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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Structures beneath London</div> <p><b>Subterranean London</b> refers to a number of <a href="/wiki/Subterranea_(geography)" title="Subterranea (geography)">subterranean structures</a> that lie beneath <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. The city has been occupied by humans for two millennia. Over time, the capital has acquired a vast number of these structures and spaces, often as a result of war and conflict. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_and_waste">Water and waste</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subterranean_London&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Water and waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The River <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a> runs west–east through the centre of London. Many tributaries flow into it. Over time these changed from water sources to untreated sewers and disease sources.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11751359_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11751359-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the city developed from a cluster of villages, many of the Thames tributaries were <a href="/wiki/Subterranean_rivers_of_London" title="Subterranean rivers of London">buried or converted into canals</a>. </p><p>The rivers failed to carry all the <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> of the growing metropolis. The resulting health crisis led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/London_sewerage_system" class="mw-redirect" title="London sewerage system">London sewerage system</a> (designed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bazalgette" title="Joseph Bazalgette">Joseph Bazalgette</a>) in the late nineteenth century. It was one of the world's first modern sewer systems and is still in use today, having been designed to account for the city's continued growth. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thames_Water_Ring_Main" title="Thames Water Ring Main">Thames Water Ring Main</a> is a notable large-scale water supply infrastructure, comprising 80 kilometres of wide-bore water-carrying tunnels. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thames_Tideway_Tunnel" title="Thames Tideway Tunnel">Thames Tideway Tunnel</a>, due for completion in 2025, will be a deep tunnel 25 km (16 mi) long, running mostly under the tidal section of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> through central <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to capture, store and convey almost all the raw <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainwater</a> that currently overflows into the river. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subterranean_London&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> was the world's first <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">underground railway</a> and one of its most extensive. Its construction began in 1860 with the 3.7-mile (6.0 km) Metropolitan Railway from <a href="/wiki/Farringdon,_London" title="Farringdon, London">Farringdon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paddington_Waterside" title="Paddington Waterside">Paddington</a>. It opened in 1863, after much disruption from the use of "<a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Cut-and-cover" title="Tunnel">cut-and-cover</a>" techniques that involved digging large trenches along the course of existing roads, and then constructing a roof over the excavation to reinstate the road surface.<sup id="cite_ref-glover_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glover-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tube railways, which caused less disruption because they were constructed by boring a tunnel, arrived in 1890, with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/City_and_South_London_Railway" title="City and South London Railway">City and South London Railway</a>, a 3.5-mile (5.6 km) line from Stockwell to King William Street. It was planned as a cable-hauled railway, but the advent of electric traction resulted in a simpler solution, and the change was made before the cable system was built. It became the world's first electric tube railway.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the system includes 249 miles (401 km) of track, only about 45 percent is actually below ground.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kingsway_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingsway (London)">Kingsway</a> has an almost intact <a href="/wiki/Kingsway_tramway_subway" title="Kingsway tramway subway">underground passageway for trams</a>, which is occasionally open to the public. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tunnels_underneath_the_River_Thames" title="Tunnels underneath the River Thames">Tunnels underneath the River Thames</a> range from foot-tunnels to road tunnels and the tunnels of the Underground. The first of these, the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Tunnel" title="Thames Tunnel">Thames Tunnel</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Brunel" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Brunel">Marc Brunel</a>, was the first tunnel known to cross under a navigable river. It ran for 1,200 yards (1,100 m) from <a href="/wiki/Rotherhithe" title="Rotherhithe">Rotherhithe</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wapping" title="Wapping">Wapping</a>, and opened in 1843. It was used as a pedestrian subway, as the company did not have enough money or finance to build the intended access ramps for horse-drawn traffic. These tunnels were later used by the East London branch of the Metropolitan Railway from <a href="/wiki/Shoreditch" title="Shoreditch">Shoreditch</a> to New Cross.<sup id="cite_ref-glover_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glover-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was refurbished in 2011 and became part of the <a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground">London Overground</a> network.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several railway stations have cavernous vaults and tunnels running beneath them, often disused, or reopened with a new purpose. Examples include <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Vic_Tunnels" title="The Old Vic Tunnels">The Old Vic Tunnels</a>, beneath <a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_station" title="London Waterloo station">London Waterloo station</a>, and the vaults beneath <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_station" title="London Bridge station">London Bridge station</a>, formerly utilised by the theatre company <a href="/wiki/Shunt_(theatre_company)" title="Shunt (theatre company)">Shunt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defence">Defence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subterranean_London&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Defence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Military_citadels_under_London" title="Military citadels under London">underground military citadels</a> were built under London. Few are acknowledged, and even fewer are open to the public. One exception is the famous <a href="/wiki/Military_citadels_under_London#Cabinet_War_Rooms" title="Military citadels under London">Cabinet War Rooms</a>, used by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. </p><p>During the war, parts of the Underground were converted into <a href="/wiki/Air-raid_shelter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-raid shelter">air-raid shelters</a> known as <a href="/wiki/London_deep-level_shelters" title="London deep-level shelters">deep-level shelters</a>. Some were converted for military and civil defence use, such as the now-disused <a href="/wiki/Kingsway_telephone_exchange" title="Kingsway telephone exchange">Kingsway telephone exchange</a>. </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Civil_defence_centres_in_London" title="Civil defence centres in London">civil defence centres in London</a> are wholly or partly underground, mostly remnants from the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Many other subterranean facilities exist around the centre of government in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>, often linked by tunnels.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1980, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i> revealed the existence of secret tunnels linking government buildings, which they claimed would be used in the event of a national emergency. It is believed these tunnels also link to <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Campbell_(investigative_journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan Campbell (investigative journalist)">Duncan Campbell</a> discussed these facilities in more detail, in the book <i>War Plan UK: The Truth about Civil Defence in Britain</i> (1982).