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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentary,_documentaries_and_broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary,_documentaries_and_broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Commentary, documentaries and broadcasting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary,_documentaries_and_broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television_documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Television documentaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BBC_Reith_Lectures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BBC_Reith_Lectures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 BBC Reith Lectures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BBC_Reith_Lectures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Cash_Nexus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Cash_Nexus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 The Cash Nexus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Cash_Nexus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empire:_How_Britain_Made_the_Modern_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empire:_How_Britain_Made_the_Modern_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empire:_How_Britain_Made_the_Modern_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colossus:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_American_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colossus:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_American_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colossus:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_American_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 War of the World </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Ascent_of_Money" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ascent_of_Money"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5 The Ascent of Money </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ascent_of_Money-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.6 Civilization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kissinger:_1923–1968:_The_Idealist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kissinger:_1923–1968:_The_Idealist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.7 Kissinger: 1923–1968: The Idealist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kissinger:_1923–1968:_The_Idealist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Square_and_the_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Square_and_the_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.8 The Square and the Tower </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Square_and_the_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doom:_The_Politics_of_Catastrophe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doom:_The_Politics_of_Catastrophe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.9 Doom: The Politics of Catastrophe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doom:_The_Politics_of_Catastrophe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinions,_views_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinions,_views_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Opinions, views and research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opinions,_views_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Opinions, views and research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Opinions,_views_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rothschilds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rothschilds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Rothschilds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rothschilds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterfactual_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterfactual_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Counterfactual history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterfactual_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henry_Kissinger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_Kissinger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Henry Kissinger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_Kissinger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 British Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critical_views_of_Ferguson_and_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_views_of_Ferguson_and_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Critical views of Ferguson and empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_views_of_Ferguson_and_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_and_"Eurabia"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_and_"Eurabia""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Islam and "Eurabia" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_and_"Eurabia"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Iraq War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Donald_Trump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donald_Trump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Donald Trump </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donald_Trump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trump's_"New_World_Order"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trump's_"New_World_Order""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Trump's "New World Order" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trump's_"New_World_Order"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Economic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exchanges_with_Paul_Krugman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exchanges_with_Paul_Krugman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.1 Exchanges with Paul Krugman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exchanges_with_Paul_Krugman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remarks_on_Keynes'_sexual_orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remarks_on_Keynes'_sexual_orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.2 Remarks on Keynes' sexual orientation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remarks_on_Keynes'_sexual_orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stanford_Cardinal_Conversations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stanford_Cardinal_Conversations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.3 Stanford Cardinal Conversations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stanford_Cardinal_Conversations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cryptocurrency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryptocurrency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Cryptocurrency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryptocurrency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish_nationalism_and_the_British_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_nationalism_and_the_British_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Scottish nationalism and the British Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish_nationalism_and_the_British_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.14 COVID-19 pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.15 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023–2024_Israel–Hamas_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023–2024_Israel–Hamas_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.16 2023–2024 Israel–Hamas war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023–2024_Israel–Hamas_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Selected bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Niall Ferguson</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="نيال فيرغسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيال فيرغسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_Ferquson" title="Nil Ferquson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nil Ferquson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="نیل فرقوسن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیل فرقوسن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Нийл Фъргюсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нийл Фъргюсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Niall Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Niall Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Niall Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niall Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Niall Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BB_%CE%A6%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Νιλ Φέργκιουσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νιλ Φέργκιουσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Niall Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="نیل فرگوسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیل فرگوسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Niall Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%96%BC_%ED%8D%BC%EA%B1%B0%EC%8A%A8" title="니얼 퍼거슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니얼 퍼거슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Niall Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Niall Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Niall Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ניל פרגוסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניל פרגוסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Niall Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Niall Ferguson" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Neil_Ferguson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Neil Ferguson (disambiguation)">Neil Ferguson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Sir</div><div class="fn">Niall Ferguson</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">HonFRSE</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Niall_Ferguson_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_(37840342015)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Niall_Ferguson_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_%2837840342015%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Niall_Ferguson_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_%2837840342015%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Niall_Ferguson_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_%2837840342015%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Niall_Ferguson_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_%2837840342015%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Niall_Ferguson_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_%2837840342015%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Niall_Ferguson_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_%2837840342015%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3343" data-file-height="3560" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Ferguson in 2017</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Niall Campbell Ferguson</div> (1964-04-18) 18 April 1964 (age 60) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>United Kingdom</li><li>United States</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sue_Douglas" title="Sue Douglas">Sue Douglas</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1994; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 2011)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>2011)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a> (<a href="/wiki/MA_(Oxon)" class="mw-redirect" title="MA (Oxon)">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">DPhil</a>) <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/f/89vilt/oxfaleph011095302">Business and Politics in the German Inflation</a> (1989)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Norman Stone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">International history</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic history</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Goodspeed" title="Tyler Goodspeed">Tyler Goodspeed</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data">Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World (2003) Civilisation: the West and the Rest (2011)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Niall_Ferguson_BBC_Radio4_The_Reith_Lectures_19_June_2012_b01jmx0p.flac" title="File:Niall Ferguson BBC Radio4 The Reith Lectures 19 June 2012 b01jmx0p.flac"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Niall Ferguson's voice</div></a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="Niall_Ferguson_BBC_Radio4_The_Reith_Lectures_19_June_2012_b01jmx0p.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Niall_Ferguson_BBC_Radio4_The_Reith_Lectures_19_June_2012_b01jmx0p.flac/Niall_Ferguson_BBC_Radio4_The_Reith_Lectures_19_June_2012_b01jmx0p.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Niall_Ferguson_BBC_Radio4_The_Reith_Lectures_19_June_2012_b01jmx0p.flac/Niall_Ferguson_BBC_Radio4_The_Reith_Lectures_19_June_2012_b01jmx0p.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Niall_Ferguson_BBC_Radio4_The_Reith_Lectures_19_June_2012_b01jmx0p.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Niall_Ferguson_BBC_Radio4_The_Reith_Lectures_19_June_2012_b01jmx0p.flac" title="File:Niall Ferguson BBC Radio4 The Reith Lectures 19 June 2012 b01jmx0p.flac">Recorded June 2012</a> from the BBC Radio 4 programme the <a href="/wiki/Reith_Lectures" title="Reith Lectures">Reith Lectures</a></div></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niallferguson.com">www.niallferguson.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377638#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sir Niall Campbell Ferguson, <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">HonFRSE</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/niːl/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">NEEL</a>; born 18 April 1964)<a href="#cite_note-FergBio-1">[1]</a> is a British-American historian who is the Milbank Family Senior Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> and a senior fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Previously, he was a professor at Harvard University, the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, a visiting professor at the <a href="/wiki/New_College_of_the_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="New College of the Humanities">New College of the Humanities</a>, and a senior research fellow at <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford">Jesus College, Oxford</a>. He was a <a href="/wiki/Visiting_scholar" title="Visiting scholar">visiting lecturer</a> at the London School of Economics for the 2023/2024 academic year and at <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> in China from 2019 to 2020.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> He is a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Austin" title="University of Austin">University of Austin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-6">[6]</a> Ferguson writes and lectures on <a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">international history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic history</a>, financial history, and the history of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> He holds positive views concerning the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In 2004, he was one of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine's 100 most influential people in the world.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Ferguson has written and presented numerous television documentary series, including <a href="/wiki/The_Ascent_of_Money" title="The Ascent of Money">The Ascent of Money</a>, which won an <a href="/wiki/International_Emmy_Award_for_Best_Documentary" title="International Emmy Award for Best Documentary">International Emmy Award for Best Documentary</a> in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-IntEmmy-10">[10]</a> In 2024, he was <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom">knighted</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a> for services to literature.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Ferguson has been a contributing editor for <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Television" title="Bloomberg Television">Bloomberg Television</a> and a columnist for <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> He began writing a semi-monthly <a href="/wiki/Column_(periodical)" title="Column (periodical)">column</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Opinion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg Opinion">Bloomberg Opinion</a> in June 2020 and has also been a regular columnist at <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In 2021, he became a joint-founder of the new University of Austin. Since June 2024, he is a bi-weekly columnist at <a href="/wiki/The_Free_Press_(online_newsletter)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Free Press (online newsletter)">The Free Press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Ferguson has also contributed articles to many journals including <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> He has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> and called himself a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Ferguson was born in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland, on 18 April 1964 to James Campbell Ferguson, a doctor, and Molly Archibald Hamilton, a physics teacher.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Ferguson grew up in the <a href="/wiki/Ibrox,_Glasgow" title="Ibrox, Glasgow">Ibrox</a> area of Glasgow in a home close to the <a href="/wiki/Ibrox_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrox Park">Ibrox Park</a> football stadium.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-highprofiles.info-23">[23]</a> He attended <a href="/wiki/The_Glasgow_Academy" title="The Glasgow Academy">The Glasgow Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> He was brought up as an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>, although he has encouraged his children to study religion and attends church occasionally.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In a 2023 interview with <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a>, Ferguson declared: "I'm a lapsed atheist ... I go to church every Sunday, precisely because having been brought up as an atheist, I came to realise in my career as a historian that not only is atheism a disastrous basis for a society ... but also because I don't think it can be a basis for individual ethical decision making."<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Ferguson cites his father as instilling in him a strong sense of self-discipline and of the moral value of work, while his mother encouraged his creative side.<a href="#cite_note-Duncan-27">[27]</a> His maternal grandfather, a journalist, encouraged him to write.<a href="#cite_note-Duncan-27">[27]</a> He has described his parents as "both very much products of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a>".<a href="#cite_note-highprofiles.info-23">[23]</a> Ferguson ascribes his decision to read history at university instead of English literature to two main factors: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s reflections on history at the end of <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a>, which he read as a schoolboy,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and his admiration of historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Max Hastings</a> quoting Ferguson as saying that he "wanted to be the AJP Taylor de nos jours".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxford">Oxford</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oxford">edit</a>]</div> Ferguson received a <a href="/wiki/Demyship" title="Demyship">demyship</a> (highest scholarship) from <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Niall_Ferguson,_Senior_Fellow-31">[31]</a> While a student there, he wrote a 90-minute student film The Labours of Hercules Sprote, played double bass in a jazz band "Night in Tunisia", edited the student magazine Tributary, and befriended <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Andrew Sullivan</a>, who shared his interest in <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk music">punk music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RobertBoynton-32">[32]</a> He had become a <a href="/wiki/Thatcherite" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatcherite">Thatcherite</a> by 1982. In 1985, he graduated with a <a href="/wiki/First-class_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class honours">first-class honours</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> and was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">MA</a> from Oxford.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Ferguson studied as a Hanseatic Scholar at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a> from 1986 until 1988. He received his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">DPhil</a> degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in 1989. His dissertation was titled "Business and Politics in the German Inflation: Hamburg 1914–1924".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Academic career">edit</a>]</div> In 1989, Ferguson worked as a research fellow at <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a>. From 1990 to 1992 he was an official fellow and lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse, Cambridge</a>. He then became a fellow and tutor in modern history at <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford">Jesus College, Oxford</a>, where in 2000 he was named a professor of political and financial history. In 2002 Ferguson became the John Herzog Professor in Financial History at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business" title="New York University Stern School of Business">New York University Stern School of Business</a>, and in 2004 he became the Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and William Ziegler Professor of Business Administration at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a>. From 2010 to 2011, Ferguson held the Philippe Roman Chair in history and international affairs at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 2016 Ferguson left Harvard<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> to become a senior fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>, where he had been an adjunct fellow since 2005. In 2021 he joined <a href="/wiki/Bari_Weiss" title="Bari Weiss">Bari Weiss</a>, the Shakespeare scholar <a href="/wiki/Pano_Kanelos" title="Pano Kanelos">Pano Kanelos</a> and the entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lonsdale" title="Joe Lonsdale">Joe Lonsdale</a> to found the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Austin" title="University of Austin">University of Austin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> At the time, Ferguson said he was starting the college because "higher ed is broken."