CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Police use of force Research Papers - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="MtNYLsq_86ovNSznc68Q922GbSY-X9n5595iJ6lAVkevs_2tOS4tNbXWEg-RBhP4-mgx0X5QVLE-qO5c67l4DQ" /> <link href="/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?after=50%2C43660488" rel="next" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-2b6f90dbd75f5941bc38f4ad716615f3ac449e7398313bb3bc225fba451cd9fa.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View Police use of force Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '65259a577ceac34e51066799bff12c96024178f0'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":14029,"monthly_visitors":"102 million","monthly_visitor_count":102411812,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":102,"user_count":283218833,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739998883000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739998883000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-40698df34f913bd208bb70f09d2feb7c6286046250be17a4db35bba2c08b0e2f.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-a22f75d8519394c21253dae46c8c5d60ad36ea68c7d494347ec64229d8c1cf85.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-5708a105dd66b4c7d0ef30b7c094b1048423f0042bd2a7b123f2d99ee3cf46d9.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force" /> </head>   <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Police use of force</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">6,413 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Police use of force</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Police_use_of_force">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_80056616" data-work_id="80056616" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80056616/Curb_sitting_An_evidence_based_policing_practice_or_an_officer_safety_myth">'Curb sitting': An evidence-based policing practice or an officer safety myth</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Law enforcement officers across the country are trained in various tactics and techniques intended to increase the overall safety within a police citizen-contact. One common, albeit controversial tactic, is referred to as “curb sitting”.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80056616" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Law enforcement officers across the country are trained in various tactics<br />and techniques intended to increase the overall safety within a police citizen-contact. One common, albeit controversial tactic, is referred to as<br />“curb sitting”. The curb-sitting tactic is generally associated with officers<br />requiring criminal suspects to sit on a curb with their legs outstretched in<br />front of them. The tactic is believed to provide officers additional reaction<br />time to defend themselves from an attack but is also considered unnecessarily demeaning. The efficacy of the curb-sitting tactic has not previously been determined. The current study is the first to evaluate three<br />common variations of the curb-sitting tactic to determine which if any<br />seated position allowed officers more time to respond to an attack when<br />compared to a subject standing five feet away. Our results show that<br />a seated subject with their legs extended is associated with a significant<br />increase in time to cross five feet when compared to a standing subject.<br />Based on these results, the curb-sitting tactic appears to be an evidence-based method of increasing an officer’s time to respond to an attack.<br />Implications for law enforcement training and tactics, as well as recommendations for future research, are discussed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80056616" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="687e23d1db1c2ff904231d3848697726" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86565061,"asset_id":80056616,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86565061/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27990071" href="https://gcu.academia.edu/DaveBlake">Dave Blake</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27990071" type="text/json">{"id":27990071,"first_name":"Dave","last_name":"Blake","domain_name":"gcu","page_name":"DaveBlake","display_name":"Dave Blake","profile_url":"https://gcu.academia.edu/DaveBlake?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27990071/10275551/11467232/s65_dave.blake.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80056616 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80056616"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80056616, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80056616", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_80056616 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80056616; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_80056616"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_80056616 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80056616"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80056616; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80056616]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_80056616").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_80056616").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="80056616"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3762" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Factors">Human Factors</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3762" type="text/json">{"id":3762,"name":"Human Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Factors?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37778" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement">Law Enforcement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37778" type="text/json">{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="119665" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time">Reaction Time</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="119665" type="text/json">{"id":119665,"name":"Reaction Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=80056616]'), work: {"id":80056616,"title":"'Curb sitting': An evidence-based policing practice or an officer safety myth","created_at":"2022-05-27T09:16:03.979-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/80056616/Curb_sitting_An_evidence_based_policing_practice_or_an_officer_safety_myth?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_80056616","summary":"Law enforcement officers across the country are trained in various tactics\nand techniques intended to increase the overall safety within a police citizen-contact. One common, albeit controversial tactic, is referred to as\n“curb sitting”. The curb-sitting tactic is generally associated with officers\nrequiring criminal suspects to sit on a curb with their legs outstretched in\nfront of them. The tactic is believed to provide officers additional reaction\ntime to defend themselves from an attack but is also considered unnecessarily demeaning. The efficacy of the curb-sitting tactic has not previously been determined. The current study is the first to evaluate three\ncommon variations of the curb-sitting tactic to determine which if any\nseated position allowed officers more time to respond to an attack when\ncompared to a subject standing five feet away. Our results show that\na seated subject with their legs extended is associated with a significant\nincrease in time to cross five feet when compared to a standing subject.\nBased on these results, the curb-sitting tactic appears to be an evidence-based method of increasing an officer’s time to respond to an attack.\nImplications for law enforcement training and tactics, as well as recommendations for future research, are discussed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86565061,"asset_id":80056616,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27990071,"first_name":"Dave","last_name":"Blake","domain_name":"gcu","page_name":"DaveBlake","display_name":"Dave Blake","profile_url":"https://gcu.academia.edu/DaveBlake?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27990071/10275551/11467232/s65_dave.blake.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3762,"name":"Human Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Factors?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":119665,"name":"Reaction Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7770652" data-work_id="7770652" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7770652/The_effect_of_a_video_taped_arrest_on_public_perceptions_of_police_use_of_force">The effect of a video-taped arrest on public perceptions of police use of force</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In response to recent highly publicized violent encounters between the police and tile public, there has been a significant increase in research on police use ¢~force and citizen's perceptions qlthe police. Relatively little empirical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7770652" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In response to recent highly publicized violent encounters between the police and tile public, there has been a significant increase in research on police use ¢~force and citizen's perceptions qlthe police. Relatively little empirical research, though, has addressed the role of the media in shaping public perceptions of police use of forte. This article helps fill this void by examining the impact o['a cont~vversial. violent arrest captured on videotape by a local news team and widely broadcast on hwal television in Cincinnati. Using the Greater Cincinnati Sun'ey, bivariate and nudtivariate analyses are empho'ed to examine variations in perceptions of the reasonableness of the force used by police. Findings indicate that the videotaped arrest had a negative impact on citizens' perceptions of fi~rce used by police during arrest situations, but that the effect was substantially greater among non-Caucasians. Furthermore, over a ten-year period, non-Caucasians were consistently more likely than Caucasians to believe police used force excessively. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd 381 382 E. JEFFERIS et al.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7770652" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="446cf62225cf90c64fb0ee7c0ace932f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34283415,"asset_id":7770652,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34283415/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14243092" href="https://sc.academia.edu/RobertKaminski">Robert J Kaminski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14243092" type="text/json">{"id":14243092,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Kaminski","domain_name":"sc","page_name":"RobertKaminski","display_name":"Robert J Kaminski","profile_url":"https://sc.academia.edu/RobertKaminski?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14243092/3905728/4567249/s65_robert.kaminski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7770652 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7770652"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7770652, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7770652", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7770652 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7770652; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7770652"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7770652 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7770652"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7770652; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7770652]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7770652").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7770652").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7770652"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80016" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing">Police and Policing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="80016" type="text/json">{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="965058" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Perceptions_of_Policing">Public Perceptions of Policing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="965058" type="text/json">{"id":965058,"name":"Public Perceptions of Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Perceptions_of_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7770652]'), work: {"id":7770652,"title":"The effect of a video-taped arrest on public perceptions of police use of force","created_at":"2014-07-24T08:36:22.281-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7770652/The_effect_of_a_video_taped_arrest_on_public_perceptions_of_police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_7770652","summary":"In response to recent highly publicized violent encounters between the police and tile public, there has been a significant increase in research on police use ¢~force and citizen's perceptions qlthe police. Relatively little empirical research, though, has addressed the role of the media in shaping public perceptions of police use of forte. This article helps fill this void by examining the impact o['a cont~vversial. violent arrest captured on videotape by a local news team and widely broadcast on hwal television in Cincinnati. Using the Greater Cincinnati Sun'ey, bivariate and nudtivariate analyses are empho'ed to examine variations in perceptions of the reasonableness of the force used by police. Findings indicate that the videotaped arrest had a negative impact on citizens' perceptions of fi~rce used by police during arrest situations, but that the effect was substantially greater among non-Caucasians. Furthermore, over a ten-year period, non-Caucasians were consistently more likely than Caucasians to believe police used force excessively. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd 381 382 E. JEFFERIS et al.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34283415,"asset_id":7770652,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14243092,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Kaminski","domain_name":"sc","page_name":"RobertKaminski","display_name":"Robert J Kaminski","profile_url":"https://sc.academia.edu/RobertKaminski?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14243092/3905728/4567249/s65_robert.kaminski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":965058,"name":"Public Perceptions of Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Perceptions_of_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3997209" data-work_id="3997209" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3997209/History_of_the_LAPD_1_PAPER">History of the LAPD 1 PAPER</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3997209" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ce8c10631ff28954313d9e2613503ea7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33293610,"asset_id":3997209,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33293610/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4804386" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/ClintonCladJohnson">Clinton Clad-Johnson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4804386" type="text/json">{"id":4804386,"first_name":"Clinton","last_name":"Clad-Johnson","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"ClintonCladJohnson","display_name":"Clinton Clad-Johnson","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/ClintonCladJohnson?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4804386/2048397/15350585/s65_clinton.clad-johnson.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3997209 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3997209"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3997209, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3997209", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3997209 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3997209; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3997209"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3997209 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3997209"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3997209; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3997209]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3997209").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3997209").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3997209"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">51</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="129" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History">American History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="129" type="text/json">{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="297" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chicano_Studies">Chicano Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="297" type="text/json">{"id":297,"name":"Chicano Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chicano_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="390" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies">American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="390" type="text/json">{"id":390,"name":"American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="794" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Politics">American Politics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="794" type="text/json">{"id":794,"name":"American Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Politics?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3997209]'), work: {"id":3997209,"title":"History of the LAPD 1 PAPER","created_at":"2013-07-10T12:22:04.957-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3997209/History_of_the_LAPD_1_PAPER?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_3997209","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33293610,"asset_id":3997209,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4804386,"first_name":"Clinton","last_name":"Clad-Johnson","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"ClintonCladJohnson","display_name":"Clinton Clad-Johnson","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/ClintonCladJohnson?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4804386/2048397/15350585/s65_clinton.clad-johnson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":297,"name":"Chicano Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chicano_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":390,"name":"American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":794,"name":"American Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Politics?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":2208,"name":"Violence \u0026 Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence_and_Media?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2965,"name":"Sociology of Crime and Deviance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Crime_and_Deviance?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3152,"name":"The economics of crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_economics_of_crime?f_ri=146308"},{"id":8008,"name":"Organized Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organized_Crime?f_ri=146308"},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308"},{"id":14912,"name":"African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":17817,"name":"Anthropology of Police \u0026 Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":19148,"name":"Police Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Technology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":21891,"name":"Crime Prevention Policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime_Prevention_Policies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":22773,"name":"HISTORY OF CRIME AND LAW","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HISTORY_OF_CRIME_AND_LAW?f_ri=146308"},{"id":26965,"name":"Crime Prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime_Prevention?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38704,"name":"Police History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38928,"name":"Police and criminal justice ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_criminal_justice_ethics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":39799,"name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Los_Angeles?f_ri=146308"},{"id":51326,"name":"Police Training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Training?f_ri=146308"},{"id":59440,"name":"Chicano History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chicano_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":67360,"name":"Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":94493,"name":"Los Angeles culture and history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Los_Angeles_culture_and_history?f_ri=146308"},{"id":108169,"name":"Police studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":144202,"name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Los_Angeles_Times?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":165296,"name":"Military and Police Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Police_Affairs?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183953,"name":"Police Leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Leadership?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183962,"name":"Police Decision-making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Decision-making?f_ri=146308"},{"id":187194,"name":"Police Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Administration?f_ri=146308"},{"id":243037,"name":"Chicano/a Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chicano_a_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":309498,"name":"Police discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_discourse?f_ri=146308"},{"id":346759,"name":"Police Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Corruption?f_ri=146308"},{"id":373438,"name":"Black Los Angeles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Los_Angeles?f_ri=146308"},{"id":413693,"name":"Community Policing, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Policing_Crime_Prevention_and_Community_Safety_Police_Reform?f_ri=146308"},{"id":493633,"name":"Los Angeles Riots","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Los_Angeles_Riots?f_ri=146308"},{"id":514726,"name":"rodney king LAPD LA riots los angeles 1995 race relations civil rights television media technology video cameras community media activist media alternative media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/rodney_king_LAPD_LA_riots_los_angeles_1995_race_relations_civil_rights_television_media_technology_v?f_ri=146308"},{"id":775406,"name":"The Concept of Police ‘New Visibility’ and its Efficacy on Crime Prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Concept_of_Police_New_Visibility_and_its_Efficacy_on_Crime_Prevention?f_ri=146308"},{"id":813861,"name":"Police Socio economic condtion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Socio_economic_condtion?f_ri=146308"},{"id":886102,"name":"Police Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Intelligence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":957470,"name":"Police Deployment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Deployment?f_ri=146308"},{"id":964508,"name":"Mexican American/Chicano History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mexican_American_Chicano_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":977302,"name":"Sociology of Violence and Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Violence_and_Crime?f_ri=146308"},{"id":982104,"name":"Crime and the Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime_and_the_Media?f_ri=146308"},{"id":983480,"name":"Police Misconduct","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Misconduct?f_ri=146308"},{"id":996943,"name":"Police Practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Practices?f_ri=146308"},{"id":998001,"name":"Police Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Education?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1009160,"name":"Police Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Management?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1183035,"name":"Los Angeles History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Los_Angeles_History?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8776021" data-work_id="8776021" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8776021/The_Snipers_Massacre_on_the_Maidan_in_Ukraine">The “Snipers’ Massacre” on the Maidan in Ukraine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The massacre of almost 50 Maidan protesters on February 20, 2014 was a turning point in Ukrainian politics and a tipping point in the conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. This mass killing of the protesters and the mass... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8776021" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The massacre of almost 50 Maidan protesters on February 20, 2014 was a turning point in Ukrainian politics and a tipping point in the conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. This mass killing of the protesters and the mass shooting of the police that preceded it led to the overthrow of the pro-Russian government of Viktor Yanukovych and gave a start to a civil war in Donbas in Eastern Ukraine, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. A conclusion promoted by the post-Yanukovych governments and the media in Ukraine that the massacre was perpetrated by government snipers and special police units on a Yanukovych order has been nearly universally accepted by the Western governments, the media, and many scholars. The Ukrainian government investigation identified members of the special company of Berkut as responsible for killings of the absolute majority of the protesters, but did not release any evidence in support, with the exception of videos of the massacre. <br />              The question is which side organized the “snipers’ massacre.” This paper is the first academic study of this crucial case of the mass killing. It uses a theory of rational choice and a Weberian theory of instrumental rationality to examine actions of major actors both from the Yanukovych government, specifically various police and security forces, and the Maidan opposition, specifically its far right and oligarchic elements, during the massacre. <br />          The paper analyzes a large amount of evidence from different publicly available sources concerning this massacre and killings of specifics protesters. Qualitative content analysis includes the following data: about 1,500 videos and recordings of live internet and TV broadcasts from mass media and social media in different countries(some 150 gigabytes), news reports and social media posts by more than 100 journalists covering the massacre from Kyiv, some 5,000 photos, and nearly 30 gigabytes of publicly available radio intercepts of snipers and commanders from the special Alfa unit of the Security Service of Ukraine and Internal Troops, and Maidan massacre trial recordings. This study also employs field research on site of the massacre, eyewitness reports by both Maidan protesters and government special units commanders, statements by both former and current government officials, estimates of approximate ballistic trajectories, bullets and weapons used, and types of wounds among both protesters and the police. This study establishes a precise timeline for various events of the massacre, the locations of both the shooters and the government snipers, and the specific timeline and locations of nearly 50 protesters’ deaths. It also briefly analyzes other major cases of violence during and after the “Euromaidan.” This study includes two video appendixes. <br />            This academic investigation concludes that the massacre was a false flag operation, which was rationally planned and carried out with a goal of the overthrow of the government and seizure of power. It found various evidence of the involvement of an alliance of the far right organizations, specifically the Right Sector and Svoboda, and oligarchic parties, such as Fatherland. Concealed shooters and spotters were located in at least 20 Maidan-controlled buildings or areas. The various evidence that the protesters were killed from these locations include some 70 testimonies, primarily by Maidan protesters, several videos of “snipers” targeting protesters from these buildings, comparisons of positions of the specific protesters at the time of their killing and their entry wounds, and bullet impact signs. The study uncovered various videos and photos of armed Maidan “snipers” and spotters in many of these buildings. The paper presents implications of these findings for understanding the nature of the change of the government in Ukraine, the civil war in Donbas, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8776021" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a95acbf12cd3bb41889dcacacf79ba26" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55794502,"asset_id":8776021,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55794502/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="186256" href="https://uottawa.academia.edu/IvanKatchanovski">Ivan Katchanovski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="186256" type="text/json">{"id":186256,"first_name":"Ivan","last_name":"Katchanovski","domain_name":"uottawa","page_name":"IvanKatchanovski","display_name":"Ivan Katchanovski","profile_url":"https://uottawa.academia.edu/IvanKatchanovski?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/186256/93609/104202/s65_ivan.katchanovski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8776021 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8776021"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8776021, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8776021", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8776021 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8776021; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8776021"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8776021 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8776021"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8776021; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8776021]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8776021").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8776021").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8776021"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">202</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="382" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_European_Studies">Eastern European Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="382" type="text/json">{"id":382,"name":"Eastern European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_European_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8776021]'), work: {"id":8776021,"title":"The “Snipers’ Massacre” on the Maidan in Ukraine","created_at":"2014-10-14T09:29:14.360-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8776021/The_Snipers_Massacre_on_the_Maidan_in_Ukraine?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_8776021","summary":"The massacre of almost 50 Maidan protesters on February 20, 2014 was a turning point in Ukrainian politics and a tipping point in the conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. This mass killing of the protesters and the mass shooting of the police that preceded it led to the overthrow of the pro-Russian government of Viktor Yanukovych and gave a start to a civil war in Donbas in Eastern Ukraine, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. A conclusion promoted by the post-Yanukovych governments and the media in Ukraine that the massacre was perpetrated by government snipers and special police units on a Yanukovych order has been nearly universally accepted by the Western governments, the media, and many scholars. The Ukrainian government investigation identified members of the special company of Berkut as responsible for killings of the absolute majority of the protesters, but did not release any evidence in support, with the exception of videos of the massacre. \r\n The question is which side organized the “snipers’ massacre.” This paper is the first academic study of this crucial case of the mass killing. It uses a theory of rational choice and a Weberian theory of instrumental rationality to examine actions of major actors both from the Yanukovych government, specifically various police and security forces, and the Maidan opposition, specifically its far right and oligarchic elements, during the massacre. \r\n The paper analyzes a large amount of evidence from different publicly available sources concerning this massacre and killings of specifics protesters. Qualitative content analysis includes the following data: about 1,500 videos and recordings of live internet and TV broadcasts from mass media and social media in different countries(some 150 gigabytes), news reports and social media posts by more than 100 journalists covering the massacre from Kyiv, some 5,000 photos, and nearly 30 gigabytes of publicly available radio intercepts of snipers and commanders from the special Alfa unit of the Security Service of Ukraine and Internal Troops, and Maidan massacre trial recordings. This study also employs field research on site of the massacre, eyewitness reports by both Maidan protesters and government special units commanders, statements by both former and current government officials, estimates of approximate ballistic trajectories, bullets and weapons used, and types of wounds among both protesters and the police. This study establishes a precise timeline for various events of the massacre, the locations of both the shooters and the government snipers, and the specific timeline and locations of nearly 50 protesters’ deaths. It also briefly analyzes other major cases of violence during and after the “Euromaidan.” This study includes two video appendixes. \r\n This academic investigation concludes that the massacre was a false flag operation, which was rationally planned and carried out with a goal of the overthrow of the government and seizure of power. It found various evidence of the involvement of an alliance of the far right organizations, specifically the Right Sector and Svoboda, and oligarchic parties, such as Fatherland. Concealed shooters and spotters were located in at least 20 Maidan-controlled buildings or areas. The various evidence that the protesters were killed from these locations include some 70 testimonies, primarily by Maidan protesters, several videos of “snipers” targeting protesters from these buildings, comparisons of positions of the specific protesters at the time of their killing and their entry wounds, and bullet impact signs. The study uncovered various videos and photos of armed Maidan “snipers” and spotters in many of these buildings. The paper presents implications of these findings for understanding the nature of the change of the government in Ukraine, the civil war in Donbas, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55794502,"asset_id":8776021,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":186256,"first_name":"Ivan","last_name":"Katchanovski","domain_name":"uottawa","page_name":"IvanKatchanovski","display_name":"Ivan Katchanovski","profile_url":"https://uottawa.academia.edu/IvanKatchanovski?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/186256/93609/104202/s65_ivan.katchanovski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":382,"name":"Eastern European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_European_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=146308"},{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=146308"},{"id":928,"name":"Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":933,"name":"New Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Media?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1199,"name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_Europe?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1287,"name":"Political Parties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Parties?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1321,"name":"Sociology of Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Violence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2789,"name":"Government","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2869,"name":"Digital Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Media?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2965,"name":"Sociology of Crime and Deviance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Crime_and_Deviance?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3680,"name":"Courts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=146308"},{"id":4487,"name":"Revolutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Revolutions?f_ri=146308"},{"id":4730,"name":"Mass Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Communication?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5687,"name":"Interstate and Intrastate War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interstate_and_Intrastate_War?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5779,"name":"Post-Soviet Regimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Soviet_Regimes?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5821,"name":"Ukrainian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukrainian_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5847,"name":"Political Extremism/Radicalism/Populism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Extremism_Radicalism_Populism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":6264,"name":"East European studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_European_studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":6426,"name":"Content Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Content_Analysis?f_ri=146308"},{"id":6618,"name":"International Criminal Court","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Criminal_Court?f_ri=146308"},{"id":6707,"name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":6989,"name":"Political Regimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Regimes?f_ri=146308"},{"id":6990,"name":"Post-Soviet Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Soviet_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":7369,"name":"Political communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_communication?f_ri=146308"},{"id":7669,"name":"Russian Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":7980,"name":"History of Political Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Political_Violence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308"},{"id":8208,"name":"Rational Choice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rational_Choice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":9246,"name":"Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media?f_ri=146308"},{"id":9251,"name":"Transitional Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transitional_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":9451,"name":"Insurgency/Counterinsurgency(COIN)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_Counterinsurgency_COIN_?f_ri=146308"},{"id":9517,"name":"Protest","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protest?f_ri=146308"},{"id":9626,"name":"Ukrainian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukrainian_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":10191,"name":"Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":10311,"name":"European Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":10314,"name":"Social Movements (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements_Political_Science_?f_ri=146308"},{"id":10317,"name":"Judicial Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":10342,"name":"Political Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":10344,"name":"International Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":10466,"name":"Media and Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_and_Democracy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":12396,"name":"Post-Soviet Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Soviet_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":12531,"name":"Post-Socialist Societies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Socialist_Societies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":12623,"name":"Elites (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elites_Political_Science_?f_ri=146308"},{"id":12855,"name":"Political Communication (Communication)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Communication_Communication_?f_ri=146308"},{"id":12939,"name":"Armed Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armed_Conflict?f_ri=146308"},{"id":13614,"name":"Conflict Resolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Resolution?f_ri=146308"},{"id":13958,"name":"Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media?f_ri=146308"},{"id":14275,"name":"Ukrainian Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukrainian_Nationalism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":15708,"name":"Bounded Rationality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bounded_Rationality?f_ri=146308"},{"id":16598,"name":"Social movements and revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_movements_and_revolution?f_ri=146308"},{"id":16870,"name":"Political Organization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Organization?f_ri=146308"},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":18394,"name":"Content Analysis (Research Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Content_Analysis_Research_Methodology_?f_ri=146308"},{"id":18648,"name":"News Media Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/News_Media_Ethics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":18919,"name":"Criminology (Social Sciences)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Social_Sciences_?f_ri=146308"},{"id":20477,"name":"Extremist Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extremist_Groups?f_ri=146308"},{"id":20520,"name":"Peace \u0026 Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies-3?f_ri=146308"},{"id":22072,"name":"American Foreign Policy in the post-Soviet space","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy_in_the_post-Soviet_space?f_ri=146308"},{"id":22075,"name":"Democratisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratisation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":22665,"name":"Post-Socialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Socialism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":25516,"name":"Postcommunist studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcommunist_studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":25925,"name":"War and violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_and_violence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":27077,"name":"International Relations and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=146308"},{"id":27641,"name":"Soviet, post-Soviet, Russian politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soviet_post-Soviet_Russian_politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":27728,"name":"Politics of Ukraine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Ukraine?f_ri=146308"},{"id":28151,"name":"Rational Choice Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rational_Choice_Theory?f_ri=146308"},{"id":28981,"name":"Ethnic Conflict and Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict_and_Civil_War?f_ri=146308"},{"id":34598,"name":"Authoritarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarianism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":35124,"name":"Post-Communism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Communism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":35321,"name":"Conflict, Violence and Peacebuilding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Violence_and_Peacebuilding?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36135,"name":"Authoritarian regimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarian_regimes?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":37765,"name":"News","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/News?f_ri=146308"},{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=146308"},{"id":39787,"name":"International Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Affairs?f_ri=146308"},{"id":42350,"name":"Youtube","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Youtube?f_ri=146308"},{"id":42835,"name":"Video Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Video_Analysis?f_ri=146308"},{"id":43232,"name":"Conflict Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Analysis?f_ri=146308"},{"id":43633,"name":"Criminal Investigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Investigation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":44638,"name":"Max Weber","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Max_Weber?f_ri=146308"},{"id":44789,"name":"Media and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_and_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":45036,"name":"Mass media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_media?f_ri=146308"},{"id":45426,"name":"Central and Eastern Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_and_Eastern_Europe?f_ri=146308"},{"id":46635,"name":"Central and East European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_and_East_European_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":46962,"name":"Ukrainian Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukrainian_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":46989,"name":"Ukraine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukraine?f_ri=146308"},{"id":48700,"name":"Violent Non-State Actors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violent_Non-State_Actors?f_ri=146308"},{"id":50967,"name":"Mass Communication and New Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Communication_and_New_Media?f_ri=146308"},{"id":50977,"name":"Current Events Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Current_Events_Analysis?f_ri=146308"},{"id":52236,"name":"Foreign Policy of Ukraine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_of_Ukraine?f_ri=146308"},{"id":52867,"name":"Rationality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rationality?f_ri=146308"},{"id":55704,"name":"Transition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transition?f_ri=146308"},{"id":56845,"name":"Comparative Politics, Democratization, Authoritarian Regimes, Regime Change, Concept Analysis, Measurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics_Democratization_Authoritarian_Regimes_Regime_Change_Concept_Analysis_Measu?f_ri=146308"},{"id":58717,"name":"Rebellion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rebellion?f_ri=146308"},{"id":58937,"name":"Slavic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavic_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":61620,"name":"National Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Security?f_ri=146308"},{"id":63322,"name":"Russian-Ukrainian Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian-Ukrainian_Relations?f_ri=146308"},{"id":63483,"name":"Extremism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extremism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":65835,"name":"Human right","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_right?f_ri=146308"},{"id":67360,"name":"Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime?f_ri=146308"},{"id":70358,"name":"Protest Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protest_Movements?f_ri=146308"},{"id":70659,"name":"Contentious Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contentious_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":70763,"name":"EU institutions, EU foreign policy, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova, securitization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_institutions_EU_foreign_policy_Russia_Ukraine_Belarus_and_Moldova_securitization?f_ri=146308"},{"id":75826,"name":"Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Europe?f_ri=146308"},{"id":76882,"name":"Violent Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violent_Crime?f_ri=146308"},{"id":79323,"name":"Foreign Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Affairs?f_ri=146308"},{"id":79325,"name":"Current Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Current_Affairs?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80513,"name":"Political Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sciences?f_ri=146308"},{"id":81822,"name":"Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Revolution?f_ri=146308"},{"id":89524,"name":"Right-Wing Extremism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Right-Wing_Extremism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":97974,"name":"Non State Armed Actors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non_State_Armed_Actors?f_ri=146308"},{"id":103979,"name":"Ukrainian Far-Right Organisations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukrainian_Far-Right_Organisations?f_ri=146308"},{"id":105076,"name":"Transitional justice and reconciliation processes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transitional_justice_and_reconciliation_processes?f_ri=146308"},{"id":107582,"name":"Transition to Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transition_to_Democracy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":107620,"name":"Far Right","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Far_Right?f_ri=146308"},{"id":110605,"name":"Investigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Investigation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":122619,"name":"Political Transitions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Transitions?f_ri=146308"},{"id":126406,"name":"Protest and resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protest_and_resistance?f_ri=146308"},{"id":127515,"name":"Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":139802,"name":"Violencia Política","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violencia_Pol%C3%ADtica?f_ri=146308"},{"id":140651,"name":"Weber","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weber?