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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mining operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trona</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ট্রোনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্রোনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Трона – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Трона" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trona_(mineral)" title="Trona (mineral) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trona (mineral)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trona" title="Trona – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trona" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trona_(Mineral)" title="Trona (Mineral) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trona (Mineral)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trona_(mineral)" title="Trona (mineral) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trona (mineral)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trona" title="Trona – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trona" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ترونا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترونا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trona" title="Trona – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trona" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B3na" title="Tróna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tróna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trona" title="Trona – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trona" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A" title="トロナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トロナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trona" title="Trona – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Trona" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trona" title="Trona – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trona" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Трона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trona" title="Trona – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trona" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trona" title="Trona – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trona" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Трона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q253023#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hydrated sodium carbonate mineral</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Trona_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Trona (disambiguation)">Trona (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Trona</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trona(small).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Trona%28small%29.jpg/260px-Trona%28small%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Trona%28small%29.jpg/390px-Trona%28small%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Trona%28small%29.jpg/520px-Trona%28small%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="451" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_mineral" title="Carbonate mineral">Carbonate mineral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>·NaHCO<sub>3</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tn<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.CB.15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">Monoclinic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Prismatic (2/m)<br /><small>(same <a href="/wiki/H-M_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="H-M symbol">H-M symbol</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>C2/c</i> (no. 15)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Colorless (in transmitted light) or white, grey-white, also grey to yellowish grey, light yellow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Columnar, fibrous and massive.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[100] perfect, [111] and [001] indistinct</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brittle – subconchoidal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2.5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vitreous</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Translucent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.11–2.17</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Biaxial (−)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">nα = 1.412 nβ = 1.492 nγ = 1.540</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">Birefringence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">δ = 0.128</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Soluble in water</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other characteristics</th><td class="infobox-data">May fluoresce under short wavelength ultraviolet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Webmin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webmin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Trona</b> (trisodium hydrogendicarbonate <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">dihydrate</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Sodium_sesquicarbonate" title="Sodium sesquicarbonate">sodium sesquicarbonate</a> dihydrate, Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>·NaHCO<sub>3</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O) is a non-<a href="/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a> <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Webmin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webmin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mined</a> as the primary source of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> in the United States, where it has replaced the <a href="/wiki/Solvay_process" title="Solvay process">Solvay process</a> used in most of the rest of the world for sodium carbonate production. Turkey is also a major producer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trona&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word entered English by way of either Swedish (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">trona</i></span>) or Spanish (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">trona</i></span>), with both possible sources having the same meaning as in English: the mineral <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a> from North Africa. Both the Spanish and Swedish<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> terms derive from the Arabic <i>trōn</i>, which in turn derives from Arabic <i>natron</i> and Hebrew <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נתרן</span></span> (<i>natruna</i>), which comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νιτρον</span></span> (<i>nitron</i>), derived ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">ancient Egyptian</a> <i>ntry</i> (or <i>nitry'’).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_deposits">Natural deposits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trona&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Natural deposits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trona_from_Trona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Trona_from_Trona.jpg/220px-Trona_from_Trona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Trona_from_Trona.jpg/330px-Trona_from_Trona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Trona_from_Trona.jpg/440px-Trona_from_Trona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Trona sample from <a href="/wiki/Searles_Valley,_California" title="Searles Valley, California">Searles Valley, California</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Trona,_San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="Trona, San Bernardino County, California">Trona, California</a></figcaption></figure><p> Trona is found at <a href="/wiki/Owens_Lake" title="Owens Lake">Owens Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Searles_Lake" title="Searles Lake">Searles Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Green_River_Formation" title="Green River Formation">Green River Formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Makgadikgadi_Pans" class="mw-redirect" title="Makgadikgadi Pans">Makgadikgadi Pans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trona near <a href="/wiki/Green_River,_Wyoming" title="Green River, Wyoming">Green River, Wyoming</a>, is the largest known deposit in the world and lies in layered <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a> deposits below ground, where the trona was deposited in a lake during the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> Period.