<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-6">[6]</a> The private liberal arts college was approved to grant degrees in late 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:4-37">[37]</a> Ferguson has received honorary degrees from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buckingham" title="University of Buckingham">University of Buckingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_University" title="Macquarie University">Macquarie University</a> (Australia) and <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_University" title="Adolfo Ibáñez University">Adolfo Ibáñez University</a> (Chile). In May 2010, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education" title="Secretary of State for Education">education secretary</a>, asked Ferguson to advise on the development of a new history syllabus, to be titled "history as a connected narrative", for schools in England and Wales.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-CH2010-40">[40]</a> In June 2011, he joined other academics to set up the <a href="/wiki/New_College_of_the_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="New College of the Humanities">New College of the Humanities</a>, a private college in London.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In the same year, emails were released to the public and university administrators which documented Ferguson's attempts to discredit a progressive activist student at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> who had been critical of Ferguson's choices of speakers invited to the Cardinal Conversations free speech initiative.<a href="#cite_note-Stanforddaily-42">[42]</a> He teamed with a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> student group to find information that might discredit the student. Ferguson resigned from leadership of the program once university administrators became aware of his actions.<a href="#cite_note-Stanforddaily-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Ferguson responded in his column saying, "Re-reading my emails now, I am struck by their juvenile, jocular tone. 'A famous victory', I wrote the morning after the Murray event. 'Now we turn to the more subtle game of grinding them down on the committee. The price of liberty is eternal vigilance.' Then I added: 'Some opposition research on Mr O might also be worthwhile'—a reference to the leader of the protests. None of this happened. The meetings of the student committee were repeatedly postponed. No one ever did any digging on 'Mr O'. The spring vacation arrived. The only thing that came of the emails was that their circulation led to my stepping down."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Business">edit</a>]</div> In 2000, Ferguson was a founding director of Boxmind,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> an Oxford-based educational technology company. In 2006, he set up Chimerica Media Ltd.,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> a London-based television production company. In 2007, Ferguson was appointed as an investment management consultant by <a href="/wiki/GLG_Partners" title="GLG Partners">GLG Partners</a>, to advise on geopolitical risk as well as current structural issues in economic behaviour relating to investment decisions.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> GLG is a UK-based <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge fund</a> management firm headed by <a href="/wiki/Noam_Gottesman" title="Noam Gottesman">Noam Gottesman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> Ferguson was an advisor to the <a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">John McCain 2008 presidential campaign</a> and supported the <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentary,_documentaries_and_broadcasting">Commentary, documentaries and broadcasting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commentary, documentaries and broadcasting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niall_Ferguson_addresses_delegates_at_the_ARC_Forum,_30_October_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Niall_Ferguson_addresses_delegates_at_the_ARC_Forum%2C_30_October_2023.jpg/220px-Niall_Ferguson_addresses_delegates_at_the_ARC_Forum%2C_30_October_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Niall_Ferguson_addresses_delegates_at_the_ARC_Forum%2C_30_October_2023.jpg/330px-Niall_Ferguson_addresses_delegates_at_the_ARC_Forum%2C_30_October_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Niall_Ferguson_addresses_delegates_at_the_ARC_Forum%2C_30_October_2023.jpg/440px-Niall_Ferguson_addresses_delegates_at_the_ARC_Forum%2C_30_October_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Ferguson addresses the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Responsible_Citizenship" title="Alliance for Responsible Citizenship">Alliance for Responsible Citizenship</a>, London, 2023</figcaption></figure> Ferguson has written regularly for British newspapers and magazines since the mid 1980s. At that time, he was lead writer for <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> and a regular book reviewer for <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">The Daily Mail</a>. In the summer of 1989, while travelling in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, he wrote an article for a British newspaper with the provisional headline "The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> is Crumbling", but it was not published.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In the early 2000s he wrote a weekly column for <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> leaving in 2007 to become a <a href="/wiki/Contributing_editor" title="Contributing editor">contributing editor</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-nfbio-54">[54]</a> Between 2008 and 2012, he wrote regularly for <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-39">[39]</a> Since 2015, Ferguson has written a weekly column for <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>, which also appears in numerous papers around the world. Ferguson's television series, The Ascent of Money,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> won the 2009 International Emmy award for Best Documentary.<a href="#cite_note-IntEmmy-10">[10]</a> In 2011, his film company Chimerica Media released its first feature-length documentary, Kissinger, which won the New York Film Festival's prize for Best Documentary. In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Robinson_(speechwriter)" title="Peter Robinson (speechwriter)">Peter Robinson</a>, Ferguson recounted the "humiliation" his wife, <a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a>, endured at being disinvited from giving the commencement address at <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-:2-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Observing this to being a recurring phenomena as "a curious illiberal turn" for universities, including Harvard where he was teaching, and that this made him a critic of <a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">cancel culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect</a> has since described him as one of the most prominent supporters of anti cancel-culture.<a href="#cite_note-:3-58">[58]</a> Ferguson has said "<a href="/wiki/Wokeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wokeism">Wokeism</a> has gone from being a fringe fashion to be the dominant ideology of the universities."<a href="#cite_note-:2-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television_documentaries">Television documentaries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Television documentaries">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World (2003)</li> <li>American Colossus (2004)</li> <li>The War of the World (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ascent_of_Money#Documentary" title="The Ascent of Money">The Ascent of Money</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization:_Is_the_West_History%3F" title="Civilization: Is the West History?">Civilization: Is the West History?</a> (2011)</li> <li>Kissinger (2011)</li> <li>China: Triumph and Turmoil (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_World_War_I_centenary_season#Historical_debate" title="BBC World War I centenary season">The Pity of War</a> (2014)</li> <li>Networld (2020)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BBC_Reith_Lectures">BBC Reith Lectures</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: BBC Reith Lectures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niall_Ferguson_recording_the_BBC_Reith_Lecture_at_Gresham_College.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Niall_Ferguson_recording_the_BBC_Reith_Lecture_at_Gresham_College.jpg/220px-Niall_Ferguson_recording_the_BBC_Reith_Lecture_at_Gresham_College.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Niall_Ferguson_recording_the_BBC_Reith_Lecture_at_Gresham_College.jpg/330px-Niall_Ferguson_recording_the_BBC_Reith_Lecture_at_Gresham_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Niall_Ferguson_recording_the_BBC_Reith_Lecture_at_Gresham_College.jpg/440px-Niall_Ferguson_recording_the_BBC_Reith_Lecture_at_Gresham_College.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Niall Ferguson recording the third of his 2012 <a href="/wiki/Reith_Lectures" title="Reith Lectures">BBC Reith Lecture</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a>.</figcaption></figure> In May 2012, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> announced Niall Ferguson was to present its annual <a href="/wiki/Reith_Lectures" title="Reith Lectures">Reith Lectures</a>. These four lectures, titled The Rule of Law and its Enemies, examine the role man-made institutions have played in the economic and political spheres.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In the first lecture, held at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, titled The Human Hive, Ferguson argues for greater openness from governments, saying they should publish accounts which clearly state all assets and liabilities. He said that governments should also follow the lead of business and adopt the <a href="/wiki/Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Principles_(United_States)" title="Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (United States)">Generally Accepted Accounting Principles</a>, and above all generational accounts should be prepared on a regular basis to make absolutely clear the inter-generational implications of current <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a>. In the lecture, Ferguson says young voters should be more supportive of government <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> measures if they do not wish to pay further down the line for the profligacy of the <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby boomer">baby boomer</a> generation.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In the second lecture, The Darwinian Economy, Ferguson reflects on the causes of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">global financial crisis</a>, and allegedly erroneous conclusions that many people have drawn from it about the role of <a href="/wiki/Economic_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic regulation">regulation</a>, and asks whether regulation is in fact "the disease of which it purports to be the cure". The Landscape of Law was the third lecture, delivered at <a href="/wiki/Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a>. It examines the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> in comparative terms, asking how far the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>'s claims to superiority over other systems are credible, and whether we are living through a time of "creeping legal degeneration" in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>. The fourth and final lecture, Civil and Uncivil Societies, focuses on institutions (outside the political, economic and legal realms) designed to preserve and transmit particular knowledge and values. Ferguson asks whether the modern state is quietly killing <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> in the Western world, and what non-Western societies can do to build a vibrant civil society. The first lecture was broadcast on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> on Tuesday, 19 June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The series is available as a BBC podcast.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Cash_Nexus">The Cash Nexus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Cash Nexus">edit</a>]</div> In his 2001 book, The Cash Nexus, which he wrote following a year as Houblon-Norman Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nfbio-54">[54]</a> Ferguson argues that the popular saying "money makes the world go 'round'" is wrong; instead he presented a case for human actions in history motivated by far more than just economic concerns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Empire:_How_Britain_Made_the_Modern_World">Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World">edit</a>]</div> In his 2003 book, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, Ferguson conducts a provocative reinterpretation of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, casting it as one of the world's great modernising forces. The Empire produced durable changes and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalisation</a> with <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steampower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">telegraphs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jon-Wilson-2003-False-dangerous-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Porter" title="Bernard Porter">Bernard Porter</a>, famous for expressing his views during the <a href="/wiki/Porter%E2%80%93MacKenzie_debate" title="Porter–MacKenzie debate">Porter–MacKenzie debate</a> on the British Empire, attacked Empire in <a href="/wiki/The_London_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="The London Review of Books">The London Review of Books</a> as a "panegyric to British colonialism".<a href="#cite_note-TellMe-66">[66]</a> In response to this, Ferguson drew Porter's attention to the conclusion of the book, where he writes: "No one would claim that the record of the British Empire was unblemished. On the contrary, I have tried to show how often it failed to live up to its own ideal of individual liberty, particularly in the early era of enslavement, transportation and the '<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>' of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a>." Despite this, Ferguson argues that the British Empire was still preferable to <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> rule at the time: <blockquote>The 19th-century empire undeniably pioneered free trade, free capital movements and, with the <a href="/wiki/British_abolition_of_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="British abolition of slavery">abolition of slavery</a>, free labour. It invested immense sums in developing a global network of modern communications. It spread and enforced the rule of law over vast areas. Though it fought many <a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">small wars</a>, the empire maintained a <a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">global peace</a> unmatched before or since. In the 20th century too the empire more than justified its own existence. For the alternatives to British rule represented by the German and Japanese empires were clearly—and they admitted it themselves—far worse. And without its empire, it is inconceivable that Britain could have withstood them.<a href="#cite_note-TellMe-66">[66]</a></blockquote> The book was the subject for a documentary series on British television network <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colossus:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_American_Empire">Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire">edit</a>]</div> In his 2005 book, Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire, Ferguson proposes that the United States aspires to globalize free markets, the rule of law, and representative government but shies away from the long-term commitments of manpower and money that are indispensable in taking a more active role in resolving conflict arising from the <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">failure of states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The United States is an empire in denial, not acknowledging the scale of global responsibilities.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The American writer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Michael Lind</a>, responding to Ferguson's advocation of an enlarged <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">American military</a> through <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">conscription</a>, accused Ferguson of engaging in apocalyptic alarmism about the possibility of a world without the United States as the dominant power and of a casual disregard for the value of human life.<a href="#cite_note-Lind-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_of_the_World">War of the World</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: War of the World">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"War of the World" redirects here. For the science fiction novel, see <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/World_at_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="World at War (disambiguation)">World at War</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="World War (disambiguation)">World War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The War of the Worlds (disambiguation)">The War of the Worlds (disambiguation)</a>.</div> In War of the World, published in 2006, Ferguson argued that a combination of <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(finance)" title="Volatility (finance)">economic volatility</a>, decaying empires, psychopathic dictators, racially/ethnically motivated and <a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">institutionalised violence</a> resulted in the wars and genocides of what he calls "History's Age of Hatred". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a> named War of the World one of the 100 Notable Books of the Year in 2006, while the <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a> called it "one of the most intriguing attempts by an historian to explain <a href="/wiki/Man%27s_inhumanity_to_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Man's inhumanity to man">man's inhumanity to man</a>".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Ferguson addresses the paradox that, though the 20th century was "so bloody", it was also "a time of unparalleled [economic] progress". As with his earlier work Empire, War of the World was accompanied by a Channel 4 television series presented by Ferguson.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Ascent_of_Money">The Ascent of Money</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Ascent of Money">edit</a>]</div> Published in 2008, <a href="/wiki/The_Ascent_of_Money" title="The Ascent of Money">The Ascent of Money</a> examines the <a href="/wiki/History_of_money" title="History of money">history of money</a>, credit, and banking. In it, Ferguson predicts a financial crisis as a result of the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a> and in particular the United States using too much credit. He cites the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States dynamic</a> which he refers to as <a href="/wiki/Chimerica" title="Chimerica">Chimerica</a> where an Asian "<a href="/wiki/Savings_glut" class="mw-redirect" title="Savings glut">savings glut</a>" helped create the <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">subprime mortgage crisis</a> with an influx of easy money.<a href="#cite_note-TheIndependent-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civilization">Civilization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Civilization">edit</a>]</div> Published in 2011, Civilization: The West and the Rest examines what Ferguson calls the most "interesting question" of our day: "Why, <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_by_past_GDP_(PPP)#1–2008_(Maddison)" title="List of regions by past GDP (PPP)">beginning around 1500</a>, did a few small polities on the western end of the Eurasian landmass come to dominate the rest of the world?"<a href="#cite_note-Cox-73">[73]</a> In the review of Ferguson's book, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> wrote: <blockquote>In 1500 Europe's future imperial powers controlled 10% of the world's territories and generated just over 40% of its wealth. By 1913, at the height of empire, the West controlled almost 60% of the territories, which together generated almost 80% of the wealth. This stunning fact is lost, he regrets, on a generation that has supplanted history's sweep with a feeble-minded relativism that holds "all civilisations as somehow equal".<a href="#cite_note-A_success_that_looks_like_failure-74">[74]</a></blockquote> Ferguson attributes this divergence to the West's development of six "<a href="/wiki/Killer_application" title="Killer application">killer apps</a>", which he finds were largely missing elsewhere in the world in 1500 – "<a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine#Modern" title="Medicine">modern medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-guardian-39">[39]</a> Ferguson compared and contrasted how the West's "killer apps" allowed the West to triumph over "the Rest" citing examples.<a href="#cite_note-A_success_that_looks_like_failure-74">[74]</a> Ferguson argued the rowdy and savage competition between European merchants created far more wealth than did the static and ordered society of <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a>. Tolerance extended to thinkers like Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart England</a> had no counterpart in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf" title="Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf">Takiyuddin</a>'s state built observatory was eventually demolished due to political conflict. This ensured that Western civilization was capable of making scientific advances that Ottoman civilization never could. Respect for <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> was far stronger in <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a> than it ever was in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a>, which led to <a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo-America</a> (the United States and Canada) becoming prosperous societies while <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> was and remains mired in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-A_success_that_looks_like_failure-74">[74]</a> Ferguson also argued that the modern West had lost its edge and the future belongs to the nations of Asia, especially <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, which has adopted the West's "killer apps".<a href="#cite_note-A_success_that_looks_like_failure-74">[74]</a> Ferguson argues that in the coming years, we will see a steady decline of the West, while China and the rest of the Asian nations will be the rising powers.<a href="#cite_note-A_success_that_looks_like_failure-74">[74]</a> A related documentary <a href="/wiki/Civilization:_Is_the_West_History%3F" title="Civilization: Is the West History?">Civilization: Is the West History?