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container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74576519", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_74576519 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74576519; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_74576519"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_74576519 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="74576519"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74576519; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74576519]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74576519").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74576519").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74576519"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="542" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="542" type="text/json">{"id":542,"name":"Jurisprudence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jurisprudence?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74576519]'), work: {"id":74576519,"title":"Rights and the Alleged Right of Innocents to be Killed","created_at":"2022-03-25T16:15:42.307-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74576519/Rights_and_the_Alleged_Right_of_Innocents_to_be_Killed?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_74576519","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82680191,"asset_id":74576519,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40215553,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Williams","domain_name":"sbsuny","page_name":"PeterWilliams","display_name":"Peter Williams","profile_url":"https://sbsuny.academia.edu/PeterWilliams?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40215553/15987540/16476760/s65_peter.williams.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":542,"name":"Jurisprudence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jurisprudence?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208"},{"id":6574,"name":"Family","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family?f_ri=3208"},{"id":7562,"name":"Civil Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Rights?f_ri=3208"},{"id":13513,"name":"Euthanasia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Euthanasia?f_ri=3208"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3208"},{"id":40023,"name":"Social Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Responsibility?f_ri=3208"},{"id":75000,"name":"Philosophy and Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_and_Religious_Studies?f_ri=3208"},{"id":112822,"name":"Physicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physicians?f_ri=3208"},{"id":319638,"name":"Moral Obligations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Obligations?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1201074,"name":"Psychological Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_Stress?f_ri=3208"},{"id":2772853,"name":"Law and Legal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Legal_Studies?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33742977" data-work_id="33742977" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33742977/The_Importance_of_Rituals_in_Understanding_Mass_Homicide_A_Structural_Ritualization_Analysis_of_the_Ronald_Gene_Simmons_Murders">The Importance of Rituals in Understanding Mass Homicide: A Structural Ritualization Analysis of the Ronald Gene Simmons Murders</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This case study examines the importance of rituals in understanding illegal behavior. Particular attention is given to the impact of stress-based symbolically ritualized events on individuals which may lead to mass homicide. For a more... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33742977" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This case study examines the importance of rituals in understanding illegal behavior. Particular attention is given to the impact of stress-based symbolically ritualized events on individuals which may lead to mass homicide.<br /><br />For a more lengthy abstract see the paper, i.e., Chapter.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33742977" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="424abc163f4f082fe5b0da1086e80dba" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53737694,"asset_id":33742977,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53737694/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="256183" href="https://okstate.academia.edu/JDavidKnottnerus">John D Knottnerus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="256183" type="text/json">{"id":256183,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Knottnerus","domain_name":"okstate","page_name":"JDavidKnottnerus","display_name":"John D Knottnerus","profile_url":"https://okstate.academia.edu/JDavidKnottnerus?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/256183/98719/17399552/s65_john.knottnerus.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33742977 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33742977"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33742977, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33742977", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33742977]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33742977").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33742977").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33742977"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4058" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual">Ritual</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4058" type="text/json">{"id":4058,"name":"Ritual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24217" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Theory">Ritual Theory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="24217" type="text/json">{"id":24217,"name":"Ritual Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Theory?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33742977]'), work: {"id":33742977,"title":"The Importance of Rituals in Understanding Mass Homicide: A Structural Ritualization Analysis of the Ronald Gene Simmons Murders","created_at":"2017-07-02T15:51:58.860-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33742977/The_Importance_of_Rituals_in_Understanding_Mass_Homicide_A_Structural_Ritualization_Analysis_of_the_Ronald_Gene_Simmons_Murders?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_33742977","summary":"This case study examines the importance of rituals in understanding illegal behavior. Particular attention is given to the impact of stress-based symbolically ritualized events on individuals which may lead to mass homicide.\n\nFor a more lengthy abstract see the paper, i.e., Chapter.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53737694,"asset_id":33742977,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":256183,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Knottnerus","domain_name":"okstate","page_name":"JDavidKnottnerus","display_name":"John D Knottnerus","profile_url":"https://okstate.academia.edu/JDavidKnottnerus?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/256183/98719/17399552/s65_john.knottnerus.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":4058,"name":"Ritual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":24217,"name":"Ritual Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Theory?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":172404,"name":"Mass Murder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Murder?f_ri=3208"},{"id":244961,"name":"Deviant Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deviant_Behavior?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5057633" data-work_id="5057633" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5057633/The_Influence_of_Brain_Abnormalities_on_Psychosocial_Development_Criminal_History_and_Paraphilias_in_Sexual_Murderers">The Influence of Brain Abnormalities on Psychosocial Development, Criminal History and Paraphilias in Sexual Murderers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The aim of this study was to investigate the number and type of brain abnormalities and their influence on psychosocial development, criminal history and paraphilias in sexual murderers. We analyzed psychiatric court reports of 166 sexual... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5057633" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The aim of this study was to investigate the number and type of brain abnormalities and their influence on psychosocial development, criminal history and paraphilias in sexual murderers. We analyzed psychiatric court reports of 166 sexual murderers and compared a group with notable signs of brain abnormalities (N = 50) with those without any signs (N = 116). Sexual murderers with brain abnormalities suffered more from early behavior problems. They were less likely to cohabitate with the victim at the time of the homicide and had more victims at the age of six years or younger. Psychiatric diagnoses revealed a higher total number of paraphilias: Transvestic fetishism and paraphilias not otherwise specified were more frequent in offenders with brain abnormalities. A binary logistic regression identified five predictors that accounted for 46.8% of the variance explaining the presence of brain abnormalities. Our results suggest the importance of a comprehensive neurological and psychological examination of this special offender group.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5057633" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b39088b74c6bde7612af2f8643c9049e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49466918,"asset_id":5057633,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49466918/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6753218" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeerBriken">Peer Briken</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6753218" type="text/json">{"id":6753218,"first_name":"Peer","last_name":"Briken","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PeerBriken","display_name":"Peer Briken","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PeerBriken?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5057633 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5057633"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5057633, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5057633", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5057633]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5057633").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5057633").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5057633"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7071" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_psychiatry">Forensic psychiatry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7071" type="text/json">{"id":7071,"name":"Forensic psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_psychiatry?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="61474" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain">Brain</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="61474" type="text/json">{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5057633]'), work: {"id":5057633,"title":"The Influence of Brain Abnormalities on Psychosocial Development, Criminal History and Paraphilias in Sexual Murderers","created_at":"2013-11-10T22:45:54.057-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5057633/The_Influence_of_Brain_Abnormalities_on_Psychosocial_Development_Criminal_History_and_Paraphilias_in_Sexual_Murderers?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_5057633","summary":"The aim of this study was to investigate the number and type of brain abnormalities and their influence on psychosocial development, criminal history and paraphilias in sexual murderers. We analyzed psychiatric court reports of 166 sexual murderers and compared a group with notable signs of brain abnormalities (N = 50) with those without any signs (N = 116). Sexual murderers with brain abnormalities suffered more from early behavior problems. They were less likely to cohabitate with the victim at the time of the homicide and had more victims at the age of six years or younger. Psychiatric diagnoses revealed a higher total number of paraphilias: Transvestic fetishism and paraphilias not otherwise specified were more frequent in offenders with brain abnormalities. A binary logistic regression identified five predictors that accounted for 46.8% of the variance explaining the presence of brain abnormalities. Our results suggest the importance of a comprehensive neurological and psychological examination of this special offender group.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49466918,"asset_id":5057633,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6753218,"first_name":"Peer","last_name":"Briken","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PeerBriken","display_name":"Peer Briken","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PeerBriken?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":7071,"name":"Forensic psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_psychiatry?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":66408,"name":"Forensic Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Sciences?f_ri=3208"},{"id":137551,"name":"Social Isolation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Isolation?f_ri=3208"},{"id":216506,"name":"Paraphilias","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paraphilias?f_ri=3208"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=3208"},{"id":469105,"name":"Retrospective Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrospective_Studies?f_ri=3208"},{"id":546421,"name":"Educational Status","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Status?f_ri=3208"},{"id":644084,"name":"Intelligence tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence_tests?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1294607,"name":"Logistic Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Models?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1765793,"name":"Brain Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Diseases?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21330156" data-work_id="21330156" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21330156/Temporal_trends_over_the_past_two_decades_in_asphyxial_deaths_in_South_Australia_involving_plastic_bags_or_wrapping">Temporal trends over the past two decades in asphyxial deaths in South Australia involving plastic bags or wrapping</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Asphyxial deaths utilising plastic bags or wrappings occurring over a 20-year period from March 1984 to February 2004 were reviewed at Forensic Science SA, Australia. A total of 45 cases were identified, with three occurring in infants... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21330156" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Asphyxial deaths utilising plastic bags or wrappings occurring over a 20-year period from March 1984 to February 2004 were reviewed at Forensic Science SA, Australia. A total of 45 cases were identified, with three occurring in infants and children (one accidental asphyxia; two homicides). Of the remaining 42 adults the male to female ratio was approximately 1:1 (23 and 19 cases, respectively), with all deaths attributed to suicide. The 42 adult cases represented 1.2% of the 3569 suicides autopsied at the centre over the time period of the study. The age ranges of the adult victims were 19-88 years (mean = 47.1 years) for the males, and 32-89 years (mean = 60.5 years) for the females. The adult female victims were significantly older than the males (p < 0.001). A number of victims had histories of depression and had taken prescription medications. A significant difference was found in the temporal occurrence of the adult deaths, with six cases occurring between 1984 and 1989, nine between 1989 and 1994, 11 between 1994 and 1999, and 16 between 1999 and 2004 (p < 0.001). Plastic bag asphyxial deaths were rare and in adults were due to suicide involving either older females or younger males. A significant increase in cases in South Australia in recent years was demonstrated, possibly related to publicity surrounding assisted suicides, and the ready availability of suicide manuals and information on suicide techniques from the internet.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21330156" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b423c351dba8de9af6f71711cc69b8f9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41819024,"asset_id":21330156,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41819024/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42355626" href="https://adelaide1.academia.edu/RogerByard">Roger Byard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42355626" type="text/json">{"id":42355626,"first_name":"Roger","last_name":"Byard","domain_name":"adelaide1","page_name":"RogerByard","display_name":"Roger Byard","profile_url":"https://adelaide1.academia.edu/RogerByard?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42355626/82188754/70791480/s65_roger.byard.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21330156 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21330156"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21330156, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21330156", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_21330156 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21330156; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_21330156"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_21330156 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21330156"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21330156; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21330156]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21330156").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21330156").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21330156"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1588" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science">Forensic Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1588" type="text/json">{"id":1588,"name":"Forensic Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide">Suicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8981" type="text/json">{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64933" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child">Child</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="64933" type="text/json">{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21330156]'), work: {"id":21330156,"title":"Temporal trends over the past two decades in asphyxial deaths in South Australia involving plastic bags or wrapping","created_at":"2016-01-31T12:21:16.738-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21330156/Temporal_trends_over_the_past_two_decades_in_asphyxial_deaths_in_South_Australia_involving_plastic_bags_or_wrapping?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_21330156","summary":"Asphyxial deaths utilising plastic bags or wrappings occurring over a 20-year period from March 1984 to February 2004 were reviewed at Forensic Science SA, Australia. A total of 45 cases were identified, with three occurring in infants and children (one accidental asphyxia; two homicides). Of the remaining 42 adults the male to female ratio was approximately 1:1 (23 and 19 cases, respectively), with all deaths attributed to suicide. The 42 adult cases represented 1.2% of the 3569 suicides autopsied at the centre over the time period of the study. The age ranges of the adult victims were 19-88 years (mean = 47.1 years) for the males, and 32-89 years (mean = 60.5 years) for the females. The adult female victims were significantly older than the males (p \u003c 0.001). A number of victims had histories of depression and had taken prescription medications. A significant difference was found in the temporal occurrence of the adult deaths, with six cases occurring between 1984 and 1989, nine between 1989 and 1994, 11 between 1994 and 1999, and 16 between 1999 and 2004 (p \u003c 0.001). Plastic bag asphyxial deaths were rare and in adults were due to suicide involving either older females or younger males. A significant increase in cases in South Australia in recent years was demonstrated, possibly related to publicity surrounding assisted suicides, and the ready availability of suicide manuals and information on suicide techniques from the internet.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41819024,"asset_id":21330156,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42355626,"first_name":"Roger","last_name":"Byard","domain_name":"adelaide1","page_name":"RogerByard","display_name":"Roger Byard","profile_url":"https://adelaide1.academia.edu/RogerByard?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42355626/82188754/70791480/s65_roger.byard.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1588,"name":"Forensic Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":82598,"name":"Accidents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accidents?f_ri=3208"},{"id":104708,"name":"Plastics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plastics?f_ri=3208"},{"id":115500,"name":"Clinical Forensic Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Forensic_Medicine?f_ri=3208"},{"id":129906,"name":"South Australia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Australia?f_ri=3208"},{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=3208"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=3208"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=3208"},{"id":413192,"name":"Sex Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_Factors?f_ri=3208"},{"id":546419,"name":"Age Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Factors?f_ri=3208"},{"id":951300,"name":"Female To Male","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Female_To_Male?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75931443" data-work_id="75931443" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75931443/Necrophilia_and_lust_murder_report_of_a_rare_occurrence">Necrophilia and lust murder: report of a rare occurrence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75931443" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8ef7b2b992e0950141241c0ac3b82477" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83602112,"asset_id":75931443,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83602112/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46826656" href="https://uqam.academia.edu/ClaudeBraun">Claude Braun</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46826656" type="text/json">{"id":46826656,"first_name":"Claude","last_name":"Braun","domain_name":"uqam","page_name":"ClaudeBraun","display_name":"Claude Braun","profile_url":"https://uqam.academia.edu/ClaudeBraun?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75931443 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The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20781503" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Fosse Ardeatine massacre was a mass execution carried out in Rome on March 24, 1944 by Nazi German occupation troops during the Second World War as a reprisal for a partisan attack conducted on the previous day in central Rome. The 335 civilians were taken to the ''Cave Ardeatine'' and they were shot. Only 323 corpses out of 335 have been identified. The aim of this work is the genetic and anthropological analysis of the remains exhumed from grave number 329 of Fosse Ardeatine's Shrine to assess their identity. So far, such remains have been supposed to belong to MM but mitochondrial analysis excluded a biological relationship to two living maternal relatives. Our analysis indicated that remains recovered in grave number 329 do not belong to MM. 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The 335 civilians were taken to the ''Cave Ardeatine'' and they were shot. Only 323 corpses out of 335 have been identified. The aim of this work is the genetic and anthropological analysis of the remains exhumed from grave number 329 of Fosse Ardeatine's Shrine to assess their identity. So far, such remains have been supposed to belong to MM but mitochondrial analysis excluded a biological relationship to two living maternal relatives. Our analysis indicated that remains recovered in grave number 329 do not belong to MM. This result suggests that genetic analysis of the remains should be also applied to the other 12 unknown corpses to elucidate their identity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41558796,"asset_id":20781503,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42066959,"first_name":"Liana","last_name":"Veneziano","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LianaVeneziano","display_name":"Liana Veneziano","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LianaVeneziano?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":769,"name":"Forensic Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Anthropology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":16389,"name":"World War II","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_War_II?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":24246,"name":"FORENSIC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FORENSIC?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":45213,"name":"Italy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italy?f_ri=3208"},{"id":63093,"name":"Mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_DNA?f_ri=3208"},{"id":66408,"name":"Forensic Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Sciences?f_ri=3208"},{"id":72816,"name":"Exhumation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exhumation?f_ri=3208"},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=3208"},{"id":132392,"name":"Crime Victims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime_Victims?f_ri=3208"},{"id":134041,"name":"DNA fingerprinting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_fingerprinting?f_ri=3208"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1256683,"name":"Bone and Bones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bone_and_Bones?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18553868" data-work_id="18553868" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18553868/The_quantitative_risk_of_violent_crime_and_criminal_offending_a_case_control_study_among_the_offspring_of_recidivistic_Finnish_homicide_offenders">The quantitative risk of violent crime and criminal offending: a case-control study among the offspring of recidivistic Finnish homicide offenders</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18553868" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cd939ac02cd526ffebd1a8f502013000" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40125979,"asset_id":18553868,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40125979/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38503392" href="https://ki.academia.edu/JTiihonen">J. Tiihonen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38503392" type="text/json">{"id":38503392,"first_name":"J.","last_name":"Tiihonen","domain_name":"ki","page_name":"JTiihonen","display_name":"J. Tiihonen","profile_url":"https://ki.academia.edu/JTiihonen?