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The smelt was of 7.5kg of moderately rich bog iron ore, in a low shaft furnace, resulting in a low carbon bloom of 1600g. Half the bloom was refined to a billet (642g), then to a flat bar (350g), part of which was forged to a knife. If the whole bloom had been refined, the total losses would have been more than half the original weight, resulting in three smithing hearth slags from each stage of the process. The data is used to make a preliminary calculation of the production from the sites at Bryn y Castell and Crawcwellt, where considerable numbers of smithing hearth bottoms were found.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Peter Crew"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2013-05-18","dateModified":"2014-05-24","datePublished":"1991-01-01","headline":"Experimental Iron smelting and bloom smithing, linked to archaeological evidence from two sites in north Wales (1991)","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Archaeology","Experimental Archaeology","Iron Age Britain (Archaeology)","Archaeometallurgy","Iron Age","Ancient Iron Metallurgy"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Archeologie Experimentale, Tome 1 - Le feu: le metal, la ceramique, pp. 160-164","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Editions Errance, Paris"},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/3559576/Experimental_Iron_smelting_and_bloom_smithing_linked_to_archaeological_evidence_from_two_sites_in_north_Wales_1991_","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-352e32ba4e89304dc0b4fa5b3952eef2198174c54cdb79066bc62e91c68a1a91.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" /><link crossorigin="" 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[{"id":31583321,"identifier":"Attachment_31583321","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":3559576,"created_at":"2013-05-18T18:40:34.653-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-16T08:11:24.366-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"This paper describes our 17th experiment (XP17), which was the first occasion on which a reasonable bloom was made. The smelt was of 7.5kg of moderately rich bog iron ore, in a low shaft furnace, resulting in a low carbon bloom of 1600g. Half the bloom was refined to a billet (642g), then to a flat bar (350g), part of which was forged to a knife. If the whole bloom had been refined, the total losses would have been more than half the original weight, resulting in three smithing hearth slags from each stage of the process. The data is used to make a preliminary calculation of the production from the sites at Bryn y Castell and Crawcwellt, where considerable numbers of smithing hearth bottoms were found.","more_info":"This paper was presented at the 1988 conference at the Archeodrome, Beaune. The paper is now rather long in the tooth, but was one of the earlier discussions of smithing hearth bottoms and other smithing residues.","publisher":"Editions Errance, Paris","publication_date":"1991,,","publication_name":"Archeologie Experimentale, Tome 1 - Le feu: le metal, la ceramique, pp. 160-164"},"document_type":"other","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"Experimental Iron smelting and bloom smithing, linked to archaeological evidence from two sites in north Wales (1991)","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [2210601]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":31583321,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Experimental Iron smelting and bloom smithing, linked to archaeological evidence from two sites in north Wales (1991)”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/31583321/mini_magick20190426-7251-1db6jap.png?1556269426" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Experimental Iron smelting and bloom smithing, linked to archaeological evidence from two sites in north Wales (1991)</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2210601" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterCrew"><img alt="Profile image of Peter Crew" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2210601/1664063/2005484/s65_peter.crew.jpg" />Peter Crew</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1991, Archeologie Experimentale, Tome 1 - Le feu: le metal, la ceramique, pp. 160-164</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This paper describes our 17th experiment (XP17), which was the first occasion on which a reasonable bloom was made. The smelt was of 7.5kg of moderately rich bog iron ore, in a low shaft furnace, resulting in a low carbon bloom of 1600g. Half the bloom was refined to a billet (642g), then to a flat bar (350g), part of which was forged to a knife. If the whole bloom had been refined, the total losses would have been more than half the original weight, resulting in three smithing hearth slags from each stage of the process. The data is used to make a preliminary calculation of the production from the sites at Bryn y Castell and Crawcwellt, where considerable numbers of smithing hearth bottoms were found.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":31583321,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/3559576/Experimental_Iron_smelting_and_bloom_smithing_linked_to_archaeological_evidence_from_two_sites_in_north_Wales_1991_"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":31583321,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/3559576/Experimental_Iron_smelting_and_bloom_smithing_linked_to_archaeological_evidence_from_two_sites_in_north_Wales_1991_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="31583321" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/3559576/Experimental_Iron_smelting_and_bloom_smithing_linked_to_archaeological_evidence_from_two_sites_in_north_Wales_1991_" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="47832169" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47832169/A_Practical_Treatise_on_the_Smelting_and_Smithing_of_Bloomery_Iron">A Practical Treatise on the Smelting and Smithing of Bloomery Iron</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="72709549" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LSauder">Lee Sauder</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">For several years, we have explored many aspects of the process of bloomery smelting. 