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href="/wiki/File:Bankside_power_station_and_St_George_the_Martyr_church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1607688.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bankside_power_station_and_St_George_the_Martyr_church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1607688.jpg/220px-Bankside_power_station_and_St_George_the_Martyr_church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1607688.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bankside_power_station_and_St_George_the_Martyr_church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1607688.jpg/330px-Bankside_power_station_and_St_George_the_Martyr_church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1607688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Bankside_power_station_and_St_George_the_Martyr_church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1607688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Flue gas from London's <a href="/wiki/Bankside_Power_Station" title="Bankside Power Station">Bankside Power Station</a>, 1975</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Flue gas</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> exiting to the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> via a <a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">flue</a>, which is a pipe or channel for conveying <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gases</a>, as from a fireplace, oven, <a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">furnace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a> or <a href="/wiki/Boiler_(power_generation)" title="Boiler (power generation)">steam generator</a>. It often refers to the exhaust gas of <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plants</a>. Technology is available to remove pollutants from flue gas at power plants. </p><p>Combustion of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> is a common source of flue gas. They are usually combusted with ambient air, with the largest part of the flue gas from most <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil-fuel</a> combustion being <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flue_gas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flue gas is the <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> exiting to the atmosphere via a <a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">flue</a>, which is a pipe or channel for conveying <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gases</a> from <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, as from a <a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">fireplace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">oven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">furnace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a> or <a href="/wiki/Boiler_(power_generation)" title="Boiler (power generation)">steam generator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term can also be used to refer to the gas produced from chemical or physical processes that do not involve combustion, such as <a href="/wiki/Natural-gas_processing" title="Natural-gas processing">natural gas processing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_plants">Power plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flue_gas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Power plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quite often, the flue gas refers to the combustion exhaust gas produced at <a href="/wiki/Power_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plants">power plants</a>. Its composition depends on what is being burned, but it will usually consist of mostly <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (typically more than two-thirds) derived from the combustion of air, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>), and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> as well as excess <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (also derived from the combustion air). It further contains a small percentage of a number of pollutants, such as <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">particulate matter</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a>), <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen oxides">nitrogen oxides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur oxides">sulfur oxides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scrubbing">Scrubbing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flue_gas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scrubbing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/250px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/330px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/500px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Before <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">flue-gas desulfurization</a> was installed, emissions from <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners_Generating_Station" title="Four Corners Generating Station">Four Corners Generating Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> contained excessive amounts of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At power plants, flue gas is often treated with a series of chemical processes and <a href="/wiki/Scrubber" title="Scrubber">scrubbers</a>, which remove pollutants. <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_Precipitator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic Precipitator">Electrostatic precipitators</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dust_collector#Fabric_filters" title="Dust collector">fabric filters</a> remove particulate matter and <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">flue-gas desulfurization</a> captures the <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> produced by burning fossil fuels, particularly coal.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nitrogen oxides are treated either by modifications to the combustion process to prevent their formation, or by high temperature or catalytic reaction with <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>. In either case, the aim is to produce nitrogen gas, rather than nitrogen oxides. In the United States, there is a rapid deployment of technologies to remove <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> from flue gas—typically by <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorption</a> on sorbents or by capture in inert solids as part of the flue-gas desulfurization product. Such scrubbing can lead to meaningful recovery of sulfur for further industrial use.