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":162817,"name":"Representation of Massacre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Representation_of_Massacre?f_ri=146308"},{"id":172404,"name":"Mass Murder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Murder?f_ri=146308"},{"id":173434,"name":"International Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183451,"name":"Far-Right Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Far-Right_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183452,"name":"Extreme Right Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extreme_Right_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183454,"name":"far-right politics Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/far-right_politics_Europe?f_ri=146308"},{"id":189583,"name":"Post-Soviet Transformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Soviet_Transformation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":194831,"name":"Ukrainian law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukrainian_law?f_ri=146308"},{"id":199924,"name":"Extreme and Far Right","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extreme_and_Far_Right?f_ri=146308"},{"id":202728,"name":"Post-Communist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Communist_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":220464,"name":"Politics and International relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_and_International_relations?f_ri=146308"},{"id":228232,"name":"Massacre Sites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Massacre_Sites?f_ri=146308"},{"id":234667,"name":"Far-right parties in Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Far-right_parties_in_Europe?f_ri=146308"},{"id":241905,"name":"The Rational Actor Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Rational_Actor_Model?f_ri=146308"},{"id":244918,"name":"Sociology and Poltical Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_and_Poltical_Science?f_ri=146308"},{"id":250075,"name":"News Framing, Journalism, Political Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/News_Framing_Journalism_Political_Communication?f_ri=146308"},{"id":255194,"name":"Democratic Transitions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratic_Transitions?f_ri=146308"},{"id":255195,"name":"Democracy and democratisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy_and_democratisation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":255546,"name":"Current Events","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Current_Events?f_ri=146308"},{"id":255791,"name":"Criminology and Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_and_Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":270026,"name":"International Studies and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies_and_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":334667,"name":"Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protection_of_Civilians_in_Armed_Conflict?f_ri=146308"},{"id":365731,"name":"False Flag Operations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/False_Flag_Operations?f_ri=146308"},{"id":394781,"name":"News Media and War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/News_Media_and_War?f_ri=146308"},{"id":455608,"name":"Revolts and protests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Revolts_and_protests?f_ri=146308"},{"id":487353,"name":"Political Communication and Public Opinion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Communication_and_Public_Opinion?f_ri=146308"},{"id":494435,"name":"Human Rights Violations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Violations?f_ri=146308"},{"id":496484,"name":"Protest and State Repression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protest_and_State_Repression?f_ri=146308"},{"id":532038,"name":"European and euroatlantic integration of Ukraine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_and_euroatlantic_integration_of_Ukraine?f_ri=146308"},{"id":589571,"name":"Mass Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Violence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":598379,"name":"Special Issue on Political News","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Special_Issue_on_Political_News?f_ri=146308"},{"id":601581,"name":"News Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/News_Analysis?f_ri=146308"},{"id":609104,"name":"Peace and Conflicts Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflicts_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":636840,"name":"Conflict and Conflict Resolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_and_Conflict_Resolution?f_ri=146308"},{"id":756681,"name":"Mass Murderers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Murderers?f_ri=146308"},{"id":761870,"name":"Terrorism and Counterterrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_and_Counterterrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":790675,"name":"Mass killings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_killings?f_ri=146308"},{"id":931986,"name":"Post Conflict Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post_Conflict_Issues?f_ri=146308"},{"id":951122,"name":"Political Parties and Party Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Parties_and_Party_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":958661,"name":"Post Soviet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post_Soviet?f_ri=146308"},{"id":970967,"name":"International Current Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Current_Affairs?f_ri=146308"},{"id":973038,"name":"Democratization In Ukraine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization_In_Ukraine?f_ri=146308"},{"id":979881,"name":"Post comunism Country","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post_comunism_Country?f_ri=146308"},{"id":993137,"name":"IR In Post soviet Space","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IR_In_Post_soviet_Space?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1008003,"name":"Criminology \u0026 Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_and_Criminal_Justice-1?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1186656,"name":"Transition in Central and Eastern Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transition_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1197942,"name":"Social Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Science?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1211285,"name":"Euromaidan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Euromaidan?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1265902,"name":"Maidan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maidan?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1406613,"name":"Ukraine Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukraine_Crisis?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2700356,"name":"Post-EuroMaidan Ukraine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-EuroMaidan_Ukraine?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18028812" data-work_id="18028812" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18028812/Necessary_Force_Art_in_the_Police_State_exhibition_">Necessary Force: Art in the Police State (exhibition)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">brochure for exhibition co-curated with Kym Pinder, Art Museum of the University of New Mexico, 11 September 2015 - 12 December 2015</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18028812" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="587c4c47eee23221277b123bce66d211" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39836898,"asset_id":18028812,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39836898/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="778255" href="https://cca.academia.edu/KarenFiss">Karen Fiss</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="778255" type="text/json">{"id":778255,"first_name":"Karen","last_name":"Fiss","domain_name":"cca","page_name":"KarenFiss","display_name":"Karen Fiss","profile_url":"https://cca.academia.edu/KarenFiss?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/778255/263192/3779339/s65_karen.fiss.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18028812 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18028812"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18028812, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18028812", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18028812 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18028812; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18028812"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18028812 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18028812"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18028812; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18028812]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18028812").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18028812").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18028812"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3051" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art">Contemporary Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3051" type="text/json">{"id":3051,"name":"Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7480" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surveillance_Studies">Surveillance Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7480" type="text/json">{"id":7480,"name":"Surveillance Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surveillance_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14437" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Rights_Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14437" type="text/json">{"id":14437,"name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Rights_Movement?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27665" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photography_Visual_Studies_">Photography (Visual Studies)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27665" type="text/json">{"id":27665,"name":"Photography (Visual Studies)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photography_Visual_Studies_?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18028812]'), work: {"id":18028812,"title":"Necessary Force: Art in the Police State (exhibition)","created_at":"2015-11-09T09:17:08.484-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18028812/Necessary_Force_Art_in_the_Police_State_exhibition_?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_18028812","summary":"brochure for exhibition co-curated with Kym Pinder, Art Museum of the University of New Mexico, 11 September 2015 - 12 December 2015","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39836898,"asset_id":18028812,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":778255,"first_name":"Karen","last_name":"Fiss","domain_name":"cca","page_name":"KarenFiss","display_name":"Karen Fiss","profile_url":"https://cca.academia.edu/KarenFiss?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/778255/263192/3779339/s65_karen.fiss.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3051,"name":"Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":7480,"name":"Surveillance Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surveillance_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":14437,"name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Rights_Movement?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":27665,"name":"Photography (Visual Studies)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photography_Visual_Studies_?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":796821,"name":"Race and Mass Incarceration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Mass_Incarceration?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1901957,"name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Lives_Matter?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28133021" data-work_id="28133021" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28133021/_Remember_that_During_Your_Life_You_Had_Good_Things_For_Philando_Castille">" Remember that During Your Life You Had Good Things… " For Philando Castille</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Convocation Address at Bethel University, August 29, 2016 about recent troubles in Minnesota, particularly the shooting of Philando Castille, and our responsibility as followers of the Gospel. There is an audio link also available. After... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28133021" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Convocation Address at Bethel University, August 29, 2016 about recent troubles in Minnesota, particularly the shooting of Philando Castille, and our responsibility as followers of the Gospel. There is an audio link also available. After you click the link, it's the first one in the queue; fast-forward to 15:00:  <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/2016-2017-chapel-college-arts/id1148681753?mt=10" rel="nofollow">https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/2016-2017-chapel-college-arts/id1148681753?mt=10</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28133021" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="76f330aed0bd3f832005beffad6103f5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48447473,"asset_id":28133021,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48447473/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4882756" href="https://bethel.academia.edu/JuanHernandez">Juan Hernández Jr.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4882756" type="text/json">{"id":4882756,"first_name":"Juan","last_name":"Hernández Jr.","domain_name":"bethel","page_name":"JuanHernandez","display_name":"Juan Hernández Jr.","profile_url":"https://bethel.academia.edu/JuanHernandez?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4882756/2955648/92518727/s65_juan.hern_ndez_jr..jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28133021 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28133021"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28133021, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28133021", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28133021 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28133021; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28133021"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28133021 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28133021"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28133021; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28133021]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28133021").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28133021").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28133021"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">155</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies">Black Studies Or African American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296" type="text/json">{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="379" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies">African Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="379" type="text/json">{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="538" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science">Police Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="538" type="text/json">{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28133021]'), work: {"id":28133021,"title":"\" Remember that During Your Life You Had Good Things… \" For Philando Castille","created_at":"2016-08-30T13:21:54.043-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28133021/_Remember_that_During_Your_Life_You_Had_Good_Things_For_Philando_Castille?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_28133021","summary":"Convocation Address at Bethel University, August 29, 2016 about recent troubles in Minnesota, particularly the shooting of Philando Castille, and our responsibility as followers of the Gospel. There is an audio link also available. After you click the link, it's the first one in the queue; fast-forward to 15:00: https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/2016-2017-chapel-college-arts/id1148681753?mt=10\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48447473,"asset_id":28133021,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4882756,"first_name":"Juan","last_name":"Hernández Jr.","domain_name":"bethel","page_name":"JuanHernandez","display_name":"Juan Hernández Jr.","profile_url":"https://bethel.academia.edu/JuanHernandez?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4882756/2955648/92518727/s65_juan.hern_ndez_jr..jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":1302,"name":"Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1492,"name":"Racial and Ethnic Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_and_Ethnic_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2938,"name":"Black/African Diaspora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_African_Diaspora?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3870,"name":"African Diaspora Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Diaspora_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3896,"name":"African History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":4153,"name":"Criminal Justice History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5114,"name":"Hermeneutics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hermeneutics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5157,"name":"Preaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Preaching?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5331,"name":"Theological Hermeneutics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theological_Hermeneutics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5792,"name":"Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=146308"},{"id":6528,"name":"Biblical Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":6870,"name":"Gospels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gospels?f_ri=146308"},{"id":7434,"name":"Synoptic Gospels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synoptic_Gospels?f_ri=146308"},{"id":10006,"name":"Ethnic and Racial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_and_Racial_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":10946,"name":"Biblical Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Theology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":11294,"name":"Policing Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":11639,"name":"Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":11751,"name":"African American Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Culture?f_ri=146308"},{"id":13050,"name":"African Diaspora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Diaspora?f_ri=146308"},{"id":13283,"name":"Social Justice in Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice_in_Education?f_ri=146308"},{"id":13497,"name":"African American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":14053,"name":"African-American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African-American_Literature?f_ri=146308"},{"id":14426,"name":"Political Economies of Capitalism, Imperialism/Colonialism, Racism, and Patriarchy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economies_of_Capitalism_Imperialism_Colonialism_Racism_and_Patriarchy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":14807,"name":"Everyday Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Everyday_Racism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":14912,"name":"African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":15706,"name":"Social Justice and Multiculturalism in Counseling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice_and_Multiculturalism_in_Counseling?f_ri=146308"},{"id":16356,"name":"Antisemitism/Racisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisemitism_Racisms?f_ri=146308"},{"id":17404,"name":"Gospel and Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gospel_and_Culture?f_ri=146308"},{"id":17647,"name":"Social Justice Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice_Issues?f_ri=146308"},{"id":17817,"name":"Anthropology of Police \u0026 Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":18004,"name":"Equity and Social Justice in Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equity_and_Social_Justice_in_Higher_Education?f_ri=146308"},{"id":18679,"name":"African American Males and Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Males_and_Education?f_ri=146308"},{"id":19743,"name":"Matthew's Gospel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Matthews_Gospel?f_ri=146308"},{"id":20129,"name":"Social Justice Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice_Education?f_ri=146308"},{"id":23692,"name":"Historical Jesus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Jesus?f_ri=146308"},{"id":24602,"name":"Biblical Interpretation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Interpretation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":25582,"name":"Social and Political Theories of Justice \u0026 Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Theories_of_Justice_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=146308"},{"id":26344,"name":"Luke-Acts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Luke-Acts?f_ri=146308"},{"id":26791,"name":"African-American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African-American_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":27186,"name":"Comparative Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":27384,"name":"Community Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":27879,"name":"Racial and ethnic discrimination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_and_ethnic_discrimination?f_ri=146308"},{"id":35355,"name":"Minnesota History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minnesota_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38170,"name":"Racial Profiling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_Profiling?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38704,"name":"Police History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38750,"name":"Homiletics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homiletics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38928,"name":"Police and criminal justice ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_criminal_justice_ethics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":39673,"name":"Feminism and Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminism_and_Social_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":40285,"name":"Africana Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africana_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":40785,"name":"Biblical Exegesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Exegesis?f_ri=146308"},{"id":43150,"name":"Anti-Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti-Racism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":43921,"name":"Theories of Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_Race_and_Racism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":46362,"name":"Gospel of John","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gospel_of_John?f_ri=146308"},{"id":49845,"name":"Gospel of Mark","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gospel_of_Mark?f_ri=146308"},{"id":54342,"name":"Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":54584,"name":"Gospel of Thomas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gospel_of_Thomas?f_ri=146308"},{"id":56425,"name":"Racismo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racismo?f_ri=146308"},{"id":57158,"name":"Jesus Parables, Q, Historical Jesus, and Biblical Hermeneutics for Ethico-Political Interpretation of New Testament, The relation between Theology and Ethics in Pauline Letters","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jesus_Parables_Q_Historical_Jesus_and_Biblical_Hermeneutics_for_Ethico-Political_Interpretation_o?f_ri=146308"},{"id":60731,"name":"Racismo y discriminación","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racismo_y_discriminaci%C3%B3n?f_ri=146308"},{"id":61669,"name":"Gospel of Luke","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gospel_of_Luke?f_ri=146308"},{"id":65770,"name":"Social Justice/Social Equity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice_Social_Equity?f_ri=146308"},{"id":68342,"name":"African American","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American?f_ri=146308"},{"id":74586,"name":"Development, Sustainability, Social Justice, Poverty, Equity,gender Equality, Migration, International Affairs, Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Sustainability_Social_Justice_Poverty_Equity_gender_Equality_Migration_Internation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80385,"name":"Social Racism and Discrimination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Racism_and_Discrimination?f_ri=146308"},{"id":81054,"name":"African history, African culture, African politics, African education, Afrocentrism, African-Centred Education, Black Psychology, Black Sociology, Black Family Research, Black Men, Black Youth, African Consciousness, Black Consciousness, Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_history_African_culture_African_politics_African_education_Afrocentrism_African-Centred?f_ri=146308"},{"id":83472,"name":"Institutional racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_racism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":84214,"name":"African-American Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African-American_Political_Thought?f_ri=146308"},{"id":87954,"name":"Police Reforms, Human Rights \u0026 Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reforms_Human_Rights_and_Terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":91454,"name":"Jesus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jesus?f_ri=146308"},{"id":91469,"name":"Criminology, Policing, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, Terrorism, Human Rights, and the Death Penalty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Policing_Crime_Prevention_and_Community_Safety_Terrorism_Human_Rights_and_the_Death?f_ri=146308"},{"id":94861,"name":"Gospel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gospel?f_ri=146308"},{"id":108169,"name":"Police studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":109767,"name":"Critical Race Theory, Anti-Racist Education, Social Justice Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory_Anti-Racist_Education_Social_Justice_Education?f_ri=146308"},{"id":115168,"name":"Gospel of Matthew","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gospel_of_Matthew?f_ri=146308"},{"id":117392,"name":"Hermenéutica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hermen%C3%A9utica?f_ri=146308"},{"id":117575,"name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jesus_Christ?f_ri=146308"},{"id":122146,"name":"Anti Racism and Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti_Racism_and_Colonialism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":132087,"name":"Criminal Justice - Risk/security policies - Restorative Justice - Antrhopology of law - Anthopology of violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice_-_Risk_security_policies_-_Restorative_Justice_-_Antrhopology_of_law_-_Anthopology_?f_ri=146308"},{"id":145253,"name":"Storytelling and Self-Confrontation: Parables as Communication Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storytelling_and_Self-Confrontation_Parables_as_Communication_Strategies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":152876,"name":"Homiletics and Hermeneutics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homiletics_and_Hermeneutics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":156571,"name":"Expository Preaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expository_Preaching?f_ri=146308"},{"id":157858,"name":"African-American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African-American_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":164151,"name":"African American Cultures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Cultures?f_ri=146308"},{"id":168613,"name":"Policing and Police Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_and_Police_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":172953,"name":"Biblical Hermeneutics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Hermeneutics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":181307,"name":"Law and Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183962,"name":"Police Decision-making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Decision-making?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183964,"name":"Decision-making process in Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision-making_process_in_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":184029,"name":"Criminal Justice Edcuation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice_Edcuation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":187180,"name":"Criminal Justice System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice_System?f_ri=146308"},{"id":191771,"name":"Police Brutality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality?f_ri=146308"},{"id":192958,"name":"Social Change and Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Change_and_Social_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":193869,"name":"Parable","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parable?f_ri=146308"},{"id":219780,"name":"Race and Racism in Higher Education Persistence Strategies of Minority Leaders in Predominantly White Institutions Social Justice in Higher Education Higher Education Institutional Leadership Organizational Socialization and Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism_in_Higher_Education_Persistence_Strategies_of_Minority_Leaders_in_Predominantly_Whit?f_ri=146308"},{"id":231004,"name":"Parables of Jesus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parables_of_Jesus?f_ri=146308"},{"id":233800,"name":"African Americans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Americans?f_ri=146308"},{"id":255242,"name":"African and African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_and_African_American_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":255791,"name":"Criminology and Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_and_Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":270519,"name":"Teologia biblica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teologia_biblica?f_ri=146308"},{"id":291788,"name":"Public order policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_order_policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":306610,"name":"Criminal Justice Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice_Policy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":317597,"name":"Biblical Exegesis Gospels of John and Luke","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Exegesis_Gospels_of_John_and_Luke?f_ri=146308"},{"id":348549,"name":"Parables","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parables?f_ri=146308"},{"id":353636,"name":"History of Crime and Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Crime_and_Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":361242,"name":"Modern trends in criminal justice education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_trends_in_criminal_justice_education?f_ri=146308"},{"id":408687,"name":"Law and Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Social_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":413693,"name":"Community Policing, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Policing_Crime_Prevention_and_Community_Safety_Police_Reform?f_ri=146308"},{"id":422154,"name":"Racisme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racisme?f_ri=146308"},{"id":433505,"name":"Police use of stop and search powers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_stop_and_search_powers?f_ri=146308"},{"id":448735,"name":"Anti-racismo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti-racismo?f_ri=146308"},{"id":454253,"name":"Anything to Do with the Criminal Justice System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anything_to_Do_with_the_Criminal_Justice_System?f_ri=146308"},{"id":463220,"name":"African American and African Studies/History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_and_African_Studies_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":471120,"name":"Homiletics and Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homiletics_and_Communication?f_ri=146308"},{"id":474955,"name":"Criminal Justice, Police Policy and Procedure; Police Excessive Use of Force and Corruption; Criminal Investigations, Corrections Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice_Police_Policy_and_Procedure_Police_Excessive_Use_of_Force_and_Corruption_Crimina?f_ri=146308"},{"id":479617,"name":"Sociology of Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Race_and_Racism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":491221,"name":"Homilectics,Interpreting Parables of Jesus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homilectics_Interpreting_Parables_of_Jesus?f_ri=146308"},{"id":497551,"name":"Social and Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":593699,"name":"The Synoptic Gospels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Synoptic_Gospels?f_ri=146308"},{"id":613648,"name":"Christian Apologetics and Preaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Apologetics_and_Preaching?f_ri=146308"},{"id":622775,"name":"Homiletics and Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homiletics_and_Theology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":622980,"name":"The gospel of Mark","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_gospel_of_Mark?f_ri=146308"},{"id":684681,"name":"Administration of Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Administration_of_Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":689700,"name":"Mass incarceration; criminal justice system; reform of the criminal justice system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_incarceration_criminal_justice_system_reform_of_the_criminal_justice_system?f_ri=146308"},{"id":753693,"name":"History of Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":758870,"name":"Inter-faith Contact and Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inter-faith_Contact_and_Theology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":796727,"name":"Biblical preaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_preaching?f_ri=146308"},{"id":934662,"name":"Community Policing Theories","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Policing_Theories?f_ri=146308"},{"id":965123,"name":"Xenophobia and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Xenophobia_and_Racism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":971338,"name":"Jesus’ Parables","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jesus_Parables?f_ri=146308"},{"id":971380,"name":"Integrated Anti racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integrated_Anti_racism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":975248,"name":"Social Justice and Social Change In Human Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice_and_Social_Change_In_Human_Services?f_ri=146308"},{"id":993926,"name":"Human Rights and Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_and_Social_Justice-1?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1008003,"name":"Criminology \u0026 Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_and_Criminal_Justice-1?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1013705,"name":"Police Reforms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reforms?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1160015,"name":"Luke's Gospel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lukes_Gospel?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1204741,"name":"Theology of Preaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology_of_Preaching?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1266410,"name":"Preaching and Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Preaching_and_Teaching?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1421737,"name":"Gospel Parables","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gospel_Parables?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1810942,"name":"Police Brutality and the African American Male","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality_and_the_African_American_Male?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1833316,"name":"Homilética","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homil%C3%A9tica?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1953272,"name":"Excessive Force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Excessive_Force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2162572,"name":"Police brutality against african americans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_brutality_against_african_americans?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2218545,"name":"Police killings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_killings?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2493733,"name":"Racist killings of blacks by the police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racist_killings_of_blacks_by_the_police?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_56281894" data-work_id="56281894" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56281894/A_Qualitative_and_quantitative_analysis_of_conducted_energy_devices_TASER_X26_vs_Stinger_S200">A Qualitative & quantitative analysis of conducted energy devices: TASER X26 vs. Stinger S200</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the US Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: ... Document Title: A Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis of Conducted Energy Devices: TASER X26 vs. Stinger... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_56281894" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the US Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: ... Document Title: A Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis of Conducted Energy Devices: TASER X26 vs. Stinger S200 ... Author: Charlie Mesloh ; ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/56281894" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="524848f2d54e89c4c828cc57c0126a1d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71744765,"asset_id":56281894,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71744765/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="159415233" href="https://nmu.academia.edu/CMesloh">Charlie Mesloh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="159415233" type="text/json">{"id":159415233,"first_name":"Charlie","last_name":"Mesloh","domain_name":"nmu","page_name":"CMesloh","display_name":"Charlie Mesloh","profile_url":"https://nmu.academia.edu/CMesloh?f_ri=146308","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_56281894 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="56281894"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 56281894, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_56281894", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_56281894 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 56281894; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_56281894"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_56281894 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="56281894"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 56281894; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=56281894]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_56281894").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_56281894").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="56281894"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="248427" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE_TRAINING">POLICE USE OF FORCE TRAINING</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="248427" type="text/json">{"id":248427,"name":"POLICE USE OF FORCE TRAINING","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE_TRAINING?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="357343" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tasers">Tasers</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="357343" type="text/json">{"id":357343,"name":"Tasers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tasers?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="357347" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Force">Police Force</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="357347" type="text/json">{"id":357347,"name":"Police Force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=56281894]'), work: {"id":56281894,"title":"A Qualitative \u0026 quantitative analysis of conducted energy devices: TASER X26 vs. Stinger S200","created_at":"2021-10-07T05:27:27.335-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/56281894/A_Qualitative_and_quantitative_analysis_of_conducted_energy_devices_TASER_X26_vs_Stinger_S200?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_56281894","summary":"The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the US Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: ... Document Title: A Qualitative \u0026 Quantitative Analysis of Conducted Energy Devices: TASER X26 vs. Stinger S200 ... Author: Charlie Mesloh ; ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71744765,"asset_id":56281894,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":159415233,"first_name":"Charlie","last_name":"Mesloh","domain_name":"nmu","page_name":"CMesloh","display_name":"Charlie Mesloh","profile_url":"https://nmu.academia.edu/CMesloh?f_ri=146308","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":248427,"name":"POLICE USE OF FORCE TRAINING","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE_TRAINING?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":357343,"name":"Tasers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tasers?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":357347,"name":"Police Force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_690504" data-work_id="690504" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/690504/The_consequences_of_race_for_police_officers_responses_to_criminal_suspects">The consequences of race for police officers' responses to criminal suspects</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The current work examined police officers' decisions to shoot Black and White criminal suspects in a computer simulation. Responses to the simulation revealed that upon initial exposure to the program, the officers were more likely to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_690504" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The current work examined police officers' decisions to shoot Black and White criminal suspects in a computer simulation. Responses to the simulation revealed that upon initial exposure to the program, the officers were more likely to mistakenly shoot unarmed Black compared with unarmed White suspects. However, after extensive training with the program, in which the race of the suspect was unrelated to the presence of a weapon, the officers were able to eliminate this bias. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the elimination of racial biases and the training of police officers.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/690504" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="caa075cd955d144ab733b39a2978edd6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51290971,"asset_id":690504,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51290971/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="507036" href="https://fsu.academia.edu/MichellePeruche">Michelle Peruche</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="507036" type="text/json">{"id":507036,"first_name":"Michelle","last_name":"Peruche","domain_name":"fsu","page_name":"MichellePeruche","display_name":"Michelle Peruche","profile_url":"https://fsu.academia.edu/MichellePeruche?f_ri=146308","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_690504 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="690504"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 690504, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_690504", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_690504 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 690504; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_690504"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_690504 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="690504"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 690504; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=690504]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_690504").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_690504").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="690504"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3277" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism">Race and Racism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3277" type="text/json">{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4626" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Cognition">Social Cognition</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4626" type="text/json">{"id":4626,"name":"Social Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Cognition?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=690504]'), work: {"id":690504,"title":"The consequences of race for police officers' responses to criminal suspects","created_at":"2011-06-22T09:17:40.946-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/690504/The_consequences_of_race_for_police_officers_responses_to_criminal_suspects?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_690504","summary":"The current work examined police officers' decisions to shoot Black and White criminal suspects in a computer simulation. Responses to the simulation revealed that upon initial exposure to the program, the officers were more likely to mistakenly shoot unarmed Black compared with unarmed White suspects. However, after extensive training with the program, in which the race of the suspect was unrelated to the presence of a weapon, the officers were able to eliminate this bias. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the elimination of racial biases and the training of police officers.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51290971,"asset_id":690504,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":507036,"first_name":"Michelle","last_name":"Peruche","domain_name":"fsu","page_name":"MichellePeruche","display_name":"Michelle Peruche","profile_url":"https://fsu.academia.edu/MichellePeruche?f_ri=146308","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":4626,"name":"Social Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Cognition?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":5906,"name":"Prejudice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prejudice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":6245,"name":"Stereotypes and Prejudice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stereotypes_and_Prejudice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308"},{"id":8210,"name":"Behavioral Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavioral_Decision_Making?f_ri=146308"},{"id":18339,"name":"Implicit Social Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Implicit_Social_Cognition?f_ri=146308"},{"id":24401,"name":"Police Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38928,"name":"Police and criminal justice ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_criminal_justice_ethics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":69542,"name":"Computer Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Simulation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183962,"name":"Police Decision-making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Decision-making?f_ri=146308"},{"id":561981,"name":"European Continental Ancestry Group","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Continental_Ancestry_Group?f_ri=146308"},{"id":743604,"name":"Psychological Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_Science?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9342307" data-work_id="9342307" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9342307/Shock_tactics_threaten_police_legitimacy_the_use_and_misuse_of_tasers_in_Australia">Shock tactics threaten police legitimacy: the use and misuse of tasers in Australia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The use of Taser stun guns by general duties police officers in Australia is not legitimate as they are often used in ways that can be classified as ‘excessive force’ under existing police guidelines. Tasers have been distributed to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9342307" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The use of Taser stun guns by general duties police officers in Australia is not legitimate as they are often used in ways that can be classified as ‘excessive force’ under existing police guidelines. Tasers have been distributed to police officers despite a lack of public discussion and debate about introducing the weapon into the armoury of general duties officers. There is empirical evidence that Tasers are proximate to many deaths and injuries and that the normalisation of Taser use will have the effect of lowering the threshold at which police resort to violence to resolve a confrontation. The use of Tasers is not legitimate because the use of the weapons will not conform to established limits on the use of force by police and will lead to a de facto lowering of the threshold for use of violent force. This may, in turn, have a detrimental effect on public consent to policing.