</a> was broadcast as a six-part series on Channel 4 in March and April 2011.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kissinger:_1923–1968:_The_Idealist">Kissinger: 1923–1968: The Idealist</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kissinger: 1923–1968: The Idealist">edit</a>]</div> Kissinger The Idealist, Volume I, published in September 2015, is the first part of a planned two-part biography of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> based on his private papers. The book starts with a quote from a letter which Kissinger wrote in 1972. The book examines Kissinger's life from being a refugee and fleeing <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1938, to serving in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> as a "free man" in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, to studying at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>. The book explores the history of Kissinger joining the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy administration">Kennedy administration</a> and later becoming critical of its foreign policy, to supporting <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> on three failed presidential bids, to joining the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon administration">Nixon administration</a>. The book includes Kissinger's early evaluation of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and his efforts to negotiate with the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> in Paris (<a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a>). Historians and political scientists gave the book mixed reviews.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In a review about The Idealist, The Economist wrote: "Mr Ferguson, a British historian also at Harvard, has in the past sometimes produced work that is rushed and uneven. Not here. Like Mr Kissinger or loathe him, this is a work of engrossing scholarship."<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In a negative review of The Idealist, the American journalist Michael O'Donnell questioned Ferguson's interpretation of Kissinger's actions leading up to Nixon's election in 1968 as United States president.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Andrew Roberts</a> praised the book in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, concluding: "Niall Ferguson already has many important, scholarly and controversial books to his credit. But if the second volume of 'Kissinger' is anywhere near as comprehensive, well written and riveting as the first, this will be his masterpiece."<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Square_and_the_Tower">The Square and the Tower</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Square and the Tower">edit</a>]</div> In 2018's <a href="/wiki/The_Square_and_the_Tower" title="The Square and the Tower">The Square and the Tower</a>, Ferguson proposed a modified version of <a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">group selection</a> that history can be explained by the evolution of human networks. He wrote, "Man, with his unrivaled neural network, was born to network."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The title refers to a transition from hierarchical "tower" networks to flatter "square" network connections between individuals. In a review of the book, <a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">John Gray</a> was not convinced. He wrote, "[Ferguson] offers a mix of metaphor and what purports to be a new science."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, Deirdre McCloskey wrote: "Niall Ferguson has again written a brilliant book, this time in defence of traditional top-down principles of governing the wild market and the wilder international order. The Square and the Tower raises the question of just how much the unruly world should be governed – and by whom. Not everyone will agree, but everyone will be charmed and educated. ... The Square and the Tower is always readable, intelligent, original. You can swallow a chapter a night before sleep and your dreams will overflow with scenes of Stendhal's <a href="/wiki/The_Red_and_the_Black" title="The Red and the Black">The Red and the Black</a>, Napoleon, Kissinger. In 400 pages you will have restocked your mind. Do it."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doom:_The_Politics_of_Catastrophe">Doom: The Politics of Catastrophe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Doom: The Politics of Catastrophe">edit</a>]</div> In this book, Ferguson offers a global history of disaster. Damon Linker of The New York Times argues that the book is "often insightful, productively provocative and downright brilliant", and suggests that Ferguson displays "an impressive command of the latest research in a large number of specialized fields, among them <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">medical history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cliodynamics" title="Cliodynamics">cliodynamics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">network theory</a>."<a href="#cite_note-linker1-84">[84]</a> Linker also criticises the book's "perplexing lacunae".<a href="#cite_note-linker1-84">[84]</a> In a review for <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> of London, <a href="/wiki/David_Aaronovitch" title="David Aaronovitch">David Aaronovitch</a> described Ferguson's theory as "nebulous" <a href="#cite_note-aaronovitch-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinions,_views_and_research">Opinions, views and research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Opinions, views and research">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1371" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkean_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean conservatism">Burkean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Nigel_Farage" title="Political positions of Nigel Farage">Faragism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Gove" title="Political positions of Michael Gove">Goveism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#Great_Britain" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century" title="Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century">Anglo-Saxonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_Kingdom" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Victorian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism#In_the_United_Kingdom" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy#United_Kingdom" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">State church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_Treason_Trials" title="1794 Treason Trials">1794 Treason Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Whigs">Old Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_England" title="Young England">Young England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_Kingdom" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wets_and_dries" title="Wets and dries">Wets and dries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton" title="Geoffrey Elton">Elton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson (Samuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kemp_(writer)" title="Peter Kemp (writer)">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Laslett" title="Peter Laslett">Laslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ludovici" title="Anthony Ludovici">Ludovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neema_Parvini" title="Neema Parvini">Parvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen" title="James Fitzjames Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Waugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Anderson_(British_politician)" title="Lee Anderson (British politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Cates" title="Miriam Cates">Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cazalet#Advocating_Jewish_homeland" title="Victor Cazalet">Cazalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hayes_(British_politician)" title="John Hayes (British politician)">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson (Boris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenrick" title="Robert Jenrick">Jenrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt (the Younger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">Willetts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin" title="Carl Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson#Politics" title="Jeremy Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cole_(journalist)" title="Harry Cole (journalist)">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Evans_(comedian)" title="Simon Evans (comedian)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Forsyth (Frederick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gale_(journalist)" title="George Gale (journalist)">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goodwin" title="Matthew Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Hanbury-Tracy,_7th_Baron_Sudeley" title="Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley">Hanbury-Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kisin" title="Konstantin Kisin">Kisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Liddle" title="Rod Liddle">Liddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lunn" title="Arnold Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Etchingham" title="Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Oakeshott" title="Isabel Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Isabel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(columnist)" title="John O'Sullivan (columnist)">O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Perry" title="Louise Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pryce-Jones" title="David Pryce-Jones">Pryce-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Smith" title="Vaughan Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Staines" title="Paul Staines">Staines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Tominey" title="Camilla Tominey">Tominey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Turner_(journalist)" title="Derek Turner (journalist)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Veitch" title="Charles Veitch">Veitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Verity" title="Ted Verity">Verity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_West_(journalist)" title="Ed West (journalist)">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Welch" title="Colin Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Young" title="Toby Young">Young</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a>" (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Anarchy" title="Culture and Anarchy">Culture and Anarchy</a> (1867–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_(book)" title="Orthodoxy (book)">Orthodoxy</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a> (1912)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tradition_and_the_Individual_Talent" title="Tradition and the Individual Talent">Tradition and the Individual Talent</a>" (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whig Interpretation of History">The Whig Interpretation of History</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Was_Never_Right" title="The Left Was Never Right">The Left Was Never Right</a> (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood</a>" (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Men" title="The Children of Men">The Children of Men</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Culture,_What%27s_Left_of_It" title="Our Culture, What's Left of It">Our Culture, What's Left of It</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass:_Apocalyptic_Religion_and_the_Death_of_Utopia" title="Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia">Black Mass</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Degeneration" title="The Great Degeneration">The Great Degeneration</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Son_Also_Rises_(book)" title="The Son Also Rises (book)">The Son Also Rises</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_An_Invitation_to_the_Great_Tradition" title="Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition">Conservatism</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Europe" title="The Strange Death of Europe">The Strange Death of Europe</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_Crowds:_Gender,_Race_and_Identity" title="The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity">The Madness of Crowds</a> (2019)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_EPP:_European_People%27s_Party_UK" title="Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK">Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Future" title="Conservative Future">Conservative Future</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Party_(UK)" title="Heritage Party (UK)">Heritage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK,_1990%E2%80%93present)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990–present)">Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Britain" title="Workers Party of Britain">Workers Party of Britain</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Britain_Movement" title="For Britain Movement">For Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_and_People%27s_Party" title="Veterans and People's Party">Veterans and People's Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Booth-Smith,_Baron_Booth-Smith" title="Liam Booth-Smith, Baron Booth-Smith">Booth-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forsyth_(political_aide)" title="James Forsyth (political aide)">Forsyth (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie-Jay_Keen-Minshull" title="Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull">Keen-Minshull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Littlewood" title="Mark Littlewood">Littlewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomerie" title="Tim Montgomerie">Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Payne" title="Sebastian Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Shawcross" title="Eleanor Shawcross">Shawcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Stroud,_Baroness_Stroud" title="Philippa Stroud, Baroness Stroud">Stroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55_Tufton_Street" title="55 Tufton Street">55 Tufton Street</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">IEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGB_Alliance" title="LGB Alliance">LGB Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Watch_UK" title="Migration Watch UK">Migration Watch UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Alliance" title="Conservative Democratic Alliance">Conservative Democratic Alliance</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Swinton_Circle" title="London Swinton Circle">London Swinton Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Club" title="Monday Club">Monday Club</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference#2023_conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NATCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Conservative_Association" title="Oxford University Conservative Association">Oxford University Conservative Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Book_Club" title="Right Book Club">Right Book Club</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Conservative_Caucus" title="Revolutionary Conservative Caucus">Revolutionary Conservative Caucus</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_Unit" title="Social Affairs Unit">Social Affairs Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Britain_Group" title="Traditional Britain Group">Traditional Britain Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_UK" title="Turning Point UK">Turning Point UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Goals_Institute" title="Western Goals Institute">Western Goals Institute</a> (Defunct)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jacobin_Review" title="Anti-Jacobin Review">Anti-Jacobin Review</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservativeHome" title="ConservativeHome">ConservativeHome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Critic_(modern_magazine)" title="The Critic (modern magazine)">The Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express#Sunday_Express" title="Daily Express">Sunday Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Sceptic" title="The Daily Sceptic">The Daily Sceptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_News" title="GB News">GB News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Fawkes" title="Guido Fawkes">Guido Fawkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_on_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun on Sunday">The Sun on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_(streaming_service)" title="Talk (streaming service)">Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; 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border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_UK" title="Template talk:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ferguson has been referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> historian by some commentators and fellow historians.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Ferguson himself stated in a 2018 interview on the <a href="/wiki/Rubin_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubin Report">Rubin Report</a> that his views align to <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and has referred to himself as a "classic <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish enlightenment</a> liberal" on other occasions.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Some of his research and conclusions have been criticised by commentators on the <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-39">[39]</a> In a 2011 interview, Ferguson said elements of the left "love being provoked by me! Honestly, it makes them feel so much better about their lives to think that I'm a reactionary; it's a substitute for thought. "Imperialist scumbag" and all that. Oh dear, we're back in a 1980s student union debate."<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-90">[90]</a> Ferguson endorsed <a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Kemi Badenoch</a>'s campaign during the <a href="/wiki/July_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="July 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">July 2022 Conservative Party leadership election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> In 1998, Ferguson published The Pity of War: Explaining World War One, which with the help of <a href="/wiki/Research_assistant" title="Research assistant">research assistants</a> he was able to write in just five months.<a href="#cite_note-Niall_Ferguson,_Senior_Fellow-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-RobertBoynton-32">[32]</a> This is an analytic account of what Ferguson considered to be the ten great myths of the <a href="/wiki/Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War">Great War</a>. The book generated much controversy, particularly Ferguson's suggestion that it might have proved more beneficial for Europe if Britain had stayed out of the First World War in 1914, thereby allowing Germany to win.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999460–461-92">[92]</a> Ferguson has argued that the British decision to intervene was what stopped a German victory in 1914–15. Furthermore, Ferguson expressed disagreement with the <a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a> interpretation of German history championed by some German historians such as <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fritz Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Wehler" title="Hans-Ulrich Wehler">Hans-Ulrich Wehler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Hans Mommsen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mommsen" title="Wolfgang Mommsen">Wolfgang Mommsen</a>, who argued that the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> deliberately started an aggressive war in 1914. Likewise, Ferguson has often attacked the work of the German historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Michael Stürmer</a>, who argued that it was Germany's geographical situation in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> that determined the course of German history. On the contrary, Ferguson maintained that Germany waged a <a href="/wiki/Preventive_war" title="Preventive war">preventive war</a> in 1914, a war largely forced on the Germans by reckless and irresponsible British diplomacy. In particular, Ferguson accused the British foreign secretary <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Sir Edward Grey</a> of maintaining an ambiguous attitude to the question of whether Britain would enter the war or not, and thus confusing Berlin over just what was the British attitude towards the question of intervention in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999154–156-93">[93]</a> Ferguson accused London of unnecessarily allowing a regional war in Europe to escalate into a world war. Moreover, Ferguson denied that the origins of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialism</a> could be traced back to Imperial Germany; instead Ferguson asserted the <a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">origins of Nazism</a> could only be traced back to the First World War and its aftermath. Ferguson attacked a number of ideas that he called "myths" in the book. They are listed here (with his counter-arguments in parentheses): <ul><li>That Germany was a highly <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarist</a> country before 1914 (Ferguson claims Germany was Europe's most anti-militarist country).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson199927–30-94">[94]</a></li> <li>That naval challenges mounted by Germany drove Britain into <a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">informal alliances with France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Russian_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Russian Convention">Russia</a> before 1914 (Ferguson claims the British chose alliances with France and Russia as a form of appeasement due to the strength of those nations, and an Anglo-German alliance failed to materialize due to German weakness).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson199952–55-95">[95]</a></li> <li>That <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">British foreign policy</a> was driven by legitimate fears of Germany (Ferguson claims Germany posed no threat to Britain before 1914, and that all British fears of Germany were due to irrational <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">anti-German prejudices</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson199968–76-96">[96]</a></li> <li>That the pre-1914 arms race was consuming ever larger portions of <a href="/wiki/Government_budget" title="Government budget">national budgets</a> at an unsustainable rate (Ferguson claims that the only limitations on more <a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">military spending</a> before 1914 were political, not economic).