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This paper describes a typical smelt of the ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Practical Treatise on the Smelting and Smithing of Bloomery Iron","attachmentId":92089353,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47832169/A_Practical_Treatise_on_the_Smelting_and_Smithing_of_Bloomery_Iron","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47832169/A_Practical_Treatise_on_the_Smelting_and_Smithing_of_Bloomery_Iron"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="2129777" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2129777/Archaeological_Datasheet_No_5_Bloomery_Iron_Smelting_Slags_and_Other_Residues">Archaeological Datasheet No.5 : Bloomery Iron Smelting Slags and Other Residues </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2210601" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterCrew">Peter Crew</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1995</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A brief description of the types of raw materials (ore, fuel, clay), slags, products and other related evidence likely to be found on archaeological sites where primary ironworking was carried out.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Archaeological Datasheet No.5 : Bloomery Iron Smelting Slags and Other Residues ","attachmentId":31395572,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2129777/Archaeological_Datasheet_No_5_Bloomery_Iron_Smelting_Slags_and_Other_Residues","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2129777/Archaeological_Datasheet_No_5_Bloomery_Iron_Smelting_Slags_and_Other_Residues"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="1201168" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1201168/Innovations_in_bloomery_smelting_in_Iron_Age_and_Romano_British_England">Innovations in bloomery smelting in Iron Age and Romano-British England</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1096056" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SarahPaynter">Sarah Paynter</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Metals and Mines. Studies in Archaeometallurgy. …, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Innovations in bloomery smelting in Iron Age and Romano-British England","attachmentId":31479912,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1201168/Innovations_in_bloomery_smelting_in_Iron_Age_and_Romano_British_England","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1201168/Innovations_in_bloomery_smelting_in_Iron_Age_and_Romano_British_England"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="3426176" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3426176/Finding_the_invisible_smelt_using_experimental_archaeology_to_critically_evaluate_fieldwork_methods_applied_to_bloomery_iron_production_remains">Finding the invisible smelt: using experimental archaeology to critically evaluate fieldwork methods applied to bloomery iron production remains.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12128998" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FrankStremke">Frank Stremke</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38763" href="https://moesmus.academia.edu/ThomasBirch">Thomas Birch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Few critical evaluations of fieldwork methods applied to iron production and ironworking remains exist. 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This is a period characterized by significant cultural, political and social changes. The effect of these changes on iron technology has never been investigated on a large scale. Previous studies on iron focused either on individual sites or on single artefact types, and did not provide any clear multi-region interpretive framework. A longstanding problem has been in identifying the extent of usage of a key alloy: phosphoric iron. This research project examined iron assemblages from eight settlement sites of varying size, culture, economic and social status from across Britain. From each settlement a mixed assemblage of iron artefacts was sampled, including edged tools, items of</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An archaeometallurgical study of early medieval iron technology : an examination of the quality and use of iron alloys in iron artefacts from early medieval Britain","attachmentId":94552447,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91196697/An_archaeometallurgical_study_of_early_medieval_iron_technology_an_examination_of_the_quality_and_use_of_iron_alloys_in_iron_artefacts_from_early_medieval_Britain","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91196697/An_archaeometallurgical_study_of_early_medieval_iron_technology_an_examination_of_the_quality_and_use_of_iron_alloys_in_iron_artefacts_from_early_medieval_Britain"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="26185365" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26185365/Stetkiewicz_S_2016_Iron_Age_Iron_Production_in_Britain_and_the_Near_Continent_in_G_Erskine_P_Jacobsson_P_Miller_S_Stetkiewicz_eds_Proceedings_of_the_17th_Iron_Age_Research_Student_Symposium_Oxford_Archaeopress">Stetkiewicz, S. 