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9342307" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9bd89d2beadfedce0821d8621f2e0fd1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35598464,"asset_id":9342307,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35598464/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21585209" href="https://uow.academia.edu/KylieBourne">Kylie Bourne</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21585209" type="text/json">{"id":21585209,"first_name":"Kylie","last_name":"Bourne","domain_name":"uow","page_name":"KylieBourne","display_name":"Kylie Bourne","profile_url":"https://uow.academia.edu/KylieBourne?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21585209/5934272/6737422/s65_kylie.bourne.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9342307 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9342307"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9342307, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9342307", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9342307 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9342307; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9342307"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9342307 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9342307"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9342307; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9342307]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9342307").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9342307").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9342307"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="811" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Philosophy">Applied Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="811" type="text/json">{"id":811,"name":"Applied Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Philosophy?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="813" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy">Political Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="813" type="text/json">{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="357343" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tasers">Tasers</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="357343" type="text/json">{"id":357343,"name":"Tasers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tasers?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9342307]'), work: {"id":9342307,"title":"Shock tactics threaten police legitimacy: the use and misuse of tasers in Australia","created_at":"2014-11-16T17:03:34.353-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9342307/Shock_tactics_threaten_police_legitimacy_the_use_and_misuse_of_tasers_in_Australia?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_9342307","summary":"The use of Taser stun guns by general duties police officers in Australia is not legitimate as they are often used in ways that can be classified as ‘excessive force’ under existing police guidelines. Tasers have been distributed to police officers despite a lack of public discussion and debate about introducing the weapon into the armoury of general duties officers. There is empirical evidence that Tasers are proximate to many deaths and injuries and that the normalisation of Taser use will have the effect of lowering the threshold at which police resort to violence to resolve a confrontation. The use of Tasers is not legitimate because the use of the weapons will not conform to established limits on the use of force by police and will lead to a de facto lowering of the threshold for use of violent force. This may, in turn, have a detrimental effect on public consent to policing.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35598464,"asset_id":9342307,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21585209,"first_name":"Kylie","last_name":"Bourne","domain_name":"uow","page_name":"KylieBourne","display_name":"Kylie Bourne","profile_url":"https://uow.academia.edu/KylieBourne?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21585209/5934272/6737422/s65_kylie.bourne.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":811,"name":"Applied Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Philosophy?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":357343,"name":"Tasers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tasers?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42902090" data-work_id="42902090" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42902090/When_Police_Kill_by_Franklin_Zimring">When Police Kill by Franklin Zimring</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42902090" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2b3c315359fe37d74d70963fc7a5aeef" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63150196,"asset_id":42902090,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63150196/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1692611" href="https://chicago.academia.edu/ChadBroughton">Chad Broughton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1692611" type="text/json">{"id":1692611,"first_name":"Chad","last_name":"Broughton","domain_name":"chicago","page_name":"ChadBroughton","display_name":"Chad Broughton","profile_url":"https://chicago.academia.edu/ChadBroughton?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1692611/585078/133036923/s65_chad.broughton.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42902090 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42902090"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42902090, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42902090", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42902090 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42902090; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42902090"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42902090 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42902090"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42902090; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42902090]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42902090").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42902090").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42902090"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5453" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity">Race and Ethnicity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5453" type="text/json">{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80016" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing">Police and Policing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="80016" type="text/json">{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42902090]'), work: {"id":42902090,"title":"When Police Kill by Franklin Zimring","created_at":"2020-04-30T09:27:48.802-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42902090/When_Police_Kill_by_Franklin_Zimring?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_42902090","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63150196,"asset_id":42902090,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1692611,"first_name":"Chad","last_name":"Broughton","domain_name":"chicago","page_name":"ChadBroughton","display_name":"Chad Broughton","profile_url":"https://chicago.academia.edu/ChadBroughton?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1692611/585078/133036923/s65_chad.broughton.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29251529" data-work_id="29251529" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29251529/Operarios_da_Violencia">Operarios da Violencia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Portuguese language version (Ed. UnB, 2006) of Violence Workers:  Torturers and Murders Reconstruct Brazilian Atrocities (U. of California Press (2002)</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29251529" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="30e0bf48b602fa85f630b035c02659b8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49700251,"asset_id":29251529,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49700251/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34319375" href="https://tulane.academia.edu/mHuggins">martha k Huggins</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34319375" type="text/json">{"id":34319375,"first_name":"martha k","last_name":"Huggins","domain_name":"tulane","page_name":"mHuggins","display_name":"martha k Huggins","profile_url":"https://tulane.academia.edu/mHuggins?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34319375/10559879/12195145/s65_martha_k.huggins.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29251529 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29251529"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29251529, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29251529", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29251529 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29251529; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29251529"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29251529 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29251529"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29251529; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29251529]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29251529").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29251529").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29251529"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3987" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Memory">History and Memory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3987" type="text/json">{"id":3987,"name":"History and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Memory?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35566" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Complicity_in_Torture">State Complicity in Torture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="35566" type="text/json">{"id":35566,"name":"State Complicity in Torture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Complicity_in_Torture?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38704" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History">Police History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38704" type="text/json">{"id":38704,"name":"Police History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80016" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing">Police and Policing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="80016" type="text/json">{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29251529]'), work: {"id":29251529,"title":"Operarios da Violencia","created_at":"2016-10-18T17:06:43.599-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29251529/Operarios_da_Violencia?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_29251529","summary":"Portuguese language version (Ed. UnB, 2006) of Violence Workers: Torturers and Murders Reconstruct Brazilian Atrocities (U. of California Press (2002)","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49700251,"asset_id":29251529,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34319375,"first_name":"martha k","last_name":"Huggins","domain_name":"tulane","page_name":"mHuggins","display_name":"martha k Huggins","profile_url":"https://tulane.academia.edu/mHuggins?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34319375/10559879/12195145/s65_martha_k.huggins.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3987,"name":"History and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Memory?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":35566,"name":"State Complicity in Torture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Complicity_in_Torture?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":38704,"name":"Police History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12654822" data-work_id="12654822" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12654822/The_Consequences_of_Race_for_Police_Officers_Responses_to_Criminal_Suspects">The Consequences of Race for Police Officers' Responses to Criminal Suspects</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The current work examined police officers decisions to shoot Black and White criminal suspects in a computer simulation. Responses to the simulation revealed that upon initial exposure to the program, the officers were more likely to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12654822" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The current work examined police officers decisions to shoot Black and White criminal suspects in a computer simulation. Responses to the simulation revealed that upon initial exposure to the program, the officers were more likely to mistakenly shoot unarmed Black compared with unarmed White suspects. However, after extensive training with the program, in which the race of the suspect was unrelated to the presence of a weapon, the officers were able to eliminate this bias. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the elimination of racial biases and the training of police officers.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12654822" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0a8fab541896094a47ad1ad374209eda" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37763542,"asset_id":12654822,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37763542/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7300804" href="https://fsu.academia.edu/Peruche">Michelle Peruche</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7300804" type="text/json">{"id":7300804,"first_name":"Michelle","last_name":"Peruche","domain_name":"fsu","page_name":"Peruche","display_name":"Michelle Peruche","profile_url":"https://fsu.academia.edu/Peruche?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7300804/9372600/10445941/s65_michelle.peruche.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12654822 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12654822"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12654822, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12654822", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12654822 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12654822; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12654822"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12654822 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12654822"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12654822; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12654822]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12654822").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12654822").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12654822"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3277" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism">Race and Racism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3277" type="text/json">{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4626" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Cognition">Social Cognition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4626" type="text/json">{"id":4626,"name":"Social Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Cognition?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5906" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prejudice">Prejudice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5906" type="text/json">{"id":5906,"name":"Prejudice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prejudice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6245" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stereotypes_and_Prejudice">Stereotypes and Prejudice</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6245" type="text/json">{"id":6245,"name":"Stereotypes and Prejudice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stereotypes_and_Prejudice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12654822]'), work: {"id":12654822,"title":"The Consequences of Race for Police Officers' Responses to Criminal Suspects","created_at":"2015-05-28T11:53:00.643-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12654822/The_Consequences_of_Race_for_Police_Officers_Responses_to_Criminal_Suspects?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_12654822","summary":"The current work examined police officers decisions to shoot Black and White criminal suspects in a computer simulation. Responses to the simulation revealed that upon initial exposure to the program, the officers were more likely to mistakenly shoot unarmed Black compared with unarmed White suspects. However, after extensive training with the program, in which the race of the suspect was unrelated to the presence of a weapon, the officers were able to eliminate this bias. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the elimination of racial biases and the training of police officers.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37763542,"asset_id":12654822,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7300804,"first_name":"Michelle","last_name":"Peruche","domain_name":"fsu","page_name":"Peruche","display_name":"Michelle Peruche","profile_url":"https://fsu.academia.edu/Peruche?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7300804/9372600/10445941/s65_michelle.peruche.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":4626,"name":"Social Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Cognition?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":5906,"name":"Prejudice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prejudice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":6245,"name":"Stereotypes and Prejudice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stereotypes_and_Prejudice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":8210,"name":"Behavioral Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavioral_Decision_Making?f_ri=146308"},{"id":18339,"name":"Implicit Social Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Implicit_Social_Cognition?f_ri=146308"},{"id":24401,"name":"Police Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38928,"name":"Police and criminal justice ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_criminal_justice_ethics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183962,"name":"Police Decision-making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Decision-making?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43294940" data-work_id="43294940" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43294940/OP_ED_Malcolm_or_MLK">OP-ED: Malcolm or MLK?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Two weeks ago, the world witnessed a murder of an innocent Black man, George Floyd, what many, including Jesse Jackson, called a “public lynching” in broad daylight, at the hands of a white policeman. It was a brutal killing by the manner... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43294940" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Two weeks ago, the world witnessed a murder of an innocent Black man, George Floyd, what many, including Jesse Jackson, called a “public lynching” in broad daylight, at the hands of a white policeman. It was a brutal killing by the manner in which Minneapolis policeman, Derek Chauvin, pressed his knee into Floyd’s neck, slowly and viciously forcing the life out of Floyd for almost 9 minutes. While Chauvin’s fellow officers, by not coming to Floyd’s aid, were complicit to the crime. There was no need for Chauvin to have subdued Floyd in such a cruel and purposeful way until Floyd could no longer breathe, especially since Floyd had already been restrained. Nor, did Floyd have any weapon. Nor had he committed any crime warranting such force. In a video captured by a teenager, Floyd could be heard stating he could not breathe, and calling out for his deceased mother. Since 2014, there have been other police killings of African-Americans with no consequences for the police officers involved.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43294940" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3f42dbf1033d4693627d0d829e996be3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63572281,"asset_id":43294940,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63572281/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35289196" href="https://palmbeachstate.academia.edu/JPLinstroth">J. P. Linstroth</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35289196" type="text/json">{"id":35289196,"first_name":"J. P.","last_name":"Linstroth","domain_name":"palmbeachstate","page_name":"JPLinstroth","display_name":"J. P. Linstroth","profile_url":"https://palmbeachstate.academia.edu/JPLinstroth?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35289196/10250617/104352233/s65_j._p..linstroth.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43294940 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43294940"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43294940, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43294940", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43294940 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43294940; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43294940"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43294940 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43294940"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43294940; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43294940]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43294940").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43294940").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43294940"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3277" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism">Race and Racism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3277" type="text/json">{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43294940]'), work: {"id":43294940,"title":"OP-ED: Malcolm or MLK?","created_at":"2020-06-09T02:27:54.662-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43294940/OP_ED_Malcolm_or_MLK?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_43294940","summary":"Two weeks ago, the world witnessed a murder of an innocent Black man, George Floyd, what many, including Jesse Jackson, called a “public lynching” in broad daylight, at the hands of a white policeman. It was a brutal killing by the manner in which Minneapolis policeman, Derek Chauvin, pressed his knee into Floyd’s neck, slowly and viciously forcing the life out of Floyd for almost 9 minutes. While Chauvin’s fellow officers, by not coming to Floyd’s aid, were complicit to the crime. There was no need for Chauvin to have subdued Floyd in such a cruel and purposeful way until Floyd could no longer breathe, especially since Floyd had already been restrained. Nor, did Floyd have any weapon. Nor had he committed any crime warranting such force. In a video captured by a teenager, Floyd could be heard stating he could not breathe, and calling out for his deceased mother. Since 2014, there have been other police killings of African-Americans with no consequences for the police officers involved. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63572281,"asset_id":43294940,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35289196,"first_name":"J. P.","last_name":"Linstroth","domain_name":"palmbeachstate","page_name":"JPLinstroth","display_name":"J. P. Linstroth","profile_url":"https://palmbeachstate.academia.edu/JPLinstroth?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35289196/10250617/104352233/s65_j._p..linstroth.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=146308"},{"id":7562,"name":"Civil Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Rights?f_ri=146308"},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308"},{"id":10006,"name":"Ethnic and Racial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_and_Racial_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":11639,"name":"Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":14437,"name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Rights_Movement?f_ri=146308"},{"id":17817,"name":"Anthropology of Police \u0026 Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":20068,"name":"Civil Rights (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Rights_History_?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308"},{"id":70358,"name":"Protest Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protest_Movements?f_ri=146308"},{"id":85749,"name":"Malcolm X","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malcolm_X?f_ri=146308"},{"id":108169,"name":"Police studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3671789,"name":"George Floyd Murder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_Floyd_Murder?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40239271" data-work_id="40239271" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40239271/Andrea_Cozzo_Gestione_creativa_e_nonviolenta_delle_situazioni_di_tensione_Manuale_di_formazione_per_le_Forze_dellordine">Andrea Cozzo, Gestione creativa e nonviolenta delle situazioni di tensione. Manuale di formazione per le Forze dell'ordine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Un manuale di formazione per le Forze dell'ordine, frutto dello studio e dell'esperienza della nonviolenza e di corsi già tenuti per vari Corpi.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40239271" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e6cba28980e214afec2259fe58b9053b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60471140,"asset_id":40239271,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60471140/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6893154" href="https://unipa.academia.edu/acozzo">andrea cozzo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6893154" type="text/json">{"id":6893154,"first_name":"andrea","last_name":"cozzo","domain_name":"unipa","page_name":"acozzo","display_name":"andrea cozzo","profile_url":"https://unipa.academia.edu/acozzo?f_ri=146308","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40239271 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40239271"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40239271, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40239271", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40239271 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40239271; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40239271"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40239271 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40239271"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40239271; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40239271]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40239271").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40239271").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40239271"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="859" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication">Communication</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="859" type="text/json">{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3474" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development">Community Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3474" type="text/json">{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9822" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policy">Education Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9822" type="text/json">{"id":9822,"name":"Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policy?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40239271]'), work: {"id":40239271,"title":"Andrea Cozzo, Gestione creativa e nonviolenta delle situazioni di tensione. Manuale di formazione per le Forze dell'ordine","created_at":"2019-09-03T00:00:26.869-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40239271/Andrea_Cozzo_Gestione_creativa_e_nonviolenta_delle_situazioni_di_tensione_Manuale_di_formazione_per_le_Forze_dellordine?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_40239271","summary":"Un manuale di formazione per le Forze dell'ordine, frutto dello studio e dell'esperienza della nonviolenza e di corsi già tenuti per vari Corpi.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60471140,"asset_id":40239271,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6893154,"first_name":"andrea","last_name":"cozzo","domain_name":"unipa","page_name":"acozzo","display_name":"andrea cozzo","profile_url":"https://unipa.academia.edu/acozzo?f_ri=146308","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":9822,"name":"Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policy?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1688102,"name":"Strategic Nonviolence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Nonviolence?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14885201" data-work_id="14885201" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14885201/Summary_and_analysis_of_the_report_of_the_Marikana_Commission_of_Inquiry">Summary and analysis of the report of the Marikana Commission of Inquiry</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Document prepared for the Council for the Advancement of the South African Constitution (CASAC)</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14885201" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bb973f30437034ce3e41fcb8c3f7bbe9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38459970,"asset_id":14885201,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38459970/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2088782" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidBruce">David Bruce</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2088782" type="text/json">{"id":2088782,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Bruce","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DavidBruce","display_name":"David Bruce","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidBruce?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2088782/681845/846127/s65_david.bruce.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14885201 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14885201"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14885201, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14885201", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14885201 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14885201; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14885201"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14885201 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14885201"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14885201; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14885201]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14885201").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14885201").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14885201"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5040" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_African_Politics_and_Society">South African Politics and Society</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5040" type="text/json">{"id":5040,"name":"South African Politics and Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_African_Politics_and_Society?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability">Police Accountability</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36981" type="text/json">{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="191771" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality">Police Brutality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="191771" type="text/json">{"id":191771,"name":"Police Brutality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14885201]'), work: {"id":14885201,"title":"Summary and analysis of the report of the Marikana Commission of Inquiry","created_at":"2015-08-12T17:11:34.387-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14885201/Summary_and_analysis_of_the_report_of_the_Marikana_Commission_of_Inquiry?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_14885201","summary":"Document prepared for the Council for the Advancement of the South African Constitution (CASAC) ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38459970,"asset_id":14885201,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2088782,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Bruce","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DavidBruce","display_name":"David Bruce","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidBruce?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2088782/681845/846127/s65_david.bruce.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5040,"name":"South African Politics and Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_African_Politics_and_Society?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":191771,"name":"Police Brutality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":592984,"name":"The Marikana massacre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Marikana_massacre?f_ri=146308"},{"id":594041,"name":"Police Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Violence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1014978,"name":"Marikana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marikana?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_495407" data-work_id="495407" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/495407/Police_use_of_force_and_the_cumulative_force_factor">Police use of force and the cumulative force factor</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper aims to build on and contribute to earlier studies on use of force by the police, and examines both officer and suspect force levels during altercations. Prior attempts to study non-lethal force have only recently begun to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_495407" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper aims to build on and contribute to earlier studies on use of force by the police, and examines both officer and suspect force levels during altercations. Prior attempts to study non-lethal force have only recently begun to examine the multiple levels of force that may be used within a single encounter, advocating the use of a “force factor” approach. This study examines 4,303 “use of force” reports from the two agencies in Florida for a five-year period. Similar to prior studies which utilized data gathered by observation, this current study finds that law enforcement officers are operating at a force deficit; officer levels of force are consistently less than suspect resistance levels. Data examined through police reports have certain inherent limitations, including the bias of the reporting officer. Analyses of these reports make it impossible for researchers to determine the length of each portion of a conflict. While verbal commands, threats, handcuffing, and takedowns may be important forces to review, they are not well represented in the data collected.These findings have critical implications for law enforcement by continuing to examine conflicts where police force is utilized, showing the importance of officers to be prepared to use decisive force at the point where verbal techniques and force de-escalation have failed. This paper is valuable to scholars and police practitioners because it continues to expand the scholarly review of police use of force, utilizing existing force continua to analyze the data, and taking into account levels of suspect resistance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/495407" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="23a513a5b9036f7f48eec1e100d4951e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":8934062,"asset_id":495407,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/8934062/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="158568" href="https://ucf.academia.edu/RossWolf">Ross Wolf</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="158568" type="text/json">{"id":158568,"first_name":"Ross","last_name":"Wolf","domain_name":"ucf","page_name":"RossWolf","display_name":"Ross Wolf","profile_url":"https://ucf.academia.edu/RossWolf?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/158568/97297/69790098/s65_ross.wolf.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_495407 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="495407"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 495407, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_495407", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_495407 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 495407; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_495407"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_495407 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="495407"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 495407; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=495407]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_495407").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_495407").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="495407"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20078" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_research">Legal research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="20078" type="text/json">{"id":20078,"name":"Legal research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_research?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability">Police Accountability</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36981" type="text/json">{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=495407]'), work: {"id":495407,"title":"Police use of force and the cumulative force factor","created_at":"2011-03-27T21:42:49.996-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/495407/Police_use_of_force_and_the_cumulative_force_factor?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_495407","summary":"This paper aims to build on and contribute to earlier studies on use of force by the police, and examines both officer and suspect force levels during altercations. Prior attempts to study non-lethal force have only recently begun to examine the multiple levels of force that may be used within a single encounter, advocating the use of a “force factor” approach. This study examines 4,303 “use of force” reports from the two agencies in Florida for a five-year period. Similar to prior studies which utilized data gathered by observation, this current study finds that law enforcement officers are operating at a force deficit; officer levels of force are consistently less than suspect resistance levels. Data examined through police reports have certain inherent limitations, including the bias of the reporting officer. Analyses of these reports make it impossible for researchers to determine the length of each portion of a conflict. While verbal commands, threats, handcuffing, and takedowns may be important forces to review, they are not well represented in the data collected.These findings have critical implications for law enforcement by continuing to examine conflicts where police force is utilized, showing the importance of officers to be prepared to use decisive force at the point where verbal techniques and force de-escalation have failed. This paper is valuable to scholars and police practitioners because it continues to expand the scholarly review of police use of force, utilizing existing force continua to analyze the data, and taking into account levels of suspect resistance.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":8934062,"asset_id":495407,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":158568,"first_name":"Ross","last_name":"Wolf","domain_name":"ucf","page_name":"RossWolf","display_name":"Ross Wolf","profile_url":"https://ucf.academia.edu/RossWolf?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/158568/97297/69790098/s65_ross.wolf.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":20078,"name":"Legal research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_research?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=146308"},{"id":43633,"name":"Criminal Investigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Investigation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":51326,"name":"Police Training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Training?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":187180,"name":"Criminal Justice System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice_System?f_ri=146308"},{"id":187194,"name":"Police Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Administration?f_ri=146308"},{"id":248427,"name":"POLICE USE OF FORCE TRAINING","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE_TRAINING?f_ri=146308"},{"id":272975,"name":"Police Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Research?f_ri=146308"},{"id":357343,"name":"Tasers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tasers?f_ri=146308"},{"id":507421,"name":"Police Ethics Training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Ethics_Training?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1013705,"name":"Police Reforms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reforms?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1013709,"name":"Civil Justice System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Justice_System?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12875064" data-work_id="12875064" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12875064/POL%C3%8DTICA_Y_VIOLENCIA_Santiago_del_Estero_1995_2004">POLÍTICA Y VIOLENCIA. Santiago del Estero 1995-2004 </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Cómo pueden articularse prácticas violentas en la política democrática es la pregunta que atraviesa estas páginas. Los vínculos de la policía con dirigentes políticos aportan la clave para comprender la dimensión coercitiva que también... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12875064" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Cómo pueden articularse prácticas violentas en la política democrática es la pregunta que atraviesa estas páginas. Los vínculos de la policía con dirigentes políticos aportan la clave para comprender la dimensión coercitiva que también compone la trama que sostienen a los poderes locales. A través del estudio de los gobiernos de Carlos Juárez y de “Nina” Aragonés de Juárez entre 1995 y 2004 en Santiago del Estero la autora explora los usos políticos del Departamento de Informaciones Policiales/D2. En base al análisis de distintos documentos y entrevistas con dirigentes y policías el libro indaga en la intervención policial en la dinámica interna del partido y en la relación del Gobierno con las organizaciones sociales y partidos de oposición, la participación de los distintos trabajadores políticos del juarismo en el sostenimiento de las actividades de espionaje y qué significación tuvieron dichas prácticas para los actores juaristas.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12875064" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cab3c31849e5a2f9677bbe026fb1278d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37859934,"asset_id":12875064,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37859934/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8535233" href="https://unse.academia.edu/CelesteSchnyder">Celeste Schnyder</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8535233" type="text/json">{"id":8535233,"first_name":"Celeste","last_name":"Schnyder","domain_name":"unse","page_name":"CelesteSchnyder","display_name":"Celeste Schnyder","profile_url":"https://unse.academia.edu/CelesteSchnyder?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8535233/9534194/10621236/s65_celeste.schnyder.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12875064 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12875064"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12875064, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12875064", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12875064 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12875064; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12875064"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12875064 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12875064"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12875064; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12875064]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12875064").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12875064").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12875064"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5091" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization">Democratization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5091" type="text/json">{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10342" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence">Political Violence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10342" type="text/json">{"id":10342,"name":"Political Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12875064]'), work: {"id":12875064,"title":"POLÍTICA Y VIOLENCIA. Santiago del Estero 1995-2004 ","created_at":"2015-06-08T16:47:44.662-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12875064/POL%C3%8DTICA_Y_VIOLENCIA_Santiago_del_Estero_1995_2004?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_12875064","summary":"Cómo pueden articularse prácticas violentas en la política democrática es la pregunta que atraviesa estas páginas. Los vínculos de la policía con dirigentes políticos aportan la clave para comprender la dimensión coercitiva que también compone la trama que sostienen a los poderes locales. A través del estudio de los gobiernos de Carlos Juárez y de “Nina” Aragonés de Juárez entre 1995 y 2004 en Santiago del Estero la autora explora los usos políticos del Departamento de Informaciones Policiales/D2. En base al análisis de distintos documentos y entrevistas con dirigentes y policías el libro indaga en la intervención policial en la dinámica interna del partido y en la relación del Gobierno con las organizaciones sociales y partidos de oposición, la participación de los distintos trabajadores políticos del juarismo en el sostenimiento de las actividades de espionaje y qué significación tuvieron dichas prácticas para los actores juaristas. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37859934,"asset_id":12875064,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8535233,"first_name":"Celeste","last_name":"Schnyder","domain_name":"unse","page_name":"CelesteSchnyder","display_name":"Celeste Schnyder","profile_url":"https://unse.academia.edu/CelesteSchnyder?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8535233/9534194/10621236/s65_celeste.schnyder.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":10342,"name":"Political Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49353324" data-work_id="49353324" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49353324/K_Walby_2021_Review_of_Mitchell_R_and_Huey_L_eds_2019_Evidence_Based_Policing_An_Introduction_Bristol_Policy_Press_Pgs_272_Howard_Journal_of_Crime_and_Justice_60_2_275_278">K. Walby. 2021. Review of Mitchell, R., & Huey, L. (eds.). 2019. Evidence Based Policing: An Introduction. Bristol: Policy Press. Pgs. 272. Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 60/2: 275-278.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">K. Walby. 2021. Review of Mitchell, R., & Huey, L. (eds.). 2019. Evidence Based Policing: An Introduction. Bristol: Policy Press. Pgs. 272. Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 60/2: 275-278.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49353324" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9a7b2844654275df3bf1dfbf2ee44337" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67727192,"asset_id":49353324,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67727192/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33413852" href="https://uwinnipeg.academia.edu/KevinWalby">Kevin Walby</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33413852" type="text/json">{"id":33413852,"first_name":"Kevin","last_name":"Walby","domain_name":"uwinnipeg","page_name":"KevinWalby","display_name":"Kevin Walby","profile_url":"https://uwinnipeg.academia.edu/KevinWalby?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33413852/11057605/12339423/s65_kevin.walby.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49353324 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49353324"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49353324, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49353324", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49353324 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49353324; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49353324"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49353324 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49353324"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49353324; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49353324]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49353324").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49353324").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49353324"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="538" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science">Police Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="538" type="text/json">{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49353324]'), work: {"id":49353324,"title":"K. Walby. 2021. Review of Mitchell, R., \u0026 Huey, L. (eds.). 2019. Evidence Based Policing: An Introduction. Bristol: Policy Press. Pgs. 272. Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 60/2: 275-278.","created_at":"2021-06-23T17:11:35.759-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49353324/K_Walby_2021_Review_of_Mitchell_R_and_Huey_L_eds_2019_Evidence_Based_Policing_An_Introduction_Bristol_Policy_Press_Pgs_272_Howard_Journal_of_Crime_and_Justice_60_2_275_278?