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson199987–101,_118–125-97">[97]</a></li> <li>That World War I was, as <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fritz Fischer</a> claimed, a war of aggression on the part of Germany that necessitated British involvement to stop Germany from conquering Europe (Ferguson claims that if Germany had been victorious, something like the European Union would have been created in 1914, and that it would have been for the best if Britain had chosen to opt out of war in 1914).<a href="#cite_note-berghahn-98">[98]</a></li> <li>That most people were happy with the outbreak of war in 1914 (Ferguson claims that most Europeans were saddened by the coming of war).<a href="#cite_note-berghahn-98">[98]</a></li> <li>That <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">propaganda</a> was successful in making men wish to fight (Ferguson argues the opposite).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999239–247-99">[99]</a></li> <li>That the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> made the best use of their economic resources (Ferguson argues that the Allies "squandered" their economic resources).<a href="#cite_note-berghahn-98">[98]</a></li> <li>That the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French</a> had the better armies (Ferguson claims the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">German Army</a> was superior).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999310–317-100">[100]</a></li> <li>That the Allies were more efficient at killing Germans (Ferguson argues that the Germans were more efficient at killing the Allies).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999336–338-101">[101]</a></li> <li>That most soldiers hated fighting in the war (Ferguson argues most soldiers fought more or less willingly).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999357–366-102">[102]</a></li> <li>That the British treated German prisoners of war well (Ferguson argues the British routinely killed German POWs).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999380–388-103">[103]</a></li> <li>That Germany was faced with <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">reparations</a> after 1921 that could not be paid except at ruinous economic cost (Ferguson argues that Germany could easily have paid reparations had there been the political will).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999412–431-104">[104]</a></li></ul> Ferguson uses <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_history" title="Counterfactual history">counterfactual history</a> in the book. He presents a hypothetical version of Europe being, under Imperial German domination, a peaceful, prosperous, democratic continent, without ideologies like <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson,_Niall_1998,_pages_168-105">[105]</a> In Ferguson's view, had Germany won World War I, then the lives of millions would have been saved, something like the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> would have been founded in 1914, and Britain would have remained an empire as well as the world's dominant financial power.<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson,_Niall_1998,_pages_168-105">[105]</a> The French historians Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau and Annette Becker were dubious about much of Ferguson's methodology and conclusions in The Pity of War, but praised him for the chapter dealing with the executions of <a href="/wiki/POWs" class="mw-redirect" title="POWs">POWs</a>, arguing that Ferguson had exposed a dark side of the war that until then had been ignored.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> About The Pity of War, the American academic <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Michael Lind</a> wrote: <blockquote>Like the historian <a href="/wiki/John_Charmley" title="John Charmley">John Charmley</a>, who expressed the same wish in the case of World War II, Ferguson belongs to the fringe element of British conservatism that regrets the absence of a German-British deal in the first half of the 20th century that would have marginalized the United States and might have allowed the British Empire to survive to this day. According to Ferguson, Britain should have stayed out of World War I and allowed Imperial Germany to smash France and Russia and create a continental empire from the Atlantic to the Middle East. The joke is on Ferguson's <a href="/wiki/American_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="American conservative">American conservative</a> admirers, inasmuch as he laments the defeat of the Kaiser's Germany because it accelerated the replacement of the British Empire by the United States of America and the eclipse of the City of London by Wall Street.<a href="#cite_note-Lind-69">[69]</a></blockquote> The German-born American historian <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a> in a review of The Pity of War strongly criticized Ferguson for advancing the thesis that it was idiotic for Britain to have fought a Germany that allegedly posed no danger.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_pages_281-282-107">[107]</a> Weinberg accused Ferguson of completely ignoring the chief foreign policy aim of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> from 1897 onwards, namely <a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a> ("World Politics"), and argued it was absurd for Ferguson to claim that allowing Germany to defeat France and Russia would have posed no danger to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_pages_281-282-107">[107]</a> Weinberg wrote that Ferguson was wrong to claim that Germany's interests were limited only to Europe, and maintained that if the Reich had defeated France in 1914, then Germany would have taken over the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonies in Asia and Africa</a>, which would have definitely affected the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> all over the world, not just in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_pages_281-282-107">[107]</a> Finally, Weinberg attacked Ferguson for claiming that the <a href="/wiki/Tirpitz_Plan" title="Tirpitz Plan">Tirpitz Plan</a> was not a danger to Britain and that Britain had no reason to fear Germany's naval ambitions, sarcastically asking if that was really the case, then why did the British redeploy so much of their fleet from around the world to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and spend so much money building warships in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German naval arms race</a>?<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_pages_281-282-107">[107]</a> Weinberg accused Ferguson of distorting both German and British history and ignoring any evidence that did not fit with his thesis that Britain should never have fought Germany, stating that The Pity of War was interesting as a historical provocation but was not persuasive as history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2000282-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rothschilds">Rothschilds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rothschilds">edit</a>]</div> Ferguson wrote two volumes about the prominent <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild family</a>: The House of Rothschild: Volume 1: Money's Prophets: 1798–1848 and The House of Rothschild: Volume 2: The World's Banker: 1849–1999. These books were the result of original archival research.<a href="#cite_note-wells-109">[109]</a> The books won the Wadsworth Prize for Business History and were also short-listed for the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarterly-Wingate_Literary_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Quarterly-Wingate Literary Award">Jewish Quarterly-Wingate Literary Award</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Book_Council" title="Jewish Book Council">American National Jewish Book Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nfbio-54">[54]</a> The books were widely acclaimed by historians,<a href="#cite_note-wells-109">[109]</a> although they received some criticism. <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>-era historian, praised Ferguson's "unrivaled range, productivity and visibility", while criticising the book as unpersuasive and containing contradictory claims.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Marxist historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a> had praised Ferguson as an excellent historian but criticised him as a "nostalgist for empire".<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In a mixed review of a later book by Ferguson, The War of the World: History's Age of Hatred, a reviewer for The Economist described how many regard Ferguson's two books on the Rothschilds "as one of the finest studies of its kind".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Jeremy Wormell wrote that while The World's Banker: A History of the House of Rothschild had its virtues, it contained "many errors" which meant it was "unsafe to use it as a source for the debt markets".<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Writing in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, Robert Skidelsky praised Ferguson, stating: "Taken together, Ferguson's two volumes are a stupendous achievement, a triumph of historical research and imagination. No serious historian can write about the connection between the politics, diplomacy, and economics of the nineteenth century in the same way again. And, as any good work of history should do, it constantly prompts us to ask questions about our own age, when once again we have embarked on the grand experiment of a world economy without a world government."<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterfactual_history">Counterfactual history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Counterfactual history">edit</a>]</div> Ferguson sometimes uses counterfactual history, also known as "speculative" or "hypothetical" history, and edited a collection of essays, titled Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals (1997), exploring the subject. Ferguson likes to imagine alternative outcomes as a way of stressing the contingent aspects of history. For Ferguson, great forces don't make history; individuals do, and nothing is predetermined. Thus, for Ferguson, there are no paths in history that will determine how things will work out. The world is neither progressing nor regressing; only the actions of individuals determine whether we will live in a better or worse world. His championing of the method has been controversial within the field.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In a 2011 review of Ferguson's book Civilization: The West and the Rest, <a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Noel Malcolm</a> (senior research fellow in history at <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_College" class="mw-redirect" title="All Souls College">All Souls College</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>) stated: "Students may find this an intriguing introduction to a wide range of human history; but they will get an odd idea of how historical argument is to be conducted, if they learn it from this book."<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Henry Kissinger">edit</a>]</div> In 2003, former American secretary of state <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> provided Ferguson with access to his <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> diaries, letters, and archives for what Ferguson calls a "warts-and-all biography" of Kissinger.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In 2015, he published the first volume in a two-part biography titled Kissinger: 1923–1968: The Idealist from Penguin Press. The thesis of this first volume was that Kissinger was greatly influenced in his academic and political development by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, and especially by an interpretation of Kant that he learned from a mentor at Harvard University, <a href="/wiki/William_Yandell_Elliott" title="William Yandell Elliott">William Yandell Elliott</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Empire">British Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: British Empire">edit</a>]</div> Ferguson has defended the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, stating, "I think it's hard to make the case, which implicitly the left makes, that somehow the world would have been better off if the Europeans had stayed home."<a href="#cite_note-guardian-39">[39]</a> Ferguson is critical of what he calls the "self-flagellation" that he says characterises modern European thought.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-39">[39]</a> <blockquote>The moral simplification urge is an extraordinarily powerful one, especially in this country, where imperial guilt can lead to self-flagellation. ... And it leads to very simplistic judgments. The rulers of <a href="/wiki/Western_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Africa">western Africa</a> prior to the European empires were not running some kind of scout camp. They were engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. They showed zero sign of developing the country's economic resources. Did <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> ultimately benefit from <a href="/wiki/French_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senegal">French rule</a>? Yes, it's clear. And the counterfactual idea that somehow the indigenous rulers would have been more successful in <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> doesn't have any credibility at all.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-39">[39]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critical_views_of_Ferguson_and_empire">Critical views of Ferguson and empire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Critical views of Ferguson and empire">edit</a>]</div> Historians and commentators have considered his views on this issue and expressed their critical evaluation in various terms, from "audacious" yet "wrong",<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> "informative",<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> "ambitious" and "troubling", to "false and dangerous" apologia.<a href="#cite_note-Jon-Wilson-2003-False-dangerous-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Drayton" title="Richard Drayton">Richard Drayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Professor_of_Imperial_History" title="Rhodes Professor of Imperial History">Rhodes Professor of Imperial History</a> at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, has stated that it was correct of <a href="/wiki/Seumas_Milne" title="Seumas Milne">Seumas Milne</a> to associate "Ferguson with an attempt to 'rehabilitate empire' in the service of contemporary great power interests".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In November 2011, <a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Mishra" title="Pankaj Mishra">Pankaj Mishra</a> reviewed Civilisation: The West and the Rest unfavourably in the London Review of Books.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Ferguson demanded an apology and threatened to sue Mishra on charges of <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> due to allegations of racism.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Jon Wilson, a professor of the Department of History at King's College London, is the author of <a href="/wiki/India_Conquered" title="India Conquered">India Conquered</a>, a 2016 book intended to rebut Ferguson's arguments in Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, who catalogues the negative elements of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>,<a href="#cite_note-simonandschuster-126">[126]</a> and describes the Empire TV program (2003) as "false and dangerous".<a href="#cite_note-Jon-Wilson-2003-False-dangerous-65">[65]</a> Wilson agrees with Ferguson's point that the British innovations brought to India <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways">railways</a>, and had beneficial <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a>, but faults them for being done in a spirit of <a href="/wiki/Self-interest" title="Self-interest">self-interest</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-simonandschuster-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hindu.com-127">[127]</a> About Ferguson's claim that Britain "made the modern world" by spreading <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, Wilson charged that Ferguson never explained precisely how this was done,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> arguing that the reason was the lack of interest in the history of the people ruled by the British on Ferguson's part, who therefore could not perceive that the interaction between the colonisers and the colonised in places like India, where the population embraced aspects of <a href="/wiki/British_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="British culture">British culture</a> and rule that were appealing to them while rejecting others that were unappealing.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-129">[129]</a> Wilson argues that this interaction between the rulers and the ruled is more complex, and contradicts Ferguson's one-sided picture of the British "transforming" India that portrays the British as active and the Indians as passive.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-129">[129]</a> Wilson charged that Ferguson failed to look at the empire via non-British eyes because to do so would be to challenge his claim that Britain "made the modern world" by imposing its values on "the Other", and that the history of the empire was far more complicated than the simplistic version that Ferguson is trying to present.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam_and_"Eurabia"">Islam and "Eurabia"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Islam and "Eurabia"">edit</a>]</div> Ferguson has endorsed the work of <a href="/wiki/Bat_Ye%27or" title="Bat Ye'or">Bat Ye'or</a> and her <a href="/wiki/Islamophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobic">Islamophobic</a> Eurabia conspiracy theory,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> providing a cover comment for her 2005 Eurabia book, in which he stated that "no writer has done more than Bat Ye'or to draw attention to the menacing character of Islamic extremism. Future historians will one day regard her coinage of the term '<a href="/wiki/Eurabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurabia">Eurabia</a>' as prophetic."<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Matthew Carr wrote in <a href="/wiki/Race_%26_Class" title="Race & Class">Race & Class</a> that "Niall Ferguson, the conservative English [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] historian and enthusiastic advocate of a new American empire, has also embraced the Eurabian idea in a widely reproduced article entitled 'Eurabia?'",<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> in which he laments the "de-Christianization of Europe" and the secularism of the continent that leaves it "weak in the face of fanaticism". Carr adds that "Ferguson sees the recent establishment of a department of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a> in his (Oxford college) as another symptom of 'the creeping <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamicization</a> of a decadent <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>' ", and in a 2004 lecture at the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a> entitled "The End of Europe?"<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <blockquote>Ferguson struck a similarly <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spenglerian</a> note, conjuring the term "impire" to depict a process in which a 'political entity, instead of expanding outwards towards its periphery, exporting power, implodes—when the energies come from outside into that entity'. In Ferguson's opinion, this process was already under way in a decadent '<a href="/wiki/Postchristianity" title="Postchristianity">post-Christian</a>' Europe that was drifting inexorably towards the dark denouement of a vanquished civilisation and the fatal embrace of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></blockquote> Ferguson deplored the <a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">November 2015 Paris attacks</a> committed by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> terrorists but stated he was not going to "stand" with the French as he argued that France was a lost cause, a declining state faced with an unstoppable Islamic wave that would sweep away everything that tried to oppose it.<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-136">[136]</a> Ferguson compared the modern <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, describing modern Europe as not that different from the world depicted by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-136">[136]</a> Ferguson wrote: <blockquote>Uncannily similar processes are destroying the European Union today... Let us be clear about what is happening. Like the Roman Empire in the early fifth century, Europe has allowed its defenses to crumble. As its wealth has grown, so its military prowess has shrunk, along with its self-belief. It has grown decadent in its shopping malls and sports stadiums. At the same time, it has opened its gates to outsiders who have coveted its wealth without renouncing their ancestral faith.<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-136">[136]</a></blockquote> About the <a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a>, Ferguson wrote the mass influx of refugees into Europe from Syria was a modern version of the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerwanderung" class="mw-redirect" title="Völkerwanderung">Völkerwanderung</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> burst out of Asia and invaded Europe, causing millions of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> to flee into the presumed safety of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, smashing their way in as the Romans attempted unsuccessfully to stop the Germans from entering the empire.<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-136">[136]</a> Ferguson argued that Gibbon was wrong to claim the Roman Empire collapsed slowly and argues that the view among a growing number of modern scholars is that the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Roman Empire">collapse of the Roman Empire</a> was swift and violent; unforeseeable by Romans of the day, just as the collapse of modern European civilization would likewise be for modern Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-136">[136]</a> In 2017, Ferguson opined that the West had insufficiently heeded the rise of militant Islam and its global consequences in the same way it failed to predict that the rise of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> would lead to the further spread of communism and conflict around the world.