2016. Iron Age Iron Production in Britain and the Near Continent, in G. Erskine; P. Jacobsson; P. Miller; S. Stetkiewicz (eds) "Proceedings of the 17th Iron Age Research Student Symposium". Oxford: Archaeopress</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4523691" href="https://usc.academia.edu/ScottStetkiewicz">Scott Stetkiewicz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the 17th Iron Age Research Student Symposium, Edinburgh </p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Stetkiewicz, S. 2016. Iron Age Iron Production in Britain and the Near Continent, in G. Erskine; P. Jacobsson; P. Miller; S. Stetkiewicz (eds) \"Proceedings of the 17th Iron Age Research Student Symposium\". Oxford: Archaeopress","attachmentId":46509304,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26185365/Stetkiewicz_S_2016_Iron_Age_Iron_Production_in_Britain_and_the_Near_Continent_in_G_Erskine_P_Jacobsson_P_Miller_S_Stetkiewicz_eds_Proceedings_of_the_17th_Iron_Age_Research_Student_Symposium_Oxford_Archaeopress","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26185365/Stetkiewicz_S_2016_Iron_Age_Iron_Production_in_Britain_and_the_Near_Continent_in_G_Erskine_P_Jacobsson_P_Miller_S_Stetkiewicz_eds_Proceedings_of_the_17th_Iron_Age_Research_Student_Symposium_Oxford_Archaeopress"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="77869570" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77869570/Masters_of_fire_ancient_smelters_and_blacksmiths_Reading_the_past_from_structure_and_composition_of_iron_smelting_slags">Masters of fire ancient smelters and blacksmiths. Reading the past from structure and composition of iron smelting slags.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="196110548" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DabalDaria">Daria Dabal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biografie żywiołów. Kulturowy wymiar świata, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">‘Traditional’ archaeological methodology allows obtaining data about how people were using iron in the past; or what typological and chronological group a particular iron artefact can be classified into. However, this kind of data cannot tell us much about iron production technology and how iron artefacts were made. Unfortunately, not many documents about iron making and iron working have survived to our times. Moreover, smelting furnaces, smithing hearths and structures associated with them were frequently insubstantial, so usually the only indicators of Roman and Medieval iron production are difficult to recognise residues of them like: various types of slags, blooms, gromps, hammer-scale, furnace and hearth lining, and fragments of fired clay walls. In many cases, a chemical and microscopic analysis of materials, related to the iron metallurgy, allows us to ‘read’ more precisely the past from archaeological findings. Their results combined with experimental archaeology experience provide data which can be used to answer important questions in early medieval archaeometallurgy. By replicating ancient iron smelting and working processes the interpretations of how artefacts were made can be confirmed and speculations about the knowledge and skills of people who made and worked iron can be done.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Masters of fire ancient smelters and blacksmiths. Reading the past from structure and composition of iron smelting slags.","attachmentId":85112839,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77869570/Masters_of_fire_ancient_smelters_and_blacksmiths_Reading_the_past_from_structure_and_composition_of_iron_smelting_slags","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77869570/Masters_of_fire_ancient_smelters_and_blacksmiths_Reading_the_past_from_structure_and_composition_of_iron_smelting_slags"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="3427068" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3427068/_2007_Smelting_Enriched_Bog_Ore_in_a_Low_Shaft_Bloomery_Thornton_Williams_and_Shugar_">(2007) Smelting Enriched Bog Ore in a Low Shaft Bloomery (Thornton, Williams, and Shugar)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3994798" href="https://queensu.academia.edu/AaronShugar">Aaron Shugar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"(2007) Smelting Enriched Bog Ore in a Low Shaft Bloomery (Thornton, Williams, and Shugar)","attachmentId":31198884,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3427068/_2007_Smelting_Enriched_Bog_Ore_in_a_Low_Shaft_Bloomery_Thornton_Williams_and_Shugar_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3427068/_2007_Smelting_Enriched_Bog_Ore_in_a_Low_Shaft_Bloomery_Thornton_Williams_and_Shugar_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="12595927" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12595927/Experimental_Iron_Smelting_in_the_Research_on_Reconstruction_of_the_Bloomery_Process_in_the_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Holy_Cross_Mountains_Poland">Experimental Iron Smelting in the Research on Reconstruction of the Bloomery Process in the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains, Poland</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21835118" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrzejPrzychodni">Andrzej Przychodni</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24975659" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SzymonOrzechowski">Szymon Orzechowski</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Experimental Iron Smelting in the Research on Reconstruction of the Bloomery Process in