" title="Ammonio">Ammonio</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ammidi" title="Ammidi">Ammidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ammine" title="Ammine">Ammine</a> · <a href="/wiki/Amminali" title="Amminali">Amminali</a> · <a href="/wiki/Azine" title="Azine">Azine</a> · <a href="/wiki/Azoturo" title="Azoturo">Azidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Azocomposti" title="Azocomposti">Azocomposti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Azoli" title="Azoli">Azoli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Carbammati" title="Carbammati">Carbammati</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cianidrine" title="Cianidrine">Cianidrine</a> · <a href="/wiki/Diazocomposti" title="Diazocomposti">Diazocomposti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Idrazoni" title="Idrazoni">Idrazoni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Immidi" title="Immidi">Immidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Immine" title="Immine">Immine</a> · <a href="/wiki/Isocianati" title="Isocianati">Isocianati</a> · <a href="/wiki/Isocianuri" title="Isocianuri">Isocianuri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Isotiocianati" title="Isotiocianati">Isotiocianati</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lattami" title="Lattami">Lattami</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nitrili" title="Nitrili">Nitrili</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nitroderivati" title="Nitroderivati">Nitrocomposti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nitrosocomposti" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrosocomposti">Nitrosocomposti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Osazoni" title="Osazoni">Osazoni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ossima" title="Ossima">Ossime</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;"><a href="/wiki/Zolfo#Composti_dello_zolfo" title="Zolfo">Contenenti zolfo</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Acidi_solfonici" title="Acidi solfonici">Acidi solfonici</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ditiani" title="Ditiani">Ditiani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Isotiocianati" title="Isotiocianati">Isotiocianati</a> · <a href="/wiki/Solfoni" title="Solfoni">Solfoni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Solfossidi" title="Solfossidi">Solfossidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tioesteri" title="Tioesteri">Tioesteri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tioeteri" title="Tioeteri">Tioeteri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tioli" title="Tioli">Tioli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tioacetali" title="Tioacetali">Tioacetali</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tiochetali" title="Tiochetali">Tiochetali</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;"><a href="/wiki/Alogenuro" title="Alogenuro">Contenenti alogeni</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Alogenuri_acilici" title="Alogenuri acilici">Alogenuri acilici</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alogenuri_alchilici" title="Alogenuri alchilici">Alogenuri alchilici</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;"><a href="/wiki/Silicio#Composti" title="Silicio">Contenenti silicio</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Silani" title="Silani">Silani</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sililalchini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sililalchini (la pagina non esiste)">Sililalchini</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sililalogenuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sililalogenuri (la pagina non esiste)">Sililalogenuri</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sililidruri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sililidruri (la pagina non esiste)">Sililidruri</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silanoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silanoli (la pagina non esiste)">Silanoli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alcossisilani" title="Alcossisilani">Alcossisilani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Silossani" title="Silossani">Silossani</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silazani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silazani (la pagina non esiste)">Silazani</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;">Altro</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Alcossido" title="Alcossido">Alcossidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Idrocarburi" title="Idrocarburi">Idrocarburi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stannani" title="Stannani">Stannani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Terpeni" title="Terpeni">Terpeni</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox_abovebelow">Vedi pure <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenclatura_IUPAC_dei_composti_organici" title="Nomenclatura IUPAC dei composti organici">Nomenclatura IUPAC dei composti organici</a></i></th></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141815314"><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Composti_dell'azoto"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Composti_dell%27azoto" title="Template:Composti dell'azoto"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Composti_dell%27azoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Composti dell'azoto (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Composti_dell%27azoto&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title">Composti dell'azoto</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:center;">Composti inorganici</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="text-align:left;"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="text-align:right; width:7.5em;">Con l'<a href="/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno">idrogeno</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ammoniaca" title="Ammoniaca">Ammoniaca</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Idrazina" title="Idrazina">Idrazina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diazene" title="Diazene">Diazene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Triazene" title="Triazene">Triazene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrazene" title="Tetrazene">Tetrazene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Triazano" title="Triazano">Triazano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciclotriazano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciclotriazano (la pagina non esiste)">Ciclotriazano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_azotidrico" title="Acido azotidrico">Acido azotidrico</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="text-align:right; width:7.5em;">Con l'<a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">ossigeno</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Monossido_di_azoto" title="Monossido di azoto">Monossido di azoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diossido_di_azoto" title="Diossido di azoto">Diossido di azoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ossido_di_diazoto" title="Ossido di diazoto">Ossido di diazoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diossido_di_diazoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diossido di diazoto (la pagina non esiste)">Diossido di diazoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Triossido_di_diazoto" title="Triossido di diazoto">Triossido di diazoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrossido_di_diazoto" title="Tetrossido di diazoto">Tetraossido di diazoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentossido_di_diazoto" title="Pentossido di diazoto">Pentaossido di diazoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitrosilazoturo" title="Nitrosilazoturo">Nitrosilazoturo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitrilazoturo" title="Nitrilazoturo">Nitrilazoturo</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="text-align:right; width:7.5em;">Con l'ossigeno e l'idrogeno</th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Acido_nitrico" title="Acido nitrico">Acido nitrico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_nitroso" title="Acido nitroso">acido nitroso</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Idrossilammina" title="Idrossilammina">Idrossilammina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_iponitroso" title="Acido iponitroso">acido iponitroso</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrosile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrosile (la pagina non esiste)">nitrosile</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="text-align:right; width:7.5em;">Con gli <a href="/wiki/Alogeni" title="Alogeni">alogeni</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_azoto" title="Trifluoruro di azoto">Trifluoruro di azoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoroidrazina" title="Tetrafluoroidrazina">Tetrafluoroidrazina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Difluoroammina" title="Difluoroammina">Difluoroammina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Difluorodiazene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Difluorodiazene (la pagina non esiste)">Difluorodiazene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Difluoruro_di_diazoto" title="Difluoruro