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18553868 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18553868"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18553868, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18553868", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18553868 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18553868; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18553868"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18553868 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18553868"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18553868; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18553868]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18553868").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18553868").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18553868"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1697" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence">Violence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1697" type="text/json">{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46676" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finland">Finland</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="46676" type="text/json">{"id":46676,"name":"Finland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finland?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18553868]'), work: {"id":18553868,"title":"The quantitative risk of violent crime and criminal offending: a case-control study among the offspring of recidivistic Finnish homicide offenders","created_at":"2015-11-17T22:26:00.065-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18553868/The_quantitative_risk_of_violent_crime_and_criminal_offending_a_case_control_study_among_the_offspring_of_recidivistic_Finnish_homicide_offenders?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_18553868","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40125979,"asset_id":18553868,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38503392,"first_name":"J.","last_name":"Tiihonen","domain_name":"ki","page_name":"JTiihonen","display_name":"J. Tiihonen","profile_url":"https://ki.academia.edu/JTiihonen?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":46676,"name":"Finland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finland?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=3208"},{"id":67360,"name":"Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime?f_ri=3208"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=3208"},{"id":289330,"name":"Prevalence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prevalence?f_ri=3208"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=3208"},{"id":910025,"name":"Case Control Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Control_Study?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1819399,"name":"Case Control Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Control_Studies?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72455066" data-work_id="72455066" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72455066/_Murder_without_a_body_or_just_an_unusual_case_of_child_abuse_">[Murder without a body or "just" an unusual case of child abuse?]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A nine-year old boy was placed in a foster family--allegedly because of neglect after his mother had died in a car accident. Abnormal behaviour and the discovery of a photograph showing the boy naked from the waist down made the foster... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72455066" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A nine-year old boy was placed in a foster family--allegedly because of neglect after his mother had died in a car accident. Abnormal behaviour and the discovery of a photograph showing the boy naked from the waist down made the foster mother suspect sexual abuse. When she asked the boy to tell her the truth, the boy dictated a shocking story into her dictating machine. He described in detail how his mother had been killed and dismembered by her life partner in the bathtub with a saw before his eyes. Police investigations showed that the mother was not registered as deceased and that a suspicious neighbour had actually filed reports with the police months before because the man had given different versions on the alleged fatal accident of the mother. When the apartment was searched and evidence was collected, a bow saw with blood stains was found along with dental crowns in the bathtub drain. In spite of the boy&#39;s detailed statement where his mother&#39;s partner had allegedly d...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72455066" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e04ba8a8259f8ad979985c35e8a5eb9f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81373172,"asset_id":72455066,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81373172/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48444180" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KlausPuschel">Klaus Püschel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48444180" type="text/json">{"id":48444180,"first_name":"Klaus","last_name":"Püschel","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KlausPuschel","display_name":"Klaus Püschel","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KlausPuschel?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72455066 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72455066"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72455066, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72455066", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_72455066 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72455066; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_72455066"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_72455066 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72455066"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72455066; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72455066]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_72455066").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_72455066").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="72455066"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3262" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expert_testimony">Expert testimony</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3262" type="text/json">{"id":3262,"name":"Expert testimony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expert_testimony?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=72455066]'), work: {"id":72455066,"title":"[Murder without a body or \"just\" an unusual case of child abuse?]","created_at":"2022-02-24T23:57:43.351-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/72455066/_Murder_without_a_body_or_just_an_unusual_case_of_child_abuse_?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_72455066","summary":"A nine-year old boy was placed in a foster family--allegedly because of neglect after his mother had died in a car accident. Abnormal behaviour and the discovery of a photograph showing the boy naked from the waist down made the foster mother suspect sexual abuse. When she asked the boy to tell her the truth, the boy dictated a shocking story into her dictating machine. He described in detail how his mother had been killed and dismembered by her life partner in the bathtub with a saw before his eyes. Police investigations showed that the mother was not registered as deceased and that a suspicious neighbour had actually filed reports with the police months before because the man had given different versions on the alleged fatal accident of the mother. When the apartment was searched and evidence was collected, a bow saw with blood stains was found along with dental crowns in the bathtub drain. In spite of the boy\u0026#39;s detailed statement where his mother\u0026#39;s partner had allegedly d...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81373172,"asset_id":72455066,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48444180,"first_name":"Klaus","last_name":"Püschel","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KlausPuschel","display_name":"Klaus Püschel","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KlausPuschel?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3262,"name":"Expert testimony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expert_testimony?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=3208"},{"id":73740,"name":"Child Sexual Abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Sexual_Abuse?f_ri=3208"},{"id":162159,"name":"Differential Diagnosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Differential_Diagnosis?f_ri=3208"},{"id":2907143,"name":"Spouse abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spouse_abuse?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_70128190" data-work_id="70128190" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/70128190/War_rape_natality_and_genocide">War rape, natality and genocide</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Feminist philosophy can make an important contribution to the field of genocide studies, and issues relating to gender and war are gaining new attention. In this article I trace legal and philosophical analyses of sexual violence against... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_70128190" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Feminist philosophy can make an important contribution to the field of genocide studies, and issues relating to gender and war are gaining new attention. In this article I trace legal and philosophical analyses of sexual violence against women in war. I analyze the strengths and limitations of the concept of social death—introduced into this field by Claudia Card—for understanding the genocidal features of war rape, and draw on the work of Hannah Arendt to understand the central harm of genocide as an assault on natality. The threat to natality posed by the harms of rape, forced pregnancy and forced maternity lie in the potential expulsion from the public world of certain groups—including women who are victims, members of the &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;enemy&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; group, and children born of forced birth.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70128190" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27050346" href="https://diis.academia.edu/SchottRobin">Schott Robin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27050346" type="text/json">{"id":27050346,"first_name":"Schott","last_name":"Robin","domain_name":"diis","page_name":"SchottRobin","display_name":"Schott Robin","profile_url":"https://diis.academia.edu/SchottRobin?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_70128190 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="70128190"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 70128190, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_70128190", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_70128190 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70128190; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_70128190"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_70128190 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="70128190"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70128190; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=70128190]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_70128190").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_70128190").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="70128190"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1697" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence">Violence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1697" type="text/json">{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3524" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historiography">Historiography</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3524" type="text/json">{"id":3524,"name":"Historiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historiography?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=70128190]'), work: {"id":70128190,"title":"War rape, natality and genocide","created_at":"2022-01-31T02:30:04.255-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/70128190/War_rape_natality_and_genocide?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_70128190","summary":"Feminist philosophy can make an important contribution to the field of genocide studies, and issues relating to gender and war are gaining new attention. In this article I trace legal and philosophical analyses of sexual violence against women in war. I analyze the strengths and limitations of the concept of social death—introduced into this field by Claudia Card—for understanding the genocidal features of war rape, and draw on the work of Hannah Arendt to understand the central harm of genocide as an assault on natality. The threat to natality posed by the harms of rape, forced pregnancy and forced maternity lie in the potential expulsion from the public world of certain groups—including women who are victims, members of the \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;enemy\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; group, and children born of forced birth.","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27050346,"first_name":"Schott","last_name":"Robin","domain_name":"diis","page_name":"SchottRobin","display_name":"Schott Robin","profile_url":"https://diis.academia.edu/SchottRobin?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3524,"name":"Historiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historiography?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=3208"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3208"},{"id":41861,"name":"War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War?f_ri=3208"},{"id":51753,"name":"Genocide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide?f_ri=3208"},{"id":257992,"name":"Historical Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Studies?f_ri=3208"},{"id":397298,"name":"Birth Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Birth_Rate?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62398546" data-work_id="62398546" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62398546/Youth_Violence_What_We_Know_and_What_We_Need_to_Know">Youth Violence: What We Know and What We Need to Know</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">School shootings tear the fabric of society. In the wake of a school shooting, parents, pediatricians, policymakers, politicians, and the public search for "the" cause of the shooting. But there is no single cause. The causes of school... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_62398546" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">School shootings tear the fabric of society. In the wake of a school shooting, parents, pediatricians, policymakers, politicians, and the public search for "the" cause of the shooting. But there is no single cause. The causes of school shootings are extremely complex. After the Sandy Hook Elementary School rampage shooting in Newtown, Connecticut, we wrote a report for the National Science Foundation on what is known and not known about youth violence. This article summarizes and updates that report. After distinguishing violent behavior from aggressive behavior, we describe the prevalence of gun violence in the United States and age-related risks for violence. We delineate important differences between violence in the context of rare rampage school shootings, and much more common urban street violence. Acts of violence are influenced by multiple factors, often acting together. We summarize evidence on some major risk factors and protective factors for youth violence, highlighting individual and contextual factors, which often interact. We consider new quantitative "data mining" procedures that can be used to predict youth violence perpetrated by groups and individuals, recognizing critical issues of privacy and ethical concerns that arise in the prediction of violence. We also discuss implications of the current evidence for reducing youth violence, and we offer suggestions for future research. We conclude by arguing that the prevention of youth violence should be a national priority.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/62398546" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5d2d1a067f18d26d3d81e95a1df18200" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75177204,"asset_id":62398546,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75177204/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32544906" href="https://georgetown.academia.edu/SandraCalvert">Sandra Calvert</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32544906" type="text/json">{"id":32544906,"first_name":"Sandra","last_name":"Calvert","domain_name":"georgetown","page_name":"SandraCalvert","display_name":"Sandra Calvert","profile_url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/SandraCalvert?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_62398546 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="62398546"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 62398546, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_62398546", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_62398546 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62398546; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_62398546"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_62398546 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="62398546"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62398546; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=62398546]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_62398546").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_62398546").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="62398546"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1697" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence">Violence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1697" type="text/json">{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=62398546]'), work: {"id":62398546,"title":"Youth Violence: What We Know and What We Need to Know","created_at":"2021-11-25T15:53:02.484-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/62398546/Youth_Violence_What_We_Know_and_What_We_Need_to_Know?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_62398546","summary":"School shootings tear the fabric of society. In the wake of a school shooting, parents, pediatricians, policymakers, politicians, and the public search for \"the\" cause of the shooting. But there is no single cause. The causes of school shootings are extremely complex. After the Sandy Hook Elementary School rampage shooting in Newtown, Connecticut, we wrote a report for the National Science Foundation on what is known and not known about youth violence. This article summarizes and updates that report. After distinguishing violent behavior from aggressive behavior, we describe the prevalence of gun violence in the United States and age-related risks for violence. We delineate important differences between violence in the context of rare rampage school shootings, and much more common urban street violence. Acts of violence are influenced by multiple factors, often acting together. We summarize evidence on some major risk factors and protective factors for youth violence, highlighting individual and contextual factors, which often interact. We consider new quantitative \"data mining\" procedures that can be used to predict youth violence perpetrated by groups and individuals, recognizing critical issues of privacy and ethical concerns that arise in the prediction of violence. We also discuss implications of the current evidence for reducing youth violence, and we offer suggestions for future research. We conclude by arguing that the prevention of youth violence should be a national priority.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75177204,"asset_id":62398546,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32544906,"first_name":"Sandra","last_name":"Calvert","domain_name":"georgetown","page_name":"SandraCalvert","display_name":"Sandra Calvert","profile_url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/SandraCalvert?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208"},{"id":49610,"name":"Schools","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schools?f_ri=3208"},{"id":82732,"name":"Aggression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aggression?f_ri=3208"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=3208"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=3208"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1181690,"name":"Adolescent Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent_Behavior?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62037276" data-work_id="62037276" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62037276/Global_Mortality_From_Firearms_1990_2016">Global Mortality From Firearms, 1990-2016</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Understanding global variation in firearm mortality rates could guide prevention policies and interventions. To estimate mortality due to firearm injury deaths from 1990 to 2016 in 195 countries and territories. This study used... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_62037276" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Understanding global variation in firearm mortality rates could guide prevention policies and interventions. To estimate mortality due to firearm injury deaths from 1990 to 2016 in 195 countries and territories. This study used deidentified aggregated data including 13 812 location-years of vital registration data to generate estimates of levels and rates of death by age-sex-year-location. The proportion of suicides in which a firearm was the lethal means was combined with an estimate of per capita gun ownership in a revised proxy measure used to evaluate the relationship between availability or access to firearms and firearm injury deaths. Firearm ownership and access. Cause-specific deaths by age, sex, location, and year. Worldwide, it was estimated that 251 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 195 000-276 000) people died from firearm injuries in 2016, with 6 countries (Brazil, United States, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Guatemala) accounting for 50.5% (95% UI, 42.2%-54.8%) of...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/62037276" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="31c69f07d0f3044a4030abfeb6b49b82" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74907677,"asset_id":62037276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74907677/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="117184" href="https://kingabdulaziz.academia.edu/RajaaAlRaddadi">Rajaa Al-Raddadi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="117184" type="text/json">{"id":117184,"first_name":"Rajaa","last_name":"Al-Raddadi","domain_name":"kingabdulaziz","page_name":"RajaaAlRaddadi","display_name":"Rajaa Al-Raddadi","profile_url":"https://kingabdulaziz.academia.edu/RajaaAlRaddadi?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/117184/18611563/18575809/s65_rajaa.al-raddadi.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_62037276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="62037276"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 62037276, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_62037276", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_62037276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62037276; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_62037276"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_62037276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="62037276"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62037276; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=62037276]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_62037276").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_62037276").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="62037276"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4990" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Health">Global Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4990" type="text/json">{"id":4990,"name":"Global Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Health?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide">Suicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8981" type="text/json">{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=62037276]'), work: {"id":62037276,"title":"Global Mortality From Firearms, 1990-2016","created_at":"2021-11-19T14:51:44.024-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/62037276/Global_Mortality_From_Firearms_1990_2016?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_62037276","summary":"Understanding global variation in firearm mortality rates could guide prevention policies and interventions. To estimate mortality due to firearm injury deaths from 1990 to 2016 in 195 countries and territories. This study used deidentified aggregated data including 13 812 location-years of vital registration data to generate estimates of levels and rates of death by age-sex-year-location. The proportion of suicides in which a firearm was the lethal means was combined with an estimate of per capita gun ownership in a revised proxy measure used to evaluate the relationship between availability or access to firearms and firearm injury deaths. Firearm ownership and access. Cause-specific deaths by age, sex, location, and year. Worldwide, it was estimated that 251 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 195 000-276 000) people died from firearm injuries in 2016, with 6 countries (Brazil, United States, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Guatemala) accounting for 50.5% (95% UI, 42.2%-54.8%) of...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74907677,"asset_id":62037276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":117184,"first_name":"Rajaa","last_name":"Al-Raddadi","domain_name":"kingabdulaziz","page_name":"RajaaAlRaddadi","display_name":"Rajaa Al-Raddadi","profile_url":"https://kingabdulaziz.academia.edu/RajaaAlRaddadi?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/117184/18611563/18575809/s65_rajaa.al-raddadi.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":4990,"name":"Global Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Health?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":24377,"name":"Mortality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mortality?f_ri=3208"},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=3208"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=3208"},{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=3208"},{"id":171648,"name":"Firearms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Firearms?f_ri=3208"},{"id":253560,"name":"Newborn Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Newborn_Infant?f_ri=3208"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=3208"},{"id":826169,"name":"Gunshot wounds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gunshot_wounds?