the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains, Poland","attachmentId":37737960,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12595927/Experimental_Iron_Smelting_in_the_Research_on_Reconstruction_of_the_Bloomery_Process_in_the_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Holy_Cross_Mountains_Poland","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12595927/Experimental_Iron_Smelting_in_the_Research_on_Reconstruction_of_the_Bloomery_Process_in_the_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Holy_Cross_Mountains_Poland"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="2470418" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2470418/An_early_medieval_lead_smelting_bole_from_Banc_Tynddol_Cwmystwyth_Ceredigion_Anguilano_et_al_2010_HistMet_44_">An early medieval lead-smelting bole from Banc Tynddol, Cwmystwyth, Ceredigion (Anguilano et al 2010, HistMet 44)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="863707" href="https://cyi.academia.edu/ThiloRehren">Thilo Rehren</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Historical Metallurgy</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Excavations in 2002 at Cwmystwyth, in Central Wales, found an ancient lead smelting site. There are remains of the medieval and the Roman periods. This paper describes in brief the excavation of the medieval lead bole but also provides an archaeological reconstruction of this and details of an experimental lead smelt carried out at the site in 2003 (by ST). The analytical study (by LA) is of the medieval metallurgical debris excavated in 2002, mostly slag, but also ore and lead. The aim was to understand the raw material, the metal produced and the smelting process. The ore smelted was predominantly galena but with no detectable silver, showing it was probably exploited to produce lead. The extremely high sulphur content of the slag indicates that the ore was not roasted before smelting. It is argued that the medieval activity was small-scale, smelting a very rich ore. The furnaces apparently did not require much capital investment, enabling a short-lived and/or exploratory smelting operation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An early medieval lead-smelting bole from Banc Tynddol, Cwmystwyth, Ceredigion (Anguilano et al 2010, HistMet 44)","attachmentId":31299937,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2470418/An_early_medieval_lead_smelting_bole_from_Banc_Tynddol_Cwmystwyth_Ceredigion_Anguilano_et_al_2010_HistMet_44_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2470418/An_early_medieval_lead_smelting_bole_from_Banc_Tynddol_Cwmystwyth_Ceredigion_Anguilano_et_al_2010_HistMet_44_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":31583321,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":31583321,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_31583321" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="114069013" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114069013/Scoping_Study_Blooms_and_Slags_from_Brokes_Wood_Middle_Iron_Age_Site_Kent">Scoping Study: Blooms & Slags from Brokes Wood Middle Iron Age Site, Kent</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="139158752" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WkdArchaeology">Wkd Archaeology</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Scoping Study: Blooms & Slags from Brokes Wood 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medieval lead-smelting bole from Banc Tynddol, Cwmystwyth, Ceredigion","attachmentId":84051047,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76302386/An_early_medieval_lead_smelting_bole_from_Banc_Tynddol_Cwmystwyth_Ceredigion","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76302386/An_early_medieval_lead_smelting_bole_from_Banc_Tynddol_Cwmystwyth_Ceredigion"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="14281567" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title 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ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14281567/Medieval_Iron_working_in_the_mire"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="7405218" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7405218/Prehistoric_iron_smelting_in_London_evidence_from_Shooters_Hill_Dungworth_and_Mepham_">Prehistoric iron smelting in London: evidence from Shooters Hill (Dungworth and Mepham)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40899366" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LorraineMepham">Lorraine Mepham</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5530542" href="https://infomedicahn.academia.edu/DavidDungworth">David Dungworth</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Prehistoric iron smelting in London: evidence from Shooters Hill (Dungworth and Mepham)","attachmentId":40631210,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7405218/Prehistoric_iron_smelting_in_London_evidence_from_Shooters_Hill_Dungworth_and_Mepham_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7405218/Prehistoric_iron_smelting_in_London_evidence_from_Shooters_Hill_Dungworth_and_Mepham_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="66549597" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66549597/Dungworth_D_2010_The_possible_water_powered_bloomery_at_Goscote_Rushall_Walsall_West_Midlands_Historical_Metallurgy_44_15_20">Dungworth, D 2010 ‘The possible water-powered bloomery at Goscote (Rushall), Walsall, West Midlands’. Historical Metallurgy 44, 15–20</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5530542" href="https://infomedicahn.academia.edu/DavidDungworth">David Dungworth</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dungworth, D 2010 ‘The possible water-powered bloomery at Goscote (Rushall), Walsall, West Midlands’. 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