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Technologies based on regenerative capture by <a href="/wiki/Amines" class="mw-redirect" title="Amines">amines</a> for the removal of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> from flue gas have been deployed to provide high purity CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> gas to the food industry, and for <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">enhanced oil recovery</a>. They are now under active research as a method for CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> capture for long-term storage as a means of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gas remediation">greenhouse gas remediation</a>, and have begun to be implemented in a limited way commercially (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Sleipner_gas_field#Carbon_capture_and_storage_project" title="Sleipner gas field">Sleipner West field</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, operating since 1996).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a number of proven technologies for removing pollutants emitted from power plants that are now available. There is also much ongoing research into technologies that will remove even more air pollutants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossil_fuels">Fossil fuels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flue_gas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fossil fuels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> are combusted with ambient air (as differentiated from combustion with pure <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>). Since ambient air contains about 79 volume percent gaseous <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (N<sub>2</sub>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is essentially non-combustible, the largest part of the flue gas from most fossil-fuel combustion is uncombusted nitrogen. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>), the next largest part of flue gas, can be as much as 10−25 volume percent or more of the flue gas. This is closely followed in volume by water vapor (H<sub>2</sub>O) created by the combustion of the hydrogen in the fuel with atmospheric oxygen. Much of the 'smoke' seen pouring from <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="Flue gas stack">flue gas stacks</a> is this water vapor, forming a cloud as it contacts cool air. </p><p>A typical flue gas from the combustion of fossil fuels contains very small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>x</i></sub></span>), <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (SO<sub>2</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">particulate matter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nitrogen oxides are derived from the nitrogen in the ambient air, as well as from any nitrogen-containing compounds in the fossil fuel. The sulfur dioxide is derived from any <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>-containing compounds in the fuels. The particulate matter is composed of very small particles of solid materials and very small liquid droplets which give flue gases their smoky appearance. </p><p>The steam generators in large <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plants</a> and the process <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">furnaces</a> in large <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refineries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical plants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Incinerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Incinerator">incinerators</a> burn considerable amounts of fossil fuels and therefore emit large amounts of flue gas to the ambient atmosphere. The table below presents the total amounts of flue gas typically generated by the burning of fossil fuels such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>. The data were obtained by <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometric</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total amount of wet flue gas generated by coal combustion is only 10 percent higher than the flue gas generated by natural-gas combustion (the ratio for dry flue gas is higher). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition_of_flue-gas_emissions_from_fossil-fuel_combustion">Composition of flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flue_gas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Composition of flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Exhaust flue gas generated by combustion of fossil fuels (In SI metric units and in US customary units) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Combustion data </th> <th align="right"><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a> </th> <th align="right"><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">Fuel oil</a> </th> <th align="right"><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Fuel properties: </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Heating value">Gross caloric value</a>, MJ/m<sup>3</sup> </td> <td align="right">43.01 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Heating value">Gross heating value</a>, Btu/scf </td> <td align="right">1,093 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Gross caloric value, MJ/kg </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">43.50 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Gross heating value, Btu/gal<sup class="noprint Inline-Template">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">150,000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Gross caloric value, MJ/kg </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">25.92 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Gross heating value, Btu/lb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">11,150 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">Molecular weight</a> </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Relative_density" title="Relative density">Specific gravity</a> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">0.9626 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/API_gravity" title="API gravity">Gravity</a>, °API </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">15.5 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> ratio by weight </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">8.1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">weight % carbon </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">61.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">weight % hydrogen </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">weight % <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">7.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">weight % sulfur </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">weight % nitrogen </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">weight % <a href="/wiki/Coal_assay#Ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal assay">ash</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">12.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">weight % <a href="/wiki/Coal_assay#Moisture" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal assay">moisture</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">10.