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <blockquote>Ask yourself how effectively we in the West have responded to the rise of militant Islam since the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> unleashed its <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ite</a> variant and since <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a> revealed the even more aggressive character of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>. I fear we have done no better than our grandfathers did. Foreign intervention—the millions of dollars that have found their way from the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf</a> to radical mosques and Islamic centres in the West. Incompetent liberals—the proponents of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> who brand any opponent of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> an "<a href="/wiki/Islamophobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobe">Islamophobe</a>". Clueless bankers—the sort who fall over themselves to offer "sharia-compliant" loans and bonds. Fellow travellers—the leftists who line up with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> to castigate Israel at every opportunity. And the faint-hearted—those who were so quick to <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">pull out of Iraq</a> in 2009 that they allowed the rump of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> to morph into Isis. A century ago it was the West's great blunder to think it would not matter if <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Lenin and his confederates took over the Russian Empire</a>, despite their stated intention to plot <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a> and overthrow both democracy and capitalism. Incredible as it may seem, I believe we are capable of repeating that catastrophic error. I fear that, one day, we shall wake with a start to discover that the Islamists have repeated the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> achievement, which was to acquire the resources and capability to threaten our existence.</blockquote> During a 2018 debate, Ferguson asserted that he is not <a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">anti-immigration</a> or opposed to Muslims but felt that sections of Europe's political and intellectual classes had failed to predict the cultural and political consequences of large scale immigration. He stated that Islam differs from <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> through being "designed differently" as a political ideology that does not recognize the separation of mosque with the secular and temporal, and that the Muslim world has mostly followed an opposite trend to <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western society</a> by becoming less secularized and more literal in interpreting <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">holy scripture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-138">[138]</a> He concluded that if Europe kept pursuing large scale migration from pious Muslim societies combined with poor structures of economic and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural integration</a>, especially in an era when existing migrant communities are either unassimilated or loosely integrated into the host society, it is "highly likely" that networks of fundamentalist <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">dawah</a> will grow in which <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremists">Islamic extremists</a> draw in the culturally and economically unassimilated Muslims of immigrant backgrounds. Ferguson observed that even when living in Western nations, both he and his wife <a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a> have to live with permanent security measures as a result of her public critiques of Islam and status as a former Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq_War">Iraq War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Iraq War">edit</a>]</div> Ferguson supported the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and described himself a month after the invasion of Iraq in 2003, as ‘a fully paid-up member of the neo-imperialist gang’<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> and he is on record as being not necessarily opposed to future Western incursions around the world. <blockquote>It's all very well for us to sit here in the West with our high incomes and cushy lives, and say it's immoral to violate the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> of another state. But if the effect of that is to bring people in that country economic and political freedom, to raise their standard of living, to increase their life expectancy, then don't rule it out.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-39">[39]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Donald Trump">edit</a>]</div> Ferguson was initially skeptical of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s bid for the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016 Republican Party presidential primaries</a>, Ferguson was quoted in early 2016: "If you bother to read some of the serious analysis of Trump's support, you realize that it's a very fragile thing and highly unlikely to deliver what he needs in the crucial first phase of the primaries ... By the time we get to March–April, it's all over. I think there's going to be a wonderful catharsis, I'm really looking forward to it: Trump's humiliation. Bring it on."<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Trump eventually won the nomination. After <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, Ferguson stated that Trump could win via the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> if certain demographics turned out to vote in key <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Three weeks before the 2016 presidential election, after the <a href="/wiki/Access_Hollywood_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Access Hollywood tape">Access Hollywood tape</a> scandal, Ferguson stated in an interview that it "was over for Donald Trump", that "Trump had flamed out in all three <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2016 United States presidential debates">Presidential debates</a>", that "I don't think there can be any last minute surprise to rescue him [Trump]", and that there was no hope of Trump winning Independent voters and that Trump was "gone as a candidate", adding that "it seems to me clear that she [Hillary Clinton] is going to be the first female <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>. The only question is how bad does his [Trump's] flaming out affect candidates for the Senate, candidates for the House, further down on the ballot."<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In 2018, Ferguson argued that a Clinton presidency would have been more disruptive to the United States, and that Clinton would have been "immediately" <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">impeached</a> as Trump supporters would have likely believed that the election was rigged. Ferguson stated that he regarded himself "in the middle ground" in a generally polarized public and media opinion on <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump's presidency</a>. He elaborated that while he found Trump's personality "pretty hard to take", he cited several positive achievements undertaken by his administration, including America's stronger economic performance and noted that he found <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Trump's foreign policy stances</a> on <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> an improvement over that of the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a>. He further opined that the media was more focused on Trump's behaviour on social media than the "competent job" being done by members of his administration.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In 2019, he wrote an op-ed in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> arguing that the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a> was the beginning of a <a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a> between the United States and China, and that despite the risks of the showdown the introduction of an external enemy similar to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> could prove beneficial by reducing <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">political polarization in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a>, Ferguson observed that contrary to arguments from Trump's opponents that he only appealed to older White men, statistics showed his support among Black and Latino voters had risen. He opined that <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> was likely to win the presidency but that the Democratic Party would not see a "<a href="/wiki/Blue_wave_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue wave election">blue wave</a>" of support as it had tried to turn the election into "a referendum on Trump's handling of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19</a>" when there "hasn't been anything exceptionally bad about American performance", and that the Democrats had misjudged the mood of voters concerned about law and order following the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> protests.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> After the election was concluded, Ferguson stated that both Trump and the "<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_faction_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing faction in the Democratic Party (United States)">far-left of the Democratic Party</a>" had lost.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-147">[147]</a> Ferguson condemned the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 United States Capitol attack">2021 United States Capitol attack</a> committed by supporters of Trump, arguing on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> that the participants should be prosecuted and Trump's behaviour had cost the Republicans the Senate. He also argued that politicians who refused to condemn the event were unsuited for office.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> He argued that <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> was likely to remain a force within American politics and likened it to <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> Pretenders who sought to revolt in order to restore the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a> to the British royal throne after the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-147">[147]</a> In a May 2023 article for <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>, Ferguson hypothesized that a Trump victory in both the <a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">2024 Republican Party presidential primaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 United States presidential election</a> is a highly plausible outcome despite a "campaign of lawfare" against the former president and that tactical Democratic Party schemes or hopes for Trump to secure the nomination so as to campaign on an anti-Trump platform stand a strong chance of backfiring. Ferguson observed that Biden's <a href="/wiki/Approval_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval ratings">approval ratings</a> were lower at the time of writing than Trump's were in office and highlighted that other leaders, such as Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a>, Italy's <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>, and Malaysia's <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a>, were able to engineer political comebacks after being barred from politics. He further stated "the perception that Democratic operatives are using the legal system for political ends will likely help him win votes. It's a much better story than his earlier claim that the <a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 election was stolen</a>, which now bores almost everyone except Trump himself. It may seem paradoxical that the Democrats are harassing Trump in the courts if they want to run against him. But it makes sense: the prospect of him performing the perp walk attracts media coverage, and media coverage is the free publicity on which Trump has always thrived. Every column inch or minute of airtime his legal battles earn him is an inch or a minute less for his Republican rivals for the nomination."<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In September 2023, Ferguson again opined that the Democrats were likely to lose the White House to Trump unless Biden stepped down.<a href="#cite_note-Retire-150">[150]</a> He compared Trump's bid to <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> who served two non-consecutive terms, argued that Biden was polling similar numbers to <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> ahead of elections they lost after one term, and that Biden's desire to keep <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> as a running mate would harm his campaign due to her even poorer approval ratings.<a href="#cite_note-Retire-150">[150]</a> He also argued that scandals involving <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Biden" title="Hunter Biden">Hunter Biden</a> would furthermore hinder Biden's image by causing voters to feel less concern about Trump's indictments as both cases would heighten public perception that all politicians are crooks. Ferguson concluded that the only real option for the Democrats to defeat Trump if he won the Republican nomination would be to oust Biden and nominate a younger candidate, and added: "My money is on <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Newsom</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Retire-150">[150]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> in September 2024, Ferguson disputed arguments that Trump represented a threat to <a href="/wiki/American_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="American democracy">American democracy</a> and argued the Harris campaign was unlikely to persuade the public to vote against Trump by making this claim. Ferguson argued that Trump's "greatest weakness" was his conduct during the 2021 United States Capitol riot and refusal to accept the 2020 election result but noted that the "system contained Trump's impulses successfully in 2020 and 2021", and said that the problem with the Democratic claim that he is a threat to democracy is that for many ordinary voters it sounds overdone and is not as compelling an argument as it was in the past because voters have seen a Trump presidency.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trump's_"New_World_Order"">Trump's "New World Order"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Trump's "New World Order"">edit</a>]</div> In an article from November 2016 in <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>, Ferguson advised that Trump should support the efforts of the prime minister <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> to have the United Kingdom leave the European Union as the best way of breaking up the European Union, and sign a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreement</a> with the United Kingdom once Brexit is complete.<a href="#cite_note-bostonglobe.com-152">[152]</a> To stabilise international relations, Ferguson speculated that Trump could give recognition to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>, and work with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> by giving Russia a <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bostonglobe.com-152">[152]</a> In the same column, Ferguson advised Trump not to engage in a <a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">trade war</a> with China, and seek a policy of co-evolution with <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bostonglobe.com-152">[152]</a> Ferguson argued that Trump and Putin could work for the victory of <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> (an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Frexit" title="Frexit">Frexit</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Front</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 French presidential election</a>, arguing that Le Pen was the French politician most congenial to the Trump administration.<a href="#cite_note-bostonglobe.com-152">[152]</a> Ferguson argued that a quintumvirate of Trump, Putin, Xi, May, and Le Pen could then result in a stable "world order" that would reduce the likelihood of international conflict.<a href="#cite_note-bostonglobe.com-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economic policy">edit</a>]</div> In its edition of 15 August 2005, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a> published "The New New Deal", an essay by Ferguson and <a href="/wiki/Laurence_J._Kotlikoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence J. Kotlikoff">Laurence J. Kotlikoff</a>, a professor of economics at <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>. The two scholars called for the following changes to the American government's fiscal and income security policies:<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <ul><li>Replacing the <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Income tax in the United States">personal income tax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_income_tax_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate income tax in the United States">corporate income tax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act" title="Federal Insurance Contributions Act">Federal Insurance Contributions Act</a> tax (FICA), <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Estate tax in the United States">estate tax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gift_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Gift tax in the United States">gift tax</a> with a 33% Federal Retail Sales Tax (FRST), plus a monthly rebate, amounting to the amount of FRST that a household with similar demographics would pay if its income were at the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>, similar to the <a href="/wiki/FairTax" title="FairTax">FairTax</a> proposal.</li> <li>Replacing the old age benefits paid under <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> with a Personal Security System, consisting of private retirement accounts for all citizens, plus a government benefit payable to those whose savings were insufficient to afford a minimum retirement income</li> <li>Replacing <a href="/wiki/Medicare_and_Medicaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicare and Medicaid">Medicare and Medicaid</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal</a> Medical Security System that would provide health insurance vouchers to all citizens, the value of which would be determined by one's health</li> <li>Cutting federal <a href="/wiki/Discretionary_spending" title="Discretionary spending">discretionary spending</a> by 20%</li></ul> In February 2010, during the <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a>, Ferguson appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Beck Program">Glenn Beck Program</a> predicting that if <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rates</a> rose in the United States, it could experience a similar <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_default" title="Sovereign default">sovereign default</a> and mass <a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">civil disorder</a> to what was occurring in Greece. He also praised the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>. Later in the year, he called for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> under chairman <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> to end its second round of <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_easing" title="Quantitative easing">quantitative easing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In November 2012, Ferguson stated in a video with <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> that the U.S. has enough energy resources to move towards <a href="/wiki/Energy_independence" title="Energy independence">energy independence</a> and could possibly enter a new economic golden age due to the related socio-economic growth—coming out of the post-world economic recession doldrums.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Ferguson was an attendee of the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilderberg Group">Bilderberg Group</a> meeting, where he was a speaker on economic policy.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Ferguson was highly critical of the results of the <a href="/wiki/2016_European_Union_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 European Union referendum">2016 European Union referendum</a>, warning that "the economic consequences will be dire".<a href="#cite_note-auto1-157">[157]</a> Later, after backing the <a href="/wiki/Remain_(Brexit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remain (Brexit)">Remain</a> campaign during the referendum, Ferguson changed his mind and came out in support of Britain's exit from the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exchanges_with_Paul_Krugman">Exchanges with Paul Krugman</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Exchanges with Paul Krugman">edit</a>]</div> In May 2009, Ferguson became involved in a public exchange of views with economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a> arising out of a panel discussion hosted by <a href="/wiki/PEN_American_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="PEN American Center">PEN</a>/<a href="/wiki/New_York_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review">New York Review</a> on 30 April 2009, regarding the American economy. Ferguson contended that the Obama administration's policies are simultaneously <a href="/wiki/Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesian">Keynesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monetarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarist">monetarist</a> in an "incoherent" mix, and specifically claimed that the government's issuance of a multitude of new bonds would cause an increase in interest rates.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Krugman argued that Ferguson's view is "resurrecting 75-year old fallacies" and full of "basic errors". He also stated that Ferguson is a "poseur" who "hasn't bothered to understand the basics, relying on snide comments and surface cleverness to convey the impression of wisdom. It's all style, no comprehension of substance."<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In 2012, Jonathan Portes, the director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Economic_and_Social_Research" title="National Institute of Economic and Social Research">National Institute of Economic and Social Research</a>, said that subsequent events had shown Ferguson to be wrong: "As we all know, since then both the US and UK have had deficits running at historically extremely high levels, and long-term interest rates at historic lows: as Krugman has repeatedly pointed out, the (<a href="/wiki/IS/LM_model" class="mw-redirect" title="IS/LM model">IS-LM</a>) textbook has been spot on."