di diazoto">Difluoruro di diazoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_triazoto" title="Fluoruro di triazoto">Fluoruro di triazoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ossido_di_trifluoroammina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ossido di trifluoroammina (la pagina non esiste)">Ossido di trifluoroammina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clorodifluoroammina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clorodifluoroammina (la pagina non esiste)">Clorodifluoroammina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diclorofluoroammina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diclorofluoroammina (la pagina non esiste)">Diclorofluoroammina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tricloruro_di_azoto" title="Tricloruro di azoto">Tricloruro di azoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloroazoturo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloroazoturo (la pagina non esiste)">Cloroazoturo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tribromuro_di_azoto" title="Tribromuro di azoto">Tribromuro di azoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromoazoturo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bromoazoturo (la pagina non esiste)">Bromoazoturo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitruro_di_iodio" title="Nitruro di iodio">Triioduro di azoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodoazoturo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iodoazoturo (la pagina non esiste)">Iodoazoturo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogenoammine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alogenoammine (la pagina non esiste)">Alogenoammine</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ossoalogenuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ossoalogenuri (la pagina non esiste)">Ossoalogenuri</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogenonitrati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alogenonitrati (la pagina non esiste)">Alogenonitrati</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_tiazile" title="Trifluoruro di tiazile">Trifluoruro di tiazile</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="text-align:right; width:7.5em;">Con il <a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro">boro</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nitruro_di_boro" title="Nitruro di boro">Nitruro di boro</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Borazina" title="Borazina">Borazina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amminoborani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amminoborani (la pagina non esiste)">Amminoborani</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="text-align:right; width:7.5em;">Con il <a href="/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo">fosforo</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fosforoamidico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido fosforoamidico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido fosforoamidico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_fosforodiamidico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido fosforodiamidico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido fosforodiamidico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triamide (la pagina non esiste)">Triamide</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fosfazeni" title="Fosfazeni">Fosfazeni</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Policlorofosfazeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Policlorofosfazeni (la pagina non esiste)">Policlorofosfazeni</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polifluorofosfazeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polifluorofosfazeni (la pagina non esiste)">Polifluorofosfazeni</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfame (la pagina non esiste)">Fosfame</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="text-align:right; width:7.5em;">Con lo <a href="/wiki/Zolfo" title="Zolfo">zolfo</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Acido_ammidosolfonico" title="Acido ammidosolfonico">Acido ammidosolfonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solfuro_di_diazoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solfuro di diazoto (la pagina non esiste)">Solfuro di diazoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disolfuro_di_azoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disolfuro di azoto (la pagina non esiste)">Disolfuro di azoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetranitruro_di_tetrazolfo" title="Tetranitruro di tetrazolfo">Tetranitruro di tetrazolfo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinitruro_di_dizolfo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinitruro di dizolfo (la pagina non esiste)">Dinitruro di dizolfo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politiazile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politiazile (la pagina non esiste)">Politiazile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_tiazile" title="Trifluoruro di tiazile">Trifluoruro di tiazile</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:center;">Composti organici</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ammine" title="Ammine">Ammine</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ammidi" title="Ammidi">Ammidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lattami" title="Lattami">Lattami</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitrili" title="Nitrili">Nitrili</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cianidrine" title="Cianidrine">Cianidrine</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitroderivati" title="Nitroderivati">Nitroderivati</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitrosoderivati" title="Nitrosoderivati">Nitrosoderivati</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Immidi" title="Immidi">Immidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diazine" title="Diazine">Diazine</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Triazine" title="Triazine">Triazine</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrazine" title="Tetrazine">Tetrazine</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ossima" title="Ossima">Ossime</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Idrazoni" title="Idrazoni">Idrazoni</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Azoturo" title="Azoturo">Azidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/N-nitrosammine" title="N-nitrosammine">N-nitrosammine</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sale_di_diazonio" title="Sale di diazonio">Sali di diazonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isocianati" title="Isocianati">Isocianati</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Carbammati" title="Carbammati">Carbammati</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cianammiduri" title="Cianammiduri">Cianammiduri</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Carbodiimmidi" title="Carbodiimmidi">Carbodiimmidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitrone" title="Nitrone">Nitroni</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eterocicli_azotati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eterocicli azotati (la pagina non esiste)">Eterocicli azotati</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Amminoacido" title="Amminoacido">Amminoacidi</a><b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcaloidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">Peptidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotiocianati" title="Isotiocianati">Isotiocianati</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:center;">Classi di composti</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nitruri" title="Nitruri">Nitruri</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Azoturo" title="Azoturo">Azoturi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Azani" title="Azani">Azani,Azeni</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Azocomposti" title="Azocomposti">Azocomposti</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diazocomposti" title="Diazocomposti">Diazocomposti</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=9880">9880</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85003598">sh85003598</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4068543-3">4068543-3</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Spagna" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Spagna">BNE</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="spagnolo">ES</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524887">XX524887</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX524887">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944043x">cb11944043x</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944043x">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293926805171">987007293926805171</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Dieta_nazionale_del_Giappone" title="Biblioteca della Dieta nazionale del Giappone">NDL</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="giapponese">JA</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560348">00560348</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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