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_49353324","summary":"K. Walby. 2021. Review of Mitchell, R., \u0026 Huey, L. (eds.). 2019. Evidence Based Policing: An Introduction. Bristol: Policy Press. Pgs. 272. Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 60/2: 275-278.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67727192,"asset_id":49353324,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33413852,"first_name":"Kevin","last_name":"Walby","domain_name":"uwinnipeg","page_name":"KevinWalby","display_name":"Kevin Walby","profile_url":"https://uwinnipeg.academia.edu/KevinWalby?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33413852/11057605/12339423/s65_kevin.walby.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2965,"name":"Sociology of Crime and Deviance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Crime_and_Deviance?f_ri=146308"},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308"},{"id":17817,"name":"Anthropology of Police \u0026 Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":24401,"name":"Police Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38704,"name":"Police History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38928,"name":"Police and criminal justice ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_criminal_justice_ethics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":108169,"name":"Police studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":886102,"name":"Police Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Intelligence?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3261098" data-work_id="3261098" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3261098/Police_brutality_in_South_Africa">Police brutality in South Africa</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3261098" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="28aeea62ad82450a9ea0ba0ec00b9dd1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31111189,"asset_id":3261098,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31111189/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3751380" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GoodmanMkansi">Goodman Mkansi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3751380" type="text/json">{"id":3751380,"first_name":"Goodman","last_name":"Mkansi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GoodmanMkansi","display_name":"Goodman Mkansi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GoodmanMkansi?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3751380/1351403/1669485/s65_goodman.mkansi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3261098 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3261098"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3261098, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3261098", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3261098 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3261098; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3261098"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3261098 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3261098"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3261098; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3261098]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3261098").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3261098").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3261098"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54342" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing">Policing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="54342" type="text/json">{"id":54342,"name":"Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="191771" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality">Police Brutality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="191771" type="text/json">{"id":191771,"name":"Police Brutality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3261098]'), work: {"id":3261098,"title":"Police brutality in South Africa","created_at":"2013-04-10T20:51:54.786-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3261098/Police_brutality_in_South_Africa?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_3261098","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31111189,"asset_id":3261098,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3751380,"first_name":"Goodman","last_name":"Mkansi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GoodmanMkansi","display_name":"Goodman Mkansi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GoodmanMkansi?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3751380/1351403/1669485/s65_goodman.mkansi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":54342,"name":"Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":191771,"name":"Police Brutality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14693506" data-work_id="14693506" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14693506/Porque_son_perros_protestas_discursos_autoritarios_e_industrias_extractivas_El_caso_Conga">Porque son perros: protestas, discursos autoritarios e industrias extractivas. El caso Conga</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">"Because you are animals"<br />Authoritarian discourses, extractive industries, and protest in Cajamarca. The case of Conga Minning Company, the police agreements and the peasant resistence at Bambamarca and Celendin.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14693506" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4735adcbb090a49cb3ae99d842172efc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38391765,"asset_id":14693506,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38391765/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8059683" href="https://pucp.academia.edu/RocioSilvaSantisteban">Rocio Silva Santisteban Manrique</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8059683" type="text/json">{"id":8059683,"first_name":"Rocio","last_name":"Silva Santisteban Manrique","domain_name":"pucp","page_name":"RocioSilvaSantisteban","display_name":"Rocio Silva Santisteban Manrique","profile_url":"https://pucp.academia.edu/RocioSilvaSantisteban?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8059683/2803734/94639131/s65_rocio.silva_santisteban_manrique.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14693506 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14693506"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14693506, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14693506", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14693506 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14693506; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14693506"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14693506 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14693506"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14693506; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14693506]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14693506").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14693506").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14693506"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="94" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis">Discourse Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="94" type="text/json">{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="188" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3536" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peasant_Studies">Peasant Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3536" type="text/json">{"id":3536,"name":"Peasant Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peasant_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34598" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="34598" type="text/json">{"id":34598,"name":"Authoritarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarianism?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14693506]'), work: {"id":14693506,"title":"Porque son perros: protestas, discursos autoritarios e industrias extractivas. El caso Conga","created_at":"2015-08-05T10:18:42.820-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14693506/Porque_son_perros_protestas_discursos_autoritarios_e_industrias_extractivas_El_caso_Conga?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_14693506","summary":"\"Because you are animals\"\nAuthoritarian discourses, extractive industries, and protest in Cajamarca. The case of Conga Minning Company, the police agreements and the peasant resistence at Bambamarca and Celendin.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38391765,"asset_id":14693506,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8059683,"first_name":"Rocio","last_name":"Silva Santisteban Manrique","domain_name":"pucp","page_name":"RocioSilvaSantisteban","display_name":"Rocio Silva Santisteban Manrique","profile_url":"https://pucp.academia.edu/RocioSilvaSantisteban?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8059683/2803734/94639131/s65_rocio.silva_santisteban_manrique.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":3536,"name":"Peasant Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peasant_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":34598,"name":"Authoritarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarianism?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":362556,"name":"Extractive industries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extractive_industries?f_ri=146308"},{"id":909944,"name":"Cajamarca","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cajamarca?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27816686 coauthored" data-work_id="27816686" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27816686/Reliability_of_the_Force_Factor_Method_in_Police_Use_of_Force_Research">Reliability of the Force Factor Method in Police Use-of-Force Research</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The force factor method has garnered much attention and application in police use-of-force research, but the reliability of the method has yet to be intensively studied. Using official reports from the Seattle Police Department during a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27816686" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The force factor method has garnered much attention and application in police use-of-force research, but the reliability of the method has yet to be intensively studied. Using official reports from the Seattle Police Department during a two-and-a-quarter year period (n ¼ 1,240), officer–suspect interactions were coded from the content of report narratives. Static force factors compared the maximum force applied by the officer with the maximum level of suspect resistance. Dynamic force factors were also recorded, including up to 10 iterations of dyadic action/reaction coded using the same coding scheme. The coding of force factors was completed independently by two teams working at different institutions in a fully crossed design. Evidence on the interrater reliability and subsequent utility of force factors is presented and discussed. Results indicate acceptable levels of agreement across coding teams and support the use of force factors as a central tool for studying asymmetrical social encounters and the proportionality of force.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27816686" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3def2d9b4a93d201ff9927930515bbef" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48099076,"asset_id":27816686,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48099076/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36043043" href="https://vcu.academia.edu/PatrickLowery">Patrick Lowery</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36043043" type="text/json">{"id":36043043,"first_name":"Patrick","last_name":"Lowery","domain_name":"vcu","page_name":"PatrickLowery","display_name":"Patrick Lowery","profile_url":"https://vcu.academia.edu/PatrickLowery?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36043043/13123409/15391721/s65_patrick.lowery.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-27816686">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-27816686"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://seattleu.academia.edu/MatthewHickman">Matthew Hickman</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/GeoffAlpert">Geoff Alpert</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-27816686'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-27816686').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27816686 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27816686"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27816686, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27816686", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27816686 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27816686; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27816686"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27816686 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27816686"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27816686; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27816686]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27816686").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27816686").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27816686"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2065" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology">Research Methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2065" type="text/json">{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="123506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reliability">Reliability</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="123506" type="text/json">{"id":123506,"name":"Reliability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reliability?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27816686]'), work: {"id":27816686,"title":"Reliability of the Force Factor Method in Police Use-of-Force Research","created_at":"2016-08-16T12:34:17.737-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27816686/Reliability_of_the_Force_Factor_Method_in_Police_Use_of_Force_Research?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_27816686","summary":"The force factor method has garnered much attention and application in police use-of-force research, but the reliability of the method has yet to be intensively studied. Using official reports from the Seattle Police Department during a two-and-a-quarter year period (n ¼ 1,240), officer–suspect interactions were coded from the content of report narratives. Static force factors compared the maximum force applied by the officer with the maximum level of suspect resistance. Dynamic force factors were also recorded, including up to 10 iterations of dyadic action/reaction coded using the same coding scheme. The coding of force factors was completed independently by two teams working at different institutions in a fully crossed design. Evidence on the interrater reliability and subsequent utility of force factors is presented and discussed. Results indicate acceptable levels of agreement across coding teams and support the use of force factors as a central tool for studying asymmetrical social encounters and the proportionality of force.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48099076,"asset_id":27816686,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36043043,"first_name":"Patrick","last_name":"Lowery","domain_name":"vcu","page_name":"PatrickLowery","display_name":"Patrick Lowery","profile_url":"https://vcu.academia.edu/PatrickLowery?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36043043/13123409/15391721/s65_patrick.lowery.jpg"},{"id":1693251,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Hickman","domain_name":"seattleu","page_name":"MatthewHickman","display_name":"Matthew Hickman","profile_url":"https://seattleu.academia.edu/MatthewHickman?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1693251/9358813/29660220/s65_matthew.hickman.jpg"},{"id":34021441,"first_name":"Geoff","last_name":"Alpert","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GeoffAlpert","display_name":"Geoff Alpert","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GeoffAlpert?f_ri=146308","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":123506,"name":"Reliability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reliability?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7770657" data-work_id="7770657" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7770657/A_multivariate_analysis_of_individual_situational_and_environmental_factors_associated_with_police_assault_injuries">A multivariate analysis of individual, situational, and environmental factors associated with police assault injuries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Concern about police use of excessive force in the United States has increased over the last several years, due in part to the highly publicized videotaped beating of Rodney King by police in 1991 and the subsequent Los Angeles riot.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7770657" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Concern about police use of excessive force in the United States has increased over the last several years, due in part to the highly publicized videotaped beating of Rodney King by police in 1991 and the subsequent Los Angeles riot. Consequently, there has been a resurgence</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7770657" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3dced0ccfe40e6121eba29109b589ce8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34283421,"asset_id":7770657,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34283421/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14243092" href="https://sc.academia.edu/RobertKaminski">Robert J Kaminski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14243092" type="text/json">{"id":14243092,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Kaminski","domain_name":"sc","page_name":"RobertKaminski","display_name":"Robert J Kaminski","profile_url":"https://sc.academia.edu/RobertKaminski?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14243092/3905728/4567249/s65_robert.kaminski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7770657 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7770657"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7770657, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7770657", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7770657 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7770657; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7770657"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7770657 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7770657"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7770657; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7770657]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7770657").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7770657").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7770657"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80016" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing">Police and Policing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="80016" type="text/json">{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7770657]'), work: {"id":7770657,"title":"A multivariate analysis of individual, situational, and environmental factors associated with police assault injuries","created_at":"2014-07-24T08:36:58.365-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7770657/A_multivariate_analysis_of_individual_situational_and_environmental_factors_associated_with_police_assault_injuries?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_7770657","summary":"Concern about police use of excessive force in the United States has increased over the last several years, due in part to the highly publicized videotaped beating of Rodney King by police in 1991 and the subsequent Los Angeles riot. Consequently, there has been a resurgence","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34283421,"asset_id":7770657,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14243092,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Kaminski","domain_name":"sc","page_name":"RobertKaminski","display_name":"Robert J Kaminski","profile_url":"https://sc.academia.edu/RobertKaminski?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14243092/3905728/4567249/s65_robert.kaminski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31139379" data-work_id="31139379" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31139379/Creative_Community_Policing_Initiatives_in_Columbia_South_Carolina">Creative Community Policing Initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This writing, "Creative Community Policing Initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina," appears as Chapter 4 in Dennis Stevens' edited book, Policing and Community Partnerships. To meet the public safety needs of increasingly diverse... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31139379" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This writing, "Creative Community Policing Initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina," appears as Chapter 4 in Dennis Stevens' edited book, Policing and Community Partnerships.  To meet the public safety needs of increasingly diverse neighborhoods in cities across the nation, creative and innovative community policing initiatives seem to be required to curb and to prevent crimes and related problems and to bridge the gap between the police and citizens through community involvement in policing activities. Community policing is guided by the values of building partnerships, people helping people, and community organizing. In this light, community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are characterized by the concept of "shared responsibility." In this chapter, therefore, the creative and innovative community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are examined. This discussion thus focuses on questions as they relate to the community initiatives of the Columbia Police Department and the City of Columbia, South Carolina.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31139379" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2f0aafdcaf66e15cfce744ff5562978e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51573611,"asset_id":31139379,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51573611/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13464851" href="https://um-boston.academia.edu/carroyferguson">carroy ferguson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13464851" type="text/json">{"id":13464851,"first_name":"carroy","last_name":"ferguson","domain_name":"um-boston","page_name":"carroyferguson","display_name":"carroy ferguson","profile_url":"https://um-boston.academia.edu/carroyferguson?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13464851/3771911/72157139/s65_carroy.ferguson.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31139379 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31139379"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31139379, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31139379", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31139379 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31139379; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31139379"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31139379 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31139379"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31139379; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31139379]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31139379").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31139379").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31139379"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">172</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="188" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31139379]'), work: {"id":31139379,"title":"Creative Community Policing Initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina","created_at":"2017-01-31T13:45:23.471-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31139379/Creative_Community_Policing_Initiatives_in_Columbia_South_Carolina?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_31139379","summary":"This writing, \"Creative Community Policing Initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina,\" appears as Chapter 4 in Dennis Stevens' edited book, Policing and Community Partnerships. To meet the public safety needs of increasingly diverse neighborhoods in cities across the nation, creative and innovative community policing initiatives seem to be required to curb and to prevent crimes and related problems and to bridge the gap between the police and citizens through community involvement in policing activities. Community policing is guided by the values of building partnerships, people helping people, and community organizing. In this light, community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are characterized by the concept of \"shared responsibility.\" In this chapter, therefore, the creative and innovative community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are examined. This discussion thus focuses on questions as they relate to the community initiatives of the Columbia Police Department and the City of Columbia, South Carolina.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51573611,"asset_id":31139379,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13464851,"first_name":"carroy","last_name":"ferguson","domain_name":"um-boston","page_name":"carroyferguson","display_name":"carroy ferguson","profile_url":"https://um-boston.academia.edu/carroyferguson?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13464851/3771911/72157139/s65_carroy.ferguson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=146308"},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":226,"name":"Clinical Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":236,"name":"Cognitive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":238,"name":"Community Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":240,"name":"Organizational Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":243,"name":"Positive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positive_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":244,"name":"Psychoanalysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychoanalysis?f_ri=146308"},{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":252,"name":"Developmental Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":255,"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":259,"name":"Forensic Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":260,"name":"Health Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=146308"},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=146308"},{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=146308"},{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=146308"},{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=146308"},{"id":548,"name":"Civil Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Law?f_ri=146308"},{"id":635,"name":"Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychiatry?f_ri=146308"},{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":806,"name":"Philosophy of Mind","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Mind?f_ri=146308"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science?f_ri=146308"},{"id":907,"name":"Moral Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":934,"name":"Media and Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_and_Cultural_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":940,"name":"Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work?f_ri=146308"},{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":957,"name":"Cultural Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Sociology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":974,"name":"Sociology of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1073,"name":"Public Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Management?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2055,"name":"Consciousness (Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consciousness_Psychology_?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2490,"name":"Political Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2858,"name":"Popular Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_Culture?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2919,"name":"Organizational Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Culture?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3018,"name":"Motivation (Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motivation_Psychology_?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3279,"name":"Psychotherapy and Counseling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychotherapy_and_Counseling?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3398,"name":"Educational Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3470,"name":"Community Engagement \u0026 Participation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Engagement_and_Participation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3767,"name":"Law and Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Society?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3810,"name":"Mindfulness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3874,"name":"Community Organizing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Organizing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":4195,"name":"Cultural Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Theory?f_ri=146308"},{"id":4267,"name":"Community Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Ecology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=146308"},{"id":4986,"name":"Public Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Relations?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5067,"name":"Cultural Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5272,"name":"Identity (Culture)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_Culture_?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5789,"name":"Creativity and Consciousness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creativity_and_Consciousness?f_ri=146308"},{"id":6728,"name":"Philosophy Of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Law?f_ri=146308"},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=146308"},{"id":8032,"name":"Cross-Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308"},{"id":8779,"name":"Self Consciousness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_Consciousness?f_ri=146308"},{"id":9040,"name":"Consciousness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consciousness?f_ri=146308"},{"id":9246,"name":"Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media?f_ri=146308"},{"id":9822,"name":"Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":11294,"name":"Policing Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":15588,"name":"Social History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=146308"},{"id":16446,"name":"Police Interviews (Community Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Interviews_Community_Psychology_?f_ri=146308"},{"id":17656,"name":"Community","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community?f_ri=146308"},{"id":17817,"name":"Anthropology of Police \u0026 Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":18373,"name":"Moral Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Philosophy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":19148,"name":"Police Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Technology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":19298,"name":"Community Participation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Participation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":21692,"name":"Anthropology of Consciousness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Consciousness?f_ri=146308"},{"id":23342,"name":"Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":24401,"name":"Police Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":27384,"name":"Community Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":29841,"name":"Public Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=146308"},{"id":35646,"name":"Community Empowerment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Empowerment?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308"},{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38704,"name":"Police History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38928,"name":"Police and criminal justice ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_criminal_justice_ethics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":40633,"name":"Consciousness Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consciousness_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":50195,"name":"Public policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_policies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":51326,"name":"Police Training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Training?f_ri=146308"},{"id":51327,"name":"Police Recruitment and Selection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Recruitment_and_Selection?f_ri=146308"},{"id":54342,"name":"Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":56658,"name":"Police Interrogation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Interrogation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":62545,"name":"Police Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Mental_Health?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":86930,"name":"International Police Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Police_Cooperation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":87954,"name":"Police Reforms, Human Rights \u0026 Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reforms_Human_Rights_and_Terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":91469,"name":"Criminology, Policing, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, Terrorism, Human Rights, and the Death Penalty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Policing_Crime_Prevention_and_Community_Safety_Terrorism_Human_Rights_and_the_Death?f_ri=146308"},{"id":91926,"name":"Police Legitimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Legitimacy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":99310,"name":"Police canines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_canines?f_ri=146308"},{"id":105145,"name":"Lublin SS and Police Leader","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lublin_SS_and_Police_Leader?f_ri=146308"},{"id":108169,"name":"Police studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":149568,"name":"Police powers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_powers?f_ri=146308"},{"id":165296,"name":"Military and Police Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Police_Affairs?f_ri=146308"},{"id":168613,"name":"Policing and Police Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_and_Police_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183953,"name":"Police Leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Leadership?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183962,"name":"Police Decision-making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Decision-making?f_ri=146308"},{"id":187177,"name":"Police Discretion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Discretion?f_ri=146308"},{"id":187194,"name":"Police Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Administration?f_ri=146308"},{"id":191771,"name":"Police Brutality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality?f_ri=146308"},{"id":195532,"name":"Police Negotiators","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Negotiators?f_ri=146308"},{"id":248427,"name":"POLICE USE OF FORCE TRAINING","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE_TRAINING?f_ri=146308"},{"id":309498,"name":"Police discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_discourse?f_ri=146308"},{"id":346172,"name":"Community policing and crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_policing_and_crime?f_ri=146308"},{"id":346759,"name":"Police Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Corruption?f_ri=146308"},{"id":357340,"name":"Campus Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Campus_Police?f_ri=146308"},{"id":357358,"name":"Small Police Departments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Small_Police_Departments?f_ri=146308"},{"id":362375,"name":"Trust in the Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trust_in_the_Police?f_ri=146308"},{"id":363180,"name":"Police Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Sciences?f_ri=146308"},{"id":366659,"name":"Police Officer Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Officer_Stress?f_ri=146308"},{"id":413693,"name":"Community Policing, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Policing_Crime_Prevention_and_Community_Safety_Police_Reform?f_ri=146308"},{"id":433505,"name":"Police use of stop and search powers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_stop_and_search_powers?f_ri=146308"},{"id":474955,"name":"Criminal Justice, Police Policy and Procedure; Police Excessive Use of Force and Corruption; Criminal Investigations, Corrections Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice_Police_Policy_and_Procedure_Police_Excessive_Use_of_Force_and_Corruption_Crimina?f_ri=146308"},{"id":501009,"name":"Community participation and engagement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_participation_and_engagement?f_ri=146308"},{"id":510241,"name":"Police organisational culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_organisational_culture?f_ri=146308"},{"id":510242,"name":"Police Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Practice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":515629,"name":"Public polices Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_polices_Evaluation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":543520,"name":"Law and Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Police?f_ri=146308"},{"id":563910,"name":"Police Integrity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Integrity?f_ri=146308"},{"id":570157,"name":"Police Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Culture?f_ri=146308"},{"id":591879,"name":"Police Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action?f_ri=146308"},{"id":594041,"name":"Police Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Violence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":596393,"name":"Police Pacification Units","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Pacification_Units?f_ri=146308"},{"id":602337,"name":"Untangling Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Untangling_Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308"},{"id":620285,"name":"History of Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Philosophy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":630037,"name":"Police officers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_officers?f_ri=146308"},{"id":631733,"name":"Police Interrogations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Interrogations?f_ri=146308"},{"id":687723,"name":"Women Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_Police?f_ri=146308"},{"id":775406,"name":"The Concept of Police ‘New Visibility’ and its Efficacy on Crime Prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Concept_of_Police_New_Visibility_and_its_Efficacy_on_Crime_Prevention?f_ri=146308"},{"id":807070,"name":"Police Academy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Academy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":813859,"name":"Women Police current Problems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_Police_current_Problems?f_ri=146308"},{"id":813860,"name":"Police Women details","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Women_details?f_ri=146308"},{"id":813861,"name":"Police Socio economic condtion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Socio_economic_condtion?f_ri=146308"},{"id":886102,"name":"Police Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Intelligence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":896161,"name":"Police Roadblocks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Roadblocks?f_ri=146308"},{"id":904345,"name":"Police Abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Abuse?f_ri=146308"},{"id":934662,"name":"Community Policing Theories","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Policing_Theories?f_ri=146308"},{"id":957464,"name":"Police Strength","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Strength?f_ri=146308"},{"id":957470,"name":"Police Deployment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Deployment?f_ri=146308"},{"id":981109,"name":"Police Cutbacks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Cutbacks?f_ri=146308"},{"id":983480,"name":"Police Misconduct","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Misconduct?f_ri=146308"},{"id":983481,"name":"Police Advisory Boards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Advisory_Boards?f_ri=146308"},{"id":994324,"name":"Judicial and Police Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_and_Police_Cooperation?f_ri=146308"},{"id":996943,"name":"Police Practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Practices?f_ri=146308"},{"id":998001,"name":"Police Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Education?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1009160,"name":"Police Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Management?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1009453,"name":"Monetary Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monetary_Police?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1013705,"name":"Police Reforms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reforms?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1019278,"name":"Consciousness and Creativity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consciousness_and_Creativity?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1116942,"name":"Police Oversight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Oversight?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1118950,"name":"Management of the Security Services and Police Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management_of_the_Security_Services_and_Police_Organizations?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1245669,"name":"Criminology and Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_and_Police_Science?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1584827,"name":"History of police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_police?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1810942,"name":"Police Brutality and the African American Male","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality_and_the_African_American_Male?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29058321" data-work_id="29058321" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29058321/LAPD_History_origins_1970s_UCLA_History_Dept_Senior_Thesis_Policing_Race_and_Militarization_in_LA">LAPD History (origins-1970s), UCLA History Dept. Senior Thesis, Policing Race and Militarization in LA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">A History of the LAPD, 1900-1965: Historic Racial and Class Repression throughout the 20th Century Leading to the Creation of SWAT by the LAPD following the Watts Unrest of 1965 </div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29058321" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="42f800c65578e264e1403bf944f9d800" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49512128,"asset_id":29058321,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49512128/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4804386" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/ClintonCladJohnson">Clinton Clad-Johnson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4804386" type="text/json">{"id":4804386,"first_name":"Clinton","last_name":"Clad-Johnson","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"ClintonCladJohnson","display_name":"Clinton Clad-Johnson","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/ClintonCladJohnson?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4804386/2048397/15350585/s65_clinton.clad-johnson.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29058321 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29058321"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29058321, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29058321", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29058321 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29058321; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29058321"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29058321 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29058321"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29058321; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29058321]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29058321").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29058321").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29058321"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">39</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies">Black Studies Or African American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296" type="text/json">{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="297" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chicano_Studies">Chicano Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="297" type="text/json">{"id":297,"name":"Chicano Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chicano_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="299" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American_Studies">Native American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="299" type="text/json">{"id":299,"name":"Native American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="751" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Economics">Labor Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="751" type="text/json">{"id":751,"name":"Labor Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Economics?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29058321]'), work: {"id":29058321,"title":"LAPD History (origins-1970s), UCLA History Dept. Senior Thesis, Policing Race and Militarization in LA","created_at":"2016-10-10T13:44:58.332-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29058321/LAPD_History_origins_1970s_UCLA_History_Dept_Senior_Thesis_Policing_Race_and_Militarization_in_LA?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_29058321","summary":"A History of the LAPD, 1900-1965: Historic Racial and Class Repression throughout the 20th Century Leading to the Creation of SWAT by the LAPD following the Watts Unrest of 1965 \n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49512128,"asset_id":29058321,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4804386,"first_name":"Clinton","last_name":"Clad-Johnson","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"ClintonCladJohnson","display_name":"Clinton Clad-Johnson","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/ClintonCladJohnson?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4804386/2048397/15350585/s65_clinton.clad-johnson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":297,"name":"Chicano Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chicano_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":299,"name":"Native American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":751,"name":"Labor Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Economics?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":2432,"name":"Critical Race Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2938,"name":"Black/African Diaspora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_African_Diaspora?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5247,"name":"Critical Race Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=146308"},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308"},{"id":11751,"name":"African American Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Culture?f_ri=146308"},{"id":14912,"name":"African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":16069,"name":"Critical Race Theory and Whiteness theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory_and_Whiteness_theory?f_ri=146308"},{"id":17817,"name":"Anthropology of Police \u0026 Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":22212,"name":"Labor Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36359,"name":"Radicalism and the Left in the United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radicalism_and_the_Left_in_the_United_States?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36360,"name":"New Left and the 1960s","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Left_and_the_1960s?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36593,"name":"Native American Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American_Anthropology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36600,"name":"Native American (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American_History_?