<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> After Ferguson wrote a cover story for <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> arguing that <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> should be elected in the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a>, Krugman wrote that there were multiple errors and misrepresentations in the story, concluding: "We're not talking about ideology or even economic analysis here—just a plain misrepresentation of the facts, with an august publication letting itself be used to misinform readers. [The New York Times] would require an abject correction if something like that slipped through. Will Newsweek?"<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> In an online rebuttal titled "Paul Krugman Is Wrong", Ferguson defended his prior cover story, insisting that it was Krugman who had been wrong on the facts.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Matthew O'Brien countered that Ferguson was still distorting the meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> report being discussed, and that the entire piece could be read as an effort to deceive.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In 2013, Ferguson, naming <a href="/wiki/Dean_Baker" title="Dean Baker">Dean Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josh_Barro" title="Josh Barro">Josh Barro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brad_DeLong" class="mw-redirect" title="Brad DeLong">Brad DeLong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_O%27Brien" title="Matthew O'Brien">Matthew O'Brien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah_Smith_(writer)" title="Noah Smith (writer)">Noah Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Yglesias" title="Matthew Yglesias">Matthew Yglesias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Justin_Wolfers" title="Justin Wolfers">Justin Wolfers</a>, attacked "Krugman and his acolytes" in a three-part essay explaining his dislike of Krugman.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The essay title, "Krugtron the Invincible", originally comes from a post by Smith.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remarks_on_Keynes'_sexual_orientation">Remarks on Keynes' sexual orientation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Remarks on Keynes' sexual orientation">edit</a>]</div> At a May 2013 investment conference in <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad,_California" title="Carlsbad, California">Carlsbad, California</a>, Ferguson was asked about his views on economist <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>' quotation that "<a href="/wiki/In_the_long_run_we_are_all_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="In the long run we are all dead">in the long run we are all dead</a>". Ferguson stated that Keynes was indifferent to the future because he was gay and did not have children.<a href="#cite_note-Harris-169">[169]</a> The remarks were widely criticised for being offensive, factually inaccurate, and a distortion of Keynes' ideas.<a href="#cite_note-Blodget-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Ferguson posted an apology for these statements shortly after reports of his words were widely disseminated, saying his comments were "as stupid as they were insensitive".<a href="#cite_note-Harris-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In the apology, Ferguson stated: "My disagreements with Keynes's economic philosophy have never had anything to do with his <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>. It is simply false to suggest, as I did, that his approach to economic policy was inspired by any aspect of his personal life."<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stanford_Cardinal_Conversations">Stanford Cardinal Conversations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Stanford Cardinal Conversations">edit</a>]</div> In spring 2018, Ferguson was involved with <a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republican</a> leaders at Stanford to oppose a left-leaning student take over of the Cardinal Conversations initiative. In leaked emails, he was quoted as asking for opposition research on the student involved. He later apologized and resigned from the said initiative when emails were leaked revealing his involvement in the events. In a statement to <a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Daily" title="The Stanford Daily">The Stanford Daily</a>, Ferguson wrote: "I very much regret the publication of these emails. I also regret having written them."<a href="#cite_note-Stanforddaily-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cryptocurrency">edit</a>]</div> Ferguson was an early skeptic of <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptocurrencies">cryptocurrencies</a>, famously dismissing his teenage son's recommendation to buy <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a> in 2014. By 2017, he had changed his mind on Bitcoin's utility, saying it had established itself as a form of "digital gold: a store of value for wealthy investors, especially those located in countries with weak <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and high <a href="/wiki/Political_risk" title="Political risk">political risk</a>".<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In February 2019, Ferguson became an advisor for digital asset protocol firm Ampleforth Protocol, saying he was attracted by the firm's plan to "reinvent money in a way that protects individual freedom and to create a payments system that treats everyone equally".<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In March 2019, Ferguson spoke at an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Financial_Review" title="Australian Financial Review">Australian Financial Review</a> Business Summit, where he admitted to being "wrong to think there was no ... use for a form of currency based on <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain technology</a>... I don't think this will turn out to be a complete delusion."<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scottish_nationalism_and_the_British_Union">Scottish nationalism and the British Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Scottish nationalism and the British Union">edit</a>]</div> Ferguson has stated that he identified as a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish nationalist">Scottish nationalist</a> as a teenager but moderated his views after moving to England to study history. He has argued that Scottish nationalism is sometimes fueled by a distorted view that Scots have always been oppressed by the English and is misconceived by people from outside of the United Kingdom as the choice between being Scottish or English. Ferguson states that in contrast to the subjugations of Wales and Ireland, Scotland was united as an "equal" country to England during the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Act of Union of 1707</a>, and cites events such as <a href="/wiki/King_James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="King James VI of Scotland">King James VI of Scotland</a> inheriting the English crown, the failed <a href="/wiki/Darien_scheme" title="Darien scheme">Darien scheme</a> to colonize Panama, which prompted Scottish political elites to support the Union and that Scots were an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> to question the narrative that Scotland was oppressed. Ferguson has also argued (citing <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Waverley_(novel)" title="Waverley (novel)">Waverley</a>) that Scotland after the Jacobite rebellion remained a land divided by warring clans and religious factions, and that the Union helped to quell some of the conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-179">[179]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">2014 Scottish independence referendum</a>, Ferguson supported Scotland remaining within the United Kingdom, citing potential economic consequences of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a> but argued that the opposition campaign needed to focus on Scotland's history of cosmopolitanism, as well as economic points to save the Union.<a href="#cite_note-auto-179">[179]</a> In 2021, ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2021 Scottish Parliament election">2021 Scottish Parliament election</a>, Ferguson argued that the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> administration under <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> had made a mistake in believing devolution would stem Scottish nationalism but instead enabled the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> (SNP) to assume regional power and criticised the SNP government of <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon" title="Nicola Sturgeon">Nicola Sturgeon</a> for its management of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Scottish economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>. Ferguson furthermore states that the best way for the British government to thwart independence and the SNP's separationist demands was not by "unthinkingly accepting the SNP's argument that it has a moral right to a referendum on secession every time it wins a parliamentary election" and allowing a slim majority vote in favour to decide the outcome but instead by following the example of Canadian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chretien" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Chretien">Jean Chretien</a> and minister <a href="/wiki/Stephane_Dion" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephane Dion">Stephane Dion</a>'s who handled the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Quebecois" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Quebecois">Parti Quebecois</a>'s calls for <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec secessionism</a> by taking the matter to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Supreme Court">Canadian Supreme Court</a> and introducing the <a href="/wiki/Clarity_Act" title="Clarity Act">Clarity Act</a> rather than letting it solely be up to "a slim majority of the voters of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> if Canada broke up".<a href="#cite_note-auto4-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> In 2011, Ferguson predicted that <a href="/wiki/Grexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Grexit">Grexit</a> (the notion of Greece leaving the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> currency) was unlikely to happen but that Britain would leave the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) in the near future as it would be easier for Britain to leave the EU owing to the fact it was not part of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> and that returning to a national currency would be harder for countries who had signed up to a single currency.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-180">[180]</a> In 2012, he described the Eurozone as a "disaster waiting to happen".<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum</a>, Ferguson was initially critical of the idea of Britain leaving the EU despite his criticisms of the latter, warning that "the economic consequences will be dire", and endorsed a Remain vote.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-157">[157]</a> After backing the Remain campaign (<a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a>), Ferguson changed his stance and came out in support of <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, admitting that his support to stay in had been motivated in part on a personal level by not wanting the government of <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> (with whom he had a friendship) to collapse and in turn risk <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> becoming prime minister. Ferguson elaborated that while Brexit would still have some economic consequences, the EU had been a "disaster" on its monetary, immigration, national security, and radical Islam policies. He also added that "one has to recognise that the European elite's performances over the last decade entirely justified the revolt of provincial England".<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> In 2020, Ferguson predicted that the EU was destined to become "moribund" and was at risk of collapse in the near future and that the single currency had only benefited <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> and Germany in particular while causing economic havoc in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>. He also argued the "real disintegration of Europe" will happen over the <a href="/wiki/EU%27s_migration_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="EU's migration policies">EU's migration policies</a> that he says have both exacerbated and failed to provide solutions to <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigration</a> to the European continent from <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Ferguson stated that high levels of illegal immigration from <a href="/wiki/Muslim-majority_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim-majority nations">Muslim-majority nations</a> would in turn further the rise of <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurosceptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurosceptic">Eurosceptic</a> movements committed to rolling back or leaving the EU. Ferguson also predicted that in a decade's time Britain would question why there had been fuss, outcry, or debates over the manner of how to leave the EU over Brexit because "we'll have left something that was essentially disintegrating", and that "it would be a little bit like getting a divorce and then your ex drops dead, and you spent all that money on the divorce courts, if only you'd known how sick the ex was. The European Union is sick, and people don't really want to admit that, least of all in Brussels."<a href="#cite_note-auto2-180">[180]</a> When commenting on the ethnic diversity of the candidates for the <a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election</a>, Ferguson disputed that racism or nostalgia for the British Empire had played a significant role in the vote for Brexit.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic">edit</a>]</div> Ferguson, drawing on his research of the <a href="/wiki/1881%E2%80%931896_cholera_pandemic" title="1881–1896 cholera pandemic">1881–1896 cholera pandemic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a>, began predicting that the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> would have a severe impact on the world in January 2020. He later criticized both the <a href="/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">U.S. federal government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic</a> as inadequate, calling them "both, in their different ways, intelligible only as colossal failures by governments to make adequate preparations for a disaster they always knew to be a likely contingency".<a href="#cite_note-:0-184">[184]</a> He also dismissed the idea that <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a> had been responsible for failure of government responses to the pandemic, accusing <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> politicians such as the then Belgian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Wilm%C3%A8s" title="Sophie Wilmès">Sophie Wilmès</a> and United States president <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> of making similar mistakes to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-185">[185]</a> He reflected in a 2021 podcast interview with <a href="/wiki/Lex_Fridman" title="Lex Fridman">Lex Fridman</a> that many of the failures in the United States had been systemic rather than the personal fault of Trump, and that Trump was unfairly blamed because of the <a href="/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic">Trump administration's messaging</a>. He alleged that <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s handling of the <a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">U.S. opioid epidemic</a> had been similarly costly but more obscure. Ferguson also praised <a href="/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed" title="Operation Warp Speed">Operation Warp Speed</a>, and argued that part of the reason for the failure of the U.S. government to effectively respond to the pandemic was the absence of a similar program for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 testing in the United States">COVID-19 testing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> On 22 March 2022, around a month after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Ferguson wrote: "I conclude that the U.S. intends to keep this war going. The administration will continue to supply the Ukrainians with anti-aircraft Stingers, antitank Javelins and explosive Switchblade drones. ... It helps explain, among other things, the lack of any diplomatic effort by the U.S. to secure a cease-fire. ... Prolonging the war runs the risk not just of leaving tens of thousands of Ukrainians dead and millions homeless, but also of handing Putin something that he can plausibly present at home as victory."<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg2022-186">[186]</a> He also criticized the <a href="/wiki/2022_Moscow_rally" title="2022 Moscow rally">2022 Moscow rally</a> for justifying the invasion and described it as "fascistic".<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg2022-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023–2024_Israel–Hamas_war">2023–2024 Israel–Hamas war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: 2023–2024 Israel–Hamas war">edit</a>]</div> In wake of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a>, Ferguson said, "I think it is clear that Israel can no longer co-exist with Hamas in control of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>. If anybody doubted that, then surely those doubts were dispelled on October the 7th with the most hideous scenes of violence against Jews since <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>". He added that "The issue is can Hamas be destroyed, as it should be, at an acceptable cost".<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Ferguson met journalist <a href="/wiki/Sue_Douglas" title="Sue Douglas">Sue Douglas</a> in 1987, when she was his editor at <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>. They married in 1994, and went on to have three children.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> In February 2010, Ferguson separated from Douglas and thereafter started dating <a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Ferguson and Douglas divorced in 2011. Ferguson married Hirsi Ali on 10 September 2011;<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> she gave birth to their son three months later.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Upset about the media coverage of his relationship with Hirsi Ali, which implied that he had begun dating her before his first marriage had unraveled, Ferguson stated: "I don't care about the sex lives of celebrities, so I was a little unprepared for having my private life all over the country."<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-90">[90]</a> Ferguson dedicated his book Civilization to "Ayaan". In an interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, Ferguson spoke about his love for Ali who, he writes in the preface, "understands better than anyone I know what Western civilisation really means – and what it still has to offer the world".<a href="#cite_note-guardian-39">[39]</a> The couple have two sons.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In a 2024 interview with <a href="/wiki/Greg_Sheridan" title="Greg Sheridan">Greg Sheridan</a>, Ferguson said that he, Hirsi Ali, and their two sons were baptised in September 2023.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Ferguson's self-confessed <a href="/wiki/Workaholism" class="mw-redirect" title="Workaholism">workaholism</a> has placed strains on his personal relations in the past. In 2011, Ferguson commented: <blockquote>[F]rom 2002, the combination of making TV programmes and teaching at Harvard took me away from my children too much. You don't get those years back. You have to ask yourself: "Was it a smart decision to do those things?" I think the success I have enjoyed since then has been bought at a significant price. In hindsight, there would have been a bunch of things that I would have said no to.<a href="#cite_note-Duncan-27">[27]</a></blockquote> Ferguson was the inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/The_History_Boys" title="The History Boys">The History Boys</a> (2004), particularly the character of Irwin, a history teacher who urges his pupils to find a counterintuitive angle, and who then goes on to become a television historian.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-20">[20]</a> Irwin, writes David Smith of The Observer, gives the impression that "an entire career can be built on the trick of contrariness".<a href="#cite_note-Smith-20">[20]</a> In 2018, Ferguson became <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">naturalised</a> as a United States citizen.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> He was elected an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</a> (HonFRSE) in the disciplines of language, literature and history in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> On 14 June 2024, Ferguson was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighthood</a> in the birthday honours list of <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson_bibliography" title="Niall Ferguson bibliography">Niall Ferguson bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall (1995). Paper and iron : Hamburg business and German politics in the era of inflation, 1897–1927. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47016-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47016-1"><bdi>0-521-47016-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paper+and+iron+%3A+Hamburg+business+and+German+politics+in+the+era+of+inflation%2C+1897%E2%80%931927&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-47016-1&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/houseofrothschi000ferg">The House of Rothschild: The World's Banker, 1849–1999</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-88794-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-88794-3"><bdi>0-670-88794-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Rothschild%3A+The+World%27s+Banker%2C+1849%E2%80%931999&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-670-88794-3&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhouseofrothschi000ferg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (1998). The World's Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild. London: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-81539-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-81539-3"><bdi>0-297-81539-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Banker%3A+The+History+of+the+House+of+Rothschild&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-297-81539-3&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/houseofrothschil00ferg">The House of Rothschild</a>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-85768-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-85768-8"><bdi>0-670-85768-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Rothschild&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-670-85768-8&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhouseofrothschil00ferg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1999" class="citation book cs1">— (1999) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pityofwarexplain00ferg">The Pity of War</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-05711-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-05711-X"><bdi>0-465-05711-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41124439">41124439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pity+of+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41124439&rft.isbn=0-465-05711-X&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpityofwarexplain00ferg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (1999) [1997]. Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02322-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02322-3"><bdi>0-465-02322-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virtual+History%3A+Alternatives+and+Counterfactuals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-465-02322-3&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2001). The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700–2000. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9465-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9465-7"><bdi>0-7139-9465-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46459770">46459770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cash+Nexus%3A+Money+and+Power+in+the+Modern+World%2C+1700%E2%80%932000&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46459770&rft.isbn=0-7139-9465-7&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2003). Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World. London: <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane_(imprint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Lane (imprint)">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9615-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9615-3"><bdi>0-7139-9615-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%3A+How+Britain+Made+the+Modern+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7139-9615-3&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2003). Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02328-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02328-2"><bdi>0-465-02328-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%3A+The+Rise+and+Demise+of+the+British+World+Order+and+the+Lessons+for+Global+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-465-02328-2&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> American edition.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2004). Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire. <a href="/wiki/Gardners_Books" title="Gardners Books">Gardners Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9770-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9770-2"><bdi>0-7139-9770-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossus%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+American+Empire&rft.pub=Gardners+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7139-9770-2&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1914whyworldwent00ferg">1914</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pocket_Penguins" title="Pocket Penguins">Pocket Penguins</a> 70s S. London, England: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102220-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-102220-5"><bdi>0-14-102220-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1914&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Pocket+Penguins+70s+S&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-14-102220-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1914whyworldwent00ferg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2006). The War of the World: History's Age of Hatred. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9708-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9708-7"><bdi>0-7139-9708-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+World%3A+History%27s+Age+of+Hatred&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7139-9708-7&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> American ed. has the title: The war of the World: Twentieth-century Conflict and the Descent of the West <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70839824">70839824</a> (also a Channel 4 series)<a href="#cite_note-ch4_wotw-202">[202]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Ascent_of_Money:_A_Financial_History_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World">The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World</a>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-106-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-106-5"><bdi>978-1-84614-106-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+Money%3A+A+Financial+History+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-106-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2010). High Financier: The Lives and Times of Siegmund Warburg. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-246-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-246-9"><bdi>978-1-59420-246-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Financier%3A+The+Lives+and+Times+of+Siegmund+Warburg&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-246-9&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilizationwest00ferg">Civilization: The West and the Rest</a>. The Penguin Press HC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-305-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-305-3"><bdi>978-1-59420-305-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilization%3A+The+West+and+the+Rest&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press+HC&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-305-3&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilizationwest00ferg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2013). <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Degeneration:_How_Institutions_Decay_and_Economies_Die" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Degeneration: How Institutions Decay and Economies Die">The Great Degeneration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Degeneration&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2015). Kissinger: 1923–1968: The Idealist. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-653-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-653-5"><bdi>978-1-59420-653-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kissinger%3A+1923%E2%80%931968%3A+The+Idealist&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-653-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2017). <a href="/wiki/The_Square_and_the_Tower" title="The Square and the Tower">The Square and the Tower: Networks, Hierarchies and the Struggle for Global Power</a>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-024129-046-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-024129-046-0"><bdi>978-024129-046-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Square+and+the+Tower%3A+Networks%2C+Hierarchies+and+the+Struggle+for+Global+Power&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-024129-046-0&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2021). <a href="/wiki/Doom_(book)" title="Doom (book)">Doom: The Politics of Catastrophe</a>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-24148844-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-24148844-7"><bdi>978-0-24148844-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doom%3A+The+Politics+of+Catastrophe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-24148844-7&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FergBio-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FergBio_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niallferguson.com/site/FERG/Templates/General2.aspx?pageid=5">Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720022717/http://www.niallferguson.com/site/FERG/Templates/General2.aspx?pageid=5">Archived</a> 20 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Niall Ferguson </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfercenter.org/person/niall-ferguson">"Niall Ferguson"</a>. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Retrieved 20 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Niall+Ferguson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfercenter.org%2Fperson%2Fniall-ferguson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/profiles/niall-ferguson">"Niall Ferguson"</a>. Hoover Institution. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution&rft.atitle=Niall+Ferguson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fprofiles%2Fniall-ferguson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/school-of-public-policy/news/Niall-Ferguson.aspx">"LSE's School of Public Policy welcomes Niall Ferguson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>. 24 October 2023. 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Retrieved 18 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gmba.sem.tsinghua.edu.cn&rft.atitle=Tsinghua+Global+MBA+%E2%80%93+Your+Gateway+to+the+Best+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgmba.sem.tsinghua.edu.cn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2021" class="citation news cs1">Ferguson, Niall (8 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-11-08/niall-ferguson-america-s-woke-universities-need-to-be-replaced">"I'm Helping to Start a New College Because Higher Ed Is Broken"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. 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Retrieved 11 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Best+books+...+chosen+by+Niall+Ferguson&rft.date=2015-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Farticles%2F510693%2Fbest-books--chosen-by-niall-ferguson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/11/books/review/niall-ferguson-by-the-book.html">"Niall Ferguson: By the Book"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 11 January 2018. 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Retrieved 24 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Niall+Ferguson%3A+%27Westerners+don%27t+understand+how+vulnerable+freedom+is%27&rft.date=2011-02-20&rft.aulast=Skidelsky&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Ffeb%2F20%2Fniall-ferguson-interview-civilization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CH2010-40"><a href="#cite_ref-CH2010_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Higgins" title="Charlotte Higgins">Higgins, Charlotte</a> (31 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/may/30/niall-ferguson-school-curriculum-role">"Empire strikes back: rightwing historian to get curriculum role"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 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Retrieved 17 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Star+professors+set+up+humanities+college&rft.date=2011-06-05&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Faaa064e2-8f6f-11e0-954d-00144feab49a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanforddaily-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanforddaily_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanforddaily_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanforddaily_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContrerasDouglasStatler2018" class="citation news cs1">Contreras, Brian; Douglas, Courtney; Statler, Ada (31 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stanforddaily.com/2018/05/31/emails-between-ferguson-scr-reveal-opposition-research-against-ocon-prompt-fergusons-resignation-from-cardinal-conversations-leadership-role/">"Leaked emails show Hoover academic conspiring with College Republicans to conduct "opposition research" on student"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Great+and+the+Good&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft.aulast=McCloskey&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Freview-the-great-and-the-good-1515794202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-linker1-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linker1_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-linker1_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinker2021" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Damon_Linker" title="Damon Linker">Linker, Damon</a> (4 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/04/books/review/niall-ferguson-doom.html">"Niall Ferguson Examines Disasters of the Past and Disasters Still to Come"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Niall+Ferguson+Examines+Disasters+of+the+Past+and+Disasters+Still+to+Come&rft.date=2021-05-04&rft.aulast=Linker&rft.aufirst=Damon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F05%2F04%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fniall-ferguson-doom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaronovitch-85"><a href="#cite_ref-aaronovitch_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaronovitch2021" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Aaronovitch" title="David Aaronovitch">Aaronovitch, David</a> (23 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/doom-the-politics-of-catastrophe-by-niall-ferguson-review-s30rn2d27">"Doom: The Politics of Catastrophe by Niall Ferguson review — the history of disaster, as told by a superspreader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Doom%3A+The+Politics+of+Catastrophe+by+Niall+Ferguson+review+%E2%80%94+the+history+of+disaster%2C+as+told+by+a+superspreader&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft.aulast=Aaronovitch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fdoom-the-politics-of-catastrophe-by-niall-ferguson-review-s30rn2d27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/jun/02/niall-ferguson-quits-stanford-free-speech-role-over-leaked-emails">"Niall Ferguson quits Stanford free speech role over leaked emails"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 2 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Niall+Ferguson+quits+Stanford+free+speech+role+over+leaked+emails&rft.date=2018-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2018%2Fjun%2F02%2Fniall-ferguson-quits-stanford-free-speech-role-over-leaked-emails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/the-ascent-of-niall-ferguson">"The Ascent of Niall Ferguson"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+Niall+Ferguson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissentmagazine.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-ascent-of-niall-ferguson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v=MdeFJ4WCqhk">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/feb/20/niall-ferguson-interview-civilization">"Niall Ferguson: 'Westerners don't understand how vulnerable freedom is'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 20 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Niall+Ferguson%3A+%27Westerners+don%27t+understand+how+vulnerable+freedom+is%27&rft.date=2011-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Ffeb%2F20%2Fniall-ferguson-interview-civilization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/apr/11/niall-ferguson-political-debate-england-america">"'The left love being provoked by me ... they think I'm a reactionary imperialist scumbag'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 11 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+left+love+being+provoked+by+me+...+they+think+I%27m+a+reactionary+imperialist+scumbag%27&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fapr%2F11%2Fniall-ferguson-political-debate-england-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFnfergus2022" class="citation web cs1">@nfergus (19 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/nfergus/status/1549367784080961537">"The rise of the very talented @KemiBadenoch is truly remarkable. She would be a Tory Obama if she won this. The whole leadership contest is a disaster for the bogus narrative that Brexit was motivated by racism and / or nostalgia for Empire"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+the+very+talented+%40KemiBadenoch+is+truly+remarkable.+She+would+be+a+Tory+Obama+if+she+won+this.+The+whole+leadership+contest+is+a+disaster+for+the+bogus+narrative+that+Brexit+was+motivated+by+racism+and+%2F+or+nostalgia+for+Empire.&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft.au=nfergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fnfergus%2Fstatus%2F1549367784080961537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999460–461-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999460–461_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1999">Ferguson 1999</a>, pp. 460–461. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999154–156-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999154–156_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1999">Ferguson 1999</a>, pp. 154–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson199927–30-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson199927–30_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1999">Ferguson 1999</a>, pp. 27–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson199952–55-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson199952–55_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1999">Ferguson 1999</a>, pp. 52–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson199968–76-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson199968–76_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1999">Ferguson 1999</a>, pp. 68–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson199987–101,_118–125-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson199987–101,_118–125_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1999">Ferguson 1999</a>, pp. 87–101, 118–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-berghahn-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berghahn_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berghahn_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berghahn_98-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/09/reviews/990509.09berghat.html">"No Man's Land"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Volker_Berghahn" title="Volker Berghahn">V. 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Berghahn</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 9 May 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999239–247-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999239–247_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1999">Ferguson 1999</a>, pp. 239–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999310–317-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999310–317_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1999">Ferguson 1999</a>, pp. 310–317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999336–338-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999336–338_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1999">Ferguson 1999</a>, pp. 336–338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999357–366-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999357–366_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1999">Ferguson 1999</a>, pp. 357–366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999380–388-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999380–388_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1999">Ferguson 1999</a>, pp. 380–388. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999412–431-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999412–431_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1999">Ferguson 1999</a>, pp. 412–431. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson,_Niall_1998,_pages_168-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson,_Niall_1998,_pages_168_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson,_Niall_1998,_pages_168_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1999">Ferguson 1999</a>, pp. 168–173, 460–461 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane and Becker, Annette 14–18: Understanding the Great War, New York: Hill and Wang, 2014 p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg_pages_281-282-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_pages_281-282_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_pages_281-282_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_pages_281-282_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_pages_281-282_107-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard</a> (June 2000). 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The New York Review of Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.nybooks.com&rft.atitle=Family+Values&rft.date=1999-11-16&rft.aulast=Skidelsky&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F1999%2F12%2F16%2Ffamily-values%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreisler2003" class="citation web cs1">Kreisler, Harry (3 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706200525/http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people3/Ferguson/ferguson-con2.html">"Conversation with Niall Ferguson: Being a Historian"</a>. Conversations with History. Regents of the University of California. 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Niall Ferguson is never unintelligent and certainly never dull. Students may find this an intriguing introduction to a wide range of human history; but they will get an odd idea of how historical argument is to be conducted, if they learn it from this book</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Civilisation%3A+The+West+and+the+Rest+by+Niall+Ferguson%3A+review&rft.date=2011-03-13&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F8371304%2FCivilisation-The-West-and-the-Rest-by-Niall-Ferguson-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagan2006" class="citation news cs1">Hagan, Joe (27 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/news/people/24750/">"The Once and Future Kissinger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a>. 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Retrieved 19 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Empire+by+Niall+Ferguson&rft.date=2003-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2003%2Fjan%2F18%2Ffeaturesreviews.guardianreview5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143137/http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/tempus/Book_Reviews_files/olsenreview.pdf">"Review Niall Ferguson, Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 384 pp"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 2 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+Niall+Ferguson%2C+Empire%3A+The+Rise+and+Demise+of+the+British+World+Order+and+the+Lessons+for+Global+Power+%28New+York%3A+Basic+Books%2C+2003%29%2C+384+pp.