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Combustion air: </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Excess combustion air, % </td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td align="right">15 </td> <td align="right">20 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Wet exhaust flue gas: </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Amount of wet <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a>, m<sup>3</sup>/GJ of fuel </td> <td align="right">294.8 </td> <td align="right">303.1 </td> <td align="right">323.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Amount of wet exhaust gas, scf/10<sup>6</sup> Btu of fuel </td> <td align="right">11,600 </td> <td align="right">11,930 </td> <td align="right">12,714 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></a> in wet exhaust gas, volume % </td> <td align="right">8.8 </td> <td align="right">12.4 </td> <td align="right">13.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">O<sub>2</sub> in wet exhaust gas, volume % </td> <td align="right">2.0 </td> <td align="right">2.6 </td> <td align="right">3.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Molecular weight of wet exhaust gas </td> <td align="right">27.7 </td> <td align="right">29.0 </td> <td align="right">29.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Dry exhaust flue gas: </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Amount of dry exhaust gas, m<sup>3</sup>/GJ of fuel </td> <td align="right">241.6 </td> <td align="right">269.3 </td> <td align="right">293.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Amount of dry exhaust gas, scf/10<sup>6</sup> Btu of fuel </td> <td align="right">9,510 </td> <td align="right">10,600 </td> <td align="right">11,554 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">CO<sub>2</sub> in dry exhaust gas, volume % </td> <td align="right">10.8 </td> <td align="right">14.0 </td> <td align="right">15.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">O<sub>2</sub> in dry exhaust gas, volume % </td> <td align="right">2.5 </td> <td align="right">2.9 </td> <td align="right">3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Molecular weight of dry exhaust gas </td> <td align="right">29.9 </td> <td align="right">30.4 </td> <td align="right">30.7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><small>m<sup>3</sup> are standard cubic meters at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa, and scf is standard cubic feet at 60 °F and 14.696 psia.</small></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flue_gas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP_42_Compilation_of_Air_Pollutant_Emission_Factors" title="AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors">AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emission_standard" title="Emission standard">Emission standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue_gas_stacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Flue gas stacks">Flue gas stacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_biofuel#ATJ-SPK" title="Aviation biofuel">Flue gas to fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">Flue-gas desulfurization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle" title="Integrated gasification combined cycle">Integrated gasification combined cycle</a> (often referred to as IGCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">Landfill gas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flue_gas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/flue-gas">"Flue gas definition and meaning"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Flue+gas+definition+and+meaning&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fflue-gas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlue+gas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbotalebGladichAlkhateebMardini2022" class="citation journal cs1">Abotaleb, Ahmed; Gladich, Ivan; Alkhateeb, Alaa; Mardini, Nour; Bicer, Yusuf; Sinopoli, Alessandro (October 2022). "Chemical and physical systems for sour gas removal: An overview from reaction mechanisms to industrial implications". <i>Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering</i>. <b>106</b>: 104755. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jngse.2022.104755">10.1016/j.jngse.2022.104755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+Gas+Science+and+Engineering&rft.atitle=Chemical+and+physical+systems+for+sour+gas+removal%3A+An+overview+from+reaction+mechanisms+to+industrial+implications&rft.volume=106&rft.pages=104755&rft.date=2022-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jngse.2022.104755&rft.aulast=Abotaleb&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft.au=Gladich%2C+Ivan&rft.au=Alkhateeb%2C+Alaa&rft.au=Mardini%2C+Nour&rft.au=Bicer%2C+Yusuf&rft.au=Sinopoli%2C+Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlue+gas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Fossil_fuel_combustion_glue_gases?topic=74180">Fossil fuel combustion flue gases</a> Milton R. Beychok, Encyclopedia of Earth, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/flue-gas-treatment">"Flue gas treatment | technology"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Flue+gas+treatment+%7C+technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fflue-gas-treatment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlue+gas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sulfur?topic=49557">Sulfur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028080550/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sulfur?topic=49557">Archived</a> October 28, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> C. Michael Hogan, Encyclopedia of Earth, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091216072031/http://www.statoil.com/en/TechnologyInnovation/ProtectingTheEnvironment/CarboncaptureAndStorage/Pages/CarbonDioxideInjectionSleipnerVest.aspx">"Technology - Technology and innovation - statoil.com"</a>. <i>www.statoil.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statoil.com/en/TechnologyInnovation/ProtectingTheEnvironment/CarboncaptureAndStorage/Pages/CarbonDioxideInjectionSleipnerVest.aspx">the original</a> on 2009-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statoil.com&rft.atitle=Technology+-+Technology+and+innovation+-+statoil.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statoil.com%2Fen%2FTechnologyInnovation%2FProtectingTheEnvironment%2FCarboncaptureAndStorage%2FPages%2FCarbonDioxideInjectionSleipnerVest.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlue+gas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChange" class="citation web cs1">Change, NASA Global Climate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2491/10-interesting-things-about-air">"10 interesting things about air"</a>. <i>Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Change%3A+Vital+Signs+of+the+Planet&rft.atitle=10+interesting+things+about+air&rft.aulast=Change&rft.aufirst=NASA+Global+Climate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2F2491%2F10-interesting-things-about-air&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlue+gas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sulfur?topic=49557">Sulfur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028080550/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sulfur?topic=49557">Archived</a> October 28, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> C. Michael Hogan, Encyclopedia of Earth, 2011. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/893261757 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/867902840 cite #2 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Fossil_fuel_combustion_glue_gases?topic=74180">Fossil fuel combustion flue gases</a> Milton R. Beychok, Encyclopedia of Earth, 2012. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/893261757 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/867902840 cite #1 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091216072031/http://www.statoil.com/en/TechnologyInnovation/ProtectingTheEnvironment/CarboncaptureAndStorage/Pages/CarbonDioxideInjectionSleipnerVest.aspx">"Technology - Technology and innovation - statoil.com"</a>. <i>www.statoil.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statoil.com/en/TechnologyInnovation/ProtectingTheEnvironment/CarboncaptureAndStorage/Pages/CarbonDioxideInjectionSleipnerVest.aspx">the original</a> on 2009-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statoil.com&rft.atitle=Technology+-+Technology+and+innovation+-+statoil.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statoil.com%2Fen%2FTechnologyInnovation%2FProtectingTheEnvironment%2FCarboncaptureAndStorage%2FPages%2FCarbonDioxideInjectionSleipnerVest.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlue+gas" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/893261757 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/867902840 cite #3 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/893261757 by a bug in VisualEditor and later identified by a bot. The original cite can be found at Special:Permalink/867902840 (or in a rev close to it) as cite #4 - find and verify the cite and replace this template with it (2). 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coal199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylit" title="Xylit">Xylit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-bituminous_coal" title="Sub-bituminous coal">Sub-bituminous coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">Bituminous coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_anthracite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/80px-Coal_anthracite.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/120px-Coal_anthracite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/160px-Coal_anthracite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coal combustion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_pond" title="Ash pond">Ash pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_brown_cloud" title="Asian brown cloud">Asian brown cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_coal_equivalent" title="Black coal equivalent">Black coal equivalent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_(chemistry)" title="Char (chemistry)">Char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_combustion_products" title="Coal combustion products">combustion products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">fired power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_phase-out" title="Coal phase-out">phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_pollution_mitigation" title="Coal pollution mitigation">pollution mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_China" title="Coal power in China">power in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_the_United_States" title="Coal power in the United States">power in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_preparation_plant" title="Coal preparation plant">preparation plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-seam_fire" title="Coal-seam fire">seam fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">tar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coking" title="Coking">Coking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_value_of_coal" title="Energy value of coal">Energy value</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flue gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">Fly ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London">Great Smog of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_coal" title="Metallurgical coal">Metallurgical coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">Toxic heavy metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackdamp" title="Blackdamp">Blackdamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_lung_disease" title="Black lung disease">Black lung disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_dust" title="Coal dust">Coal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coalfields" title="List of coalfields">Coalfields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_homogenization" title="Coal homogenization">homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_liquefaction" title="Coal liquefaction">liquefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_disasters_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Coal mining disasters in the United States">mining disasters in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">mining region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_refuse" title="Coal refuse">refuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_slurry" title="Coal slurry">slurry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_town" title="Coal town">town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental issues in Appalachia">Environmental issues in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice_and_coal_mining_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia">Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firedamp" title="Firedamp">Firedamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">Health and environmental impact of the coal industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_coal_ash" title="Health effects of coal ash">Health effects of coal ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining" title="History of coal mining">History of coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">Mining regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outburst_(mining)" title="Outburst (mining)">Outbursts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">Peak coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problems_in_coal_mining" title="Problems in coal mining">Problems in coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refined_coal" title="Refined coal">Refined coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitedamp" title="Whitedamp">Whitedamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Note: [1] Peat is considered a precursor to coal. 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