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38704,"name":"Police History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38928,"name":"Police and criminal justice ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_criminal_justice_ethics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":39799,"name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Los_Angeles?f_ri=146308"},{"id":59440,"name":"Chicano History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chicano_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":84206,"name":"Working Conditions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Conditions?f_ri=146308"},{"id":94493,"name":"Los Angeles culture and history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Los_Angeles_culture_and_history?f_ri=146308"},{"id":134540,"name":"NAACP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NAACP?f_ri=146308"},{"id":144202,"name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Los_Angeles_Times?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183953,"name":"Police Leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Leadership?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183962,"name":"Police Decision-making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Decision-making?f_ri=146308"},{"id":493633,"name":"Los Angeles Riots","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Los_Angeles_Riots?f_ri=146308"},{"id":499680,"name":"South Central Los Angeles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Central_Los_Angeles?f_ri=146308"},{"id":514726,"name":"rodney king LAPD LA riots los angeles 1995 race relations civil rights television media technology video cameras community media activist media alternative media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/rodney_king_LAPD_LA_riots_los_angeles_1995_race_relations_civil_rights_television_media_technology_v?f_ri=146308"},{"id":874754,"name":"Chicano Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chicano_Movement?f_ri=146308"},{"id":886102,"name":"Police Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Intelligence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1183035,"name":"Los Angeles History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Los_Angeles_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1236694,"name":"Police Chief","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Chief?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2003663,"name":"Communists","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communists?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_77298978" data-work_id="77298978" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77298978/Do_the_police_really_protect_and_serve_the_public_Police_deviance_and_public_cynicism_towards_the_law_in_Nigeria">Do the police really protect and serve the public? Police deviance and public cynicism towards the law in Nigeria</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study empirically examines the everyday problem of corrupt policing and other related abuses in Nigeria, and how these deviant behaviours engender public cynicism towards the law. In any democratic society, police officers are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_77298978" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study empirically examines the everyday problem of corrupt policing and other related abuses in Nigeria, and how these deviant behaviours engender public cynicism towards the law. In any democratic society, police officers are expected to be accountable for their actions and inactions. But the perennial problem in Nigeria is that the police are not accountable to anyone. The history of Nigeria policing is littered with accounts of deviance, malevolent attitudes towards the public and failures of the police organization in detecting or disciplining errant officers. Using a sample of 462 participants from a cross-sectional survey, this study examines whether actual or vicarious experiences of police deviance are likely to predict public cynicism towards the law. This current study corroborates previous assertions that the relationship between the police and the public in Nigeria is poor and that police deviance engenders cynicism towards the law. Implications for policymaking and...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77298978" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f686b07b01de9798ea6ad9c5cc75b15b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84711198,"asset_id":77298978,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84711198/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="360720" href="https://northumbria.academia.edu/OluwagbengaAkinlabi">Oluwagbenga M Akinlabi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="360720" type="text/json">{"id":360720,"first_name":"Oluwagbenga","last_name":"Akinlabi","domain_name":"northumbria","page_name":"OluwagbengaAkinlabi","display_name":"Oluwagbenga M Akinlabi","profile_url":"https://northumbria.academia.edu/OluwagbengaAkinlabi?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/360720/110021/38690749/s65_oluwagbenga.akinlabi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_77298978 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="77298978"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 77298978, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_77298978", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_77298978 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77298978; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_77298978"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_77298978 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="77298978"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77298978; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=77298978]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_77298978").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_77298978").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="77298978"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="899" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy_and_Authority">Legitimacy and Authority</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="899" type="text/json">{"id":899,"name":"Legitimacy and Authority","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy_and_Authority?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=77298978]'), work: {"id":77298978,"title":"Do the police really protect and serve the public? Police deviance and public cynicism towards the law in Nigeria","created_at":"2022-04-22T13:13:11.858-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/77298978/Do_the_police_really_protect_and_serve_the_public_Police_deviance_and_public_cynicism_towards_the_law_in_Nigeria?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_77298978","summary":"This study empirically examines the everyday problem of corrupt policing and other related abuses in Nigeria, and how these deviant behaviours engender public cynicism towards the law. In any democratic society, police officers are expected to be accountable for their actions and inactions. But the perennial problem in Nigeria is that the police are not accountable to anyone. The history of Nigeria policing is littered with accounts of deviance, malevolent attitudes towards the public and failures of the police organization in detecting or disciplining errant officers. Using a sample of 462 participants from a cross-sectional survey, this study examines whether actual or vicarious experiences of police deviance are likely to predict public cynicism towards the law. This current study corroborates previous assertions that the relationship between the police and the public in Nigeria is poor and that police deviance engenders cynicism towards the law. Implications for policymaking and...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84711198,"asset_id":77298978,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":360720,"first_name":"Oluwagbenga","last_name":"Akinlabi","domain_name":"northumbria","page_name":"OluwagbengaAkinlabi","display_name":"Oluwagbenga M Akinlabi","profile_url":"https://northumbria.academia.edu/OluwagbengaAkinlabi?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/360720/110021/38690749/s65_oluwagbenga.akinlabi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":899,"name":"Legitimacy and Authority","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy_and_Authority?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":15253,"name":"Procedural Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Procedural_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":21318,"name":"Nigeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigeria?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":150985,"name":"Cynicism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cynicism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":346759,"name":"Police Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Corruption?f_ri=146308"},{"id":510812,"name":"Political Cynicism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Cynicism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":714486,"name":"Police Deviance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Deviance?f_ri=146308"},{"id":904345,"name":"Police Abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Abuse?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1447321,"name":"Criminology Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1480144,"name":"Nigeria Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigeria_Police?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35192450" data-work_id="35192450" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35192450/Police_Corruption_Causes_Remedies_and_an_Outlook_for_the_Future">Police Corruption: Causes, Remedies, and an Outlook for the Future</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">An attempt to stand up for law enforcement officers while satisfying the assignment requirements of discussing police corruption.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35192450" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="52b0d85c32487b256af7cca478caf9a5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55053500,"asset_id":35192450,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55053500/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="71560889" href="https://belhaven.academia.edu/KerriWhite">Kerri Gates Rowland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="71560889" type="text/json">{"id":71560889,"first_name":"Kerri","last_name":"Gates Rowland","domain_name":"belhaven","page_name":"KerriWhite","display_name":"Kerri Gates Rowland","profile_url":"https://belhaven.academia.edu/KerriWhite?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/71560889/18356054/18316187/s65_kerri.white.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35192450 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35192450"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35192450, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35192450", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35192450 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35192450; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35192450"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35192450 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35192450"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35192450; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35192450]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35192450").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35192450").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35192450"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3220" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fighting_and_Preventing_Corruption_through_Law">Fighting and Preventing Corruption through Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3220" type="text/json">{"id":3220,"name":"Fighting and Preventing Corruption through Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fighting_and_Preventing_Corruption_through_Law?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability">Police Accountability</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36981" type="text/json">{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80016" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing">Police and Policing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="80016" type="text/json">{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35192450]'), work: {"id":35192450,"title":"Police Corruption: Causes, Remedies, and an Outlook for the Future","created_at":"2017-11-19T20:20:10.676-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35192450/Police_Corruption_Causes_Remedies_and_an_Outlook_for_the_Future?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_35192450","summary":"An attempt to stand up for law enforcement officers while satisfying the assignment requirements of discussing police corruption.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55053500,"asset_id":35192450,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":71560889,"first_name":"Kerri","last_name":"Gates Rowland","domain_name":"belhaven","page_name":"KerriWhite","display_name":"Kerri Gates Rowland","profile_url":"https://belhaven.academia.edu/KerriWhite?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/71560889/18356054/18316187/s65_kerri.white.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3220,"name":"Fighting and Preventing Corruption through Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fighting_and_Preventing_Corruption_through_Law?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":886102,"name":"Police Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Intelligence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":983475,"name":"Corruption In Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corruption_In_Law_Enforcement?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43304244" data-work_id="43304244" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43304244/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89">التحديات الامنية فى الفاعليات الكبرى</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">توفر الفعاليات الكبيرة كالمعارض والبطولات الرياضية والمهرجانات والحفلات والأنشطة الترفيهية والسياحية والمناسبات الوطنية الكبرى، عدداً من الفرص الاقتصادية والصناعية والمجتمعية والتجارية، بما في ذلك زيادة الإيرادات وتنشيط الحركة المجتمعية... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43304244" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">توفر الفعاليات الكبيرة كالمعارض والبطولات الرياضية والمهرجانات والحفلات والأنشطة الترفيهية والسياحية والمناسبات الوطنية الكبرى، عدداً من الفرص الاقتصادية والصناعية والمجتمعية والتجارية، بما في ذلك زيادة الإيرادات وتنشيط الحركة المجتمعية في الدولة، ومع هذه الفوائد تأتي مسؤولية أكبر على أجهزة الأمن والمعنين بإنفاذ القانون لضمان أمن المجتمع وسلامة أفراده. وعندما يتم التكليف بإدارة فعالية كبيرة، يميل القادة في القطاعات الأمنية العربية إلي تبني ممارسات وخطط أمنية سابق تجربتها في أحداث أمنية مماثلة ومع ذلك، وفي كثير من الأحيان، لم يتم توثيق الدروس السابقة المستفادة من الممارسات الأمنية السابقة بطريقة واضحة وموجزة، كما لا يفطن العديد من القادة إلي المتغيرات والتحديات الأمنية المتسارعة والتي يمكن أن تؤثر على تأمين الفعالية الجديدة. ولمعالجة هذه الفجوة في المعلومات، تقدم هذه السياسة موجزاً عن التحديات الأمنية التي تصاحب عقد فعاليات مجتمعية وتقدم كذلك أفضل الممارسات المتعلقة بالتخطيط الأمني لفعالية واسعة النطاق، وبالتحديد التخطيط لما قبل الفعالية، وعمليات الفعالية الأساسية، وأنشطة ما بعد الفعالية، ويتضمن ذلك معلومات عن أبرز 8 تحديات تواجهه العمل الأمني الموجهة نحو تأمين الفعاليات وهم مرتبة حسب أهميتهم كالتالي: الإرهاب، الطائرات المسيرة عن بعد، والقوارب المسيرة عن بعد والطبيعة الديمغرافية للمجتمع المشارك في الفعاليات، والتحديات الرقمية وشبكات التواصل الاجتماعي، وخبرة إدارة الحشود، وأخيرا الأوضاع الأمنية في دول الجوار، كما تم الإشارة إلي عدد 18 منطقة تشغيلية أساسية لإدارة الامن في الفعاليات في ظل هذه التحديات ويمكن استخدام هذا التوجيه كأساس لتنسيق الخطط التشغيلية الخاصة بمنطقة جغرافية معينة كما يمكن تعديله لاستيعاب متطلبات أمن الفعاليات والخطط الأمنية الحالية، وكذلك الإشارة إلي مشروع ستاديا الدولي المتعلق بمعايير تامين الفعاليات، وأظهر تحليل SWOT نقاط القوة والضعف وعدد الفرص المتاحة لأجهزة الأمن لمواجهة التحديات الأمنية، ومن ثم تم اقتراح عدد من المعايير لضمان تنفيذ أفضل لأمن الفعاليات، لعل أبرزها الاشتراك في منظومة ادارة المعارف الأمنية لخطط تأمين الفعاليات الكبرى بالإنتربول والتي تحتوى على دليل شامل للممارسات الجيدة المتعلقة بمختلف الجوانب الأمنية الفعاليات الكبرى وكذلك برنامج الكتروني مشترك يمكن من خلاله للخبراء المعنيين بتأمين الفاعليات بتبادل المعلومات المتعلقة بتطور أمن الأحداث الكبرى ومناقشاتها وتحاليلها ونشرها، وكذلك نوصي بحضور الاجتماعات السنوية للخبراء المعنيين بتنظيم وتأمين الفاعليات الكبرى والتي تضم خبراء من أجهزة انفاذ القانون واللجان المعنية بتأمين الفاعليات والقطاعات الخاصة والأوساط الأكاديمية وذلك لاستعراض البحوث والتحليلات ذات الصلة وإصدار توصيات مستقلة للتخطيط والتنفيذ وتأمين الفاعليات، كما نوصي أيضاً بتفعيل برامج المراقبة الأمنية وتحليل المعلومات ومشاركاتها والعناية بالتدريب وإقامة شراكات استراتيجية مع منظمات دولية كبرى للمساعدة في تعزيز أمن الفاعليات الدولية الكبرى  ووضع الممارسات الجيدة وضمان النوعية والمعايير.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43304244" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="16a1f20e86da74bf038eb563fe82503f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63582990,"asset_id":43304244,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63582990/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="154805824" href="https://nauss.academia.edu/MamdoohAbdelmottlep">Mamdooh Abdelmottlep</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="154805824" type="text/json">{"id":154805824,"first_name":"Mamdooh","last_name":"Abdelmottlep","domain_name":"nauss","page_name":"MamdoohAbdelmottlep","display_name":"Mamdooh Abdelmottlep","profile_url":"https://nauss.academia.edu/MamdoohAbdelmottlep?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/154805824/45023885/35537346/s65_mamdooh.abdelmottlep.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43304244 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43304244"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43304244, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43304244", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43304244 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43304244; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43304244"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43304244 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43304244"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43304244; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43304244]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43304244").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43304244").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43304244"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="538" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science">Police Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="538" type="text/json">{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37778" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement">Law Enforcement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37778" type="text/json">{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80016" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing">Police and Policing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="80016" type="text/json">{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43304244]'), work: {"id":43304244,"title":"التحديات الامنية فى الفاعليات الكبرى","created_at":"2020-06-10T01:52:33.973-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43304244/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_43304244","summary":"توفر الفعاليات الكبيرة كالمعارض والبطولات الرياضية والمهرجانات والحفلات والأنشطة الترفيهية والسياحية والمناسبات الوطنية الكبرى، عدداً من الفرص الاقتصادية والصناعية والمجتمعية والتجارية، بما في ذلك زيادة الإيرادات وتنشيط الحركة المجتمعية في الدولة، ومع هذه الفوائد تأتي مسؤولية أكبر على أجهزة الأمن والمعنين بإنفاذ القانون لضمان أمن المجتمع وسلامة أفراده. وعندما يتم التكليف بإدارة فعالية كبيرة، يميل القادة في القطاعات الأمنية العربية إلي تبني ممارسات وخطط أمنية سابق تجربتها في أحداث أمنية مماثلة ومع ذلك، وفي كثير من الأحيان، لم يتم توثيق الدروس السابقة المستفادة من الممارسات الأمنية السابقة بطريقة واضحة وموجزة، كما لا يفطن العديد من القادة إلي المتغيرات والتحديات الأمنية المتسارعة والتي يمكن أن تؤثر على تأمين الفعالية الجديدة. ولمعالجة هذه الفجوة في المعلومات، تقدم هذه السياسة موجزاً عن التحديات الأمنية التي تصاحب عقد فعاليات مجتمعية وتقدم كذلك أفضل الممارسات المتعلقة بالتخطيط الأمني لفعالية واسعة النطاق، وبالتحديد التخطيط لما قبل الفعالية، وعمليات الفعالية الأساسية، وأنشطة ما بعد الفعالية، ويتضمن ذلك معلومات عن أبرز 8 تحديات تواجهه العمل الأمني الموجهة نحو تأمين الفعاليات وهم مرتبة حسب أهميتهم كالتالي: الإرهاب، الطائرات المسيرة عن بعد، والقوارب المسيرة عن بعد والطبيعة الديمغرافية للمجتمع المشارك في الفعاليات، والتحديات الرقمية وشبكات التواصل الاجتماعي، وخبرة إدارة الحشود، وأخيرا الأوضاع الأمنية في دول الجوار، كما تم الإشارة إلي عدد 18 منطقة تشغيلية أساسية لإدارة الامن في الفعاليات في ظل هذه التحديات ويمكن استخدام هذا التوجيه كأساس لتنسيق الخطط التشغيلية الخاصة بمنطقة جغرافية معينة كما يمكن تعديله لاستيعاب متطلبات أمن الفعاليات والخطط الأمنية الحالية، وكذلك الإشارة إلي مشروع ستاديا الدولي المتعلق بمعايير تامين الفعاليات، وأظهر تحليل SWOT نقاط القوة والضعف وعدد الفرص المتاحة لأجهزة الأمن لمواجهة التحديات الأمنية، ومن ثم تم اقتراح عدد من المعايير لضمان تنفيذ أفضل لأمن الفعاليات، لعل أبرزها الاشتراك في منظومة ادارة المعارف الأمنية لخطط تأمين الفعاليات الكبرى بالإنتربول والتي تحتوى على دليل شامل للممارسات الجيدة المتعلقة بمختلف الجوانب الأمنية الفعاليات الكبرى وكذلك برنامج الكتروني مشترك يمكن من خلاله للخبراء المعنيين بتأمين الفاعليات بتبادل المعلومات المتعلقة بتطور أمن الأحداث الكبرى ومناقشاتها وتحاليلها ونشرها، وكذلك نوصي بحضور الاجتماعات السنوية للخبراء المعنيين بتنظيم وتأمين الفاعليات الكبرى والتي تضم خبراء من أجهزة انفاذ القانون واللجان المعنية بتأمين الفاعليات والقطاعات الخاصة والأوساط الأكاديمية وذلك لاستعراض البحوث والتحليلات ذات الصلة وإصدار توصيات مستقلة للتخطيط والتنفيذ وتأمين الفاعليات، كما نوصي أيضاً بتفعيل برامج المراقبة الأمنية وتحليل المعلومات ومشاركاتها والعناية بالتدريب وإقامة شراكات استراتيجية مع منظمات دولية كبرى للمساعدة في تعزيز أمن الفاعليات الدولية الكبرى ووضع الممارسات الجيدة وضمان النوعية والمعايير.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63582990,"asset_id":43304244,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":154805824,"first_name":"Mamdooh","last_name":"Abdelmottlep","domain_name":"nauss","page_name":"MamdoohAbdelmottlep","display_name":"Mamdooh Abdelmottlep","profile_url":"https://nauss.academia.edu/MamdoohAbdelmottlep?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/154805824/45023885/35537346/s65_mamdooh.abdelmottlep.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12677192" data-work_id="12677192" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12677192/Controlling_Use_of_Force_Identifying_Police_Use_of_Excessive_Force_through_Analysis_of_Administrative_Records">Controlling Use of Force: Identifying Police Use of Excessive Force through Analysis of Administrative Records</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Law enforcement agencies have a responsibility to control the use of force by police so as to minimally impact the liberty of citizens while ensuring both officer and public safety. Yet, there is an alarming disconnect between how the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12677192" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Law enforcement agencies have a responsibility to control the use of force by police so as to minimally <br />impact the liberty of citizens while ensuring both officer and public safety. Yet, there is an alarming disconnect between <br />how the police, the public, and the courts view use of force. How can police administrators reliably distinguish <br />justifiable applications of force from unnecessary force, or the use of excessive force, and do so in a manner that <br />balances these differing views while ultimately adhering to legal doctrine? We propose a model and administrative <br />process for identifying and addressing potential incidents of unnecessary force or use of excessive force by combining <br />force factor methodology [Alpert, G. and Dunham, R. (1997). The Force Factor: Measuring Police Use of Force Relative <br />to Suspect Resistance. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.] with the operationalization of the core test <br />and mitigating factors delineated in Graham v. Conner. We provide a preliminary empirical test of this approach using <br />administrative data on use of force incidents in the Seattle Police Department during a recent two-and-a-quarter year <br />period. Results based upon both quantitative and qualitative analyses of administrative records suggest that the <br />proposed model may assist in the identification of potentially excessive force incidents. Implications for policy and <br />practice are discussed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12677192" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0fd1b5f3a9c4860cfedb9443ce41a07e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37775473,"asset_id":12677192,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37775473/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1693251" href="https://seattleu.academia.edu/MatthewHickman">Matthew Hickman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1693251" type="text/json">{"id":1693251,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Hickman","domain_name":"seattleu","page_name":"MatthewHickman","display_name":"Matthew Hickman","profile_url":"https://seattleu.academia.edu/MatthewHickman?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1693251/9358813/29660220/s65_matthew.hickman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12677192 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12677192"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12677192, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12677192", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12677192 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12677192; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12677192"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12677192 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12677192"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12677192; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12677192]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12677192").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12677192").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12677192"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="538" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science">Police Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="538" type="text/json">{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80016" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing">Police and Policing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="80016" type="text/json">{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12677192]'), work: {"id":12677192,"title":"Controlling Use of Force: Identifying Police Use of Excessive Force through Analysis of Administrative Records","created_at":"2015-05-29T14:08:21.530-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12677192/Controlling_Use_of_Force_Identifying_Police_Use_of_Excessive_Force_through_Analysis_of_Administrative_Records?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_12677192","summary":"Law enforcement agencies have a responsibility to control the use of force by police so as to minimally\r\nimpact the liberty of citizens while ensuring both officer and public safety. Yet, there is an alarming disconnect between\r\nhow the police, the public, and the courts view use of force. How can police administrators reliably distinguish\r\njustifiable applications of force from unnecessary force, or the use of excessive force, and do so in a manner that\r\nbalances these differing views while ultimately adhering to legal doctrine? We propose a model and administrative\r\nprocess for identifying and addressing potential incidents of unnecessary force or use of excessive force by combining\r\nforce factor methodology [Alpert, G. and Dunham, R. (1997). The Force Factor: Measuring Police Use of Force Relative\r\nto Suspect Resistance. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.] with the operationalization of the core test\r\nand mitigating factors delineated in Graham v. Conner. We provide a preliminary empirical test of this approach using\r\nadministrative data on use of force incidents in the Seattle Police Department during a recent two-and-a-quarter year\r\nperiod. Results based upon both quantitative and qualitative analyses of administrative records suggest that the\r\nproposed model may assist in the identification of potentially excessive force incidents. Implications for policy and\r\npractice are discussed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37775473,"asset_id":12677192,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1693251,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Hickman","domain_name":"seattleu","page_name":"MatthewHickman","display_name":"Matthew Hickman","profile_url":"https://seattleu.academia.edu/MatthewHickman?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1693251/9358813/29660220/s65_matthew.hickman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47757137" data-work_id="47757137" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47757137/ZAKONITA_UPORABA_SREDSTAVA_PRISILE_POLICIJSKIH_SLU%C5%BDBENIKA">ZAKONITA UPORABA SREDSTAVA PRISILE POLICIJSKIH SLUŽBENIKA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Radom je obuhvaćena problematika zakonite uporabe sredstava prisile kao razloga isključenja protupravnosti, najvažniji međunarodni pravni izvori i poredbeno pravo koje se odnosi na uporabu sile u obavljanju policijskih poslova. Isto tako... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47757137" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Radom je obuhvaćena problematika zakonite uporabe sredstava prisile kao razloga isključenja protupravnosti, najvažniji međunarodni pravni izvori i poredbeno pravo koje se odnosi na uporabu sile u obavljanju policijskih poslova. Isto tako obrađene su presude Europskog suda za ljudska prava i Vrhovnog suda SAD-a kao i Vrhovnog suda RH koje određuju prihvatljive standarde za uporabu sile u obavljanju policijskih poslova. U radu su izloženi statistički podaci o ukupnom broju uporaba sredstava prisile u RH i uporabi pojedinih sredstava prisile u RH. Za potrebe rada izvršena je anketa policijskih službenika PU karlovačke o uporabi sredstava prisile u obavljanju policijskih poslova, stavovi policijskih službenika o aktualnim propisima koji uređuju uporabu sredstva prisile i potrebi promjene aktualnih propisa o uporabi sredstava prisile u obavljanju policijskih poslova.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47757137" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7ecf3806116270e5434508d66ae54d17" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66699048,"asset_id":47757137,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66699048/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33944064" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Dra%C5%BEen%C5%A0krti%C4%87">Dražen Škrtić</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33944064" type="text/json">{"id":33944064,"first_name":"Dražen","last_name":"Škrtić","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DraženŠkrtić","display_name":"Dražen Škrtić","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Dra%C5%BEen%C5%A0krti%C4%87?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33944064/12011029/13381448/s65_dra_en._krti_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47757137 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47757137"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47757137, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47757137", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_47757137 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47757137; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_47757137"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_47757137 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="47757137"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47757137; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47757137]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_47757137").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_47757137").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="47757137"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36982" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform">Police Reform</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36982" type="text/json">{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51326" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Training">Police Training</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51326" type="text/json">{"id":51326,"name":"Police Training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Training?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=47757137]'), work: {"id":47757137,"title":"ZAKONITA UPORABA SREDSTAVA PRISILE POLICIJSKIH SLUŽBENIKA","created_at":"2021-04-27T05:53:28.337-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/47757137/ZAKONITA_UPORABA_SREDSTAVA_PRISILE_POLICIJSKIH_SLU%C5%BDBENIKA?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_47757137","summary":"Radom je obuhvaćena problematika zakonite uporabe sredstava prisile kao razloga isključenja protupravnosti, najvažniji međunarodni pravni izvori i poredbeno pravo koje se odnosi na uporabu sile u obavljanju policijskih poslova. Isto tako obrađene su presude Europskog suda za ljudska prava i Vrhovnog suda SAD-a kao i Vrhovnog suda RH koje određuju prihvatljive standarde za uporabu sile u obavljanju policijskih poslova. U radu su izloženi statistički podaci o ukupnom broju uporaba sredstava prisile u RH i uporabi pojedinih sredstava prisile u RH. Za potrebe rada izvršena je anketa policijskih službenika PU karlovačke o uporabi sredstava prisile u obavljanju policijskih poslova, stavovi policijskih službenika o aktualnim propisima koji uređuju uporabu sredstva prisile i potrebi promjene aktualnih propisa o uporabi sredstava prisile u obavljanju policijskih poslova.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66699048,"asset_id":47757137,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33944064,"first_name":"Dražen","last_name":"Škrtić","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DraženŠkrtić","display_name":"Dražen Škrtić","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Dra%C5%BEen%C5%A0krti%C4%87?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33944064/12011029/13381448/s65_dra_en._krti_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":51326,"name":"Police Training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Training?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":349502,"name":"Coercion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coercion?f_ri=146308"},{"id":366659,"name":"Police Officer Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Officer_Stress?f_ri=146308"},{"id":474955,"name":"Criminal Justice, Police Policy and Procedure; Police Excessive Use of Force and Corruption; Criminal Investigations, Corrections Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice_Police_Policy_and_Procedure_Police_Excessive_Use_of_Force_and_Corruption_Crimina?f_ri=146308"},{"id":630037,"name":"Police officers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_officers?f_ri=146308"},{"id":998001,"name":"Police Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Education?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1298093,"name":"Use of Force by Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Use_of_Force_by_Police?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41803470 coauthored" data-work_id="41803470" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41803470/The_effects_of_body_worn_camera_footage_and_eyewitness_race_on_jurors_perceptions_of_police_use_of_force">The effects of body-worn camera footage and eyewitness race on jurors' perceptions of police use of force</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Police use of body-worn cameras (BWCs) is increasingly common in the USA. This article reports the results of one of the first experimental examinations of the effects of three BWC status conditions (absent, transcribed, viewed) and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41803470" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Police use of body-worn cameras (BWCs) is increasingly<br />common in the USA. This article reports the results of<br />one of the first experimental examinations of the effects<br />of three BWC status conditions (absent, transcribed,<br />viewed) and eyewitness race (Black, White) on mock<br />jurors' case judgments, in a case in which a community<br />member (defendant) was charged with resisting arrest but<br />where the officer's use of force in conducting the arrest<br />was controversial. Results provide evidence of significant<br />main effects of both eyewitness race and BWC status.<br />When the eyewitness supporting the defendant was<br />White, mock jurors were less likely to vote the defendant<br />guilty of resisting arrest, as well as more likely to<br />consider the defendant credible and the officer culpable<br />for the incident. In addition, when BWC footage of the<br />arrest was viewed, compared with transcribed or absent,<br />participants were less likely to vote the defendant guilty<br />of resisting arrest, and also rated the officer's use of<br />force less justifiable, and the officer more culpable and<br />less credible. Follow-up analyses demonstrated that<br />these relationships between BWC condition and case<br />judgments were all mediated by moral outrage toward<br />the officer.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41803470" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="802ee8bff8dc6f171f5f1d08e1f9f67d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61951152,"asset_id":41803470,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61951152/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4502099" href="https://lakeheadu.academia.edu/AlanaSaulnier">Alana Saulnier</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4502099" type="text/json">{"id":4502099,"first_name":"Alana","last_name":"Saulnier","domain_name":"lakeheadu","page_name":"AlanaSaulnier","display_name":"Alana Saulnier","profile_url":"https://lakeheadu.academia.edu/AlanaSaulnier?f_ri=146308","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-41803470">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-41803470"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/KellyCBurke">Kelly C. Burke</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-41803470'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-41803470').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41803470 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41803470"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41803470, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41803470", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41803470 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41803470; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41803470"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41803470 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41803470"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41803470; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41803470]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41803470").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41803470").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41803470"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="91427" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eyewitness_Evidence">Eyewitness Evidence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="91427" type="text/json">{"id":91427,"name":"Eyewitness Evidence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eyewitness_Evidence?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="178259" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jury-Based_Decision-Making">Jury-Based Decision-Making</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="178259" type="text/json">{"id":178259,"name":"Jury-Based Decision-Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jury-Based_Decision-Making?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41803470]'), work: {"id":41803470,"title":"The effects of body-worn camera footage and eyewitness race on jurors' perceptions of police use of force","created_at":"2020-01-31T05:41:55.447-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41803470/The_effects_of_body_worn_camera_footage_and_eyewitness_race_on_jurors_perceptions_of_police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_41803470","summary":"Police use of body-worn cameras (BWCs) is increasingly\ncommon in the USA. This article reports the results of\none of the first experimental examinations of the effects\nof three BWC status conditions (absent, transcribed,\nviewed) and eyewitness race (Black, White) on mock\njurors' case judgments, in a case in which a community\nmember (defendant) was charged with resisting arrest but\nwhere the officer's use of force in conducting the arrest\nwas controversial. Results provide evidence of significant\nmain effects of both eyewitness race and BWC status.\nWhen the eyewitness supporting the defendant was\nWhite, mock jurors were less likely to vote the defendant\nguilty of resisting arrest, as well as more likely to\nconsider the defendant credible and the officer culpable\nfor the incident. In addition, when BWC footage of the\narrest was viewed, compared with transcribed or absent,\nparticipants were less likely to vote the defendant guilty\nof resisting arrest, and also rated the officer's use of\nforce less justifiable, and the officer more culpable and\nless credible. Follow-up analyses demonstrated that\nthese relationships between BWC condition and case\njudgments were all mediated by moral outrage toward\nthe officer.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61951152,"asset_id":41803470,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4502099,"first_name":"Alana","last_name":"Saulnier","domain_name":"lakeheadu","page_name":"AlanaSaulnier","display_name":"Alana Saulnier","profile_url":"https://lakeheadu.academia.edu/AlanaSaulnier?f_ri=146308","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":145201216,"first_name":"Kelly C.","last_name":"Burke","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KellyCBurke","display_name":"Kelly C. Burke","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KellyCBurke?f_ri=146308","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":91427,"name":"Eyewitness Evidence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eyewitness_Evidence?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":178259,"name":"Jury-Based Decision-Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jury-Based_Decision-Making?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34323738" data-work_id="34323738" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34323738/As_For%C3%A7as_Armadas_e_a_tem%C3%A1tica_interna_no_Brasil_contempor%C3%A2neo_uma_an%C3%A1lise_da_constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_miss%C3%B5es_de_ordem_e_seguran%C3%A7a_internas_no_per%C3%ADodo_p%C3%B3s_Guerra_Fria_Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Mestrado_The_Armed_Forces_and_the_internal_thematics_in_contemporary_Brazil_Masters_Dissertation_">As Forças Armadas e a temática interna no Brasil contemporâneo: uma análise da construção de missões de ordem e segurança internas no período pós-Guerra Fria (Dissertação de Mestrado) / The Armed Forces and the internal thematics in contemporary Brazil (Master's Dissertation)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">RESUMO: Com a saída dos militares do centro do governo e o fim da guerra fria ganha corpo um debate sobre o papel das Forças Armadas no Brasil contemporâneo. Nessa direção, o presente trabalho começa abordando o que se convencionou chamar... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34323738" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">RESUMO: Com a saída dos militares do centro do governo e o fim da guerra fria ganha corpo um debate sobre o papel das Forças Armadas no Brasil contemporâneo. Nessa direção, o presente trabalho começa abordando o que se convencionou chamar de crise de identidade militar como uma porta de entrada à análise da construção de novas missões de ordem e segurança internas pela instituição militar no panorama pós-guerra fria. Ao lado disso, com uma agenda específica para as Forças Armadas latino-americanas, os EUA passaram a propugnar e pressionar o envolvimento dos militares em tarefas policiais rotineiras em detrimento da clássica função de defesa externa. Dentro desse quadro mais amplo, a "Operação Rio" foi utilizada como importante teste crítico às forças sociais interessadas na questão da participação das FFAA em missões de tipo policial. Efetivamente, ela viria a abrir as portas a uma participação mais ativa dos militares nas mais distintas missões ligadas à temática interna durante o primeiro governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso, com a definição prática de uma missão militar de ordem interna e o início da superação da crise de identidade militar então existente. Tal como está configurada hoje, a missão militar acha-se assentada em bases precárias, sendo o principal traço a destacar o da manutenção da vocação interna, sobretudo por intermédio do Exército.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34323738" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5025dfb02dbb5ce571bf645be374ece9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54221814,"asset_id":34323738,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54221814/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13052170" href="https://unesp.academia.edu/AlexandreFuccille">Alexandre Fuccille</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13052170" type="text/json">{"id":13052170,"first_name":"Alexandre","last_name":"Fuccille","domain_name":"unesp","page_name":"AlexandreFuccille","display_name":"Alexandre Fuccille","profile_url":"https://unesp.academia.edu/AlexandreFuccille?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13052170/3708471/18087734/s65_alexandre.fuccille.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34323738 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34323738"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34323738, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34323738", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34323738 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34323738; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34323738"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34323738 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34323738"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34323738; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34323738]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34323738").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34323738").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34323738"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">72</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2484" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drugs_And_Addiction">Drugs And Addiction</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2484" type="text/json">{"id":2484,"name":"Drugs And Addiction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drugs_And_Addiction?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8616" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Security_Law">National Security Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8616" type="text/json">{"id":8616,"name":"National Security Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Security_Law?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11294" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_Studies">Policing Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11294" type="text/json">{"id":11294,"name":"Policing Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34323738]'), work: {"id":34323738,"title":"As Forças Armadas e a temática interna no Brasil contemporâneo: uma análise da construção de missões de ordem e segurança internas no período pós-Guerra Fria (Dissertação de Mestrado) / The Armed Forces and the internal thematics in contemporary Brazil (Master's Dissertation)","created_at":"2017-08-23T07:32:13.186-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34323738/As_For%C3%A7as_Armadas_e_a_tem%C3%A1tica_interna_no_Brasil_contempor%C3%A2neo_uma_an%C3%A1lise_da_constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_miss%C3%B5es_de_ordem_e_seguran%C3%A7a_internas_no_per%C3%ADodo_p%C3%B3s_Guerra_Fria_Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Mestrado_The_Armed_Forces_and_the_internal_thematics_in_contemporary_Brazil_Masters_Dissertation_?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_34323738","summary":"RESUMO: Com a saída dos militares do centro do governo e o fim da guerra fria ganha corpo um debate sobre o papel das Forças Armadas no Brasil contemporâneo. Nessa direção, o presente trabalho começa abordando o que se convencionou chamar de crise de identidade militar como uma porta de entrada à análise da construção de novas missões de ordem e segurança internas pela instituição militar no panorama pós-guerra fria. Ao lado disso, com uma agenda específica para as Forças Armadas latino-americanas, os EUA passaram a propugnar e pressionar o envolvimento dos militares em tarefas policiais rotineiras em detrimento da clássica função de defesa externa. Dentro desse quadro mais amplo, a \"Operação Rio\" foi utilizada como importante teste crítico às forças sociais interessadas na questão da participação das FFAA em missões de tipo policial. Efetivamente, ela viria a abrir as portas a uma participação mais ativa dos militares nas mais distintas missões ligadas à temática interna durante o primeiro governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso, com a definição prática de uma missão militar de ordem interna e o início da superação da crise de identidade militar então existente. Tal como está configurada hoje, a missão militar acha-se assentada em bases precárias, sendo o principal traço a destacar o da manutenção da vocação interna, sobretudo por intermédio do Exército.