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcs.harvard.edu%2Ftempus%2FBook_Reviews_files%2Folsenreview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Hoffmann, Stanley (28 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2003-09-01/empire-rise-and-demise-british-world-order-and-its-lessons-global">"Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and Its Lessons for Global Power, Review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Empire%3A+The+Rise+and+Demise+of+the+British+World+Order+and+Its+Lessons+for+Global+Power%2C+Review&rft.date=2009-01-28&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Freviews%2Fcapsule-review%2F2003-09-01%2Fempire-rise-and-demise-british-world-order-and-its-lessons-global&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/jun/16/british-empire-kenya-deaths">"Letters: The British empire and deaths in Kenya"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 16 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Letters%3A+The+British+empire+and+deaths+in+Kenya&rft.date=2010-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2010%2Fjun%2F16%2Fbritish-empire-kenya-deaths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne2010" class="citation news cs1">Milne, Seumas (10 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jun/10/british-empire-michael-gove-history-teaching">"This attempt to rehabilitate empire is a recipe for conflict"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=This+attempt+to+rehabilitate+empire+is+a+recipe+for+conflict&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.aufirst=Seumas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Fjun%2F10%2Fbritish-empire-michael-gove-history-teaching&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2011" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Mishra" title="Pankaj Mishra">Mishra, Pankaj</a> (3 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n21/pankaj-mishra/watch-this-man">"Watch this man"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>. 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Retrieved 2 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Watch+this+man&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Pankaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv33%2Fn21%2Fpankaj-mishra%2Fwatch-this-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont2011" class="citation news cs1">Beaumont, Peter (26 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/26/niall-ferguson-pankaj-mishra-review">"Niall Ferguson threatens to sue over accusation of racism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 4 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Niall+Ferguson+threatens+to+sue+over+accusation+of+racism&rft.date=2011-11-26&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fnov%2F26%2Fniall-ferguson-pankaj-mishra-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-simonandschuster-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simonandschuster_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-simonandschuster_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2017" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Jon (10 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simonandschuster.co.uk/books/India-Conquered/Jon-Wilson/9781471101250">India Conquered</a>. 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Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. 24 (3): 19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09596410.2013.783969">10.1080/09596410.2013.783969</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145132618">145132618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+and+Christian-Muslim+Relations&rft.atitle=Eurabia+Comes+to+Norway&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09596410.2013.783969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145132618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bangstad&rft.aufirst=Sindre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263485050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Niall Ferguson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/04/magazine/the-way-we-live-now-4-4-04-eurabia.html">"The way we live now: 4-4-04; Eurabia?"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 4 April 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Niall Ferguson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelbrochuregraphics.com/extra/end_of_europe.htm">The end of Europe?</a> American Enterprise Institute Bradley Lecture, 1 March 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928054328/http://www.travelbrochuregraphics.com/extra/end_of_europe.htm">Archived</a> 28 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2006" class="citation journal cs1">Carr, M. 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Race & Class. 48: 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306396806066636">10.1177/0306396806066636</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145303405">145303405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+%26+Class&rft.atitle=You+are+now+entering+Eurabia&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0306396806066636&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145303405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_136-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_136-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2015" class="citation news cs1">Ferguson, Niall (16 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2015/11/16/paris-and-fall-rome/ErlRjkQMGXhvDarTIxXpdK/story.html">"Paris and the fall of Rome"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. Retrieved 31 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Paris+and+the+fall+of+Rome&rft.date=2015-11-16&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fopinion%2F2015%2F11%2F16%2Fparis-and-fall-rome%2FErlRjkQMGXhvDarTIxXpdK%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Ferguson, Niall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516054811/https://www.niallferguson.com/journalism/history/we-let-lenin-rise-millions-died.-now-its-islamism">"We let Lenin rise, millions died. Now it's Islamism"</a>. Niall Ferguson. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niallferguson.com/journalism/history/we-let-lenin-rise-millions-died.-now-its-islamism">the original</a> on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Niall+Ferguson&rft.atitle=We+let+Lenin+rise%2C+millions+died.+Now+it%27s+Islamism&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niallferguson.com%2Fjournalism%2Fhistory%2Fwe-let-lenin-rise-millions-died.-now-its-islamism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFnfergus2018" class="citation web cs1">@nfergus (13 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/nfergus/status/973638691108290561">"A sometimes heated conversation with..."</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+sometimes+heated+conversation+with...&rft.date=2018-03-13&rft.au=nfergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fnfergus%2Fstatus%2F973638691108290561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://highprofiles.info/interview/niall-ferguson/">"Past Master"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Past+Master&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhighprofiles.info%2Finterview%2Fniall-ferguson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gregmankiw.blogspot.com/2006/09/ferguson-interview.html">"Ferguson Interview"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ferguson+Interview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgregmankiw.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F09%2Fferguson-interview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-21/trump-fear-stalks-davos-as-elite-pray-for-spring-reality-check">"The Specter of Donald Trump Is Haunting Davos"</a>. Bloomberg.com. 21 January 2016 – via www.bloomberg.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=The+Specter+of+Donald+Trump+Is+Haunting+Davos&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-01-21%2Ftrump-fear-stalks-davos-as-elite-pray-for-spring-reality-check&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2016" class="citation news cs1">Ferguson, Niall (6 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/trump-pitches-clinton-swings-but-the-size-of-the-crowd-is-key-to-this-game-c2r5tp2pb">"Trump pitches, Clinton swings. But the size of the crowd is key to this game"</a>. The Times. Retrieved 16 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+pitches%2C+Clinton+swings.+But+the+size+of+the+crowd+is+key+to+this+game&rft.date=2016-11-06&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Ftrump-pitches-clinton-swings-but-the-size-of-the-crowd-is-key-to-this-game-c2r5tp2pb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226213541/http://finance.yahoo.com/video/niall-ferguson-over-trump-060115408.html">"Niall Ferguson: It's over for Trump [Video]"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/video/niall-ferguson-over-trump-060115408.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niall+Ferguson%3A+It%27s+over+for+Trump+%5BVideo%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fvideo%2Fniall-ferguson-over-trump-060115408.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/06/economic-historian-niall-ferguson.html">"The US would be in a bigger mess under Clinton than it is under Trump, historian Niall Ferguson says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. 6 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=The+US+would+be+in+a+bigger+mess+under+Clinton+than+it+is+under+Trump%2C+historian+Niall+Ferguson+says&rft.date=2018-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F09%2F06%2Feconomic-historian-niall-ferguson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2019" class="citation news cs1">Ferguson, Niall (2 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/02/opinion/china-cold-war.html">"Opinion | The New Cold War? It's With China, and It Has Already Begun"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 30 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+The+New+Cold+War%3F+It%27s+With+China%2C+and+It+Has+Already+Begun&rft.date=2019-12-02&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F12%2F02%2Fopinion%2Fchina-cold-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/election-colossal-failure-democratic-party-165019097.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAG7ecqM0MxqU9fQ1x24aH4cxCS7md7zLAB6PdGd_ZB8xB7EzyfiU-hDLwYleUY79wnB3iJ1iHFD5r96KCVhdl0-xBix7NaMC51ZCQh0BxmmKOv9aTt4V-qweT1o51dWWccQs-irP90oWWiM_mTkLPVBPFtY_se2ULb5cuJCZwxcQ">"This election is a "colossal failure" for the Democratic Party: Niall Ferguson"</a>. 4 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+election+is+a+%22colossal+failure%22+for+the+Democratic+Party%3A+Niall+Ferguson&rft.date=2020-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Flifestyle%2Felection-colossal-failure-democratic-party-165019097.html%3Fguccounter%3D1%26guce_referrer%3DaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8%26guce_referrer_sig%3DAQAAAG7ecqM0MxqU9fQ1x24aH4cxCS7md7zLAB6PdGd_ZB8xB7EzyfiU-hDLwYleUY79wnB3iJ1iHFD5r96KCVhdl0-xBix7NaMC51ZCQh0BxmmKOv9aTt4V-qweT1o51dWWccQs-irP90oWWiM_mTkLPVBPFtY_se2ULb5cuJCZwxcQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrobusiness.com.au/2021/01/a-historians-view-of-the-capitol-riot/">"An historian's view of the Capitol riot"</a>. 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+historian%27s+view+of+the+Capitol+riot&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrobusiness.com.au%2F2021%2F01%2Fa-historians-view-of-the-capitol-riot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFnfergus2021" class="citation web cs1">@nfergus (6 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/nfergus/status/1346937238001569794">"Today's scenes in the Capitol are a disgrace. The organizers and perpetrators of this banana republic coup attempt must be prosecuted and punished. Any politician who does not unequivocally condemn what happened should have no future in democratic politics"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today%27s+scenes+in+the+Capitol+are+a+disgrace.+The+organizers+and+perpetrators+of+this+banana+republic+coup+attempt+must+be+prosecuted+and+punished.+Any+politician+who+does+not+unequivocally+condemn+what+happened+should+have+no+future+in+democratic+politics.&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.au=nfergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fnfergus%2Fstatus%2F1346937238001569794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/trumps-second-act-he-can-still-win-in-spite-of-everything/">"Trump's second act: he can still win, in spite of everything"</a>. 10 May 2023. 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Retrieved 8 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Niall+Ferguson+joins+blockchain+project+Ampleforth&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Jemima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fftalphaville.ft.com%2F2019%2F02%2F08%2F1549641256000%2FNiall-Ferguson-joins-blockchain-project-Ampleforth-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412060322/https://www.ampleforth.org/about/">"About Us"</a>. ampleforth.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampleforth.org/about/">the original</a> on 12 April 2020. 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Retrieved 19 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Niall+Ferguson&rft.atitle=Sorry%2C+I+was+wrong+to+fight+Brexit+to+keep+my+friends+in+No+10+and+No+11+%26%23124%3B+Niall+Ferguson+%26%23124%3B+Journalism&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niallferguson.com%2Fjournalism%2Fpolitics%2Fsorry-i-was-wrong-to-fight-brexit-to-keep-my-friends-in-no-10-and-no-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall (2021). Doom: The Politics of Catastrophe. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Press">Penguin Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-29737-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-29737-7"><bdi>978-0-593-29737-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1197724463">1197724463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doom%3A+The+Politics+of+Catastrophe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1197724463&rft.isbn=978-0-593-29737-7&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFridman2021" class="citation web cs1">Fridman, Lex (8 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lexfridman.com/niall-ferguson/">"#239 – Niall Ferguson: History of Money, Power, War, and Truth | Lex Fridman Podcast"</a>. 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So, Unfortunately, Does the U.S."</a> Bloomberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Putin+Misunderstands+History.+So%2C+Unfortunately%2C+Does+the+U.S.&rft.date=2022-03-22&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fopinion%2Farticles%2F2022-03-22%2Fniall-ferguson-putin-and-biden-misunderstand-history-in-ukraine-war%3Fsref%3DxzGl1Vcx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skynews.com.au/opinion/piers-morgan/hamas-intending-nothing-less-than-a-second-holocaust-niall-ferguson/video/248ab4e66a7ed0b5ac3180537e065024">"Hamas 'intending nothing less than a second Holocaust': Niall Ferguson"</a>. 6 December 2023. 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Retrieved 21 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekend+Australian&rft.atitle=How+historian+Niall+Ferguson+became+a+religious+believer+%28print%3A+Niall+Ferguson%27s+journey+from+atheist+to+Christian%29&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2024-12-21&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Finquirer%2Fhow-historian-niall-ferguson-became-a-religious-believer%2Fnews-story%2F584b057b0dde22570a248ea3b5d7f433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Ferguson, Niall (15 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/britain-trumped-i-m-an-american-citizen-at-last-2w7gsl93h">"Britain Trumped: I'm an American citizen at last"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. 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Retrieved 4 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Birthday+Honours+List+2024&rft.date=2024-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fthe-kings-birthday-honours-list-2024%2Fbirthday-honours-list-2024-high-awards-html%23knights-bachelor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ch4_wotw-202"><a href="#cite_ref-ch4_wotw_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080427054130/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/t-z/warworld.html">"The War of the World"</a>. Channel 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/t-z/warworld.html">the original</a> on 27 April 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+World&rft.pub=Channel+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fhistory%2Fmicrosites%2FH%2Fhistory%2Ft-z%2Fwarworld.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Snowman" title="Daniel Snowman">Snowman, Daniel</a> (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100303092832/http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=30556&amid=30210444">"Niall Ferguson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a>. 54 (10): 37–39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=30556&amid=30210444">the original</a> on 3 March 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Niall+Ferguson&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2004-10&rft.aulast=Snowman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2FMainArticle.aspx%3Fm%3D30556%26amid%3D30210444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiall+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301230141/http://www.thersa.org/events/vision/vision-videos/niall-ferguson">"The Ascent of Money"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Encouragement_of_Arts,_Manufactures_and_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce">Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1246_the_forum/page20.shtml">"Audio: Niall Ferguson in conversation"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Forum_(BBC_World_Service)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Forum (BBC World Service)">The Forum</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Koning" title="Hans Koning">Hans Koning</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanskoning.net/misc/article_nation_081999.html">"Still Not Over Over There?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130905222343/http://www.hanskoning.net/misc/article_nation_081999.html">Archived</a> 5 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>, August 1999 – Review of The Pity of War</li> <li>Martin Rubin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704895204575321072553012144?mod=WSJ_LifeStyle_Lifestyle_6">"A Banker to the Rescue"</a>, WSJ.com, 26 June 2010</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ahamed" title="Liaquat Ahamed">Liaquat Ahamed</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/01/books/review/Ahamed-t.html?ref=books">"Yesterday's Banker"</a>, NYTimes.com, 30 July 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522131434/http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/the-sun-sets-in-the-west/">"The Sun Sets in the West"</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Oxonian_Review" title="The Oxonian Review">The Oxonian Review</a>, 4 April 2011 – Review of Civilization</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110506010810/http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/an-interview-with-niall-ferguson/">"An Interview with Niall Ferguson"</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>, The Oxonian Review, 9 April 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2011/05/24/lind_niall_fergsuon/">"Niall Ferguson and the brain-dead American right"</a>, 24 May 2011</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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href="https://www.ted.com/speakers/niall_ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a> at <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377638#P2611" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0272563/">Niall Ferguson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377638#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?niallferguson">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377638#P2190" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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[\"CITEREFLynn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCloskey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGee2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcRae2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillar2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilmoBlackall2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilne2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishra2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiall2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNumann2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Donnell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Toole\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersonFerguson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPortes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoush2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheridan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkidelsky1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkidelsky2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTassel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTempleton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTooze2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTryhorn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasagar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaslekar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisenthal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWill2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2003b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZia-Ebrahimi2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 16,\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 5,\n [\"Center\"] = 2,\n [\"Charlie Rose guest\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 83,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 58,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism UK\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Ferguson, Niall\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead YouTube link\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox academic\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Official URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 6,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Registration required\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Similar names\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"TED speaker\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","20.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","340","19.5"],["dataWrapper 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Ferguson","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niall_Ferguson","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q377638","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q377638","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-01T20:30:04Z","dateModified":"2025-02-04T14:57:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/72\/Niall_Ferguson_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_%2837840342015%29_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"British historian"}</script> </body> </html>