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1504413,"name":"JAMA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/JAMA?f_ri=3208"},{"id":2489700,"name":"Child preschool","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_preschool?f_ri=3208"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5701934" data-work_id="5701934" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5701934/Who_killed_whom_victimization_and_culpability_in_the_social_construction_of_murder">Who killed whom?: victimization and culpability in the social construction of murder</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Who killed whom?: victimization and culpability in the social construction of murder ABSTRACT Based on in-depth interviews with relatives of people convicted of murder, this article examines the ways in which everyday understandings of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5701934" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Who killed whom?: victimization and culpability in the social construction of murder ABSTRACT Based on in-depth interviews with relatives of people convicted of murder, this article examines the ways in which everyday understandings of 'murder' are socially constructed, as revealed by the narratives of murderers' relatives. To this end, interviewees' explanations of the killings are analysed and a distinction is drawn between interviewees who understood the killings committed by their relatives as manslaughter and those who accepted the murder verdict. In de ning the offences in this way, interviewees identi ed the signi cance of victimization and culpability to understandings of interpersonal violence. Through the analysis of interview data, it is possible to examine the ways in which 'murder' is seen to have occurred only when particular criteria of victimization and culpability are met.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5701934" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="34bcdb1b12dee7e2cc64529c2164a940" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49175337,"asset_id":5701934,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49175337/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8257318" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HazelMay">Hazel May</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8257318" type="text/json">{"id":8257318,"first_name":"Hazel","last_name":"May","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HazelMay","display_name":"Hazel May","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HazelMay?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8257318/6219577/7045571/s65_hazel.may.jpg_oh_7c1cd364d759a200707c71097e674c1d_oe_550e6415___gda___1426512721_c58d42f6ce6f113263be79d7eb8718af"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5701934 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5701934"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5701934, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5701934", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5701934 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5701934; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5701934"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5701934 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5701934"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5701934; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5701934]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5701934").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5701934").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5701934"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5792" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice">Social Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5792" type="text/json">{"id":5792,"name":"Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6574" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family">Family</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6574" type="text/json">{"id":6574,"name":"Family","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5701934]'), work: {"id":5701934,"title":"Who killed whom?: victimization and culpability in the social construction of murder","created_at":"2014-01-13T08:31:28.097-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5701934/Who_killed_whom_victimization_and_culpability_in_the_social_construction_of_murder?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_5701934","summary":"Who killed whom?: victimization and culpability in the social construction of murder ABSTRACT Based on in-depth interviews with relatives of people convicted of murder, this article examines the ways in which everyday understandings of 'murder' are socially constructed, as revealed by the narratives of murderers' relatives. To this end, interviewees' explanations of the killings are analysed and a distinction is drawn between interviewees who understood the killings committed by their relatives as manslaughter and those who accepted the murder verdict. In de ning the offences in this way, interviewees identi ed the signi cance of victimization and culpability to understandings of interpersonal violence. Through the analysis of interview data, it is possible to examine the ways in which 'murder' is seen to have occurred only when particular criteria of victimization and culpability are met.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49175337,"asset_id":5701934,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8257318,"first_name":"Hazel","last_name":"May","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HazelMay","display_name":"Hazel May","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HazelMay?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8257318/6219577/7045571/s65_hazel.may.jpg_oh_7c1cd364d759a200707c71097e674c1d_oe_550e6415___gda___1426512721_c58d42f6ce6f113263be79d7eb8718af"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":5792,"name":"Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":6574,"name":"Family","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":14510,"name":"Social construction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_construction?f_ri=3208"},{"id":18440,"name":"Social Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Perception?f_ri=3208"},{"id":28616,"name":"Intention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intention?f_ri=3208"},{"id":68882,"name":"British Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Sociology?f_ri=3208"},{"id":144049,"name":"Attitude","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attitude?f_ri=3208"},{"id":291274,"name":"Great Britain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Great_Britain?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24029725" data-work_id="24029725" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24029725/Adolescents_who_kill">Adolescents who kill</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">From a sample of 1,956 adolescent delinquents referred to us by the court for physical, psychological, psychiatric, educational, and social examinations, 71 delinquents convicted of homicide were matched with 71 nonviolent delinquents by... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24029725" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">From a sample of 1,956 adolescent delinquents referred to us by the court for physical, psychological, psychiatric, educational, and social examinations, 71 delinquents convicted of homicide were matched with 71 nonviolent delinquents by age, race, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES). These two groups were compared on the basis of these evaluations by stepwise discriminant analysis, matched pairs, two-tailed t-tests, and nonparametric tests. Adolescents who kill have a tetrad of symptoms: (1) criminally violent family members; (2) gang membership; (3) severe educational difficulties; and (4) alcohol abuse.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24029725" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3f6bc031bd792039b6000ebe4e5276ed" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44407056,"asset_id":24029725,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44407056/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46059902" href="https://thechicagoschool.academia.edu/robertzagar">Robert John Zagar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46059902" type="text/json">{"id":46059902,"first_name":"Robert John","last_name":"Zagar","domain_name":"thechicagoschool","page_name":"robertzagar","display_name":"Robert John Zagar","profile_url":"https://thechicagoschool.academia.edu/robertzagar?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46059902/12272096/16950331/s65_robert.zagar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24029725 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24029725"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24029725, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24029725", }); 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These two groups were compared on the basis of these evaluations by stepwise discriminant analysis, matched pairs, two-tailed t-tests, and nonparametric tests. Adolescents who kill have a tetrad of symptoms: (1) criminally violent family members; (2) gang membership; (3) severe educational difficulties; and (4) alcohol abuse.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44407056,"asset_id":24029725,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46059902,"first_name":"Robert John","last_name":"Zagar","domain_name":"thechicagoschool","page_name":"robertzagar","display_name":"Robert John Zagar","profile_url":"https://thechicagoschool.academia.edu/robertzagar?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46059902/12272096/16950331/s65_robert.zagar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":226,"name":"Clinical Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Psychology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive 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Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Environment?f_ri=3208"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=3208"},{"id":218171,"name":"Social Adjustment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Adjustment?f_ri=3208"},{"id":452593,"name":"Learning Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_Disorders?f_ri=3208"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4999209 coauthored" data-work_id="4999209" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4999209/Response_to_open_peer_commentaries_on_donation_after_circulatory_death_burying_the_dead_donor_rule">Response to open peer commentaries on "donation after circulatory death: burying the dead donor rule</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4999209" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cf3753344bbe3c02b5b8ea9b8bc5a922" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32504964,"asset_id":4999209,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32504964/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5988225" href="https://ugr.academia.edu/DavidRodr%C3%ADguezAriasVailhen">David Rodríguez-Arias Vailhen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5988225" type="text/json">{"id":5988225,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Rodríguez-Arias Vailhen","domain_name":"ugr","page_name":"DavidRodríguezAriasVailhen","display_name":"David Rodríguez-Arias Vailhen","profile_url":"https://ugr.academia.edu/DavidRodr%C3%ADguezAriasVailhen?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5988225/2629654/3055127/s65_david.rodr_guez-arias_vailhen.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-4999209">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-4999209"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uwontario.academia.edu/MaxwellSmith">Maxwell J Smith</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-4999209'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return 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container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4999209 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4999209"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4999209; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4999209]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4999209").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4999209").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4999209"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="906" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics">Applied Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="906" type="text/json">{"id":906,"name":"Applied Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1116" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion">Public Opinion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1116" type="text/json">{"id":1116,"name":"Public Opinion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2122" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death">Death</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2122" type="text/json">{"id":2122,"name":"Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3043" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trust">Trust</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3043" type="text/json">{"id":3043,"name":"Trust","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trust?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4999209]'), work: {"id":4999209,"title":"Response to open peer commentaries on \"donation after circulatory death: burying the dead donor 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Smith","profile_url":"https://uwontario.academia.edu/MaxwellSmith?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/314613/63160/852121/s65_maxwell_j..smith.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":906,"name":"Applied Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":1116,"name":"Public Opinion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":2122,"name":"Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3043,"name":"Trust","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trust?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208"},{"id":8562,"name":"Informed Consent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Informed_Consent?f_ri=3208"},{"id":45951,"name":"Brain Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Death?f_ri=3208"},{"id":108409,"name":"Organ Transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organ_Transplantation?f_ri=3208"},{"id":312834,"name":"Cardiovascular system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_system?f_ri=3208"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1863718,"name":"The American","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_American?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26984106" data-work_id="26984106" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26984106/Mental_illness_in_people_who_kill_strangers_longitudinal_study_and_national_clinical_survey">Mental illness in people who kill strangers: longitudinal study and national clinical survey</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To establish changes over time in the frequency of homicides committed by strangers, and to describe the personal and clinical characteristics of perpetrators of stranger homicides. Design Longitudinal study and national clinical survey.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26984106" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To establish changes over time in the frequency of homicides committed by strangers, and to describe the personal and clinical characteristics of perpetrators of stranger homicides. Design Longitudinal study and national clinical survey. Participants People convicted of homicide in England and Wales between 1996 and 1999 and whether the victim was known to the perpetrator. Setting England and Wales. Main outcome measure Characteristics of perpetrators of homicides according to whether victims were strangers or not. Results Stranger homicides increased between 1967 and 1997, both in number and as a proportion of all homicides. No increase was found, however, in the number of perpetrators placed under a hospital order after homicide, whether all homicides or stranger homicides only. 358 of 1594 (22%) homicides were stranger homicides. In these cases the perpetrator was more likely to be male and young. The method of killing was more likely to be by hitting, kicking, or pushing (36% (130 of 358) for victims who were strangers to the perpetrator compared with 14% (145 of 1074) for victims who were known). Perpetrators were less likely to have a history of mental disorder (34%, n = 80 v 50%, n = 142), a history of contact with mental health services (16%, 37 of 234 v 24%, 200 of 824), and psychiatric symptoms at the time of the offence (6%, n = 14 v 18%, n = 143). They were more likely to have a history of drug misuse (47%, n = 93 v 37%, n = 272); alcohol (56%, n = 94 v 41%, n = 285) or drugs (24% n = 44 v 12%, n = 86) were more likely to have contributed to the offence. Conclusions Stranger homicides have increased, but the increase is not the result of homicides by mentally ill people and therefore the "care in the community" policy. Stranger homicides are more likely to be related to alcohol or drug misuse by young men.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26984106" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a635b1b2c6338cb2344842690f15179e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47245942,"asset_id":26984106,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47245942/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1091771" href="https://manchester.academia.edu/IsabelleHunt">Isabelle Hunt</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1091771" type="text/json">{"id":1091771,"first_name":"Isabelle","last_name":"Hunt","domain_name":"manchester","page_name":"IsabelleHunt","display_name":"Isabelle Hunt","profile_url":"https://manchester.academia.edu/IsabelleHunt?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26984106 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26984106"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26984106, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26984106", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26984106]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26984106").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26984106").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26984106"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30494" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/England">England</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="30494" type="text/json">{"id":30494,"name":"England","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/England?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="96273" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wales">Wales</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="96273" type="text/json">{"id":96273,"name":"Wales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wales?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26984106]'), work: {"id":26984106,"title":"Mental illness in people who kill strangers: longitudinal study and national clinical survey","created_at":"2016-07-14T07:51:03.826-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26984106/Mental_illness_in_people_who_kill_strangers_longitudinal_study_and_national_clinical_survey?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_26984106","summary":"To establish changes over time in the frequency of homicides committed by strangers, and to describe the personal and clinical characteristics of perpetrators of stranger homicides. Design Longitudinal study and national clinical survey. Participants People convicted of homicide in England and Wales between 1996 and 1999 and whether the victim was known to the perpetrator. Setting England and Wales. Main outcome measure Characteristics of perpetrators of homicides according to whether victims were strangers or not. Results Stranger homicides increased between 1967 and 1997, both in number and as a proportion of all homicides. No increase was found, however, in the number of perpetrators placed under a hospital order after homicide, whether all homicides or stranger homicides only. 358 of 1594 (22%) homicides were stranger homicides. In these cases the perpetrator was more likely to be male and young. The method of killing was more likely to be by hitting, kicking, or pushing (36% (130 of 358) for victims who were strangers to the perpetrator compared with 14% (145 of 1074) for victims who were known). Perpetrators were less likely to have a history of mental disorder (34%, n = 80 v 50%, n = 142), a history of contact with mental health services (16%, 37 of 234 v 24%, 200 of 824), and psychiatric symptoms at the time of the offence (6%, n = 14 v 18%, n = 143). They were more likely to have a history of drug misuse (47%, n = 93 v 37%, n = 272); alcohol (56%, n = 94 v 41%, n = 285) or drugs (24% n = 44 v 12%, n = 86) were more likely to have contributed to the offence. Conclusions Stranger homicides have increased, but the increase is not the result of homicides by mentally ill people and therefore the \"care in the community\" policy. Stranger homicides are more likely to be related to alcohol or drug misuse by young men.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47245942,"asset_id":26984106,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1091771,"first_name":"Isabelle","last_name":"Hunt","domain_name":"manchester","page_name":"IsabelleHunt","display_name":"Isabelle Hunt","profile_url":"https://manchester.academia.edu/IsabelleHunt?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":30494,"name":"England","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/England?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":96273,"name":"Wales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wales?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":171144,"name":"Mental Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Disorders?f_ri=3208"},{"id":172809,"name":"Interpersonal Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpersonal_Relations?f_ri=3208"},{"id":330953,"name":"Longitudinal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Longitudinal_Studies?f_ri=3208"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=3208"},{"id":475235,"name":"BMJ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BMJ?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1034181,"name":"Cross Sectional Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Sectional_Studies?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67227794" data-work_id="67227794" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67227794/William_Smellie_and_William_Hunter_two_great_obstetricians_and_anatomists">William Smellie and William Hunter: two great obstetricians and anatomists</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67227794" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="818deaa5b87ca7095413e1bf3de43ea9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78123374,"asset_id":67227794,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78123374/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45304791" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BaskettThomas">Thomas Baskett</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45304791" type="text/json">{"id":45304791,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Baskett","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BaskettThomas","display_name":"Thomas Baskett","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BaskettThomas?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67227794 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67227794"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67227794, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67227794", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_67227794 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67227794; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_67227794"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_67227794 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67227794"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67227794; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67227794]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67227794").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67227794").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67227794"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="625" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="625" type="text/json">{"id":625,"name":"Obstetrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obstetrics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30494" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/England">England</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="30494" type="text/json">{"id":30494,"name":"England","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/England?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67227794]'), work: {"id":67227794,"title":"William Smellie and William Hunter: two great obstetricians and anatomists","created_at":"2022-01-05T06:19:44.188-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67227794/William_Smellie_and_William_Hunter_two_great_obstetricians_and_anatomists?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_67227794","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78123374,"asset_id":67227794,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45304791,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Baskett","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BaskettThomas","display_name":"Thomas Baskett","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BaskettThomas?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":625,"name":"Obstetrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obstetrics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":30494,"name":"England","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/England?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":62550,"name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pregnancy?f_ri=3208"},{"id":247948,"name":"Cadaver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cadaver?f_ri=3208"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=3208"},{"id":892381,"name":"Artistic Anatomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artistic_Anatomy?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4020332" data-work_id="4020332" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4020332/Youth_violence">Youth violence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Youth violence is an important public health problem. During the latter half of the 1980s and early 1990s, the United States witnessed unprecedented levels of violence among the nation's youths. Homicide remains one of the leading causes... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4020332" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Youth violence is an important public health problem. During the latter half of the 1980s and early 1990s, the United States witnessed unprecedented levels of violence among the nation's youths. Homicide remains one of the leading causes of death for young people aged 10 to 24 years. This paper reviews the major trends in homicide victimization and perpetration among youths during the past decade, the developmental pathways of delinquent and violent behavior and the context in which these behaviors occur, and some of the challenges associated with disrupting these pathways and preventing violence. Previous research reveals that multiple pathways lead toward violence and delinquency. Predicting which pathway a youth will follow, or if one will be followed at all, depends to some extent on a host of other biological, psychosocial, and environmental factors present as young people transition from early childhood to adolescence to early adulthood. Preventing violence requires a comprehensive approach that takes into account developmental needs, tasks, and supports.