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54221814,"asset_id":34323738,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13052170,"first_name":"Alexandre","last_name":"Fuccille","domain_name":"unesp","page_name":"AlexandreFuccille","display_name":"Alexandre Fuccille","profile_url":"https://unesp.academia.edu/AlexandreFuccille?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13052170/3708471/18087734/s65_alexandre.fuccille.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2484,"name":"Drugs And Addiction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drugs_And_Addiction?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":8616,"name":"National Security Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Security_Law?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":11294,"name":"Policing Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":14018,"name":"Post Cold War Era","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post_Cold_War_Era?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308"},{"id":37374,"name":"Transnational Organized Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_Organized_Crime?f_ri=146308"},{"id":44617,"name":"Armed Forces","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armed_Forces?f_ri=146308"},{"id":54864,"name":"Policia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policia?f_ri=146308"},{"id":56849,"name":"Fuerzas Armadas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fuerzas_Armadas?f_ri=146308"},{"id":57845,"name":"Defence and Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Defence_and_Security?f_ri=146308"},{"id":59369,"name":"Midia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Midia?f_ri=146308"},{"id":61620,"name":"National Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Security?f_ri=146308"},{"id":67360,"name":"Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime?f_ri=146308"},{"id":77666,"name":"Movimentos sociais","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Movimentos_sociais?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":82077,"name":"MST Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MST_Movimento_dos_Trabalhadores_Rurais_Sem_Terra?f_ri=146308"},{"id":92808,"name":"National Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Security_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":96303,"name":"Narcotrafficking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narcotrafficking?f_ri=146308"},{"id":97713,"name":"National Security and Defence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Security_and_Defence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":105675,"name":"Estudos Estratégicos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estudos_Estrat%C3%A9gicos?f_ri=146308"},{"id":119358,"name":"Defense and National Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Defense_and_National_Security?f_ri=146308"},{"id":141342,"name":"Guerra Fría en América Latina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Guerra_Fr%C3%ADa_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":149480,"name":"Estados Unidos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estados_Unidos?f_ri=146308"},{"id":151259,"name":"Relaciones Estados Unidos America Latina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relaciones_Estados_Unidos_America_Latina?f_ri=146308"},{"id":152436,"name":"Segurança Internacional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seguranca_Internacional?f_ri=146308"},{"id":162502,"name":"Segurança Pública","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seguranca_Publica?f_ri=146308"},{"id":174704,"name":"Defence and Strategic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Defence_and_Strategic_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":175495,"name":"Criminalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminalization?f_ri=146308"},{"id":191803,"name":"Drogas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drogas?f_ri=146308"},{"id":197854,"name":"Combate às drogas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combate_as_drogas?f_ri=146308"},{"id":264205,"name":"Seguridad y Defensa. Fronteras","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seguridad_y_Defensa._Fronteras?f_ri=146308"},{"id":266796,"name":"Seguridad Y Defensa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seguridad_Y_Defensa?f_ri=146308"},{"id":294517,"name":"Defense and Strategic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Defense_and_Strategic_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":304036,"name":"Estudos de Defesa, Defesa Estratégica, Segurança Estratégica, Segurança Externa, Segurança Interna, Segurança Pública, Gestão Estratégica Internacional, Sistema Interestatal, Guerras e Conflitos, Poder, Ciência Política, Sociologia, Antropologia.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estudos_de_Defesa_Defesa_Estrategica_Seguranca_Estrategica_Seguranca_Externa_Seguranca_Interna_?f_ri=146308"},{"id":349588,"name":"Narcotráfico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narcotr%C3%A1fico?f_ri=146308"},{"id":361064,"name":"Paz, Seguridad y Defensa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paz_Seguridad_y_Defensa?f_ri=146308"},{"id":366183,"name":"Armed Forces and Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armed_Forces_and_Society?f_ri=146308"},{"id":430374,"name":"Movimentos Sociais Urbanos Reivindicativos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Movimentos_Sociais_Urbanos_Reivindicativos?f_ri=146308"},{"id":467015,"name":"Legislacion y normativas de las Fuerzas Armadas Argentinas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislacion_y_normativas_de_las_Fuerzas_Armadas_Argentinas?f_ri=146308"},{"id":524289,"name":"Mídia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/M%C3%ADdia?f_ri=146308"},{"id":535172,"name":"Aeronautica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aeronautica?f_ri=146308"},{"id":556759,"name":"Combate ao narcotráfico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combate_ao_narcotrafico?f_ri=146308"},{"id":596226,"name":"Post Guerra Fría","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post_Guerra_Fria?f_ri=146308"},{"id":603155,"name":"Forças Armadas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forcas_Armadas?f_ri=146308"},{"id":643831,"name":"Narcotrafico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narcotrafico?f_ri=146308"},{"id":656550,"name":"National Security and Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Security_and_Strategy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":662220,"name":"Democracia y fuerzas armadas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracia_y_fuerzas_armadas?f_ri=146308"},{"id":695422,"name":"Criminalización","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminalizacion?f_ri=146308"},{"id":699539,"name":"Estudos de Defesa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estudos_de_Defesa?f_ri=146308"},{"id":721443,"name":"Criminalização","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminalizacao?f_ri=146308"},{"id":744874,"name":"Guerra Fría","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Guerra_Fr%C3%ADa?f_ri=146308"},{"id":766794,"name":"Política De Drogas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pol%C3%ADtica_De_Drogas?f_ri=146308"},{"id":809215,"name":"Criminalização de Movimentos Sociais","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminalizacao_de_Movimentos_Sociais?f_ri=146308"},{"id":906197,"name":"Crimen Organizado","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crimen_Organizado?f_ri=146308"},{"id":924215,"name":"Exercito Brasileiro","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercito_Brasileiro?f_ri=146308"},{"id":954291,"name":"Criminalization of Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminalization_of_Poverty?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1030132,"name":"Exército","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercito?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1107545,"name":"Guerra Fria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Guerra_Fria?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1119438,"name":"Fernando Henrique Cardoso","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1138944,"name":"Criminalização Da Pobreza","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminalizacao_Da_Pobreza?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1201537,"name":"Criminalizacion De La Pobreza","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminalizacion_De_La_Pobreza?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1241750,"name":"Marinha Do Brasil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marinha_Do_Brasil?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1249601,"name":"Segurança interna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seguranca_interna?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1256564,"name":"National Security and Defense","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Security_and_Defense?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1427794,"name":"Polícia Militar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policia_Militar?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1428420,"name":"Doutrina Nacional De Segurança Publica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Doutrina_Nacional_De_Seguranca_Publica?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1714806,"name":"Las Fuerzas Armadas y su papel en un Estado democrático.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Las_Fuerzas_Armadas_y_su_papel_en_un_Estado_democr%C3%A1tico?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2033313,"name":"Estudos das Políticas de Defesa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estudos_das_Pol%C3%ADticas_de_Defesa?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2259200,"name":"Polícia Militar e política","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pol%C3%ADcia_Militar_e_pol%C3%ADtica?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2565404,"name":"Doutrina de Segurança Nacional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Doutrina_de_Seguran%C3%A7a_Nacional?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28425316" data-work_id="28425316" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28425316/Review_of_police_use_of_the_firearms_prohibition_order_search_powers_NSW_Ombudsman_New_South_Wales_Australia_">Review of police use of the firearms prohibition order search powers [NSW Ombudsman, New South Wales, Australia]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28425316" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3264393650b4573450e4b839e06e3e6e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48770753,"asset_id":28425316,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48770753/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3459682" href="https://unsw.academia.edu/Zo%C3%ABMoses">Zoë Moses</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3459682" type="text/json">{"id":3459682,"first_name":"Zoë","last_name":"Moses","domain_name":"unsw","page_name":"ZoëMoses","display_name":"Zoë Moses","profile_url":"https://unsw.academia.edu/Zo%C3%ABMoses?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3459682/1170711/2386693/s65_zo_.moses.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28425316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28425316"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28425316, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28425316", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28425316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28425316; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28425316"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28425316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28425316"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28425316; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28425316]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28425316").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28425316").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28425316"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">85</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="538" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science">Police Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="538" type="text/json">{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1660" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism">Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1660" type="text/json">{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1697" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence">Violence</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1697" type="text/json">{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28425316]'), work: {"id":28425316,"title":"Review of police use of the firearms prohibition order search powers [NSW Ombudsman, New South Wales, Australia]","created_at":"2016-09-12T04:43:18.421-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28425316/Review_of_police_use_of_the_firearms_prohibition_order_search_powers_NSW_Ombudsman_New_South_Wales_Australia_?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_28425316","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48770753,"asset_id":28425316,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3459682,"first_name":"Zoë","last_name":"Moses","domain_name":"unsw","page_name":"ZoëMoses","display_name":"Zoë Moses","profile_url":"https://unsw.academia.edu/Zo%C3%ABMoses?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3459682/1170711/2386693/s65_zo_.moses.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":1720,"name":"International Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3885,"name":"Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accountability?f_ri=146308"},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":7229,"name":"Critical Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308"},{"id":11294,"name":"Policing Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":15318,"name":"Terrorism And The Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_And_The_Law?f_ri=146308"},{"id":18919,"name":"Criminology (Social Sciences)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Social_Sciences_?f_ri=146308"},{"id":19527,"name":"Global Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":24401,"name":"Police Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":26342,"name":"Criminology/sociology of Deviance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_sociology_of_Deviance?f_ri=146308"},{"id":26669,"name":"Counter terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counter_terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":29195,"name":"Use of Force \u0026 Counter-terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Use_of_Force_and_Counter-terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36353,"name":"Youth gangs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Youth_gangs?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308"},{"id":37374,"name":"Transnational Organized Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_Organized_Crime?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38704,"name":"Police History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History?f_ri=146308"},{"id":38928,"name":"Police and criminal justice ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_criminal_justice_ethics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":43308,"name":"Organised Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organised_Crime?f_ri=146308"},{"id":76752,"name":"Suicide Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide_Terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":78875,"name":"Counter-terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counter-terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":92542,"name":"Terrorism and Counter-terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_and_Counter-terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":95854,"name":"Critical Terrorism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Terrorism_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":108169,"name":"Police studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":111779,"name":"Uk anti-terrorism legislation and its human rights implications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uk_anti-terrorism_legislation_and_its_human_rights_implications?f_ri=146308"},{"id":120695,"name":"Search","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Search?f_ri=146308"},{"id":134482,"name":"Domestic Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestic_Terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":145801,"name":"Warrants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Warrants?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":155885,"name":"Reducing Firearms Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reducing_Firearms_Violence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":165296,"name":"Military and Police Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Police_Affairs?f_ri=146308"},{"id":168613,"name":"Policing and Police Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_and_Police_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":169246,"name":"Gangs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gangs?f_ri=146308"},{"id":171648,"name":"Firearms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Firearms?f_ri=146308"},{"id":172403,"name":"School Shootings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/School_Shootings?f_ri=146308"},{"id":182542,"name":"Criminal Street gangs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Street_gangs?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183953,"name":"Police Leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Leadership?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183962,"name":"Police Decision-making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Decision-making?f_ri=146308"},{"id":187177,"name":"Police Discretion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Discretion?f_ri=146308"},{"id":191158,"name":"Mass Shooting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Shooting?f_ri=146308"},{"id":221061,"name":"Organzational Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organzational_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":224510,"name":"Street gangs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Street_gangs?f_ri=146308"},{"id":224526,"name":"Gang suppression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gang_suppression?f_ri=146308"},{"id":255791,"name":"Criminology and Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_and_Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308"},{"id":258099,"name":"Shooting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shooting?f_ri=146308"},{"id":324642,"name":"Criminology and Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_and_Security_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":349502,"name":"Coercion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coercion?f_ri=146308"},{"id":398611,"name":"Gang management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gang_management?f_ri=146308"},{"id":414078,"name":"Discretionary Powers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discretionary_Powers?f_ri=146308"},{"id":433505,"name":"Police use of stop and search powers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_stop_and_search_powers?f_ri=146308"},{"id":442725,"name":"Administrative discretion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Administrative_discretion?f_ri=146308"},{"id":474955,"name":"Criminal Justice, Police Policy and Procedure; Police Excessive Use of Force and Corruption; Criminal Investigations, Corrections Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice_Police_Policy_and_Procedure_Police_Excessive_Use_of_Force_and_Corruption_Crimina?f_ri=146308"},{"id":505857,"name":"Arms Trade and Transnatinal Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_Trade_and_Transnatinal_Terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":510630,"name":"Discretion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discretion?f_ri=146308"},{"id":591874,"name":"Terrorist","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorist?f_ri=146308"},{"id":599787,"name":"Warrantless Search","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Warrantless_Search?f_ri=146308"},{"id":602337,"name":"Untangling Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Untangling_Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308"},{"id":678352,"name":"Firearm Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Firearm_Policy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":756682,"name":"Shooting Spree, Mass Shooting, School Shootings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shooting_Spree_Mass_Shooting_School_Shootings?f_ri=146308"},{"id":761870,"name":"Terrorism and Counterterrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_and_Counterterrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":781357,"name":"Stop and search","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stop_and_search?f_ri=146308"},{"id":844854,"name":"STUDY OF FIREARMS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/STUDY_OF_FIREARMS?f_ri=146308"},{"id":886102,"name":"Police Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Intelligence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":905516,"name":"Law and Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Criminology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":953706,"name":"Law of Warrants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_Warrants?f_ri=146308"},{"id":954687,"name":"Transnational Organized Crime Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_Organized_Crime_Groups?f_ri=146308"},{"id":957464,"name":"Police Strength","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Strength?f_ri=146308"},{"id":957470,"name":"Police Deployment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Deployment?f_ri=146308"},{"id":976124,"name":"Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs?f_ri=146308"},{"id":996948,"name":"Terrorism and Anti Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_and_Anti_Terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1002997,"name":"Domestic and International State Policies That Counter Islamic Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestic_and_International_State_Policies_That_Counter_Islamic_Terrorism?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1008003,"name":"Criminology \u0026 Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_and_Criminal_Justice-1?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1013705,"name":"Police Reforms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reforms?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1398859,"name":"Warrant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Warrant?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1411560,"name":"Coercive Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coercive_Power?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1699908,"name":"Outlaw motorcycle clubs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Outlaw_motorcycle_clubs?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2254141,"name":"Terrorism and International Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_and_International_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2478058,"name":"Illicit Trafficking in Firearms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Illicit_Trafficking_in_Firearms?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35157057" data-work_id="35157057" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35157057/%C3%8Dndices_de_Integridad_Policial">Índices de Integridad Policial</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">La evaluación de la integridad policial se origina en la literatura de la integridad policial y tiene como bases para su medición el uso de situaciones o escenarios de corrupción. Esta prueba se fundamenta en el análisis aplicado por... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35157057" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">La evaluación de la integridad policial se origina en la literatura de la integridad policial y tiene como bases para su medición el uso de situaciones o escenarios de corrupción. <br /> <br />Esta prueba se fundamenta en el análisis aplicado por Carl B. Klockars y Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovic del Instituto Nacional de Justicia de los EE.UU.*, con información proveniente de una extensa encuesta aplicada a los oficiales de policía en los Estados Unidos de América. <br /> <br />Entre los principales resultados de esta prueba se detectó que eventos tan comunes como trabajar en un negocio propio de seguridad por parte de un oficial de policía fuera del horario de laboral (servicio policial) y el hecho de recibir tazas de café y/o comidas gratis, nunca fueron vistos por los oficiales de policía como actos de corrupción policial. <br />Sin embargo la aplicación de esta prueba detectó que los eventos que implican quebrantar las reglas, romper con la disciplina y la legalidad son considerados como delitos graves que requieren la aplicación de sanciones (castigos).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35157057" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b9c849ec2973f07e117bfc5535735610" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55026030,"asset_id":35157057,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55026030/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6658594" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcoRContreras">Marco R Contreras</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6658594" type="text/json">{"id":6658594,"first_name":"Marco R","last_name":"Contreras","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcoRContreras","display_name":"Marco R Contreras","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcoRContreras?f_ri=146308","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35157057 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35157057"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35157057, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35157057", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35157057 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35157057; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35157057"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35157057 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35157057"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35157057; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35157057]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35157057").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35157057").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35157057"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7209" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Measurement">Performance Measurement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7209" type="text/json">{"id":7209,"name":"Performance Measurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Measurement?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10191" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice">Justice</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10191" type="text/json">{"id":10191,"name":"Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35157057]'), work: {"id":35157057,"title":"Índices de Integridad Policial","created_at":"2017-11-15T16:49:56.349-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35157057/%C3%8Dndices_de_Integridad_Policial?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_35157057","summary":"La evaluación de la integridad policial se origina en la literatura de la integridad policial y tiene como bases para su medición el uso de situaciones o escenarios de corrupción. \r\n\r\nEsta prueba se fundamenta en el análisis aplicado por Carl B. Klockars y Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovic del Instituto Nacional de Justicia de los EE.UU.*, con información proveniente de una extensa encuesta aplicada a los oficiales de policía en los Estados Unidos de América.\r\n \r\nEntre los principales resultados de esta prueba se detectó que eventos tan comunes como trabajar en un negocio propio de seguridad por parte de un oficial de policía fuera del horario de laboral (servicio policial) y el hecho de recibir tazas de café y/o comidas gratis, nunca fueron vistos por los oficiales de policía como actos de corrupción policial. \r\nSin embargo la aplicación de esta prueba detectó que los eventos que implican quebrantar las reglas, romper con la disciplina y la legalidad son considerados como delitos graves que requieren la aplicación de sanciones (castigos).\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55026030,"asset_id":35157057,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6658594,"first_name":"Marco R","last_name":"Contreras","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcoRContreras","display_name":"Marco R Contreras","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcoRContreras?f_ri=146308","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":7209,"name":"Performance Measurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Measurement?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":10191,"name":"Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308"},{"id":43881,"name":"Mexico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mexico?f_ri=146308"},{"id":44867,"name":"México","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/M%C3%A9xico?f_ri=146308"},{"id":54864,"name":"Policia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policia?f_ri=146308"},{"id":73699,"name":"Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corruption?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":82174,"name":"University","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/University?f_ri=146308"},{"id":96446,"name":"Measurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Measurement?f_ri=146308"},{"id":96862,"name":"Prevención y Seguridad Pública","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prevenci%C3%B3n_y_Seguridad_P%C3%BAblica?f_ri=146308"},{"id":122691,"name":"Seguridad Ciudadana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seguridad_Ciudadana?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":186948,"name":"Universidad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universidad?f_ri=146308"},{"id":555684,"name":"Justicia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justicia?f_ri=146308"},{"id":563910,"name":"Police Integrity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Integrity?f_ri=146308"},{"id":726461,"name":"Indices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indices?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_495410" data-work_id="495410" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/495410/Fighting_Campus_Crime_Perceptions_of_Police_Canines_at_a_Metropolitan_University">Fighting Campus Crime: Perceptions of Police Canines at a Metropolitan University</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Campus police departments across the United States work conscientiously to maintain a friendly policing stance for the communities they serve; yet at the same time, many have been forced to take a more law-and-order approach to fight... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_495410" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Campus police departments across the United States work conscientiously to maintain a friendly policing stance for the communities they serve; yet at the same time, many have been forced to take a more law-and-order approach to fight encroaching criminal activity. Although trained police canines are not the norm in the campus environment, they have been deployed as a method to assist police agencies in controlling illegal drugs, and as a proactive measure against explosives and acts of terrorism. Specifically, this paper examines student perceptions of the effectiveness of campus police canines following the implementation of such a unit trained in narcotics and explosives detection at the University of Central Florida. Findings indicate that students tend to view police dogs in a positive light. The results of three multiple regression models suggest that certain social construction variables were significant predictors of perceptions of canine effectiveness.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/495410" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5d18cb5f7d0175cbef228d68e204fbcb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":3454960,"asset_id":495410,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/3454960/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="158568" href="https://ucf.academia.edu/RossWolf">Ross Wolf</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="158568" type="text/json">{"id":158568,"first_name":"Ross","last_name":"Wolf","domain_name":"ucf","page_name":"RossWolf","display_name":"Ross Wolf","profile_url":"https://ucf.academia.edu/RossWolf?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/158568/97297/69790098/s65_ross.wolf.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_495410 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="495410"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 495410, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_495410", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_495410 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 495410; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_495410"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_495410 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="495410"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 495410; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=495410]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_495410").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_495410").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="495410"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99310" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_canines">Police canines</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99310" type="text/json">{"id":99310,"name":"Police canines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_canines?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="248427" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE_TRAINING">POLICE USE OF FORCE TRAINING</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="248427" type="text/json">{"id":248427,"name":"POLICE USE OF FORCE TRAINING","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE_TRAINING?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="357340" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Campus_Police">Campus Police</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="357340" type="text/json">{"id":357340,"name":"Campus Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Campus_Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=495410]'), work: {"id":495410,"title":"Fighting Campus Crime: Perceptions of Police Canines at a Metropolitan University","created_at":"2011-03-27T21:42:50.383-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/495410/Fighting_Campus_Crime_Perceptions_of_Police_Canines_at_a_Metropolitan_University?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_495410","summary":"Campus police departments across the United States work conscientiously to maintain a friendly policing stance for the communities they serve; yet at the same time, many have been forced to take a more law-and-order approach to fight encroaching criminal activity. Although trained police canines are not the norm in the campus environment, they have been deployed as a method to assist police agencies in controlling illegal drugs, and as a proactive measure against explosives and acts of terrorism. Specifically, this paper examines student perceptions of the effectiveness of campus police canines following the implementation of such a unit trained in narcotics and explosives detection at the University of Central Florida. Findings indicate that students tend to view police dogs in a positive light. The results of three multiple regression models suggest that certain social construction variables were significant predictors of perceptions of canine effectiveness.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":3454960,"asset_id":495410,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":158568,"first_name":"Ross","last_name":"Wolf","domain_name":"ucf","page_name":"RossWolf","display_name":"Ross Wolf","profile_url":"https://ucf.academia.edu/RossWolf?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/158568/97297/69790098/s65_ross.wolf.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":99310,"name":"Police canines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_canines?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":248427,"name":"POLICE USE OF FORCE TRAINING","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE_TRAINING?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":357340,"name":"Campus Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Campus_Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43971931" data-work_id="43971931" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43971931/Fillieule_Olivier_et_Fabien_Jobard_Politiques_du_d%C3%A9sordre_La_police_des_manifestations_en_France_Paris_le_Seuil_2020">Fillieule Olivier et Fabien Jobard, Politiques du désordre. La police des manifestations en France, Paris, le Seuil, 2020.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Les affrontements entre la police et les manifestants se sont multipliés en l’espace de quelques années. Avec pour bilan un nombre effarant de blessés, mais aussi des décès. Comment en sommes-nous arrivés là ? Après Mai 68, la... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43971931" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Les affrontements entre la police et les manifestants se sont multipliés en l’espace de quelques années. Avec pour bilan un nombre effarant de blessés, mais aussi des décès. Comment en sommes-nous arrivés là ? Après Mai 68, la pacification du maintien de l’ordre avait fait la fierté des gouvernements français successifs. Mais, dans un contexte de tensions sociales accrues, de violences urbaines et de terrorisme, le maintien de l’ordre s'est militarisé et finalement brutalisé. La manifestation de rue se voit de moins en moins reconnue comme une expression légitime de la contestation. La violence de la répression, la simple vue de l’armement des forces de l’ordre exercent désormais, à elles seules, de puissants effets de dissuasion.<br />Grâce à des enquêtes menées depuis plus de vingt ans, Olivier Fillieule et Fabien Jobard établissent le constat implacable de ces régressions successives et les analysent. Les nouvelles « politiques du désordre » qu’ils décrivent mettent au défi notre démocratie.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43971931" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a7d647b386db10d06bb087dc3739b91c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64678825,"asset_id":43971931,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64678825/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="419612" href="https://unil.academia.edu/OlivierFillieule">Olivier Fillieule</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="419612" type="text/json">{"id":419612,"first_name":"Olivier","last_name":"Fillieule","domain_name":"unil","page_name":"OlivierFillieule","display_name":"Olivier Fillieule","profile_url":"https://unil.academia.edu/OlivierFillieule?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/419612/409894/36145003/s65_olivier.fillieule.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43971931 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43971931"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43971931, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43971931", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43971931 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43971931; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43971931"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43971931 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43971931"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43971931; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43971931]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43971931").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43971931").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43971931"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements">Social Movements</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="208" type="text/json">{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43971931]'), work: {"id":43971931,"title":"Fillieule Olivier et Fabien Jobard, Politiques du désordre. La police des manifestations en France, Paris, le Seuil, 2020.","created_at":"2020-08-28T12:59:48.506-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43971931/Fillieule_Olivier_et_Fabien_Jobard_Politiques_du_d%C3%A9sordre_La_police_des_manifestations_en_France_Paris_le_Seuil_2020?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_43971931","summary":"Les affrontements entre la police et les manifestants se sont multipliés en l’espace de quelques années. Avec pour bilan un nombre effarant de blessés, mais aussi des décès. Comment en sommes-nous arrivés là ? Après Mai 68, la pacification du maintien de l’ordre avait fait la fierté des gouvernements français successifs. Mais, dans un contexte de tensions sociales accrues, de violences urbaines et de terrorisme, le maintien de l’ordre s'est militarisé et finalement brutalisé. La manifestation de rue se voit de moins en moins reconnue comme une expression légitime de la contestation. La violence de la répression, la simple vue de l’armement des forces de l’ordre exercent désormais, à elles seules, de puissants effets de dissuasion.\nGrâce à des enquêtes menées depuis plus de vingt ans, Olivier Fillieule et Fabien Jobard établissent le constat implacable de ces régressions successives et les analysent. Les nouvelles « politiques du désordre » qu’ils décrivent mettent au défi notre démocratie.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64678825,"asset_id":43971931,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":419612,"first_name":"Olivier","last_name":"Fillieule","domain_name":"unil","page_name":"OlivierFillieule","display_name":"Olivier Fillieule","profile_url":"https://unil.academia.edu/OlivierFillieule?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/419612/409894/36145003/s65_olivier.fillieule.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":70659,"name":"Contentious Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contentious_Politics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":159607,"name":"Riots","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Riots?f_ri=146308"},{"id":244951,"name":"Demonstrations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demonstrations?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2555688" data-work_id="2555688" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2555688/Marikana_and_the_doctrine_of_maximum_force">Marikana and the doctrine of maximum force</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">LONDON -Nearly a quarter of a century after 96 Liverpool soccer fans were crushed to death in one of the worst stadium disasters in history, Prime Minister David Cameron formally apologized on Wednesday to the victims' families, saying... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2555688" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">LONDON -Nearly a quarter of a century after 96 Liverpool soccer fans were crushed to death in one of the worst stadium disasters in history, Prime Minister David Cameron formally apologized on Wednesday to the victims' families, saying their "appalling deaths" were compounded by an attempt by the police, investigators and the news media to depict the victims as hooligans and to blame them for the disaster.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2555688" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eac27e7f703658f8a359447c662398d9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38011260,"asset_id":2555688,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38011260/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2088782" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidBruce">David Bruce</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2088782" type="text/json">{"id":2088782,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Bruce","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DavidBruce","display_name":"David Bruce","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidBruce?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2088782/681845/846127/s65_david.bruce.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2555688 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2555688"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2555688, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2555688", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2555688 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2555688; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2555688"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2555688 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2555688"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2555688; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2555688]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2555688").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2555688").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2555688"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="61866" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Africa">South Africa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="61866" type="text/json">{"id":61866,"name":"South Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Africa?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="191771" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality">Police Brutality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="191771" type="text/json">{"id":191771,"name":"Police Brutality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="592984" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Marikana_massacre">The Marikana massacre</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="592984" type="text/json">{"id":592984,"name":"The Marikana massacre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Marikana_massacre?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2555688]'), work: {"id":2555688,"title":"Marikana and the doctrine of maximum force","created_at":"2013-02-11T19:28:48.247-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2555688/Marikana_and_the_doctrine_of_maximum_force?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_2555688","summary":"LONDON -Nearly a quarter of a century after 96 Liverpool soccer fans were crushed to death in one of the worst stadium disasters in history, Prime Minister David Cameron formally apologized on Wednesday to the victims' families, saying their \"appalling deaths\" were compounded by an attempt by the police, investigators and the news media to depict the victims as hooligans and to blame them for the disaster.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38011260,"asset_id":2555688,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2088782,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Bruce","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DavidBruce","display_name":"David Bruce","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidBruce?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2088782/681845/846127/s65_david.bruce.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":61866,"name":"South Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Africa?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":191771,"name":"Police Brutality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":592984,"name":"The Marikana massacre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Marikana_massacre?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":1004776,"name":"Lethal Force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lethal_Force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1004780,"name":"South African Police Service","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_African_Police_Service?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9104133" data-work_id="9104133" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9104133/O_Fen%C3%B4meno_Tropa_de_Elite_e_Suas_Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_com_a_Sociedade_Brasileira_Contempor%C3%A2nea">O Fenômeno 'Tropa de Elite' e Suas Relações com a Sociedade Brasileira Contemporânea</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A proposta deste trabalho é analisar o contexto em que ocorreu a recepção de enorme sucesso e não menos controversa de dois filmes brasileiros, Tropa de Elite e a sua sequência, Tropa de Elite 2 – O Inimigo Agora é Outro, na sociedade... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9104133" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A proposta deste trabalho é analisar o contexto em que ocorreu a recepção de enorme sucesso e não menos controversa de dois filmes brasileiros, Tropa de Elite e a sua sequência, Tropa de Elite 2 – O Inimigo Agora é Outro, na sociedade brasileira, e as razões que os levaram a se tornar dois dos filmes mais assistidos da história do cinema nacional. Os filmes expõem o sistema público de segurança do ponto de vista de um policial incorruptível e violento, abordando temas como corrupção, violência policial, tráfico de drogas e direitos humanos, tendo gerado um debate intenso que também é tema central deste trabalho. O objetivo é compreender porquê e até que ponto estes dois filmes impactaram a sociedade brasileira contemporânea.<br /><br />O trabalho foi traduzido e publicado em formato e-book pela editora Mnemocine.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9104133" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9f1710808ae86dfcb28e75e3c60b19db" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62379872,"asset_id":9104133,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62379872/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3740471" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnaKeyKapaz">Ana Key Kapaz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3740471" type="text/json">{"id":3740471,"first_name":"Ana Key","last_name":"Kapaz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnaKeyKapaz","display_name":"Ana Key Kapaz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnaKeyKapaz?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3740471/1344267/35909069/s65_ana_key.kapaz.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9104133 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9104133"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9104133, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9104133", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9104133 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9104133; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9104133"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9104133 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9104133"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9104133; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9104133]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9104133").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9104133").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9104133"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="957" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Sociology">Cultural Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="957" type="text/json">{"id":957,"name":"Cultural Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1555" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Studies">Film Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1555" type="text/json">{"id":1555,"name":"Film Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1568" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Theory">Film Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1568" type="text/json">{"id":1568,"name":"Film Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Theory?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3301" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Analysis">Film Analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3301" type="text/json">{"id":3301,"name":"Film Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Analysis?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9104133]'), work: {"id":9104133,"title":"O Fenômeno 'Tropa de Elite' e Suas Relações com a Sociedade Brasileira Contemporânea","created_at":"2014-11-03T11:02:12.967-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9104133/O_Fen%C3%B4meno_Tropa_de_Elite_e_Suas_Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_com_a_Sociedade_Brasileira_Contempor%C3%A2nea?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_9104133","summary":"A proposta deste trabalho é analisar o contexto em que ocorreu a recepção de enorme sucesso e não menos controversa de dois filmes brasileiros, Tropa de Elite e a sua sequência, Tropa de Elite 2 – O Inimigo Agora é Outro, na sociedade brasileira, e as razões que os levaram a se tornar dois dos filmes mais assistidos da história do cinema nacional. Os filmes expõem o sistema público de segurança do ponto de vista de um policial incorruptível e violento, abordando temas como corrupção, violência policial, tráfico de drogas e direitos humanos, tendo gerado um debate intenso que também é tema central deste trabalho. O objetivo é compreender porquê e até que ponto estes dois filmes impactaram a sociedade brasileira contemporânea.\n\nO trabalho foi traduzido e publicado em formato e-book pela editora Mnemocine. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62379872,"asset_id":9104133,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":63085756,"asset_id":9104133,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3740471,"first_name":"Ana Key","last_name":"Kapaz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnaKeyKapaz","display_name":"Ana Key Kapaz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnaKeyKapaz?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3740471/1344267/35909069/s65_ana_key.kapaz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":957,"name":"Cultural Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":1555,"name":"Film Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":1568,"name":"Film Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Theory?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":3301,"name":"Film Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Analysis?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":3827,"name":"Brazilian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazilian_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=146308"},{"id":16941,"name":"Brazilian Cinema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazilian_Cinema?f_ri=146308"},{"id":19258,"name":"Cinema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cinema?f_ri=146308"},{"id":23214,"name":"Documentary Film","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Documentary_Film?f_ri=146308"},{"id":25107,"name":"Film Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Aesthetics?f_ri=146308"},{"id":45036,"name":"Mass media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_media?f_ri=146308"},{"id":52745,"name":"Cinema Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cinema_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":73699,"name":"Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corruption?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23700911 coauthored" data-work_id="23700911" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23700911/Highly_Realistic_Scenario_Based_Training_Simulates_the_Psychophysiology_of_Real_World_Use_of_Force_Encounters_Implications_for_Improved_Police_Officer_Performance">Highly Realistic Scenario Based Training Simulates the Psychophysiology of Real World Use of Force Encounters: Implications for Improved Police Officer Performance</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Much police 'Use of Force (UOF)' training focuses on range shooting, classroom-based learning, and minimal exposure to realistic scenarios. Consequently, police officers may not be prepared for real-world critical incidents, due to lack... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23700911" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Much police 'Use of Force (UOF)' training focuses on range shooting, classroom-based learning, and minimal exposure to realistic scenarios. Consequently, police officers may not be prepared for real-world critical incidents, due to lack of experience making UOF decisions during high stress. This study compared two SWAT (" Special Weapons and Tactics ") teams (n=24) to examine the best-simulated physiological stress responses in real-world law enforcement UOF encounters. Results revealed officer physiological stress to highly realistic scenario training was significantly correlated to the stress responses of active duty police officers. Stress responses during classroom-based scenario trainings were minimal, and not significantly related to stress responses experienced during realistic training scenarios or activity duty emergency calls.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23700911" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="de4cfbeb4d26dadb42a8b83c0ea36b28" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44109260,"asset_id":23700911,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44109260/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6115450" href="https://theconsultationcenter.academia.edu/DrKonstantinosPapazoglouPhDPostdoctoralScholar">Dr. Konstantinos Papazoglou, Ph.D. - Postdoctoral Scholar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6115450" type="text/json">{"id":6115450,"first_name":"Dr. Konstantinos","last_name":"Papazoglou, Ph.D. - Postdoctoral Scholar","domain_name":"theconsultationcenter","page_name":"DrKonstantinosPapazoglouPhDPostdoctoralScholar","display_name":"Dr. Konstantinos Papazoglou, Ph.D. - Postdoctoral Scholar","profile_url":"https://theconsultationcenter.academia.edu/DrKonstantinosPapazoglouPhDPostdoctoralScholar?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6115450/2552860/19302247/s65_dr._konstantinos.papazoglou_ph.d._c.psych._supervised_practice_clinical_forensic_psychologist.jpeg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-23700911">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-23700911"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AshiniWeerasinghe">Ashini Weerasinghe</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-23700911'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-23700911').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23700911 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23700911"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23700911, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23700911", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23700911 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23700911; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23700911"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23700911 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23700911"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23700911; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23700911]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23700911").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23700911").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23700911"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3332" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resilience">Resilience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3332" type="text/json">{"id":3332,"name":"Resilience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resilience?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="248427" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE_TRAINING">POLICE USE OF FORCE TRAINING</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="248427" type="text/json">{"id":248427,"name":"POLICE USE OF FORCE TRAINING","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE_TRAINING?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="366659" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Officer_Stress">Police Officer Stress</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="366659" type="text/json">{"id":366659,"name":"Police Officer Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Officer_Stress?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23700911]'), work: {"id":23700911,"title":"Highly Realistic Scenario Based Training Simulates the Psychophysiology of Real World Use of Force Encounters: Implications for Improved Police Officer Performance","created_at":"2016-03-25T17:09:17.161-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23700911/Highly_Realistic_Scenario_Based_Training_Simulates_the_Psychophysiology_of_Real_World_Use_of_Force_Encounters_Implications_for_Improved_Police_Officer_Performance?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_23700911","summary":"Much police 'Use of Force (UOF)' training focuses on range shooting, classroom-based learning, and minimal exposure to realistic scenarios. Consequently, police officers may not be prepared for real-world critical incidents, due to lack of experience making UOF decisions during high stress. This study compared two SWAT (\" Special Weapons and Tactics \") teams (n=24) to examine the best-simulated physiological stress responses in real-world law enforcement UOF encounters. Results revealed officer physiological stress to highly realistic scenario training was significantly correlated to the stress responses of active duty police officers. Stress responses during classroom-based scenario trainings were minimal, and not significantly related to stress responses experienced during realistic training scenarios or activity duty emergency calls.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44109260,"asset_id":23700911,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6115450,"first_name":"Dr. Konstantinos","last_name":"Papazoglou, Ph.D. - Postdoctoral Scholar","domain_name":"theconsultationcenter","page_name":"DrKonstantinosPapazoglouPhDPostdoctoralScholar","display_name":"Dr. Konstantinos Papazoglou, Ph.D. - Postdoctoral Scholar","profile_url":"https://theconsultationcenter.academia.edu/DrKonstantinosPapazoglouPhDPostdoctoralScholar?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6115450/2552860/19302247/s65_dr._konstantinos.papazoglou_ph.d._c.psych._supervised_practice_clinical_forensic_psychologist.jpeg"},{"id":46030245,"first_name":"Ashini","last_name":"Weerasinghe","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AshiniWeerasinghe","display_name":"Ashini Weerasinghe","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AshiniWeerasinghe?f_ri=146308","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3332,"name":"Resilience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resilience?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":248427,"name":"POLICE USE OF FORCE TRAINING","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE_TRAINING?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":366659,"name":"Police Officer Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Officer_Stress?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":814403,"name":"Police officer performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_officer_performance?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43552888" data-work_id="43552888" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43552888/Horses_and_History">Horses and History</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">"This confluence of fascists and cops, of the history of colonialism, enslavement, and the management of dissent, exacerbated by the ever-present horizon of the global pandemic, seems to shape everything these days, like a series of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43552888" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"This confluence of fascists and cops, of the history of colonialism, enslavement, and the management of dissent, exacerbated by the ever-present horizon of the global pandemic, seems to shape everything these days, like a series of tripwires stretched across a road towards whatever we could call a better world—by which it sometimes seems we mean little more than one that is merely liveable."<br /><br />Social Text, June 2020</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43552888" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5fe02b1ef27bbb31508a2b48720f05af" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65438009,"asset_id":43552888,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65438009/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1290078" href="https://warwick.academia.edu/DavidGrundy">David Grundy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1290078" type="text/json">{"id":1290078,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Grundy","domain_name":"warwick","page_name":"DavidGrundy","display_name":"David Grundy","profile_url":"https://warwick.academia.edu/DavidGrundy?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1290078/474431/597721/s65_david.grundy.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43552888 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43552888"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43552888, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43552888", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43552888 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43552888; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43552888"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43552888 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43552888"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43552888; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43552888]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43552888").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43552888").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43552888"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6283" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery">History of Slavery</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6283" type="text/json">{"id":6283,"name":"History of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18108" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/G.W.F._Hegel">G.W.F. Hegel</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18108" type="text/json">{"id":18108,"name":"G.W.F. Hegel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/G.W.F._Hegel?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38704" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History">Police History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38704" type="text/json">{"id":38704,"name":"Police History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43151" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti-Fascism">Anti-Fascism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43151" type="text/json">{"id":43151,"name":"Anti-Fascism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti-Fascism?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43552888]'), work: {"id":43552888,"title":"Horses and History","created_at":"2020-07-08T02:48:38.882-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43552888/Horses_and_History?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_43552888","summary":"\"This confluence of fascists and cops, of the history of colonialism, enslavement, and the management of dissent, exacerbated by the ever-present horizon of the global pandemic, seems to shape everything these days, like a series of tripwires stretched across a road towards whatever we could call a better world—by which it sometimes seems we mean little more than one that is merely liveable.\"\n\nSocial Text, June 2020","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65438009,"asset_id":43552888,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1290078,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Grundy","domain_name":"warwick","page_name":"DavidGrundy","display_name":"David Grundy","profile_url":"https://warwick.academia.edu/DavidGrundy?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1290078/474431/597721/s65_david.grundy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6283,"name":"History of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":18108,"name":"G.W.F. Hegel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/G.W.F._Hegel?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":38704,"name":"Police History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":43151,"name":"Anti-Fascism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti-Fascism?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":168196,"name":"Horses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horses?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1901957,"name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Lives_Matter?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28937931 coauthored" data-work_id="28937931" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28937931/Legitimacy_social_identity_and_police_use_of_force">Legitimacy, social identity and police use of force</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper examines the extent to which police legitimacy and social identity explain variation in public acceptance of police use of force. We query (a) whether there is an association between legitimacy and public acceptance of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28937931" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper examines the extent to which police legitimacy and social identity explain variation in public acceptance of police use of force. We query (a)  whether there is an association between legitimacy and public acceptance of apparently illegal or unethical police action and (b) the extent to which identification with a particular social group predicts judgments of police behavior. The study draws upon cross-sectional data from a 2015 survey of a representative sample of adults in England & Wales. Structural equation modeling is used to model conditional correlations between latent constructs, and there are two main findings. First, identifying more strongly with a social  group that the police plausibly represent to people was consistently associated with greater acceptance of police use of force, whether or not that force seemed to be justified. Second, beliefs about the legitimacy of the police were associated with acceptance, but primarily in relation only to the use of force in situations where it appeared prima facie justifiable. These results suggest one possible set of reasons why police retain public support in the face of scandals concerning excessive use of force.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28937931" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7bc2582d76186ccee4af39ca1349b72b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49374546,"asset_id":28937931,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49374546/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="140949" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/BenBradford">Ben Bradford</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="140949" type="text/json">{"id":140949,"first_name":"Ben","last_name":"Bradford","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"BenBradford","display_name":"Ben Bradford","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/BenBradford?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/140949/86233/94157/s65_ben.bradford.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-28937931">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-28937931"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://oxford.academia.edu/JennaMilani">Jenna Milani</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://lse.academia.edu/JonathanJackson">Jonathan Jackson</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-28937931'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-28937931').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28937931 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28937931"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28937931, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28937931", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28937931 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28937931; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28937931"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28937931 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28937931"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28937931; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28937931]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28937931").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28937931").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28937931"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7982" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy">Legitimacy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7982" type="text/json">{"id":7982,"name":"Legitimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15253" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Procedural_Justice">Procedural Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15253" type="text/json">{"id":15253,"name":"Procedural Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Procedural_Justice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28937931]'), work: {"id":28937931,"title":"Legitimacy, social identity and police use of force","created_at":"2016-10-05T07:16:47.028-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28937931/Legitimacy_social_identity_and_police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_28937931","summary":"This paper examines the extent to which police legitimacy and social identity explain variation in public acceptance of police use of force. We query (a) whether there is an association between legitimacy and public acceptance of apparently illegal or unethical police action and (b) the extent to which identification with a particular social group predicts judgments of police behavior. The study draws upon cross-sectional data from a 2015 survey of a representative sample of adults in England \u0026 Wales. Structural equation modeling is used to model conditional correlations between latent constructs, and there are two main findings. First, identifying more strongly with a social group that the police plausibly represent to people was consistently associated with greater acceptance of police use of force, whether or not that force seemed to be justified. Second, beliefs about the legitimacy of the police were associated with acceptance, but primarily in relation only to the use of force in situations where it appeared prima facie justifiable. These results suggest one possible set of reasons why police retain public support in the face of scandals concerning excessive use of force. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49374546,"asset_id":28937931,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":140949,"first_name":"Ben","last_name":"Bradford","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"BenBradford","display_name":"Ben Bradford","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/BenBradford?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/140949/86233/94157/s65_ben.bradford.jpg"},{"id":19982930,"first_name":"Jenna","last_name":"Milani","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"JennaMilani","display_name":"Jenna Milani","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/JennaMilani?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19982930/14165401/29498378/s65_jenna.milani.png"},{"id":138538,"first_name":"Jonathan","last_name":"Jackson","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"JonathanJackson","display_name":"Jonathan Jackson","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/JonathanJackson?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/138538/86163/14324949/s65_jonathan.jackson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7982,"name":"Legitimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":15253,"name":"Procedural Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Procedural_Justice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24661135" data-work_id="24661135" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24661135/Struggles_For_Visibility_On_the_Exhibition_of_Police_Violence_in_a_White_Democracy">Struggles For Visibility: On the Exhibition of Police Violence in a White Democracy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Police developed in modern democracies as the primary institution that would produce the social order through articulating state violence against those identified as threats to it while within their borders (Neocleous, 2000). Also crucial... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24661135" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Police developed in modern democracies as the primary institution that would produce the social order through articulating state violence against those identified as threats to it while within their borders (Neocleous, 2000). Also crucial during this time—and therefore to this development—was the elimination of the spectacle of state violence as a key means of social control (Foucault, 1979). Violence has always been fundamental to policing (Bittner, 1970; Klockars, 1985). Nonetheless, its violence was historically removed from broad public view (Skolnick & Fyfe, 1993). Police have always strategically modulated their visibility to maximize their power. Today, however, partly as a consequence of surveillance and sousveillance technologies and the use of the documents they produce, policing has encountered new visibility, a visibility not as often under the control of the institution (Goldsmith 2010). Many academics, politicians, journalists, and activists anticipate that since police no longer have as much control over when, where, and how they are visible to publics, the power of the institution and its agents to avoid accountability for wrong-doing is in jeopardy (Anthony & Thomas, 2010; Fan, 2012; Jeffries, 2011; Koskela 2009; Robinson, 2012; Stuart, 2011; Toch 2012; Wilson & Serisier, 2010). Concomitantly, they expect that because civilians are increasingly capable of producing the mediated visibility of police through sousveillance, these civilians are thereby empowered (Diamond & Plattner, 2011; Yesil, 2011). As a consequence of this seeming consensus, advocates for those victimized by police—or for “police accountability”—likewise have a nearly uniform response that increasing the video documentation of policing is of certain advantage (Brucato, 2015; Brucato, forthcoming). John B. Thompson (2005) has established that political controversies are products of and are negotiated through “struggles for visibility.” Taking this condition as a point of departure, this paper explores this new visibility of police violence in the United States as a white democracy. Olson (2004) describes “white democracy” as a condition where there is “democracy for whites, tyranny for everyone else” (p. 71). The description of popular sousveillance as enabling “transparency” fails to acknowledge the fragmentation of the polity—and therefore audiences—along what W.E.B. Du Bois called “the color line” (Brucato, 2015). The presumption that the visibility of the racist qualities of criminal justice institutions will spur popular outrage homogenizes audiences in ways that are analytically and empirically unsustainable (Waddington, Williams, Wright, & Newburn, 2015; Cheliotis, 2010). Furthermore, this approach ascribes to viewers commitments to cross-racial identification and solidarity that are rarely demonstrated (Brucato, 2015; Thompson & Lee, 2004; Weitzer, 2002). Instead, the visible itself is racialized (Butler, 1993). Since most of those victimized by police are not white, their advocates must engage struggles for visibility as contentions over the very nature of—and, indeed, the automatic recourse to—the visible.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24661135" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f90a6f67b750be10f4eb6827a4e0223f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44988493,"asset_id":24661135,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44988493/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="96354" href="https://umass.academia.edu/BenBrucato">Ben Brucato</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="96354" type="text/json">{"id":96354,"first_name":"Ben","last_name":"Brucato","domain_name":"umass","page_name":"BenBrucato","display_name":"Ben Brucato","profile_url":"https://umass.academia.edu/BenBrucato?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/96354/26642/83588457/s65_ben.brucato.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24661135 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24661135"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24661135, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24661135", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24661135 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24661135; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24661135"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24661135 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24661135"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24661135; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24661135]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24661135").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24661135").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24661135"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2131" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participatory_Media">Participatory Media</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2131" type="text/json">{"id":2131,"name":"Participatory Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participatory_Media?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7480" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surveillance_Studies">Surveillance Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7480" type="text/json">{"id":7480,"name":"Surveillance Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surveillance_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11294" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_Studies">Policing Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11294" type="text/json">{"id":11294,"name":"Policing Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24892" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surveillance">Surveillance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="24892" type="text/json">{"id":24892,"name":"Surveillance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surveillance?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24661135]'), work: {"id":24661135,"title":"Struggles For Visibility: On the Exhibition of Police Violence in a White Democracy","created_at":"2016-04-22T07:28:01.028-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24661135/Struggles_For_Visibility_On_the_Exhibition_of_Police_Violence_in_a_White_Democracy?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_24661135","summary":"Police developed in modern democracies as the primary institution that would produce the social order through articulating state violence against those identified as threats to it while within their borders (Neocleous, 2000). Also crucial during this time—and therefore to this development—was the elimination of the spectacle of state violence as a key means of social control (Foucault, 1979). Violence has always been fundamental to policing (Bittner, 1970; Klockars, 1985). Nonetheless, its violence was historically removed from broad public view (Skolnick \u0026 Fyfe, 1993). Police have always strategically modulated their visibility to maximize their power. Today, however, partly as a consequence of surveillance and sousveillance technologies and the use of the documents they produce, policing has encountered new visibility, a visibility not as often under the control of the institution (Goldsmith 2010). Many academics, politicians, journalists, and activists anticipate that since police no longer have as much control over when, where, and how they are visible to publics, the power of the institution and its agents to avoid accountability for wrong-doing is in jeopardy (Anthony \u0026 Thomas, 2010; Fan, 2012; Jeffries, 2011; Koskela 2009; Robinson, 2012; Stuart, 2011; Toch 2012; Wilson \u0026 Serisier, 2010). Concomitantly, they expect that because civilians are increasingly capable of producing the mediated visibility of police through sousveillance, these civilians are thereby empowered (Diamond \u0026 Plattner, 2011; Yesil, 2011). As a consequence of this seeming consensus, advocates for those victimized by police—or for “police accountability”—likewise have a nearly uniform response that increasing the video documentation of policing is of certain advantage (Brucato, 2015; Brucato, forthcoming). John B. Thompson (2005) has established that political controversies are products of and are negotiated through “struggles for visibility.” Taking this condition as a point of departure, this paper explores this new visibility of police violence in the United States as a white democracy. Olson (2004) describes “white democracy” as a condition where there is “democracy for whites, tyranny for everyone else” (p. 71). The description of popular sousveillance as enabling “transparency” fails to acknowledge the fragmentation of the polity—and therefore audiences—along what W.E.B. Du Bois called “the color line” (Brucato, 2015). The presumption that the visibility of the racist qualities of criminal justice institutions will spur popular outrage homogenizes audiences in ways that are analytically and empirically unsustainable (Waddington, Williams, Wright, \u0026 Newburn, 2015; Cheliotis, 2010). Furthermore, this approach ascribes to viewers commitments to cross-racial identification and solidarity that are rarely demonstrated (Brucato, 2015; Thompson \u0026 Lee, 2004; Weitzer, 2002). Instead, the visible itself is racialized (Butler, 1993). Since most of those victimized by police are not white, their advocates must engage struggles for visibility as contentions over the very nature of—and, indeed, the automatic recourse to—the visible. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44988493,"asset_id":24661135,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":96354,"first_name":"Ben","last_name":"Brucato","domain_name":"umass","page_name":"BenBrucato","display_name":"Ben Brucato","profile_url":"https://umass.academia.edu/BenBrucato?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/96354/26642/83588457/s65_ben.brucato.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2131,"name":"Participatory Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participatory_Media?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":7480,"name":"Surveillance Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surveillance_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":11294,"name":"Policing Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":24892,"name":"Surveillance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surveillance?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":59537,"name":"Transparency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transparency?f_ri=146308"},{"id":73673,"name":"Video Surveillance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Video_Surveillance?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":198723,"name":"Sousveillance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sousveillance?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1076533,"name":"Theory of Police Visibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_Police_Visibility?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6290307" data-work_id="6290307" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6290307/Routinely_armed_and_unarmed_police_what_can_the_Scandinavian_experience_teach_us">Routinely armed and unarmed police: what can the Scandinavian experience teach us?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article introduces the author’s recent study on the ‘strategic impact’ of routinely arming the New Zealand Police and discusses how two significant research findings are consistent with published theory. First, the utility of taking... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6290307" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article introduces the author’s recent study on the ‘strategic impact’ of routinely arming the New Zealand Police and discusses how two significant research findings are consistent with published theory. First, the utility of taking a binary, black and white approach when analysing the ‘routinely armed versus routinely unarmed’ debate, is limited in terms of considering police officer behaviour. This is because police departmental policies shape police officer risk-taking and behaviour to a considerable degree. Second, despite departmental policies, the routine armament of a routinely unarmed police force, say for health and safety reasons, may be counterproductive; such a change exposes police officers to increased risks. Both findings come from an analysis of Scandinavian police forces. The author’s study was primarily concerned with the police forces of Norway and Sweden; however, comparisons were made, at times, within a wider Scandinavian context.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6290307" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ee3d733a47ed057829a63b8f77d293ce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33478761,"asset_id":6290307,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33478761/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2576470" href="https://monash.academia.edu/RossHendy">Ross E Hendy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2576470" type="text/json">{"id":2576470,"first_name":"Ross","last_name":"Hendy","domain_name":"monash","page_name":"RossHendy","display_name":"Ross E Hendy","profile_url":"https://monash.academia.edu/RossHendy?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2576470/2959629/15623845/s65_ross.hendy.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6290307 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6290307"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6290307, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6290307", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6290307 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6290307; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6290307"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6290307 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6290307"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6290307; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6290307]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6290307").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6290307").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6290307"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11294" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_Studies">Policing Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11294" type="text/json">{"id":11294,"name":"Policing Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="44814" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sweden">Sweden</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="44814" type="text/json">{"id":44814,"name":"Sweden","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sweden?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51645" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Norway">Norway</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="51645" type="text/json">{"id":51645,"name":"Norway","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Norway?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="91926" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Legitimacy">Police Legitimacy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="91926" type="text/json">{"id":91926,"name":"Police Legitimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Legitimacy?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6290307]'), work: {"id":6290307,"title":"Routinely armed and unarmed police: what can the Scandinavian experience teach us?","created_at":"2014-03-04T16:45:21.897-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6290307/Routinely_armed_and_unarmed_police_what_can_the_Scandinavian_experience_teach_us?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_6290307","summary":"This article introduces the author’s recent study on the ‘strategic impact’ of routinely arming the New Zealand Police and discusses how two significant research findings are consistent with published theory. First, the utility of taking a binary, black and white approach when analysing the ‘routinely armed versus routinely unarmed’ debate, is limited in terms of considering police officer behaviour. This is because police departmental policies shape police officer risk-taking and behaviour to a considerable degree. Second, despite departmental policies, the routine armament of a routinely unarmed police force, say for health and safety reasons, may be counterproductive; such a change exposes police officers to increased risks. Both findings come from an analysis of Scandinavian police forces. The author’s study was primarily concerned with the police forces of Norway and Sweden; however, comparisons were made, at times, within a wider Scandinavian context. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33478761,"asset_id":6290307,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2576470,"first_name":"Ross","last_name":"Hendy","domain_name":"monash","page_name":"RossHendy","display_name":"Ross E Hendy","profile_url":"https://monash.academia.edu/RossHendy?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2576470/2959629/15623845/s65_ross.hendy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11294,"name":"Policing Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":44814,"name":"Sweden","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sweden?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":51645,"name":"Norway","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Norway?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":91926,"name":"Police Legitimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Legitimacy?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":116108,"name":"New Zealand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Zealand?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45618897" data-work_id="45618897" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45618897/The_Blurred_Battlefield_The_Perplexing_Conflation_of_Humanitarian_and_Criminal_Law_in_Contemporary_Conflicts">The Blurred Battlefield: The Perplexing Conflation of Humanitarian and Criminal Law in Contemporary Conflicts</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This monograph is a serious and well-researched investigation into crucial factors of contemporary warfare. Readers will learn lessons on the distinctions between the Law of Armed Conflict and criminal law, particularly on important... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45618897" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This monograph is a serious and well-researched investigation into crucial factors of contemporary warfare. Readers will learn lessons on the distinctions between the Law of Armed Conflict and criminal law, particularly on important issues like lethal force, escalation of force tactics, and security detention. Professor Paterson makes a strong argument that the stated policy of respect and promotion of human rights (HR)-that has long been a guiding principle of the U.S. military-does not translate into specific and mandatory directives at the tactical and operational levels. Indeed, he asserts that at those levels there is no formal attention to HR, only ad hoc efforts by operational units that don't receive guiding policy. This monograph will be essential reading for policymakers and those whose task is the development of granular precepts to guide implementation and execution of policy on the ground.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45618897" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="17d14f39f7dfcd5f67a304a474c22995" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66107910,"asset_id":45618897,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66107910/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="119754023" href="https://ndu.academia.edu/PatrickPaterson">Patrick Paterson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="119754023" type="text/json">{"id":119754023,"first_name":"Patrick","last_name":"Paterson","domain_name":"ndu","page_name":"PatrickPaterson","display_name":"Patrick Paterson","profile_url":"https://ndu.academia.edu/PatrickPaterson?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/119754023/136966497/126423620/s65_patrick.paterson.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45618897 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45618897"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45618897, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45618897", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45618897 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45618897; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45618897"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45618897 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45618897"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45618897; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45618897]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45618897").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45618897").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45618897"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5321" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law">International Human Rights Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5321" type="text/json">{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36979" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Use_of_Force">Use of Force</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36979" type="text/json">{"id":36979,"name":"Use of Force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Use_of_Force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45618897]'), work: {"id":45618897,"title":"The Blurred Battlefield: The Perplexing Conflation of Humanitarian and Criminal Law in Contemporary Conflicts","created_at":"2021-03-26T06:54:52.352-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45618897/The_Blurred_Battlefield_The_Perplexing_Conflation_of_Humanitarian_and_Criminal_Law_in_Contemporary_Conflicts?