<sup id="cite_ref-wma-trona_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wma-trona-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trona has also been mined at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Magadi" title="Lake Magadi">Lake Magadi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Rift_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan Rift Valley">Kenyan Rift Valley</a> for nearly 100 years. The northern part of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Natron" title="Lake Natron">Lake Natron</a> is covered by a 1.5 m thick trona bed,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occurs in 'salt' pans in the <a href="/wiki/Etosha_National_Park" title="Etosha National Park">Etosha National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Beypazari" class="mw-redirect" title="Beypazari">Beypazari</a> region in the <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> has some 33 trona beds in two <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a>-bound lensoid bodies in and above <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shales</a> of the Lower Hirka Formation (16 in the lower and 17 in the upper body).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wucheng basin trona mine, <a href="/wiki/Henan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Henan Province">Henan Province</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> has some 36 trona beds (693–974 m deep), the lower 15 beds are 0.5–1.5 m thick, thickest 2.38 m; the upper 21 beds are 1–3 m thick, with a maximum of 4.56 m hosted and underlain by <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomitic</a> oil shales of the Wulidui Formation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trona has also been found in <a href="/wiki/Magmatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Magmatic">magmatic</a> environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Markl_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markl-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has shown that trona can be formed by auto<a href="/wiki/Metasomatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metasomatic">metasomatic</a> reactions of late-magmatic fluids or <a href="/wiki/Melt_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melt (geology)">melts</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical fluid</a>-melt mixtures), with earlier <a href="/wiki/Crystallized" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystallized">crystallized</a> rocks within the same <a href="/wiki/Plutonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonic">plutonic</a> complex, or by large-scale <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a> unmixing in the very final stages of magmatism.<sup id="cite_ref-Markl_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markl-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crystal_structure">Crystal structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trona&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crystal structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trona_crystal_structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Trona_crystal_structure.jpg/220px-Trona_crystal_structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Trona_crystal_structure.jpg/330px-Trona_crystal_structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Trona_crystal_structure.jpg/440px-Trona_crystal_structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption> The ambient temperature crystal structure of trona viewed down the b axis with the <a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">unit cell</a> indicated by the solid gray line. </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a> of trona was first determined by Brown et al. (1949).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure consists of units of 3 edge-sharing sodium polyhedra (a central octahedron flanked by septahedra), cross-linked by carbonate groups and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a>. Bacon and Curry (1956)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refined the structure determination using two-dimensional single-crystal <a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">neutron diffraction</a>, and suggested that the hydrogen atom in the symmetric (HC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>)<sup>3−</sup> anion is disordered. The environment of the disordered H atom was later investigated by Choi and Mighell (1982)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at 300 K with three-dimensional single-crystal neutron diffraction: they concluded that the H atom is dynamically disordered between two equivalent sites, separated from one another by 0.211(9) Å. The dynamically disordered H atom was reinvestigated at low temperature by O'Bannon et al. 2014 and they concluded that it does not order at temperatures as low as 100K.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trona&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Trona is a common source of <a href="/wiki/Soda_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda ash">soda ash</a>, which is a significant economic commodity because of its applications in manufacturing glass, chemicals, paper, detergents, and textiles.</li> <li>It is used to condition water.</li> <li>It is used to remove sulfur from both <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">flue gases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> coals.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is a product of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">flue gases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is also used as a food additive.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mining_operations">Mining operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trona&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mining operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rio_Tinto_%E2%80%93_Owens_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rio Tinto – Owens Lake (page does not exist)">Rio Tinto – Owens Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadi_Soda_Company" title="Magadi Soda Company">Magadi Soda Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searles_Valley_Minerals_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Searles Valley Minerals Inc.">Searles Valley Minerals Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvay_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvay (company)">Solvay</a><sup id="cite_ref-wy-2015annualreport_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wy-2015annualreport-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Chemicals" title="Tata Chemicals">Tata Chemicals</a><sup id="cite_ref-wy-2015annualreport_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wy-2015annualreport-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genesis_Alkali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genesis Alkali (page does not exist)">Genesis Alkali</a> formerly <a href="/wiki/Tronox" title="Tronox">Tronox</a> Alkali<sup id="cite_ref-wy-2015annualreport_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wy-2015annualreport-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>formerly <a href="/wiki/FMC_Corporation" title="FMC Corporation">FMC Corporation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="General Chemical">General Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciner_Resources_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciner Resources Corporation (page does not exist)">Ciner Wyoming</a><sup id="cite_ref-wy-2015annualreport_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wy-2015annualreport-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>formerly <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCI_Chemical_Corp.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCI Chemical Corp. (page does not exist)">OCI Chemical Corp.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSAC" title="ANSAC">ANSAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eti_Soda" title="Eti Soda">Eti Soda</a>, Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Soda_Elektrik" title="Kazan Soda Elektrik">Kazan Soda Elektrik</a>, Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_%26_Dwight" title="Church & Dwight">Church & Dwight</a> – Green River Mine<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrepid_Potash" title="Intrepid Potash">Intrepid Potash</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplot" title="Simplot">Simplot</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trona&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">Natron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahcolite" title="Nahcolite">Nahcolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortite" title="Shortite">Shortite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sesquicarbonate" title="Sodium sesquicarbonate">Sodium sesquicarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermonatrite" title="Thermonatrite">Thermonatrite</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trona&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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