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4020332" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="99b46aa4a0087e70bec632ea042a920e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50079177,"asset_id":4020332,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50079177/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3552276" href="https://utsa.academia.edu/LloydPotter">Lloyd Potter</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3552276" type="text/json">{"id":3552276,"first_name":"Lloyd","last_name":"Potter","domain_name":"utsa","page_name":"LloydPotter","display_name":"Lloyd Potter","profile_url":"https://utsa.academia.edu/LloydPotter?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4020332 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4020332"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4020332, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4020332", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4020332 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4020332; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4020332"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4020332 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4020332"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4020332; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4020332]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4020332").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4020332").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4020332"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="922" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education">Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="922" type="text/json">{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1697" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence">Violence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1697" type="text/json">{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4307" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavior">Behavior</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4307" type="text/json">{"id":4307,"name":"Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavior?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4020332]'), work: {"id":4020332,"title":"Youth violence","created_at":"2013-07-13T02:06:28.022-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4020332/Youth_violence?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_4020332","summary":"Youth violence is an important public health problem. During the latter half of the 1980s and early 1990s, the United States witnessed unprecedented levels of violence among the nation's youths. Homicide remains one of the leading causes of death for young people aged 10 to 24 years. This paper reviews the major trends in homicide victimization and perpetration among youths during the past decade, the developmental pathways of delinquent and violent behavior and the context in which these behaviors occur, and some of the challenges associated with disrupting these pathways and preventing violence. Previous research reveals that multiple pathways lead toward violence and delinquency. Predicting which pathway a youth will follow, or if one will be followed at all, depends to some extent on a host of other biological, psychosocial, and environmental factors present as young people transition from early childhood to adolescence to early adulthood. Preventing violence requires a comprehensive approach that takes into account developmental needs, tasks, and supports.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50079177,"asset_id":4020332,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3552276,"first_name":"Lloyd","last_name":"Potter","domain_name":"utsa","page_name":"LloydPotter","display_name":"Lloyd Potter","profile_url":"https://utsa.academia.edu/LloydPotter?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":4307,"name":"Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavior?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":4583,"name":"Child Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Development?f_ri=3208"},{"id":4793,"name":"Juvenile Delinquency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Juvenile_Delinquency?f_ri=3208"},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=3208"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208"},{"id":25953,"name":"Young People","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_People?f_ri=3208"},{"id":30140,"name":"Early Childhood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Childhood?f_ri=3208"},{"id":48632,"name":"Aggressive Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aggressive_Behavior?f_ri=3208"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=3208"},{"id":118928,"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_and_Adolescent_Psychology?f_ri=3208"},{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=3208"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=3208"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1292329,"name":"Primary Prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primary_Prevention?f_ri=3208"},{"id":2489700,"name":"Child preschool","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_preschool?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7111567" data-work_id="7111567" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7111567/Excess_mortality_of_schizophrenia_A_meta_analysis">Excess mortality of schizophrenia. A meta-analysis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7111567" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cea5f09517515f1c50eacc3d4aaa6cae" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48596845,"asset_id":7111567,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48596845/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12236145" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/SandraBrown">Sandra Brown</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12236145" type="text/json">{"id":12236145,"first_name":"Sandra","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"SandraBrown","display_name":"Sandra Brown","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/SandraBrown?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12236145/10013479/11168697/s65_sandra.brown.jpg_oh_e52dcbff8fb981b5ceb16e8b298ee6f9_oe_56806b1c___gda___1449859330_589fdf15e2452b9549d8b46370cef4af"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7111567 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7111567"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7111567, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7111567", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7111567 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7111567; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7111567"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7111567 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7111567"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7111567; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7111567]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7111567").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7111567").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7111567"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3227" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3227" type="text/json">{"id":3227,"name":"Schizophrenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide">Suicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8981" type="text/json">{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="82598" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accidents">Accidents</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="82598" type="text/json">{"id":82598,"name":"Accidents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accidents?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7111567]'), work: {"id":7111567,"title":"Excess mortality of schizophrenia. A meta-analysis","created_at":"2014-05-21T00:40:45.362-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7111567/Excess_mortality_of_schizophrenia_A_meta_analysis?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_7111567","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48596845,"asset_id":7111567,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12236145,"first_name":"Sandra","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"SandraBrown","display_name":"Sandra Brown","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/SandraBrown?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12236145/10013479/11168697/s65_sandra.brown.jpg_oh_e52dcbff8fb981b5ceb16e8b298ee6f9_oe_56806b1c___gda___1449859330_589fdf15e2452b9549d8b46370cef4af"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3227,"name":"Schizophrenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":82598,"name":"Accidents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accidents?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":137516,"name":"Follow-up studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Follow-up_studies?f_ri=3208"},{"id":218206,"name":"Meta Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meta_Analysis?f_ri=3208"},{"id":413192,"name":"Sex Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_Factors?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76872791" data-work_id="76872791" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76872791/Arson_associated_homicide_in_Australia_A_five_year_follow_up">Arson-associated homicide in Australia: A five year follow-up</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Setting fire at a crime scene, either before or after another offence, has the potential to destroy evidence and increase the likelihood of the crime remaining unsolved. When deliberately lit fires are used as a weapon in violent crimes,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76872791" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Setting fire at a crime scene, either before or after another offence, has the potential to destroy evidence and increase the likelihood of the crime remaining unsolved. When deliberately lit fires are used as a weapon in violent crimes, they have the potential to cause significant damage and to injure or kill victims, including unintended victims. The associated danger to the public from firesetting is much greater than if a more controllable criminal tool is used by the offender.Despite the development of several theories of adult firesetting behaviour (Canter & Fritzon 1998; Dickens & Sugarman 2012; Doley et al. 2011 ; Fritzon 2012; Gannon & Pina 2010; Gannon et al. 2012), the topic of fire-setting as it relates to fatal fires or homicide has been the focus of little empirical investigation. This is surprising given that firesetters are often depicted in the literature as individuals with serious and versatile antisocial behaviours, and with offending histories that can run the g...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76872791" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3947b426a7bf49a34c42af2c32566113" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84502302,"asset_id":76872791,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84502302/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50796638" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BruceWatt">Bruce Watt</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50796638" type="text/json">{"id":50796638,"first_name":"Bruce","last_name":"Watt","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BruceWatt","display_name":"Bruce Watt","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BruceWatt?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76872791 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76872791"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76872791, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76872791", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_76872791 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76872791; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_76872791"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_76872791 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76872791"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76872791; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76872791]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_76872791").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_76872791").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="76872791"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="124947" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arson">Arson</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="124947" type="text/json">{"id":124947,"name":"Arson","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arson?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1801430" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Faculty_of_Law">Faculty of Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1801430" type="text/json">{"id":1801430,"name":"Faculty of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Faculty_of_Law?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=76872791]'), work: {"id":76872791,"title":"Arson-associated homicide in Australia: A five year follow-up","created_at":"2022-04-18T14:58:49.400-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/76872791/Arson_associated_homicide_in_Australia_A_five_year_follow_up?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_76872791","summary":"Setting fire at a crime scene, either before or after another offence, has the potential to destroy evidence and increase the likelihood of the crime remaining unsolved. When deliberately lit fires are used as a weapon in violent crimes, they have the potential to cause significant damage and to injure or kill victims, including unintended victims. The associated danger to the public from firesetting is much greater than if a more controllable criminal tool is used by the offender.Despite the development of several theories of adult firesetting behaviour (Canter \u0026 Fritzon 1998; Dickens \u0026 Sugarman 2012; Doley et al. 2011 ; Fritzon 2012; Gannon \u0026 Pina 2010; Gannon et al. 2012), the topic of fire-setting as it relates to fatal fires or homicide has been the focus of little empirical investigation. This is surprising given that firesetters are often depicted in the literature as individuals with serious and versatile antisocial behaviours, and with offending histories that can run the g...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84502302,"asset_id":76872791,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50796638,"first_name":"Bruce","last_name":"Watt","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BruceWatt","display_name":"Bruce Watt","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BruceWatt?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":124947,"name":"Arson","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arson?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":1801430,"name":"Faculty of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Faculty_of_Law?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_60657651" data-work_id="60657651" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60657651/Land_relations_under_unbearable_stress_Rwanda_caught_in_the_Malthusian_trap">Land relations under unbearable stress: Rwanda caught in the Malthusian trap</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper reports the findings of an in-depth case study of a highly densely populated area in northwest Rwanda which has been conducted during the period 1988±1993. It demonstrates that acute competition for land in a context... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_60657651" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper reports the findings of an in-depth case study of a highly densely populated area in northwest Rwanda which has been conducted during the period 1988±1993. It demonstrates that acute competition for land in a context characterized by too slow expansion of non-agricultural income opportunities has resulted in increasingly unequal land distribution and rapid processes of land dispossession through both operation of the (illegal) land market and evolution of indigenous tenure arrangements. It is also shown that pervasive incidence of land disputes and the threat of landlessness have led to rising tensions in social relations and even within the core of family life, thus paving the way for evermore overt expressions of disharmony and violence. A connection between these ominous conditions and the civil war that broke out in 1994 is established. # 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/60657651" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e6a38b12271ea65816f0c02281941018" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74002497,"asset_id":60657651,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74002497/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39469158" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JeanphilippePlatteau">Jean-philippe Platteau</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39469158" type="text/json">{"id":39469158,"first_name":"Jean-philippe","last_name":"Platteau","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeanphilippePlatteau","display_name":"Jean-philippe Platteau","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeanphilippePlatteau?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_60657651 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="60657651"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 60657651, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_60657651", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=60657651]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_60657651").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_60657651").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="60657651"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="261" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography">Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="261" type="text/json">{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="310" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demography">Demography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="310" type="text/json">{"id":310,"name":"Demography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demography?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2961" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Property_Rights">Property Rights</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2961" type="text/json">{"id":2961,"name":"Property Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Property_Rights?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=60657651]'), work: {"id":60657651,"title":"Land relations under unbearable stress: Rwanda caught in the Malthusian trap","created_at":"2021-11-01T01:14:18.932-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/60657651/Land_relations_under_unbearable_stress_Rwanda_caught_in_the_Malthusian_trap?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_60657651","summary":"This paper reports the findings of an in-depth case study of a highly densely populated area in northwest Rwanda which has been conducted during the period 1988±1993. It demonstrates that acute competition for land in a context characterized by too slow expansion of non-agricultural income opportunities has resulted in increasingly unequal land distribution and rapid processes of land dispossession through both operation of the (illegal) land market and evolution of indigenous tenure arrangements. It is also shown that pervasive incidence of land disputes and the threat of landlessness have led to rising tensions in social relations and even within the core of family life, thus paving the way for evermore overt expressions of disharmony and violence. A connection between these ominous conditions and the civil war that broke out in 1994 is established. # 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74002497,"asset_id":60657651,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39469158,"first_name":"Jean-philippe","last_name":"Platteau","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeanphilippePlatteau","display_name":"Jean-philippe Platteau","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeanphilippePlatteau?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":310,"name":"Demography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demography?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":2961,"name":"Property Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Property_Rights?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208"},{"id":4307,"name":"Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavior?f_ri=3208"},{"id":4527,"name":"Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa?f_ri=3208"},{"id":6225,"name":"Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_War?f_ri=3208"},{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=3208"},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=3208"},{"id":11417,"name":"Population Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Dynamics?f_ri=3208"},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=3208"},{"id":64336,"name":"Population","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population?f_ri=3208"},{"id":67360,"name":"Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime?f_ri=3208"},{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study?f_ri=3208"},{"id":162645,"name":"Population Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Density?f_ri=3208"},{"id":282497,"name":"Land Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Market?f_ri=3208"},{"id":719974,"name":"Conservation of Natural Resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_of_Natural_Resources?f_ri=3208"},{"id":979608,"name":"Malthusian Trap","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malthusian_Trap?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1208706,"name":"Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13552775" data-work_id="13552775" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13552775/Income_inequality_and_homicide_rates_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_Brazil">Income inequality and homicide rates in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13552775" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="443cabadb3eda25de0ed254eea7fbed1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45221327,"asset_id":13552775,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45221327/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32741208" href="https://independent.academia.edu/C%C3%A9liaSzwarcwald">Célia Szwarcwald</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32741208" type="text/json">{"id":32741208,"first_name":"Célia","last_name":"Szwarcwald","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CéliaSzwarcwald","display_name":"Célia Szwarcwald","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/C%C3%A9liaSzwarcwald?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13552775 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13552775"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13552775, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13552775", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13552775 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13552775]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13552775").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13552775").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13552775"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9821" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil">Brazil</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9821" type="text/json">{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21310" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanization">Urbanization</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21310" type="text/json">{"id":21310,"name":"Urbanization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanization?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13552775]'), work: {"id":13552775,"title":"Income inequality and homicide rates in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","created_at":"2015-07-02T11:17:13.398-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13552775/Income_inequality_and_homicide_rates_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_Brazil?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_13552775","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45221327,"asset_id":13552775,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32741208,"first_name":"Célia","last_name":"Szwarcwald","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CéliaSzwarcwald","display_name":"Célia Szwarcwald","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/C%C3%A9liaSzwarcwald?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":21310,"name":"Urbanization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanization?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208"},{"id":22772,"name":"Urban Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Health?f_ri=3208"},{"id":41482,"name":"Multivariate Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multivariate_Analysis?f_ri=3208"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=3208"},{"id":75952,"name":"Public","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public?f_ri=3208"},{"id":104217,"name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rio_de_Janeiro?f_ri=3208"},{"id":123230,"name":"Regression Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regression_Analysis?f_ri=3208"},{"id":162645,"name":"Population Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Density?f_ri=3208"},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=3208"},{"id":546421,"name":"Educational Status","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Status?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_58567914" data-work_id="58567914" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58567914/Firearm_Legislation_and_Firearm_Related_Fatalities_in_the_United_States">Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Fatalities in the United States</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Over 30 000 people die annually in the United States from injuries caused by firearms. Although most firearm laws are enacted by states, whether the laws are associated with rates of firearm deaths is uncertain. Objective: To evaluate... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_58567914" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Over 30 000 people die annually in the United States from injuries caused by firearms. Although most firearm laws are enacted by states, whether the laws are associated with rates of firearm deaths is uncertain. Objective: To evaluate whether more firearm laws in a state are associated with fewer firearm fatalities. Design: Using an ecological and cross-sectional method, we retrospectively analyzed all firearm-related deaths reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System from 2007 through 2010. We used state-level firearm legislation across 5 categories of laws to create a "legislative strength score," and measured the association of the score with state mortality rates using a clustered Poisson regression. States were divided into quartiles based on their score. Setting: Fifty US states. Participants: Populations of all US states. Main Outcome Measures: The outcome measures were state-level firearm-related fatalities per 100 000 individuals per year overall, for suicide, and for homicide. In various models, we controlled for age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty, unemployment, college education, population density, nonfirearm violence-related deaths, and household firearm ownership. Results: Over the 4-year study period, there were 121 084 firearm fatalities. The average state-based firearm fatality rates varied from a high of 17.9 (Louisiana) to a low of 2.9 (Hawaii) per 100 000 individuals per year. Annual firearm legislative strength scores ranged from 0 (Utah) to 24 (Massachusetts) of 28 possible points. States in the highest quartile of legislative strength (scores of Ն9) had a lower overall firearm fatality rate than those in the lowest quartile (scores of Յ2) (absolute rate difference, 6.64 deaths/100 000/y; age-adjusted incident rate ratio [IRR], 0.58; 95% CI, 0.37-0.92). Compared with the quartile of states with the fewest laws, the quartile with the most laws had a lower firearm suicide rate (absolute rate difference, 6.25 deaths/100 000/y; IRR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.48-0.83) and a lower firearm homicide rate (absolute rate difference, 0.40 deaths/100 000/y; IRR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38-0.95). Conclusions and Relevance: A higher number of firearm laws in a state are associated with a lower rate of firearm fatalities in the state, overall and for suicides and homicides individually. As our study could not determine cause-and-effect relationships, further studies are necessary to define the nature of this association.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/58567914" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ea54b5e971b90567a67d39ec12410751" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72917859,"asset_id":58567914,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72917859/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="399283" href="https://chip.academia.edu/ericfleegler">eric fleegler</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="399283" type="text/json">{"id":399283,"first_name":"eric","last_name":"fleegler","domain_name":"chip","page_name":"ericfleegler","display_name":"eric fleegler","profile_url":"https://chip.academia.edu/ericfleegler?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_58567914 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="58567914"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 58567914, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_58567914", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_58567914 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58567914; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_58567914"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_58567914 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="58567914"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58567914; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=58567914]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_58567914").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_58567914").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="58567914"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide">Suicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8981" type="text/json">{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="142812" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hawaii-1">Hawaii</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="142812" type="text/json">{"id":142812,"name":"Hawaii","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hawaii-1?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=58567914]'), work: {"id":58567914,"title":"Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Fatalities in the United States","created_at":"2021-10-17T04:24:36.432-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/58567914/Firearm_Legislation_and_Firearm_Related_Fatalities_in_the_United_States?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_58567914","summary":"Over 30 000 people die annually in the United States from injuries caused by firearms. Although most firearm laws are enacted by states, whether the laws are associated with rates of firearm deaths is uncertain. Objective: To evaluate whether more firearm laws in a state are associated with fewer firearm fatalities. Design: Using an ecological and cross-sectional method, we retrospectively analyzed all firearm-related deaths reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System from 2007 through 2010. We used state-level firearm legislation across 5 categories of laws to create a \"legislative strength score,\" and measured the association of the score with state mortality rates using a clustered Poisson regression. States were divided into quartiles based on their score. Setting: Fifty US states. Participants: Populations of all US states. Main Outcome Measures: The outcome measures were state-level firearm-related fatalities per 100 000 individuals per year overall, for suicide, and for homicide. In various models, we controlled for age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty, unemployment, college education, population density, nonfirearm violence-related deaths, and household firearm ownership. Results: Over the 4-year study period, there were 121 084 firearm fatalities. The average state-based firearm fatality rates varied from a high of 17.9 (Louisiana) to a low of 2.9 (Hawaii) per 100 000 individuals per year. Annual firearm legislative strength scores ranged from 0 (Utah) to 24 (Massachusetts) of 28 possible points. States in the highest quartile of legislative strength (scores of Ն9) had a lower overall firearm fatality rate than those in the lowest quartile (scores of Յ2) (absolute rate difference, 6.64 deaths/100 000/y; age-adjusted incident rate ratio [IRR], 0.58; 95% CI, 0.37-0.92). Compared with the quartile of states with the fewest laws, the quartile with the most laws had a lower firearm suicide rate (absolute rate difference, 6.25 deaths/100 000/y; IRR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.48-0.83) and a lower firearm homicide rate (absolute rate difference, 0.40 deaths/100 000/y; IRR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38-0.95). Conclusions and Relevance: A higher number of firearm laws in a state are associated with a lower rate of firearm fatalities in the state, overall and for suicides and homicides individually. As our study could not determine cause-and-effect relationships, further studies are necessary to define the nature of this association.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72917859,"asset_id":58567914,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":399283,"first_name":"eric","last_name":"fleegler","domain_name":"chip","page_name":"ericfleegler","display_name":"eric fleegler","profile_url":"https://chip.academia.edu/ericfleegler?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":142812,"name":"Hawaii","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hawaii-1?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":160767,"name":"Louisiana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Louisiana?f_ri=3208"},{"id":170910,"name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Massachusetts?f_ri=3208"},{"id":171648,"name":"Firearms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Firearms?f_ri=3208"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=3208"},{"id":209856,"name":"Registries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Registries?f_ri=3208"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=3208"},{"id":437772,"name":"Odds ratio","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Odds_ratio?f_ri=3208"},{"id":469105,"name":"Retrospective Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrospective_Studies?f_ri=3208"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1034181,"name":"Cross Sectional Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Sectional_Studies?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1156037,"name":"Poisson Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poisson_Distribution?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32642406" data-work_id="32642406" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32642406/Disaster_Effects_on_mental_and_physical_state">Disaster: Effects on mental and physical state</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32642406" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f52cb9dc5f036e774039a1d4175bde69" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52812100,"asset_id":32642406,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52812100/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1496078" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WarrenKinston">Warren Kinston</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1496078" type="text/json">{"id":1496078,"first_name":"Warren","last_name":"Kinston","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WarrenKinston","display_name":"Warren Kinston","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WarrenKinston?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1496078/2818812/3289548/s65_warren.kinston.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32642406 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32642406"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32642406, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32642406", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32642406 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32642406; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32642406"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32642406 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32642406"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32642406; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32642406]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32642406").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32642406").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32642406"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3931" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fear">Fear</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3931" type="text/json">{"id":3931,"name":"Fear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fear?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide">Suicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8981" type="text/json">{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38676" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anxiety">Anxiety</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38676" type="text/json">{"id":38676,"name":"Anxiety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anxiety?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32642406]'), work: {"id":32642406,"title":"Disaster: Effects on mental and physical state","created_at":"2017-04-25T05:16:36.748-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32642406/Disaster_Effects_on_mental_and_physical_state?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_32642406","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52812100,"asset_id":32642406,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1496078,"first_name":"Warren","last_name":"Kinston","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WarrenKinston","display_name":"Warren Kinston","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WarrenKinston?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1496078/2818812/3289548/s65_warren.kinston.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3931,"name":"Fear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fear?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":38676,"name":"Anxiety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anxiety?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":63883,"name":"Disasters","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disasters?f_ri=3208"},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=3208"},{"id":85589,"name":"Hallucinations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hallucinations?f_ri=3208"},{"id":123722,"name":"Defense Mechanisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Defense_Mechanisms?f_ri=3208"},{"id":165279,"name":"Relief Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relief_Work?f_ri=3208"},{"id":181358,"name":"Fantasy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fantasy?f_ri=3208"},{"id":235899,"name":"Concentration Camps","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concentration_Camps?f_ri=3208"},{"id":361709,"name":"Psychosomatic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychosomatic?f_ri=3208"},{"id":466993,"name":"Confusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confusion?f_ri=3208"},{"id":582257,"name":"Hostility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hostility?f_ri=3208"},{"id":623821,"name":"ANXIETY","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ANXIETY-1?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1512198,"name":"Nuclear Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nuclear_Warfare?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29897839" data-work_id="29897839" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29897839/Predictors_of_homicidal_ideation_and_intent_in_schizophrenia_An_empirical_study">Predictors of homicidal ideation and intent in schizophrenia: An empirical study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Correlations of age, gender, and psychosocial variables with ratings of current homicidal ideation and in tent were investigated among psychiatric facility clients with schizophrenia. Multiple regression analyses revealed, irrespective of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29897839" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Correlations of age, gender, and psychosocial variables with ratings of current homicidal ideation and in tent were investigated among psychiatric facility clients with schizophrenia. Multiple regression analyses revealed, irrespective of age or gender, significantly positive correlations of three psychosocial variablesmanic symptoms, psychotic symptoms, and impaired global functioningwith homicidal ideation and intent. Implications for research are discussed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29897839" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="29996d373ff01a84988667bebeb15c46" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50361441,"asset_id":29897839,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50361441/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="56693915" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JobieSkaggs">Jobie Skaggs</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="56693915" type="text/json">{"id":56693915,"first_name":"Jobie","last_name":"Skaggs","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JobieSkaggs","display_name":"Jobie Skaggs","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JobieSkaggs?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29897839 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29897839"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29897839, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29897839", }); 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Thought. 1982 Dec;57(227):449-64. Ethical issues of life and death: a review article. Rowntree S. PMID: 11649634 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. Publication Types: Review. MeSH Terms: Abortion, Induced; Altruism; Animal ...</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73483893" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="138882818" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RowntreeS">Stephen Rowntree</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="138882818" type="text/json">{"id":138882818,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Rowntree","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RowntreeS","display_name":"Stephen Rowntree","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RowntreeS?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73483893 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73483893"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73483893, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73483893", }); 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Thought. 1982 Dec;57(227):449-64. Ethical issues of life and death: a review article. Rowntree S. PMID: 11649634 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. Publication Types: Review. MeSH Terms: Abortion, Induced; Altruism; Animal ...","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":138882818,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Rowntree","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RowntreeS","display_name":"Stephen Rowntree","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RowntreeS?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":1681,"name":"Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3595,"name":"Individuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Individuality?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":10810,"name":"Ethical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethical_Theory?f_ri=3208"},{"id":13513,"name":"Euthanasia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Euthanasia?f_ri=3208"},{"id":14835,"name":"Altruism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Altruism?f_ri=3208"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3208"},{"id":28616,"name":"Intention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intention?f_ri=3208"},{"id":38462,"name":"Animal Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Rights?f_ri=3208"},{"id":49710,"name":"Infanticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infanticide?f_ri=3208"},{"id":92257,"name":"Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Freedom?f_ri=3208"},{"id":134346,"name":"Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant?f_ri=3208"},{"id":249884,"name":"Beneficence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beneficence?f_ri=3208"},{"id":250038,"name":"Health Care Rationing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care_Rationing?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1798559,"name":"Mental Competency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Competency?f_ri=3208"},{"id":2807816,"name":"Ethical Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethical_Analysis?f_ri=3208"},{"id":3989030,"name":"Life support care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_support_care?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27955093" data-work_id="27955093" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27955093/The_Relationship_between_Meteorological_Conditions_and_Homicide_Suicide_Rage_and_Psychiatric_Hospitalization">The Relationship between Meteorological Conditions and Homicide, Suicide, Rage, and Psychiatric Hospitalization</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study focuses on the relationship between the incidence of homicide, rage, suicide, and psychiatric hospitalization as violent behaviors with temperature, humidity, and air pressure as specific meteorological variables in the city of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27955093" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study focuses on the relationship between the incidence of homicide, rage, suicide, and psychiatric hospitalization as violent behaviors with temperature, humidity, and air pressure as specific meteorological variables in the city of Mashhad, in the northeast of Iran. The data were obtained from Iran Meteorological Organization, official registry of Legal Medicine Organization and the local psychiatric hospital, March 2009 to Feb 2010 daily and were analyzed with SPSS-14 using Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and post hoc analysis tests. The rates of rage and psychiatric admission had a significant relationship with the daily mean air temperature, minimum relative humidity, maximum relative humidity, minimum daily pressure, and maximum daily air pressure (p < 0.0001). There was no significant correlation between homicide and suicide rates with any meteorological variables (p > 0.05). We concluded that, the possibility of nonfatal violence and psychiatric hospitalization would increase in hot and arid weather with low air pressure.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27955093" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="37fbe3209d7a2ca668ffe429db554d19" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48254813,"asset_id":27955093,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48254813/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="52404239" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AryaHedjazi">Arya Hedjazi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="52404239" type="text/json">{"id":52404239,"first_name":"Arya","last_name":"Hedjazi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AryaHedjazi","display_name":"Arya Hedjazi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AryaHedjazi?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27955093 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27955093"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27955093, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27955093", }); 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The data were obtained from Iran Meteorological Organization, official registry of Legal Medicine Organization and the local psychiatric hospital, March 2009 to Feb 2010 daily and were analyzed with SPSS-14 using Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and post hoc analysis tests. The rates of rage and psychiatric admission had a significant relationship with the daily mean air temperature, minimum relative humidity, maximum relative humidity, minimum daily pressure, and maximum daily air pressure (p \u003c 0.0001). There was no significant correlation between homicide and suicide rates with any meteorological variables (p \u003e 0.05). We concluded that, the possibility of nonfatal violence and psychiatric hospitalization would increase in hot and arid weather with low air pressure.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48254813,"asset_id":27955093,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":52404239,"first_name":"Arya","last_name":"Hedjazi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AryaHedjazi","display_name":"Arya Hedjazi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AryaHedjazi?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":635,"name":"Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychiatry?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":2073,"name":"Anger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anger?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":41274,"name":"Iran","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iran?f_ri=3208"},{"id":66408,"name":"Forensic Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Sciences?f_ri=3208"},{"id":96213,"name":"Hospitalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospitalization?f_ri=3208"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=3208"},{"id":469105,"name":"Retrospective Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrospective_Studies?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2346650" data-work_id="2346650" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2346650/La_violence_en_Castille_au_XVIIe_si%C3%A8cle_%C3%A0_travers_les_Indultos_de_Viernes_Santo_1623_1699_">La violence en Castille au XVIIe siècle à travers les Indultos de Viernes Santo (1623-1699)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2346650" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d4c49b2c75a431cd6272d61a526c2523" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50664092,"asset_id":2346650,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50664092/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2996820" href="https://univ-fcomte.academia.edu/RudyChaulet">Rudy Chaulet</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2996820" type="text/json">{"id":2996820,"first_name":"Rudy","last_name":"Chaulet","domain_name":"univ-fcomte","page_name":"RudyChaulet","display_name":"Rudy Chaulet","profile_url":"https://univ-fcomte.academia.edu/RudyChaulet?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2996820/1153970/23027274/s65_rudy.chaulet.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2346650 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2346650"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2346650, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2346650", }); 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The victim&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s body with double gunshot wounding in his forehead, a machine gun in the sustained fire mode with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49908539" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Evidence materials in a presumed suicide case were studied by a firearm examiner and a forensic chemist. The victim&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s body with double gunshot wounding in his forehead, a machine gun in the sustained fire mode with a silencer, and four cartridge cases were found. Examinations of the evidence, the case file studies, and experiments dedicated to the case were carried out. Relationships between the placement of cartridge cases and the gun were established using a fast camera. The distributions of gunshot residues on the evidence materials and within the comparative gunshot patterns were studied by means of optical and electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, and infrared spectroscopy. The shooting distance was assessed to be 30 cm or more, whereas the greatest distance that could have been achieved by the victim himself was about 11-13 cm. The obtained results supported the version of homicide rather than suicide.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49908539" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5010475" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/ZuzannaBrozekMucha">Zuzanna Brozek-Mucha</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5010475" type="text/json">{"id":5010475,"first_name":"Zuzanna","last_name":"Brozek-Mucha","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"ZuzannaBrozekMucha","display_name":"Zuzanna Brozek-Mucha","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/ZuzannaBrozekMucha?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5010475/2175547/2551042/s65_zuzanna.brozek-mucha.