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_45618897","summary":"This monograph is a serious and well-researched investigation into crucial factors of contemporary warfare. Readers will learn lessons on the distinctions between the Law of Armed Conflict and criminal law, particularly on important issues like lethal force, escalation of force tactics, and security detention. Professor Paterson makes a strong argument that the stated policy of respect and promotion of human rights (HR)-that has long been a guiding principle of the U.S. military-does not translate into specific and mandatory directives at the tactical and operational levels. Indeed, he asserts that at those levels there is no formal attention to HR, only ad hoc efforts by operational units that don't receive guiding policy. This monograph will be essential reading for policymakers and those whose task is the development of granular precepts to guide implementation and execution of policy on the ground.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66107910,"asset_id":45618897,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":119754023,"first_name":"Patrick","last_name":"Paterson","domain_name":"ndu","page_name":"PatrickPaterson","display_name":"Patrick Paterson","profile_url":"https://ndu.academia.edu/PatrickPaterson?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/119754023/136966497/126423620/s65_patrick.paterson.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":36979,"name":"Use of Force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Use_of_Force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":37374,"name":"Transnational Organized Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_Organized_Crime?f_ri=146308"},{"id":41739,"name":"Law of Armed Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_Armed_Conflict?f_ri=146308"},{"id":64446,"name":"Military Orders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Orders?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":258743,"name":"USA Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/USA_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":582830,"name":"International Law of Armed Conflicts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law_of_Armed_Conflicts?f_ri=146308"},{"id":1352074,"name":"Security Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Cooperation?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37410856" data-work_id="37410856" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37410856/REVIEW_OF_LITERATURE_Law_Enforcement_Use_of_Force_Focusing_on_the_Albuqueque_Police_Department">REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Law Enforcement Use of Force: Focusing on the Albuqueque Police Department</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Law Enforcement Use of Force is one of 10 major topics that impacts the forensic sciences as it pertains to the intersection of crime, psychology, and law, that has been at the forefront of why I am a PhD student in Walden University’s... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37410856" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Law Enforcement Use of Force is one of 10 major topics that impacts the  forensic sciences as it pertains to the intersection of crime, psychology, and law, that has been at the forefront of why I am a PhD student in Walden University’s “FPSY” program. The use statistical methods in profession of forensic psychology, but as a consumer, citizen, and scholar-practitioner, it will be important for researchers or practitioners to convert a critical consumer of research with the empowerment to read, interpret, and evaluate the strength of claims made in scholarly material or daily news. Thirteen sources that were chosen in this order, to represent the design of the literature review as they pertain to the main topic law enforcement use of force and correlate to current dilemmas or trends impacted by police departments across the U.S. and each source has a corresponding theme that precedes the article title, then the author(s) in parentheses, and the conclusion will focus on possible alternatives from case studies reflecting what is recommended concerning alternatives in reduction of unnecessary police use of force: Theme 1: New Mexico Case Law: Mental Illness, City of Albuquerque & Feds Reach a Deal (Sandlin, 2005; Santos, 2014; Johnson, 2014). Theme 2: Police Academy Students, Supervisor-officer Vs. Sergeant-officer, Electronic Control Devices with the Use of Force (Fekjaer, 2014; Ingram, 2013; Lin and Jones, 2010). Theme 3: Police Encountering the Mentally Ill Population, Stigma of Mental Illness, Police Corruptive Behavior (Scantlebury, Fairhurst, Booth, McDaid, Moran, Parker, Payne, Scott, Torgerson, Webber, and Hewitt, 2017; West, Yanos, and Mulay, 2014; Carr, 2017). Theme 4: Self-Care for Police Mental Well-being, Case Law on Police Rights and Violence, Qualified Immunity Vs. Excessive Force (Bullock and Garland, 2018; Greene, 2015; Davis and Davis, 2017). For the conclusion, the discussion will center on: Use of force reduction or alternatives (Prenzler, Porter, and Alpert, 2013); The impact of the mental health effect and economic impression affecting city government: law enforcement and public health as an emerging field (van Dijk and Crofts, 2017); Helping persons with mental illness, with partnerships between police and mobile crisis units (Lord and Bjerregaard, 2014).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37410856" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9e95028615457209cdf0b81d104428fd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57374983,"asset_id":37410856,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57374983/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="80956500" href="https://waldenu.academia.edu/LYLENELSON">LYLE NELSON</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="80956500" type="text/json">{"id":80956500,"first_name":"LYLE","last_name":"NELSON","domain_name":"waldenu","page_name":"LYLENELSON","display_name":"LYLE NELSON","profile_url":"https://waldenu.academia.edu/LYLENELSON?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/80956500/19599246/19488258/s65_lyle.nelson.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37410856 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37410856"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37410856, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37410856", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37410856 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37410856; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37410856"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37410856 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37410856"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37410856; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37410856]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37410856").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37410856").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37410856"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="226" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Psychology">Clinical Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="226" type="text/json">{"id":226,"name":"Clinical Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Psychology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="259" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Psychology">Forensic Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="259" type="text/json">{"id":259,"name":"Forensic Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Psychology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="539" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensics">Forensics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="539" type="text/json">{"id":539,"name":"Forensics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensics?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="548" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Law">Civil Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="548" type="text/json">{"id":548,"name":"Civil Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Law?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37410856]'), work: {"id":37410856,"title":"REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Law Enforcement Use of Force: Focusing on the Albuqueque Police Department","created_at":"2018-09-14T07:03:12.615-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37410856/REVIEW_OF_LITERATURE_Law_Enforcement_Use_of_Force_Focusing_on_the_Albuqueque_Police_Department?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_37410856","summary":"Law Enforcement Use of Force is one of 10 major topics that impacts the forensic sciences as it pertains to the intersection of crime, psychology, and law, that has been at the forefront of why I am a PhD student in Walden University’s “FPSY” program. The use statistical methods in profession of forensic psychology, but as a consumer, citizen, and scholar-practitioner, it will be important for researchers or practitioners to convert a critical consumer of research with the empowerment to read, interpret, and evaluate the strength of claims made in scholarly material or daily news. Thirteen sources that were chosen in this order, to represent the design of the literature review as they pertain to the main topic law enforcement use of force and correlate to current dilemmas or trends impacted by police departments across the U.S. and each source has a corresponding theme that precedes the article title, then the author(s) in parentheses, and the conclusion will focus on possible alternatives from case studies reflecting what is recommended concerning alternatives in reduction of unnecessary police use of force: Theme 1: New Mexico Case Law: Mental Illness, City of Albuquerque \u0026 Feds Reach a Deal (Sandlin, 2005; Santos, 2014; Johnson, 2014). Theme 2: Police Academy Students, Supervisor-officer Vs. Sergeant-officer, Electronic Control Devices with the Use of Force (Fekjaer, 2014; Ingram, 2013; Lin and Jones, 2010). Theme 3: Police Encountering the Mentally Ill Population, Stigma of Mental Illness, Police Corruptive Behavior (Scantlebury, Fairhurst, Booth, McDaid, Moran, Parker, Payne, Scott, Torgerson, Webber, and Hewitt, 2017; West, Yanos, and Mulay, 2014; Carr, 2017). Theme 4: Self-Care for Police Mental Well-being, Case Law on Police Rights and Violence, Qualified Immunity Vs. Excessive Force (Bullock and Garland, 2018; Greene, 2015; Davis and Davis, 2017). For the conclusion, the discussion will center on: Use of force reduction or alternatives (Prenzler, Porter, and Alpert, 2013); The impact of the mental health effect and economic impression affecting city government: law enforcement and public health as an emerging field (van Dijk and Crofts, 2017); Helping persons with mental illness, with partnerships between police and mobile crisis units (Lord and Bjerregaard, 2014).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57374983,"asset_id":37410856,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":80956500,"first_name":"LYLE","last_name":"NELSON","domain_name":"waldenu","page_name":"LYLENELSON","display_name":"LYLE NELSON","profile_url":"https://waldenu.academia.edu/LYLENELSON?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/80956500/19599246/19488258/s65_lyle.nelson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":226,"name":"Clinical Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Psychology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":259,"name":"Forensic Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Psychology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":539,"name":"Forensics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensics?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":548,"name":"Civil Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Law?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=146308"},{"id":7071,"name":"Forensic psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_psychiatry?f_ri=146308"},{"id":20247,"name":"Transcultural Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcultural_Psychiatry?f_ri=146308"},{"id":22221,"name":"Criminal Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":24401,"name":"Police Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Psychology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":27603,"name":"Psychiatry and Psychopathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychiatry_and_Psychopathology?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308"},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":183962,"name":"Police Decision-making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Decision-making?f_ri=146308"},{"id":537893,"name":"Criminalogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminalogy?f_ri=146308"},{"id":886102,"name":"Police Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Intelligence?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17262975" data-work_id="17262975" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17262975/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%89%A7%E6%B3%95%E8%AE%AD%E7%BB%83%E5%92%8C%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86_Law_Enforcement_Training_and_Mental_Health_Crisis_Intervention_among_American_Police_">美国警察的执法训练和精神健康危机处理 (Law Enforcement Training and Mental Health Crisis Intervention among American Police)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">在高度都市化和生活压力巨大的现代社会，精神疾病的盛行率不但高涨，精神疾病患者与一般民众互动的机率也跟著提高。当有涉及精神病患的危机事件突发时，几乎都是刑事执法人员抵达最早抵达现场进行控管。他们需要处理的紧急状况包括了从正企图自高楼跃下自杀的妇人到在购物中心持枪威吓他人的年轻人。即便在日常巡逻途中，他们也要处理骚扰路人却又无家可归的精神病患或是协助迷路走失的老年失智者。如果第一线警员没有接受适当的心理健康培训，误解精神病患者的意愿可能会导致至关生离死別的错误，误判问题的本质也会... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17262975" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">在高度都市化和生活压力巨大的现代社会，精神疾病的盛行率不但高涨，精神疾病患者与一般民众互动的机率也跟著提高。当有涉及精神病患的危机事件突发时，几乎都是刑事执法人员抵达最早抵达现场进行控管。他们需要处理的紧急状况包括了从正企图自高楼跃下自杀的妇人到在购物中心持枪威吓他人的年轻人。即便在日常巡逻途中，他们也要处理骚扰路人却又无家可归的精神病患或是协助迷路走失的老年失智者。如果第一线警员没有接受适当的心理健康培训，误解精神病患者的意愿可能会导致至关生离死別的错误，误判问题的本质也会找出错误的对策使得问题不得解决、民众的挫折不满。本文将简单的介绍美国设会所面临的挑战和美国地方警察所做出的回应。</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17262975" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="872f685775650889e650309dbce53d8c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39406202,"asset_id":17262975,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39406202/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1257052" href="https://jjay-cuny.academia.edu/HungEnSung">Hung-En Sung</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1257052" type="text/json">{"id":1257052,"first_name":"Hung-En","last_name":"Sung","domain_name":"jjay-cuny","page_name":"HungEnSung","display_name":"Hung-En Sung","profile_url":"https://jjay-cuny.academia.edu/HungEnSung?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1257052/2605944/18049759/s65_hung-en.sung.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17262975 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17262975"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17262975, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17262975", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17262975 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17262975; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17262975"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17262975 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17262975"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17262975; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17262975]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17262975").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17262975").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17262975"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2827" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health">Mental Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2827" type="text/json">{"id":2827,"name":"Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="291788" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_order_policing">Public order policing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="291788" type="text/json">{"id":291788,"name":"Public order policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_order_policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17262975]'), work: {"id":17262975,"title":"美国警察的执法训练和精神健康危机处理 (Law Enforcement Training and Mental Health Crisis Intervention among American Police)","created_at":"2015-10-24T19:32:01.499-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17262975/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%89%A7%E6%B3%95%E8%AE%AD%E7%BB%83%E5%92%8C%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86_Law_Enforcement_Training_and_Mental_Health_Crisis_Intervention_among_American_Police_?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_17262975","summary":"在高度都市化和生活压力巨大的现代社会，精神疾病的盛行率不但高涨，精神疾病患者与一般民众互动的机率也跟著提高。当有涉及精神病患的危机事件突发时，几乎都是刑事执法人员抵达最早抵达现场进行控管。他们需要处理的紧急状况包括了从正企图自高楼跃下自杀的妇人到在购物中心持枪威吓他人的年轻人。即便在日常巡逻途中，他们也要处理骚扰路人却又无家可归的精神病患或是协助迷路走失的老年失智者。如果第一线警员没有接受适当的心理健康培训，误解精神病患者的意愿可能会导致至关生离死別的错误，误判问题的本质也会找出错误的对策使得问题不得解决、民众的挫折不满。本文将简单的介绍美国设会所面临的挑战和美国地方警察所做出的回应。","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39406202,"asset_id":17262975,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1257052,"first_name":"Hung-En","last_name":"Sung","domain_name":"jjay-cuny","page_name":"HungEnSung","display_name":"Hung-En Sung","profile_url":"https://jjay-cuny.academia.edu/HungEnSung?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1257052/2605944/18049759/s65_hung-en.sung.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2827,"name":"Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":291788,"name":"Public order policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_order_policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40719412" data-work_id="40719412" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40719412/Beyond_Bratton_Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore_and_Craig_Gilmore">Beyond Bratton / Ruth Wilson Gilmore & Craig Gilmore</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40719412" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="60a16d0affb06e4a5c62505e11c1cc76" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61005603,"asset_id":40719412,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61005603/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7431637" href="https://independent.academia.edu/craiggilmore1">craig gilmore</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7431637" type="text/json">{"id":7431637,"first_name":"craig","last_name":"gilmore","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"craiggilmore1","display_name":"craig gilmore","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/craiggilmore1?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7431637/3674652/4308109/s65_craig.gilmore.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40719412 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40719412"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40719412, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40719412", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40719412 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40719412; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40719412"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40719412 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40719412"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40719412; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40719412]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40719412").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40719412").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40719412"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25870" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Prison_Studies">Critical Prison Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25870" type="text/json">{"id":25870,"name":"Critical Prison Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Prison_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27384" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Policing">Community Policing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27384" type="text/json">{"id":27384,"name":"Community Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36982" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform">Police Reform</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36982" type="text/json">{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="100148" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prison_Abolition">Prison Abolition</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="100148" type="text/json">{"id":100148,"name":"Prison Abolition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prison_Abolition?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40719412]'), work: {"id":40719412,"title":"Beyond Bratton / Ruth Wilson Gilmore \u0026 Craig Gilmore","created_at":"2019-10-24T07:06:41.745-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40719412/Beyond_Bratton_Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore_and_Craig_Gilmore?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_40719412","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61005603,"asset_id":40719412,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7431637,"first_name":"craig","last_name":"gilmore","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"craiggilmore1","display_name":"craig gilmore","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/craiggilmore1?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7431637/3674652/4308109/s65_craig.gilmore.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25870,"name":"Critical Prison Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Prison_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":27384,"name":"Community Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":100148,"name":"Prison Abolition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prison_Abolition?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":168613,"name":"Policing and Police Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_and_Police_Studies?f_ri=146308"},{"id":173127,"name":"Abolition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abolition?f_ri=146308"},{"id":291788,"name":"Public order policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_order_policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":656371,"name":"Penal Abolitionism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Penal_Abolitionism?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44501291" data-work_id="44501291" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44501291/Extrajudicial_Killing_and_the_State_in_the_Philippines_An_Epidemiology_of_Violence">Extrajudicial Killing and the State in the Philippines: An Epidemiology of Violence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Extrajudicial killing (EJK) is a relatively recent concept located at the intersection of human rights, criminology and the sociology of law. It is defined as state-killing outside of the formal legal system of a state without due process... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44501291" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Extrajudicial killing (EJK) is a relatively recent concept located at the intersection of human rights, criminology and the sociology of law. It is defined as state-killing outside of the formal legal system of a state without due process of law. As a residual category it relies heavily on the definition of what a 'state' is and thus a theory of the state. A key feature of EJK is a denial of state involvement in killing necessitated by EJK's constituting state crime in which the state violates its own self-defined rules for operation. The specific focus of this study is how state 'frames' are used in speeches and political communication to promote state-killing while denying any state connection to that killing. EJK is seen to occur in coordinated waves of violence (cycles of violence) that resemble the trajectory of infectious diseases in epidemics that are influenced by the frames put forth by the state and watchdog institutions in 'cycles of moral reaction'. This case study focuses on EJK in the Philippines which has played a key defining role in EJK internationally, specifically on police encounter shootings and death squad killings during the 'War on Drugs' that began in 2016.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44501291" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="312de92a3a3f71268ca7d0dd42fe45ce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64937281,"asset_id":44501291,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64937281/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4628626" href="https://mfuth.academia.edu/JonFernquest">Jon Fernquest</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4628626" type="text/json">{"id":4628626,"first_name":"Jon","last_name":"Fernquest","domain_name":"mfuth","page_name":"JonFernquest","display_name":"Jon Fernquest","profile_url":"https://mfuth.academia.edu/JonFernquest?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4628626/1936920/2291976/s65_jon.fernquest.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44501291 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44501291"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44501291, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44501291", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44501291 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44501291; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44501291"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44501291 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44501291"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44501291; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44501291]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44501291").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44501291").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44501291"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1089" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_epidemiology">Social epidemiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1089" type="text/json">{"id":1089,"name":"Social epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_epidemiology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3264" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_crime">State crime</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3264" type="text/json">{"id":3264,"name":"State crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_crime?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44501291]'), work: {"id":44501291,"title":"Extrajudicial Killing and the State in the Philippines: An Epidemiology of Violence","created_at":"2020-11-14T14:08:14.252-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44501291/Extrajudicial_Killing_and_the_State_in_the_Philippines_An_Epidemiology_of_Violence?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_44501291","summary":"Extrajudicial killing (EJK) is a relatively recent concept located at the intersection of human rights, criminology and the sociology of law. It is defined as state-killing outside of the formal legal system of a state without due process of law. As a residual category it relies heavily on the definition of what a 'state' is and thus a theory of the state. A key feature of EJK is a denial of state involvement in killing necessitated by EJK's constituting state crime in which the state violates its own self-defined rules for operation. The specific focus of this study is how state 'frames' are used in speeches and political communication to promote state-killing while denying any state connection to that killing. EJK is seen to occur in coordinated waves of violence (cycles of violence) that resemble the trajectory of infectious diseases in epidemics that are influenced by the frames put forth by the state and watchdog institutions in 'cycles of moral reaction'. This case study focuses on EJK in the Philippines which has played a key defining role in EJK internationally, specifically on police encounter shootings and death squad killings during the 'War on Drugs' that began in 2016.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64937281,"asset_id":44501291,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4628626,"first_name":"Jon","last_name":"Fernquest","domain_name":"mfuth","page_name":"JonFernquest","display_name":"Jon Fernquest","profile_url":"https://mfuth.academia.edu/JonFernquest?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4628626/1936920/2291976/s65_jon.fernquest.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":1089,"name":"Social epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_epidemiology?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":3264,"name":"State crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_crime?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":22872,"name":"Emotional Contagion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotional_Contagion?f_ri=146308"},{"id":123434,"name":"State Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Violence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":421487,"name":"Extrajudicial Killing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extrajudicial_Killing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":635834,"name":"State-sponsored violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State-sponsored_violence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":982104,"name":"Crime and the Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime_and_the_Media?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38923317 coauthored" data-work_id="38923317" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38923317/Estado_Mercado_Criminalidade_e_Poder_Homic%C3%ADdios_na_Baixada_Fluminense">Estado, Mercado, Criminalidade e Poder: Homicídios na Baixada Fluminense</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A chacina da Baixada permanece como o marco da violência que ganhou corpo com os esquadrões da morte. Gestados no início da ditadura civil-militar de 1964, se reorganizaram e passaram a funcionar, mais recentemente, a partir da... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38923317" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A chacina da Baixada permanece como o marco da violência que ganhou corpo com os esquadrões da morte. Gestados no início da ditadura civil-militar de 1964, se reorganizaram e passaram a funcionar, mais recentemente, a partir da articulação de três elementos: o aparato policial que muitas vezes compõe os grupos de controle e extermínio; o financiamento econômico de grupos pertencentes às classes privilegiadas; e o suporte político de agentes do Estado, tais como legisladores, gestores públicos e integrantes do Judiciário, que auxiliam no funcionamento desses grupos e se valem de seus serviços para a manutenção de privilégios.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38923317" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="60763e70f99fabe0c1bcf47cd5203a44" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59023709,"asset_id":38923317,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59023709/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4526001" href="https://wwwwits.academia.edu/ElizabeteAlbernaz">Elizabete Albernaz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4526001" type="text/json">{"id":4526001,"first_name":"Elizabete","last_name":"Albernaz","domain_name":"wwwwits","page_name":"ElizabeteAlbernaz","display_name":"Elizabete Albernaz","profile_url":"https://wwwwits.academia.edu/ElizabeteAlbernaz?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4526001/1868866/32156206/s65_elizabete.albernaz.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-38923317">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-38923317"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/RaquelGuilherme1">Raquel Guilherme</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-38923317'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-38923317').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38923317 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38923317"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38923317, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38923317", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38923317 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38923317; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38923317"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38923317 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38923317"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38923317; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38923317]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38923317").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38923317").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38923317"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1697" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence">Violence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1697" type="text/json">{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies">Security Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5523" type="text/json">{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17817" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing">Anthropology of Police & Policing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17817" type="text/json">{"id":17817,"name":"Anthropology of Police \u0026 Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38923317]'), work: {"id":38923317,"title":"Estado, Mercado, Criminalidade e Poder: Homicídios na Baixada Fluminense","created_at":"2019-04-24T23:18:00.767-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38923317/Estado_Mercado_Criminalidade_e_Poder_Homic%C3%ADdios_na_Baixada_Fluminense?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_38923317","summary":"A chacina da Baixada permanece como o marco da violência que ganhou corpo com os esquadrões da morte. Gestados no início da ditadura civil-militar de 1964, se reorganizaram e passaram a funcionar, mais recentemente, a partir da articulação de três elementos: o aparato policial que muitas vezes compõe os grupos de controle e extermínio; o financiamento econômico de grupos pertencentes às classes privilegiadas; e o suporte político de agentes do Estado, tais como legisladores, gestores públicos e integrantes do Judiciário, que auxiliam no funcionamento desses grupos e se valem de seus serviços para a manutenção de privilégios.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59023709,"asset_id":38923317,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4526001,"first_name":"Elizabete","last_name":"Albernaz","domain_name":"wwwwits","page_name":"ElizabeteAlbernaz","display_name":"Elizabete Albernaz","profile_url":"https://wwwwits.academia.edu/ElizabeteAlbernaz?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4526001/1868866/32156206/s65_elizabete.albernaz.jpg"},{"id":111346493,"first_name":"Raquel","last_name":"Guilherme","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RaquelGuilherme1","display_name":"Raquel Guilherme","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RaquelGuilherme1?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/111346493/75282353/63790907/s65_raquel.guilherme.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":17817,"name":"Anthropology of Police \u0026 Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=146308"},{"id":57333,"name":"Urban Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Violence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308"},{"id":99429,"name":"HOMICIDIOS ASESINATOS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HOMICIDIOS_ASESINATOS?f_ri=146308"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308"},{"id":162502,"name":"Segurança Pública","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seguranca_Publica?f_ri=146308"},{"id":188804,"name":"Violência Urbana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viol%C3%AAncia_Urbana?f_ri=146308"},{"id":281590,"name":"Armed Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armed_Violence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":666775,"name":"Urban Gun Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Gun_Violence?f_ri=146308"},{"id":696829,"name":"Baixada Fluminense","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Baixada_Fluminense?f_ri=146308"},{"id":2047465,"name":"Urban Conflicts and Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Conflicts_and_Violence?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36519585" data-work_id="36519585" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36519585/United_Nations_Complaint_Police_Brutality_Minority_Groups_and_the_Metropolitan_Police">United Nations Complaint : Police Brutality, Minority Groups and the Metropolitan Police.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This is a copy of the formal complaint to the United Nations and enclosures authored by various individuals over the years. The United Nations Press Release and Warning on this matter is listed here... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36519585" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is a copy of the formal complaint to the United Nations and enclosures authored by various individuals over the years. <br /><br />The United Nations Press Release and Warning on this matter is listed here<br /><a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/04/1008392" rel="nofollow">https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/04/1008392</a><br /><br />Conflict of Interest. Arrested by the Metropolitan Police in 2014 for publication of public material. Cleared by the CPS with no evidence presented in 2015. Civil Litigation ongoing.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36519585" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="09d86f8dc8900585bc85c6c81aa1c206" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56438917,"asset_id":36519585,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56438917/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1239355" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RitaPal">Dr Rita Pal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1239355" type="text/json">{"id":1239355,"first_name":"Dr Rita","last_name":"Pal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RitaPal","display_name":"Dr Rita Pal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RitaPal?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/adbfc5b565200a353583c1dd9c0c90fc?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36519585 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36519585"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36519585, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36519585", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36519585 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36519585; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36519585"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36519585 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36519585"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36519585; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36519585]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36519585").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36519585").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36519585"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability">Police Accountability</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36981" type="text/json">{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38704" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History">Police History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38704" type="text/json">{"id":38704,"name":"Police History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80016" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing">Police and Policing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="80016" type="text/json">{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36519585]'), work: {"id":36519585,"title":"United Nations Complaint : Police Brutality, Minority Groups and the Metropolitan Police.","created_at":"2018-04-27T12:16:20.962-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36519585/United_Nations_Complaint_Police_Brutality_Minority_Groups_and_the_Metropolitan_Police?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_36519585","summary":"This is a copy of the formal complaint to the United Nations and enclosures authored by various individuals over the years. \n\nThe United Nations Press Release and Warning on this matter is listed here\nhttps://news.un.org/en/story/2018/04/1008392\n\nConflict of Interest. Arrested by the Metropolitan Police in 2014 for publication of public material. Cleared by the CPS with no evidence presented in 2015. Civil Litigation ongoing. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56438917,"asset_id":36519585,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1239355,"first_name":"Dr Rita","last_name":"Pal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RitaPal","display_name":"Dr Rita Pal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RitaPal?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/adbfc5b565200a353583c1dd9c0c90fc?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":38704,"name":"Police History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":183962,"name":"Police Decision-making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Decision-making?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43660488" data-work_id="43660488" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43660488/Calls_for_Defunding_Dismantling_or_Abolishing_the_Police_Miss_the_Mark_on_Police_Reform">Calls for Defunding, Dismantling or Abolishing the Police Miss the Mark on Police Reform</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">After George Floyd was brutally killed by the police, several solutions were suggested as a response to the police excessive force. An accurate diagnosis of the problem is needed before an appropriate solution can be developed. To do... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43660488" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">After George Floyd was brutally killed by the police, several solutions were suggested as a response to the police excessive force. An accurate diagnosis of the problem is needed before an appropriate solution can be developed. To do otherwise could make a bad situation even worse. Rather than rushing to defund police departments, the root of the problem should be diagnosed first, followed by a discussion of alternative solutions that get to the heart of the problem. An important question to ask is: Where does the problem originate? Possible answers range from officer recruitment and training to police department organizational policies and police (sub) culture.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43660488" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2fe172a25b4405170ead5894d7e78481" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63961164,"asset_id":43660488,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63961164/download_file?st=MTczOTk5ODg4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31505827" href="https://plattsburgh.academia.edu/ZakirGul">Zakir Gul</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31505827" type="text/json">{"id":31505827,"first_name":"Zakir","last_name":"Gul","domain_name":"plattsburgh","page_name":"ZakirGul","display_name":"Zakir Gul","profile_url":"https://plattsburgh.academia.edu/ZakirGul?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31505827/9453892/76290454/s65_zakir.gul.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43660488 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43660488"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43660488, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43660488", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43660488 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43660488; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43660488"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43660488 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43660488"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43660488; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43660488]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43660488").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43660488").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43660488"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37778" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement">Law Enforcement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37778" type="text/json">{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80016" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing">Police and Policing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="80016" type="text/json">{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force">Police use of force</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="146308" type="text/json">{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43660488]'), work: {"id":43660488,"title":"Calls for Defunding, Dismantling or Abolishing the Police Miss the Mark on Police Reform","created_at":"2020-07-19T02:31:35.586-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43660488/Calls_for_Defunding_Dismantling_or_Abolishing_the_Police_Miss_the_Mark_on_Police_Reform?f_ri=146308","dom_id":"work_43660488","summary":"After George Floyd was brutally killed by the police, several solutions were suggested as a response to the police excessive force. An accurate diagnosis of the problem is needed before an appropriate solution can be developed. To do otherwise could make a bad situation even worse. Rather than rushing to defund police departments, the root of the problem should be diagnosed first, followed by a discussion of alternative solutions that get to the heart of the problem. An important question to ask is: Where does the problem originate? Possible answers range from officer recruitment and training to police department organizational policies and police (sub) culture.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63961164,"asset_id":43660488,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31505827,"first_name":"Zakir","last_name":"Gul","domain_name":"plattsburgh","page_name":"ZakirGul","display_name":"Zakir Gul","profile_url":"https://plattsburgh.academia.edu/ZakirGul?f_ri=146308","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31505827/9453892/76290454/s65_zakir.gul.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=146308","nofollow":true},{"id":191771,"name":"Police Brutality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality?f_ri=146308"},{"id":474955,"name":"Criminal Justice, Police Policy and Procedure; Police Excessive Use of Force and Corruption; Criminal Investigations, Corrections Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice_Police_Policy_and_Procedure_Police_Excessive_Use_of_Force_and_Corruption_Crimina?f_ri=146308"},{"id":3677945,"name":"Killing of George Floyd","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Killing_of_George_Floyd?f_ri=146308"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?after=50%2C43660488" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform">Police Reform</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="36982">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="36982">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing">Police and Policing</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="80016">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="80016">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing">Anthropology of Police & Policing</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="17817">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="17817">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History">Police History</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="38704">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="38704">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="8206">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="8206">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement">Law Enforcement</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="37778">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="37778">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Decision-making">Police Decision-making</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="183962">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="183962">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability">Police Accountability</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="36981">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="36981">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE_TRAINING">POLICE USE OF FORCE TRAINING</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="248427">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="248427">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_canines">Police canines</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="99310">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="99310">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "12829c825012d0194f47ffcecfe78fca845af65a09c2e4dfaec5c6cf49f09eda", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="WYcM0sq0Wk68ADMfuvEzh1fmLuHs1tF1xilHmnm7fNzE56lROSWE0SbjDfdYWDCIwAhyFqzZXD0fX8vhO0JSlg" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="LMpmGy93U79YTP0l-cFCJFhxBom5s66_hArWZv-wMwuxqsOY3OaNIMKvw80baEErz59afvm8I_ddfFodvUkdQQ" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>