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49908539 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49908539"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49908539, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49908539", }); 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The victim\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s body with double gunshot wounding in his forehead, a machine gun in the sustained fire mode with a silencer, and four cartridge cases were found. Examinations of the evidence, the case file studies, and experiments dedicated to the case were carried out. Relationships between the placement of cartridge cases and the gun were established using a fast camera. The distributions of gunshot residues on the evidence materials and within the comparative gunshot patterns were studied by means of optical and electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, and infrared spectroscopy. The shooting distance was assessed to be 30 cm or more, whereas the greatest distance that could have been achieved by the victim himself was about 11-13 cm. The obtained results supported the version of homicide rather than suicide.","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5010475,"first_name":"Zuzanna","last_name":"Brozek-Mucha","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"ZuzannaBrozekMucha","display_name":"Zuzanna Brozek-Mucha","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/ZuzannaBrozekMucha?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5010475/2175547/2551042/s65_zuzanna.brozek-mucha.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3091,"name":"Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microscopy?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":14076,"name":"Transmission Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transmission_Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":66408,"name":"Forensic Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Sciences?f_ri=3208"},{"id":116579,"name":"Lead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lead?f_ri=3208"},{"id":162553,"name":"Skin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skin?f_ri=3208"},{"id":171648,"name":"Firearms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Firearms?f_ri=3208"},{"id":182471,"name":"Forehead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forehead?f_ri=3208"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=3208"},{"id":396427,"name":"Barium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Barium?f_ri=3208"},{"id":444844,"name":"Spectrum analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectrum_analysis?f_ri=3208"},{"id":462466,"name":"Forensic Ballistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Ballistics?f_ri=3208"},{"id":500368,"name":"Hand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hand?f_ri=3208"},{"id":603357,"name":"Antimony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antimony?f_ri=3208"},{"id":905806,"name":"Electron Probe Microanalysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Probe_Microanalysis?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40926941" data-work_id="40926941" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40926941/Sharp_force_fatalities_suicide_homicide_or_accident_A_series_of_21_cases">Sharp force fatalities: suicide, homicide or accident? A series of 21 cases</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Cases at study comprise 21 sharp force fatalities (9 suicides -7 m and 2 f; 8 homicides -5 m and 3 f; 2 accidental deaths -1 m and 1 f; 2 uncertain cases -2 m), examined from 1993 to 2002. Suicide age range was 17-75 years, mean 42.4; in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40926941" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Cases at study comprise 21 sharp force fatalities (9 suicides -7 m and 2 f; 8 homicides -5 m and 3 f; 2 accidental deaths -1 m and 1 f; 2 uncertain cases -2 m), examined from 1993 to 2002. Suicide age range was 17-75 years, mean 42.4; in seven cases the age was upper 40. Scene of death was at home in six cases, at open place in two, during hospitalisation in one. Incised wounds were pre-eminent in suicides. Homicides showed multiple stab wounds. The two accidents were caused by ''glassing''. Uncertain cases were a small stab wound to the chest and an eviration.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40926941" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="06af29b1c134a436235c8e9d30c3b66d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61215778,"asset_id":40926941,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61215778/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50663456" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LorenzoDesinan">Lorenzo Desinan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50663456" type="text/json">{"id":50663456,"first_name":"Lorenzo","last_name":"Desinan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LorenzoDesinan","display_name":"Lorenzo Desinan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LorenzoDesinan?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40926941 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40926941"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40926941, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40926941", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40926941]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40926941").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40926941").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40926941"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1588" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science">Forensic Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1588" type="text/json">{"id":1588,"name":"Forensic Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7742" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glass">Glass</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7742" type="text/json">{"id":7742,"name":"Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glass?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide">Suicide</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8981" type="text/json">{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40926941]'), work: {"id":40926941,"title":"Sharp force fatalities: suicide, homicide or accident? A series of 21 cases","created_at":"2019-11-14T06:29:10.459-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40926941/Sharp_force_fatalities_suicide_homicide_or_accident_A_series_of_21_cases?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_40926941","summary":"Cases at study comprise 21 sharp force fatalities (9 suicides -7 m and 2 f; 8 homicides -5 m and 3 f; 2 accidental deaths -1 m and 1 f; 2 uncertain cases -2 m), examined from 1993 to 2002. Suicide age range was 17-75 years, mean 42.4; in seven cases the age was upper 40. Scene of death was at home in six cases, at open place in two, during hospitalisation in one. Incised wounds were pre-eminent in suicides. Homicides showed multiple stab wounds. The two accidents were caused by ''glassing''. Uncertain cases were a small stab wound to the chest and an eviration.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61215778,"asset_id":40926941,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50663456,"first_name":"Lorenzo","last_name":"Desinan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LorenzoDesinan","display_name":"Lorenzo Desinan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LorenzoDesinan?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1588,"name":"Forensic Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":7742,"name":"Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glass?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3208"},{"id":82598,"name":"Accidents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accidents?f_ri=3208"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1004785,"name":"Hemorrhage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hemorrhage?f_ri=3208"},{"id":3023122,"name":"Arm injuries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arm_injuries?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div 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$(".js-view-count-work_586740").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_586740").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="586740"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" 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Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=586740]'), work: {"id":586740,"title":"Homicide and Gun Violence in Oakland: A Community Driven Response to a Local Crisis","created_at":"2011-05-13T06:01:57.810-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/586740/Homicide_and_Gun_Violence_in_Oakland_A_Community_Driven_Response_to_a_Local_Crisis?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_586740","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":3052480,"asset_id":586740,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":436382,"first_name":"Debra","last_name":"Mendoza","domain_name":"wisc","page_name":"DebraMendoza","display_name":"Debra Mendoza","profile_url":"https://wisc.academia.edu/DebraMendoza?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/436382/134296/2598931/s65_debra.mendoza.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":4792,"name":"Juvenile Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Juvenile_Justice?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":4793,"name":"Juvenile Delinquency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Juvenile_Delinquency?f_ri=3208"},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=3208"},{"id":6372,"name":"Victimology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Victimology?f_ri=3208"},{"id":15850,"name":"Prison Industrial Complex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prison_Industrial_Complex?f_ri=3208"},{"id":21840,"name":"Socio-Economic Status","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socio-Economic_Status?f_ri=3208"},{"id":37317,"name":"Juvenile Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Juvenile_Law?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18228581" data-work_id="18228581" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18228581/Injuries_and_deaths_due_to_firearms_in_the_home">Injuries and deaths due to firearms in the home</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Determine the relative frequency with which guns in the home are used to injure or kill in self-defense, compared with the number of times these weapons are involved in an unintentional injury, suicide attempt, or criminal assault or... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18228581" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Determine the relative frequency with which guns in the home are used to injure or kill in self-defense, compared with the number of times these weapons are involved in an unintentional injury, suicide attempt, or criminal assault or homicide. We reviewed the police, medical examiner, emergency medical service, emergency department, and hospital records of all fatal and nonfatal shootings in three U.S. cities: Memphis, Tennessee; Seattle, Washington; and Galveston, Texas. During the study interval (12 months in Memphis, 18 months in Seattle, and Galveston) 626 shootings occurred in or around a residence. This total included 54 unintentional shootings, 118 attempted or completed suicides, and 438 assaults/homicides. Thirteen shootings were legally justifiable or an act of self-defense, including three that involved law enforcement officers acting in the line of duty. For every time a gun in the home was used in a self-defense or legally justifiable shooting, there were four unintentional shootings, seven criminal assaults or homicides, and 11 attempted or completed suicides. Guns kept in homes are more likely to be involved in a fatal or nonfatal accidental shooting, criminal assault, or suicide attempt than to be used to injure or kill in self-defense.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18228581" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="08fb7eb2c169ae36b075defdb4b2e110" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42184788,"asset_id":18228581,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42184788/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38215573" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArthurKellermann">Arthur Kellermann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38215573" type="text/json">{"id":38215573,"first_name":"Arthur","last_name":"Kellermann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArthurKellermann","display_name":"Arthur Kellermann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArthurKellermann?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18228581 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18228581"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18228581, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18228581", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18228581]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18228581").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18228581").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18228581"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="588" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing">Nursing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="588" type="text/json">{"id":588,"name":"Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide">Suicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8981" type="text/json">{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22772" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Health">Urban Health</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22772" type="text/json">{"id":22772,"name":"Urban Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Health?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18228581]'), work: {"id":18228581,"title":"Injuries and deaths due to firearms in the home","created_at":"2015-11-12T13:39:33.724-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18228581/Injuries_and_deaths_due_to_firearms_in_the_home?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_18228581","summary":"Determine the relative frequency with which guns in the home are used to injure or kill in self-defense, compared with the number of times these weapons are involved in an unintentional injury, suicide attempt, or criminal assault or homicide. We reviewed the police, medical examiner, emergency medical service, emergency department, and hospital records of all fatal and nonfatal shootings in three U.S. cities: Memphis, Tennessee; Seattle, Washington; and Galveston, Texas. During the study interval (12 months in Memphis, 18 months in Seattle, and Galveston) 626 shootings occurred in or around a residence. This total included 54 unintentional shootings, 118 attempted or completed suicides, and 438 assaults/homicides. Thirteen shootings were legally justifiable or an act of self-defense, including three that involved law enforcement officers acting in the line of duty. For every time a gun in the home was used in a self-defense or legally justifiable shooting, there were four unintentional shootings, seven criminal assaults or homicides, and 11 attempted or completed suicides. Guns kept in homes are more likely to be involved in a fatal or nonfatal accidental shooting, criminal assault, or suicide attempt than to be used to injure or kill in self-defense.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42184788,"asset_id":18228581,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38215573,"first_name":"Arthur","last_name":"Kellermann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArthurKellermann","display_name":"Arthur Kellermann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArthurKellermann?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":588,"name":"Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":22772,"name":"Urban Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Health?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":67360,"name":"Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime?f_ri=3208"},{"id":121178,"name":"Pediatric Surgery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pediatric_Surgery?f_ri=3208"},{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The?f_ri=3208"},{"id":171648,"name":"Firearms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Firearms?f_ri=3208"},{"id":226448,"name":"Tennessee","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tennessee?f_ri=3208"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=3208"},{"id":271876,"name":"Washington","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Washington?f_ri=3208"},{"id":273651,"name":"Texas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Texas?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21377677]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21377677").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21377677").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21377677"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1588" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science">Forensic Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1588" type="text/json">{"id":1588,"name":"Forensic Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7071" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_psychiatry">Forensic psychiatry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7071" type="text/json">{"id":7071,"name":"Forensic psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_psychiatry?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { 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Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":7071,"name":"Forensic psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_psychiatry?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3208"},{"id":45213,"name":"Italy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italy?f_ri=3208"},{"id":46406,"name":"Motivation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motivation?f_ri=3208"},{"id":70307,"name":"Weapons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weapons?f_ri=3208"},{"id":132392,"name":"Crime Victims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime_Victims?f_ri=3208"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young 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Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Choice_Behavior?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1981316,"name":"Marital Status","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marital_Status?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2167981" data-work_id="2167981" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2167981/Survivors_reactions_Suicide_vs_other_causes">Survivors' reactions: Suicide vs. other causes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The literature on suicide survivors suggests that suicide grief is different than the grief associated with survivorship from other causes. The few studies that have compared groups of survivors from other causes, however, have often not... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2167981" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The literature on suicide survivors suggests that suicide grief is different than the grief associated with survivorship from other causes. The few studies that have compared groups of survivors from other causes, however, have often not observed as many differences as expected based on the suicide survivors literature. In this study, 230 college students who had survived the suicide (N=61), accidental (N=92), or natural deaths (N=77) of a f.mily member or close friend were asked to complete a set of questionnaires. Reactions of the survivors to the death were meaeured by a number of questions, the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief, the Impact of Event Scale, and the Revised University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale. Attitudes toward suicide survivors were assessed by the Aftermath of Suicide instrument. In general, many more similarities than differences were noted for the survivors of the various causes. No significant differences between the groups were observed for guilt, shame, isolation from others, or loneliness; thinking about suicide; time to resume normal functioning; or the impact of the event currently or immediately after the death. Compared to other survivors, however, suicide survivors reported significantly more stigmatizing events and blamed more people for the death. Survivors of sudden deaths, both suicidal and accidental, exhibited greater stigma and more of a desire to understand why after the death than did natural death survivors. (Author)</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2167981" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3b1beb56728e98c538efcf2351e0a9ea" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50725207,"asset_id":2167981,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50725207/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2790895" href="https://iusb.academia.edu/JohnMcIntosh">John McIntosh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2790895" type="text/json">{"id":2790895,"first_name":"John","last_name":"McIntosh","domain_name":"iusb","page_name":"JohnMcIntosh","display_name":"John McIntosh","profile_url":"https://iusb.academia.edu/JohnMcIntosh?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2790895/913353/1141451/s65_john.mcintosh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2167981 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2167981"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2167981, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2167981", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2167981 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2167981; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2167981"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2167981 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2167981"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2167981; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2167981]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2167981").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2167981").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2167981"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2122" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death">Death</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2122" type="text/json">{"id":2122,"name":"Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2599" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2599" type="text/json">{"id":2599,"name":"Psychometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2621" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education">Higher Education</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2621" type="text/json">{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2167981]'), work: {"id":2167981,"title":"Survivors' reactions: Suicide vs. other causes","created_at":"2012-11-20T10:08:52.008-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2167981/Survivors_reactions_Suicide_vs_other_causes?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_2167981","summary":"The literature on suicide survivors suggests that suicide grief is different than the grief associated with survivorship from other causes. The few studies that have compared groups of survivors from other causes, however, have often not observed as many differences as expected based on the suicide survivors literature. In this study, 230 college students who had survived the suicide (N=61), accidental (N=92), or natural deaths (N=77) of a f.mily member or close friend were asked to complete a set of questionnaires. Reactions of the survivors to the death were meaeured by a number of questions, the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief, the Impact of Event Scale, and the Revised University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale. Attitudes toward suicide survivors were assessed by the Aftermath of Suicide instrument. In general, many more similarities than differences were noted for the survivors of the various causes. No significant differences between the groups were observed for guilt, shame, isolation from others, or loneliness; thinking about suicide; time to resume normal functioning; or the impact of the event currently or immediately after the death. Compared to other survivors, however, suicide survivors reported significantly more stigmatizing events and blamed more people for the death. Survivors of sudden deaths, both suicidal and accidental, exhibited greater stigma and more of a desire to understand why after the death than did natural death survivors. (Author)","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50725207,"asset_id":2167981,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2790895,"first_name":"John","last_name":"McIntosh","domain_name":"iusb","page_name":"JohnMcIntosh","display_name":"John McIntosh","profile_url":"https://iusb.academia.edu/JohnMcIntosh?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2790895/913353/1141451/s65_john.mcintosh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":2122,"name":"Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":2599,"name":"Psychometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208"},{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=3208"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208"},{"id":56429,"name":"Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crisis?f_ri=3208"},{"id":73785,"name":"Personality Assessment Inventory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Assessment_Inventory?f_ri=3208"},{"id":82598,"name":"Accidents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accidents?f_ri=3208"},{"id":115029,"name":"Loneliness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Loneliness?f_ri=3208"},{"id":123722,"name":"Defense Mechanisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Defense_Mechanisms?f_ri=3208"},{"id":152553,"name":"Comparative Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Analysis?f_ri=3208"},{"id":178369,"name":"Grief","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grief?f_ri=3208"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=3208"},{"id":395704,"name":"Communication and media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication_and_media_Studies?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1033202,"name":"Emotional Response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotional_Response?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1414499,"name":"Life Change Events","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Change_Events?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_845257" data-work_id="845257" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/845257/Murder_as_Sacrilege_Philo_of_Alexandria_on_the_Prohibition_of_Killing">Murder as Sacrilege: Philo of Alexandria on the Prohibition of Killing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">On a societal level Philo argues for a ius talionis based on values of equality, life itself, and health. The first principle results in democracy as the best political system. It also implies that every killing is unjust, including... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_845257" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">On a societal level Philo argues for a ius talionis based on values of equality, life itself, and health. The first principle results in democracy as the best political system. It also implies that every killing is unjust, including killing in war, as every person who kills in effect gives him or herself a higher value than his or her victim. The second principle implies that when a life is willingly taken, it must be retaliated against—by the death of the offender. In some cases, Philo also considers an intentional assault on someone’s health as murder, especially when the principle sign of life, the ratio (nous), is thereby lost. The condition for the culpability of murderers or potential murderers is in every case the intention to kill. This intention also includes incitement to murder and attempted murder. <br />On a religious level there is only the one God. God is the creator and the guarantee of the world order (logos) which includes and effectively amounts to natural law. Every offence against God is an offence against this order and cannot be redeemed, and the offender should be completely erased. However, as men are shaped in the image of God, they are, to some extent, also godly. Killing the image of God is, thus, killing a part of God in some way. At the societal level, the victim is to be recompensed by means of the death penalty for the murderer. However, at the religious level, the murderer has broken the law of nature—offended God’s image, and God himself—and must be eradicated, to preserve the goodness inherent in God’s work. To repeat the words of Philo once again: <br />"The term murder or manslaughter is used to signify the act of one who has killed a human being but in real truth that act is a sacrilege, and the worst of sacrileges." <br />(Philo, Spec. Laws 3.83; trans. Colson, LCL)</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/845257" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="27fb2bf56781edd43e56916e0eac26da" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55425704,"asset_id":845257,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55425704/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="505209" href="https://uni-muenster.academia.edu/JCornelisdeVos">J. Cornelis de Vos</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="505209" type="text/json">{"id":505209,"first_name":"J. Cornelis","last_name":"de Vos","domain_name":"uni-muenster","page_name":"JCornelisdeVos","display_name":"J. Cornelis de Vos","profile_url":"https://uni-muenster.academia.edu/JCornelisdeVos?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/505209/174799/203767/s65_j._cornelis.de_vos.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_845257 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="845257"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 845257, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_845257", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_845257 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 845257; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_845257"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_845257 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="845257"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 845257; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=845257]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_845257").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_845257").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="845257"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="541" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Law">Jewish Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="541" type="text/json">{"id":541,"name":"Jewish Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Law?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11728" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philo_of_Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11728" type="text/json">{"id":11728,"name":"Philo of Alexandria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philo_of_Alexandria?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20357" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ten_Commandments">Ten Commandments</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="20357" type="text/json">{"id":20357,"name":"Ten Commandments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ten_Commandments?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=845257]'), work: {"id":845257,"title":"Murder as Sacrilege: Philo of Alexandria on the Prohibition of Killing","created_at":"2011-08-19T21:19:16.155-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/845257/Murder_as_Sacrilege_Philo_of_Alexandria_on_the_Prohibition_of_Killing?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_845257","summary":"On a societal level Philo argues for a ius talionis based on values of equality, life itself, and health. The first principle results in democracy as the best political system. It also implies that every killing is unjust, including killing in war, as every person who kills in effect gives him or herself a higher value than his or her victim. The second principle implies that when a life is willingly taken, it must be retaliated against—by the death of the offender. In some cases, Philo also considers an intentional assault on someone’s health as murder, especially when the principle sign of life, the ratio (nous), is thereby lost. The condition for the culpability of murderers or potential murderers is in every case the intention to kill. This intention also includes incitement to murder and attempted murder. \r\nOn a religious level there is only the one God. God is the creator and the guarantee of the world order (logos) which includes and effectively amounts to natural law. Every offence against God is an offence against this order and cannot be redeemed, and the offender should be completely erased. However, as men are shaped in the image of God, they are, to some extent, also godly. Killing the image of God is, thus, killing a part of God in some way. At the societal level, the victim is to be recompensed by means of the death penalty for the murderer. However, at the religious level, the murderer has broken the law of nature—offended God’s image, and God himself—and must be eradicated, to preserve the goodness inherent in God’s work. To repeat the words of Philo once again: \r\n\"The term murder or manslaughter is used to signify the act of one who has killed a human being but in real truth that act is a sacrilege, and the worst of sacrileges.\"\r\n(Philo, Spec. Laws 3.83; trans. Colson, LCL)","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55425704,"asset_id":845257,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":55425703,"asset_id":845257,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":505209,"first_name":"J. Cornelis","last_name":"de Vos","domain_name":"uni-muenster","page_name":"JCornelisdeVos","display_name":"J. Cornelis de Vos","profile_url":"https://uni-muenster.academia.edu/JCornelisdeVos?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/505209/174799/203767/s65_j._cornelis.de_vos.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":541,"name":"Jewish Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Law?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":11728,"name":"Philo of Alexandria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philo_of_Alexandria?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":20357,"name":"Ten Commandments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ten_Commandments?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":50539,"name":"Murder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Murder?f_ri=3208"},{"id":205062,"name":"Decalogue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decalogue?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48368803" data-work_id="48368803" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48368803/ARCHAEOLOGY_Unwrapping_a_Modern_Mummy_Mystery">ARCHAEOLOGY: Unwrapping a Modern Mummy Mystery</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48368803" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="773cec804b038782031fef7db37b4033" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67017909,"asset_id":48368803,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67017909/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13406404" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobKoenig">Rob Koenig</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13406404" type="text/json">{"id":13406404,"first_name":"Rob","last_name":"Koenig","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RobKoenig","display_name":"Rob Koenig","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RobKoenig?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13406404/178225530/168299809/s65_rob.koenig.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48368803 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48368803"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48368803, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48368803", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48368803]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_48368803").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_48368803").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="48368803"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="769" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Anthropology">Forensic Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="769" type="text/json">{"id":769,"name":"Forensic Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Anthropology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5769" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry">Mass Spectrometry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5769" type="text/json">{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6779" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science">Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6779" type="text/json">{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=48368803]'), work: {"id":48368803,"title":"ARCHAEOLOGY: Unwrapping a Modern Mummy Mystery","created_at":"2021-05-04T15:35:05.941-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48368803/ARCHAEOLOGY_Unwrapping_a_Modern_Mummy_Mystery?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_48368803","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67017909,"asset_id":48368803,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13406404,"first_name":"Rob","last_name":"Koenig","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RobKoenig","display_name":"Rob Koenig","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RobKoenig?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13406404/178225530/168299809/s65_rob.koenig.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":769,"name":"Forensic Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Anthropology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":7361,"name":"Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan?f_ri=3208"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=3208"},{"id":41274,"name":"Iran","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iran?f_ri=3208"},{"id":111368,"name":"Fraud","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fraud?f_ri=3208"},{"id":128357,"name":"Mummies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mummies?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5507537" data-work_id="5507537" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5507537/Exchanged_identities_in_a_complex_multiple_homicide_case_Identification_and_cause_of_death">Exchanged identities in a complex multiple homicide case. Identification and cause of death</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We report a multiple homicide in Angola involving six Portuguese citizens. Immediately after the crime, four bodies were retrieved from the homicide site. Forensic autopsies were allegedly performed by local doctors and three bodies were... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5507537" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We report a multiple homicide in Angola involving six Portuguese citizens. Immediately after the crime, four bodies were retrieved from the homicide site. Forensic autopsies were allegedly performed by local doctors and three bodies were transferred to Portugal, where they were buried with no extra expertise, presumably identified only by the examinations carried out in Angola. The two remaining bodies, presumably from sub-adults, were only discovered 1 year later. At that time, some bone samples of these two corpses were sent to Portugal. A multidisciplinary team of the National Institute of Legal Medicine (NILM) in Portugal, including forensic anthropologist and pathologists, and forensic geneticist, found out that the bodies were previously misidentified. In fact, the anthropological and genetic examinations on the remains of the two persons showed that they did not belong to a child and an adolescent but instead to two adult victims, at least one of them was supposed to be buried in Portugal since 1 year. The verification of this misunderstanding led to a series of exhumations, of the three victims previously buried in Portugal. In all, the identities were reconstructed and the cause of death could be established in four of them. A multiplicity of severe traumatic cranial injuries were detected, which were, undoubtedly due to a violent death.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5507537" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6dc35d72764f46a9992201c41f1871ef" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49265350,"asset_id":5507537,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49265350/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7774487" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Jo%C3%A3oPinheiro1">João Pinheiro</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7774487" type="text/json">{"id":7774487,"first_name":"João","last_name":"Pinheiro","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoãoPinheiro1","display_name":"João Pinheiro","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Jo%C3%A3oPinheiro1?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7774487/2980245/3497157/s65_jo_o.pinheiro.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5507537 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5507537"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5507537, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5507537", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5507537]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5507537").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5507537").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5507537"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="769" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Anthropology">Forensic Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="769" type="text/json">{"id":769,"name":"Forensic Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Anthropology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1697" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence">Violence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1697" type="text/json">{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5507537]'), work: {"id":5507537,"title":"Exchanged identities in a complex multiple homicide case. Identification and cause of death","created_at":"2013-12-22T21:18:15.443-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5507537/Exchanged_identities_in_a_complex_multiple_homicide_case_Identification_and_cause_of_death?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_5507537","summary":"We report a multiple homicide in Angola involving six Portuguese citizens. Immediately after the crime, four bodies were retrieved from the homicide site. Forensic autopsies were allegedly performed by local doctors and three bodies were transferred to Portugal, where they were buried with no extra expertise, presumably identified only by the examinations carried out in Angola. The two remaining bodies, presumably from sub-adults, were only discovered 1 year later. At that time, some bone samples of these two corpses were sent to Portugal. A multidisciplinary team of the National Institute of Legal Medicine (NILM) in Portugal, including forensic anthropologist and pathologists, and forensic geneticist, found out that the bodies were previously misidentified. In fact, the anthropological and genetic examinations on the remains of the two persons showed that they did not belong to a child and an adolescent but instead to two adult victims, at least one of them was supposed to be buried in Portugal since 1 year. The verification of this misunderstanding led to a series of exhumations, of the three victims previously buried in Portugal. In all, the identities were reconstructed and the cause of death could be established in four of them. A multiplicity of severe traumatic cranial injuries were detected, which were, undoubtedly due to a violent death.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49265350,"asset_id":5507537,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7774487,"first_name":"João","last_name":"Pinheiro","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoãoPinheiro1","display_name":"João Pinheiro","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Jo%C3%A3oPinheiro1?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7774487/2980245/3497157/s65_jo_o.pinheiro.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":769,"name":"Forensic Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Anthropology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":21366,"name":"Angola","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Angola?f_ri=3208"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=3208"},{"id":44510,"name":"Portugal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Portugal?f_ri=3208"},{"id":63093,"name":"Mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_DNA?f_ri=3208"},{"id":72816,"name":"Exhumation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exhumation?f_ri=3208"},{"id":134041,"name":"DNA fingerprinting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_fingerprinting?f_ri=3208"},{"id":248653,"name":"Legal Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Medicine?f_ri=3208"},{"id":314484,"name":"Autopsy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autopsy?f_ri=3208"},{"id":681132,"name":"Multidisciplinary Teams","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary_Teams?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1607839,"name":"Age determination by skeleton","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_determination_by_skeleton?f_ri=3208"},{"id":2489700,"name":"Child preschool","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_preschool?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27078031" data-work_id="27078031" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27078031/Multiple_colonization_of_a_cadaver_by_insects_in_an_indoor_environment_first_record_of_Fannia_trimaculata_Diptera_Fanniidae_and_Peckia_Peckia_chrysostoma_Sarcophagidae_as_colonizers_of_a_human_corpse">Multiple colonization of a cadaver by insects in an indoor environment: first record of Fannia trimaculata (Diptera: Fanniidae) and Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (Sarcophagidae) as colonizers of a human corpse</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27078031" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="42bde01a53bc37c6735caa800bd488b1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47330928,"asset_id":27078031,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47330928/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50177359" href="https://ifma.academia.edu/ThiagoSoares">Thiago Soares</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50177359" type="text/json">{"id":50177359,"first_name":"Thiago","last_name":"Soares","domain_name":"ifma","page_name":"ThiagoSoares","display_name":"Thiago Soares","profile_url":"https://ifma.academia.edu/ThiagoSoares?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50177359/13186549/14481151/s65_thiago.soares.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27078031 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27078031"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27078031, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27078031", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27078031 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x 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}); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27078031").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27078031"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="178" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entomology">Entomology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="178" type="text/json">{"id":178,"name":"Entomology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entomology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9821" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil">Brazil</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9821" type="text/json">{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21717" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Pathology">Forensic Pathology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21717" type="text/json">{"id":21717,"name":"Forensic Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Pathology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27078031]'), work: {"id":27078031,"title":"Multiple colonization of a cadaver by insects in an indoor environment: first record of Fannia trimaculata (Diptera: Fanniidae) and Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (Sarcophagidae) as colonizers of a human corpse","created_at":"2016-07-18T11:52:52.284-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27078031/Multiple_colonization_of_a_cadaver_by_insects_in_an_indoor_environment_first_record_of_Fannia_trimaculata_Diptera_Fanniidae_and_Peckia_Peckia_chrysostoma_Sarcophagidae_as_colonizers_of_a_human_corpse?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_27078031","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47330928,"asset_id":27078031,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50177359,"first_name":"Thiago","last_name":"Soares","domain_name":"ifma","page_name":"ThiagoSoares","display_name":"Thiago Soares","profile_url":"https://ifma.academia.edu/ThiagoSoares?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50177359/13186549/14481151/s65_thiago.soares.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":178,"name":"Entomology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entomology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":21717,"name":"Forensic Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Pathology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":201462,"name":"Muscidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muscidae?f_ri=3208"},{"id":248653,"name":"Legal Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Medicine?f_ri=3208"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=3208"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=3208"},{"id":442493,"name":"Larva","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Larva?f_ri=3208"},{"id":495819,"name":"Sarcophagidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sarcophagidae?f_ri=3208"},{"id":599219,"name":"Interdisciplinary Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdisciplinary_Communication?f_ri=3208"},{"id":784076,"name":"Species Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Species_Specificity?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1153482,"name":"Cooperative Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cooperative_Behavior?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1208706,"name":"Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75854689" data-work_id="75854689" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75854689/The_Role_of_Psychopathy_and_Sexuality_in_a_Female_Serial_Killer">The Role of Psychopathy and Sexuality in a Female Serial Killer</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The case of Aileen Wuornos, executed in Florida for the serial killing of seven men, is studied to determine her degree of psychopathy and the presence or absence of sexuality or sexual sadism as a motivation or gratification for her... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_75854689" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The case of Aileen Wuornos, executed in Florida for the serial killing of seven men, is studied to determine her degree of psychopathy and the presence or absence of sexuality or sexual sadism as a motivation or gratification for her crimes. The authors, one of whom evaluated the subject shortly before her death, determined that she evidenced a psychopathic personality (PCL-R score 32). She also met DSM-IV-TR criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder. While her killings ostensibly were carried out during routine acts of prostitution, there was ambiguous evidence that her crimes were sexually motivated or gratifying. Her articulated motivation was robbery and elimination of the witness/victim. After carefully considering all available data, the authors concluded there was no convincing evidence of sexual sadism in either her personal history or her method of committing serial murder, and it remains unclear whether sexual gratification was to some degree a motivating factor in her commission of these offenses. The confluence of early childhood attachment disruptions, severe psychopathy, other personality disorder pathology, and a traumagenic abuse history likely contributed to her having serially murdered seven victims.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75854689" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dd312baafbd553de4381aac6ebbf6668" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83483519,"asset_id":75854689,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83483519/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="215755291" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GoochErik">Erik Gooch</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="215755291" type="text/json">{"id":215755291,"first_name":"Erik","last_name":"Gooch","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GoochErik","display_name":"Erik Gooch","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GoochErik?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75854689 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75854689"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75854689, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75854689", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75854689]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_75854689").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_75854689").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="75854689"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1588" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science">Forensic Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1588" type="text/json">{"id":1588,"name":"Forensic Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Psychology">Criminal Psychology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22221" type="text/json">{"id":22221,"name":"Criminal Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Psychology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=75854689]'), work: {"id":75854689,"title":"The Role of Psychopathy and Sexuality in a Female Serial Killer","created_at":"2022-04-08T15:06:00.823-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/75854689/The_Role_of_Psychopathy_and_Sexuality_in_a_Female_Serial_Killer?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_75854689","summary":"The case of Aileen Wuornos, executed in Florida for the serial killing of seven men, is studied to determine her degree of psychopathy and the presence or absence of sexuality or sexual sadism as a motivation or gratification for her crimes. The authors, one of whom evaluated the subject shortly before her death, determined that she evidenced a psychopathic personality (PCL-R score 32). She also met DSM-IV-TR criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder. While her killings ostensibly were carried out during routine acts of prostitution, there was ambiguous evidence that her crimes were sexually motivated or gratifying. Her articulated motivation was robbery and elimination of the witness/victim. After carefully considering all available data, the authors concluded there was no convincing evidence of sexual sadism in either her personal history or her method of committing serial murder, and it remains unclear whether sexual gratification was to some degree a motivating factor in her commission of these offenses. The confluence of early childhood attachment disruptions, severe psychopathy, other personality disorder pathology, and a traumagenic abuse history likely contributed to her having serially murdered seven victims.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83483519,"asset_id":75854689,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":215755291,"first_name":"Erik","last_name":"Gooch","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GoochErik","display_name":"Erik Gooch","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GoochErik?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":1588,"name":"Forensic Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":22221,"name":"Criminal Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Psychology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":22237,"name":"Psychopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychopathy?f_ri=3208"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3208"},{"id":44273,"name":"Antisocial Personality Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisocial_Personality_Disorder?f_ri=3208"},{"id":66408,"name":"Forensic Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Sciences?f_ri=3208"},{"id":110287,"name":"Florida","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Florida?f_ri=3208"},{"id":111921,"name":"Sexual Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexual_Behavior?f_ri=3208"},{"id":149990,"name":"Battered Women","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Battered_Women?f_ri=3208"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=3208"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=3208"},{"id":525948,"name":"Modus Operandi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modus_Operandi?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1322355,"name":"Sexual Sadism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexual_Sadism?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74818613" data-work_id="74818613" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74818613/Case_Three_Collection_of_Evidence_in_a_Murder_Investigation">Case Three: Collection of Evidence in a Murder Investigation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A woman is murdered in a small town. At autopsy, the pathologist notes the woman had engaged in sexual relations shortly before her murder. The police department determines the male partner should be considered a person of interest in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74818613" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A woman is murdered in a small town. At autopsy, the pathologist notes the woman had engaged in sexual relations shortly before her murder. The police department determines the male partner should be considered a person of interest in their investigation. They begin a canvas of the town, asking every male to voluntarily consent to a DNA test. Men refusing to provide the specimen will be publicly listed as potential suspects and perhaps arrested. All 1500 men in the town provide a specimen and none is identified as the sex partner. The DNA results are entered into the FBI's database and made available to every law enforcement agency in the country.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74818613" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2a3482ca234c11ec6d58c57e495e40ab" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82832898,"asset_id":74818613,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82832898/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41922252" href="https://sau.academia.edu/JGosnell">Jessica Gosnell</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41922252" type="text/json">{"id":41922252,"first_name":"Jessica","last_name":"Gosnell","domain_name":"sau","page_name":"JGosnell","display_name":"Jessica Gosnell","profile_url":"https://sau.academia.edu/JGosnell?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41922252/16504169/16844644/s65_jessica.gosnell.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74818613 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74818613"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74818613, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74818613", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_74818613 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74818613; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_74818613"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_74818613 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="74818613"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74818613; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74818613]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74818613").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74818613").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74818613"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5070" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Genetics">Forensic Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5070" type="text/json">{"id":5070,"name":"Forensic Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Genetics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74818613]'), work: {"id":74818613,"title":"Case Three: Collection of Evidence in a Murder Investigation","created_at":"2022-03-28T12:16:32.648-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74818613/Case_Three_Collection_of_Evidence_in_a_Murder_Investigation?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_74818613","summary":"A woman is murdered in a small town. At autopsy, the pathologist notes the woman had engaged in sexual relations shortly before her murder. The police department determines the male partner should be considered a person of interest in their investigation. They begin a canvas of the town, asking every male to voluntarily consent to a DNA test. Men refusing to provide the specimen will be publicly listed as potential suspects and perhaps arrested. All 1500 men in the town provide a specimen and none is identified as the sex partner. The DNA results are entered into the FBI's database and made available to every law enforcement agency in the country.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82832898,"asset_id":74818613,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41922252,"first_name":"Jessica","last_name":"Gosnell","domain_name":"sau","page_name":"JGosnell","display_name":"Jessica Gosnell","profile_url":"https://sau.academia.edu/JGosnell?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41922252/16504169/16844644/s65_jessica.gosnell.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":5070,"name":"Forensic Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Genetics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":8562,"name":"Informed Consent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Informed_Consent?f_ri=3208"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=3208"},{"id":772508,"name":"Clinical Laboratory Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Laboratory_Science?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1234717,"name":"Bioethical Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethical_Issues?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1961789,"name":"Genetic privacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_privacy?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44245249" data-work_id="44245249" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44245249/HOMICIDE_TRENDS_IN_MALTA_FROM_1970_2018_FIRST_FINDINGS">HOMICIDE TRENDS IN MALTA FROM 1970-2018: FIRST FINDINGS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Homicide in Malta is not a common crime. Till the present day there is no academic research that inquires the trends associated with this heinous act. After analysing aspects related to homicide committed between 1970 till the latest in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44245249" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Homicide in Malta is not a common crime. Till the present day there is no academic research that inquires the trends associated with this heinous act. After analysing aspects related to homicide committed between 1970 till the latest in 2018, the paper aims at providing the first findings on homicide trends in the islands of Malta. The findings aim at providing the significant statistical outcomes related to homicide trends particularly in relation to the modus operandi, gender, relationship between the offender and homicide clearance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44245249" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="78337eaddaa0a1a216db16132fb05c4c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64616917,"asset_id":44245249,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64616917/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="254784" href="https://malta.academia.edu/TrevorCalafato">Trevor Calafato</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="254784" type="text/json">{"id":254784,"first_name":"Trevor","last_name":"Calafato","domain_name":"malta","page_name":"TrevorCalafato","display_name":"Trevor Calafato","profile_url":"https://malta.academia.edu/TrevorCalafato?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/254784/970016/163632293/s65_trevor.calafato.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44245249 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44245249"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44245249, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44245249", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44245249 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44245249; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44245249"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44245249 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44245249"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44245249; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44245249]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44245249").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44245249").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44245249"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="68758" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Writing">Research Writing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="68758" type="text/json">{"id":68758,"name":"Research Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Writing?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="111137" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malta">Malta</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="111137" type="text/json">{"id":111137,"name":"Malta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malta?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44245249]'), work: {"id":44245249,"title":"HOMICIDE TRENDS IN MALTA FROM 1970-2018: FIRST FINDINGS","created_at":"2020-10-07T02:14:49.365-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44245249/HOMICIDE_TRENDS_IN_MALTA_FROM_1970_2018_FIRST_FINDINGS?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_44245249","summary":"Homicide in Malta is not a common crime. Till the present day there is no academic research that inquires the trends associated with this heinous act. After analysing aspects related to homicide committed between 1970 till the latest in 2018, the paper aims at providing the first findings on homicide trends in the islands of Malta. The findings aim at providing the significant statistical outcomes related to homicide trends particularly in relation to the modus operandi, gender, relationship between the offender and homicide clearance.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64616917,"asset_id":44245249,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":254784,"first_name":"Trevor","last_name":"Calafato","domain_name":"malta","page_name":"TrevorCalafato","display_name":"Trevor Calafato","profile_url":"https://malta.academia.edu/TrevorCalafato?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/254784/970016/163632293/s65_trevor.calafato.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":68758,"name":"Research Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Writing?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":111137,"name":"Malta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malta?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43630043" data-work_id="43630043" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43630043/PERFORMING_BLOODSTAIN_PATTERN_ANALYSIS_AND_OTHER_FORENSIC_ACTIVITIES_ON_CASES_RELATED_TO_CORONAVIRUS_DISEASES_COVID_19">PERFORMING BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS AND OTHER FORENSIC ACTIVITIES ON CASES RELATED TO CORONAVIRUS DISEASES (COVID-19</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Bloodstain pattern analysis is inseparably present in forensic genetics, crime scene investigation, the examination of evidence, and paper casework. It times of pandemic related to COVID-19 it is crucial to be aware of obstacles,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43630043" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Bloodstain pattern analysis is inseparably present in forensic genetics, crime scene investigation, the examination of evidence, and paper casework. It times of pandemic related to COVID-19 it is crucial to be aware of obstacles, barriers, and threats that await every expert who deals with forensic biological material. This new situation is an excellent time to go back and point out what are the primary guidelines that reduce the contamination of evidence and increase the protection of practitioners and experts during their work. Some evident principles that exist during crime scene investigation should be used in a more safe environment. The main goal of this article is to show what is the primary indicator that will help to reduce the danger of contamination by Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) during the prosecution of work. Bloodstain pattern analysis is a vast discipline. Other experts can use guidelines that will be shown in this article. Numerous forensic fields can benefit from this information. Subjects such as fingerprint, trace evidence, ballistics, forensic genetics, an examination of the evidence on a crime scene or during paper casework, even handwriting during crime scene investigation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43630043" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2658e9af08fe069df476e038392426da" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63930078,"asset_id":43630043,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63930078/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41138152" href="https://lazarski.academia.edu/KacperCh">Kacper Ch</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41138152" type="text/json">{"id":41138152,"first_name":"Kacper","last_name":"Ch","domain_name":"lazarski","page_name":"KacperCh","display_name":"Kacper Ch","profile_url":"https://lazarski.academia.edu/KacperCh?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41138152/27038701/25467647/s65_kacper.ch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43630043 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43630043"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43630043, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43630043", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43630043 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43630043; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43630043"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43630043 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43630043"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43630043; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43630043]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43630043").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43630043").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43630043"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="539" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensics">Forensics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="539" type="text/json">{"id":539,"name":"Forensics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="850" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Testimony">Testimony</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="850" type="text/json">{"id":850,"name":"Testimony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Testimony?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43630043]'), work: {"id":43630043,"title":"PERFORMING BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS AND OTHER FORENSIC ACTIVITIES ON CASES RELATED TO CORONAVIRUS DISEASES (COVID-19","created_at":"2020-07-15T11:10:15.242-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43630043/PERFORMING_BLOODSTAIN_PATTERN_ANALYSIS_AND_OTHER_FORENSIC_ACTIVITIES_ON_CASES_RELATED_TO_CORONAVIRUS_DISEASES_COVID_19?f_ri=3208","dom_id":"work_43630043","summary":"Bloodstain pattern analysis is inseparably present in forensic genetics, crime scene investigation, the examination of evidence, and paper casework. It times of pandemic related to COVID-19 it is crucial to be aware of obstacles, barriers, and threats that await every expert who deals with forensic biological material. This new situation is an excellent time to go back and point out what are the primary guidelines that reduce the contamination of evidence and increase the protection of practitioners and experts during their work. Some evident principles that exist during crime scene investigation should be used in a more safe environment. The main goal of this article is to show what is the primary indicator that will help to reduce the danger of contamination by Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) during the prosecution of work. Bloodstain pattern analysis is a vast discipline. Other experts can use guidelines that will be shown in this article. Numerous forensic fields can benefit from this information. Subjects such as fingerprint, trace evidence, ballistics, forensic genetics, an examination of the evidence on a crime scene or during paper casework, even handwriting during crime scene investigation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63930078,"asset_id":43630043,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41138152,"first_name":"Kacper","last_name":"Ch","domain_name":"lazarski","page_name":"KacperCh","display_name":"Kacper Ch","profile_url":"https://lazarski.academia.edu/KacperCh?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41138152/27038701/25467647/s65_kacper.ch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":539,"name":"Forensics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensics?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":850,"name":"Testimony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Testimony?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208"},{"id":3262,"name":"Expert testimony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expert_testimony?f_ri=3208"},{"id":16677,"name":"Crime Scene Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime_Scene_Management?f_ri=3208"},{"id":83062,"name":"Bloodstain Pattern Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bloodstain_Pattern_Analysis?f_ri=3208"},{"id":306642,"name":"Crime Scene Investigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime_Scene_Investigation?f_ri=3208"},{"id":1122156,"name":"Homicide and Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide_and_Suicide?f_ri=3208"},{"id":2597809,"name":"Bloodstain Detection and Visualization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bloodstain_Detection_and_Visualization?f_ri=3208"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_56029971" data-work_id="56029971" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56029971/Ending_the_silence_on_gun_violence">Ending the silence on gun violence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/56029971" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f9522b89297379931b7beb6ace0f4ac0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71616729,"asset_id":56029971,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71616729/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35071593" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EdwardMulvey">Edward Mulvey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35071593" type="text/json">{"id":35071593,"first_name":"Edward","last_name":"Mulvey","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EdwardMulvey","display_name":"Edward Mulvey","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EdwardMulvey?f_ri=3208","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_56029971 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="56029971"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 56029971, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_56029971", }); 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Prior attempts to study non-lethal force have only recently begun to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_495407" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper aims to build on and contribute to earlier studies on use of force by the police, and examines both officer and suspect force levels during altercations. Prior attempts to study non-lethal force have only recently begun to examine the multiple levels of force that may be used within a single encounter, advocating the use of a “force factor” approach. This study examines 4,303 “use of force” reports from the two agencies in Florida for a five-year period. Similar to prior studies which utilized data gathered by observation, this current study finds that law enforcement officers are operating at a force deficit; officer levels of force are consistently less than suspect resistance levels. Data examined through police reports have certain inherent limitations, including the bias of the reporting officer. Analyses of these reports make it impossible for researchers to determine the length of each portion of a conflict. While verbal commands, threats, handcuffing, and takedowns may be important forces to review, they are not well represented in the data collected.These findings have critical implications for law enforcement by continuing to examine conflicts where police force is utilized, showing the importance of officers to be prepared to use decisive force at the point where verbal techniques and force de-escalation have failed. This paper is valuable to scholars and police practitioners because it continues to expand the scholarly review of police use of force, utilizing existing force continua to analyze the data, and taking into account levels of suspect resistance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/495407" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3943738cc95c49675a5b442f1b8b4858" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":8934062,"asset_id":495407,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/8934062/download_file?st=MTc0MDE0MjQxNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="158568" href="https://ucf.academia.edu/RossWolf">Ross Wolf</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="158568" type="text/json">{"id":158568,"first_name":"Ross","last_name":"Wolf","domain_name":"ucf","page_name":"RossWolf","display_name":"Ross Wolf","profile_url":"https://ucf.academia.edu/RossWolf?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/158568/97297/69790098/s65_ross.wolf.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_495407 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="495407"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 495407, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_495407", }); 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Prior attempts to study non-lethal force have only recently begun to examine the multiple levels of force that may be used within a single encounter, advocating the use of a “force factor” approach. This study examines 4,303 “use of force” reports from the two agencies in Florida for a five-year period. Similar to prior studies which utilized data gathered by observation, this current study finds that law enforcement officers are operating at a force deficit; officer levels of force are consistently less than suspect resistance levels. Data examined through police reports have certain inherent limitations, including the bias of the reporting officer. Analyses of these reports make it impossible for researchers to determine the length of each portion of a conflict. While verbal commands, threats, handcuffing, and takedowns may be important forces to review, they are not well represented in the data collected.These findings have critical implications for law enforcement by continuing to examine conflicts where police force is utilized, showing the importance of officers to be prepared to use decisive force at the point where verbal techniques and force de-escalation have failed. This paper is valuable to scholars and police practitioners because it continues to expand the scholarly review of police use of force, utilizing existing force continua to analyze the data, and taking into account levels of suspect resistance.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":8934062,"asset_id":495407,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":158568,"first_name":"Ross","last_name":"Wolf","domain_name":"ucf","page_name":"RossWolf","display_name":"Ross Wolf","profile_url":"https://ucf.academia.edu/RossWolf?f_ri=3208","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/158568/97297/69790098/s65_ross.wolf.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=3208","nofollow":true},{"id":20078,"name":"Legal 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