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Laurie wrote a book about these facilities, titled <i><a href="/wiki/Beneath_the_City_Streets" title="Beneath the City Streets">Beneath the City Streets</a>: A Private Inquiry into the Nuclear Preoccupations of Government</i> (1970).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilities">Utilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subterranean_London&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Utilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>London, like most other major cities, established an extensive underground infrastructure for <a href="/wiki/Electricity_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity distribution">electricity distribution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> supply, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>. </p><p>Starting in 1861, Victorian engineers built miles of purpose-built subways large enough to walk through, and through which they could run gas, electricity, water and hydraulic power pipes. These works removed the inconvenience of having to repeatedly excavate highways to allow access to underground utilities.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abandoned_structures">Abandoned structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subterranean_London&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Abandoned structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some underground structures are no longer in use. These include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/London_Hydraulic_Power_Company" title="London Hydraulic Power Company">London Hydraulic Power Company</a>, set up in 1883, installed a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_power_network" title="Hydraulic power network">hydraulic power network</a> of high-pressure cast-iron water mains. These were bought by <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Communications" title="Mercury Communications">Mercury Communications</a> for use as telecommunications ducts.</li> <li>Sections of the <a href="/wiki/London_Pneumatic_Despatch_Company" title="London Pneumatic Despatch Company">London Pneumatic Despatch Company</a> tunnels linking the General Post Office and <a href="/wiki/Euston_Railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Euston Railway station">Euston Railway station</a>.</li> <li>An extensive private underground railway, the <a href="/wiki/London_Post_Office_Railway" title="London Post Office Railway">London Post Office Railway</a>, was constructed by the <a href="/wiki/Post_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Post Office">Post Office</a>, fell into disuse and has now become a tourist attraction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_London_Underground_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed London Underground stations">Closed London Underground stations</a> are generally not accessible to the public except on <a href="/wiki/London_Transport_Museum" title="London Transport Museum">London Transport Museum</a> guided tours.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subterranean_London&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General topics: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_and_unopened_London_Underground_stations" title="List of former and unopened London Underground stations">List of former and unopened London Underground stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_citadels_under_London" title="Military citadels under London">Military citadels under London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_deep-level_shelters" title="London deep-level shelters">London deep-level shelters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnels_underneath_the_River_Thames" title="Tunnels underneath the River Thames">Tunnels underneath the River Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_sewerage_system" class="mw-redirect" title="London sewerage system">London sewerage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_London" title="Catacombs of London">Catacombs of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_rivers_of_London" title="Subterranean rivers of London">Subterranean rivers of London</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neverwhere" title="Neverwhere">Neverwhere</a></i>, a story set in a fantasy underground London</li></ul> <p>Individual sites of interest: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingsway_tramway_subway" title="Kingsway tramway subway">Kingsway tramway subway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_Theatre" title="Criterion Theatre">Criterion Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Subway" title="Tower Subway">Tower Subway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William_Street_tube_station" title="King William Street tube station">King William Street tube station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holborn_Viaduct_Low_Level_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Holborn Viaduct Low Level Station">Holborn Viaduct Low Level Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxgate_Admiralty_Citadel" title="Oxgate Admiralty Citadel">Oxgate Admiralty Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate_railway_station" title="Bishopsgate railway station">Bishopsgate railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Outfall_Sewer" title="Northern Outfall Sewer">Northern Outfall Sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Outfall_Sewer" title="Southern Outfall Sewer">Southern Outfall Sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Conduit" title="Great Conduit">Great Conduit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Post_Office_Railway" title="London Post Office Railway">London Post Office Railway</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subterranean_London&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid11751359-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11751359_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHalliday_S2001" class="citation journal cs1">Halliday S (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121911">"Death and miasma in Victorian London: an obstinate belief"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>323</b> (7327): 1469–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.323.7327.1469">10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1469</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121911">1121911</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751359">11751359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Death+and+miasma+in+Victorian+London%3A+an+obstinate+belief&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=7327&rft.pages=1469-71&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1121911%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11751359&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.323.7327.1469&rft.au=Halliday+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1121911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubterranean+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glover-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glover_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glover_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Glover, (1996), <i>London's Underground</i>, 8th Ed., Ian Allan Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-2416-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-2416-2">0-7110-2416-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles E. Lee, (1967), <i>Sixty Years of the Northern</i>, London Transport</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629152816/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1608.aspx">"Transport For London, <i>Key Facts</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1608.aspx">the original</a> on 29 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transport+For+London%2C+Key+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfl.gov.uk%2Fcorporate%2Fmodesoftransport%2Flondonunderground%2F1608.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubterranean+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thames_Tunnel" title="Thames Tunnel">Thames Tunnel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurie1979" class="citation book cs1">Laurie, Peter (1979). <i>Beneath the City Streets</i>. Panther. pp. 183–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-05055-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-586-05055-2"><bdi>978-0-586-05055-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beneath+the+City+Streets&rft.pages=183-211&rft.pub=Panther&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-586-05055-2&rft.aulast=Laurie&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubterranean+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_Duncan1980" class="citation news cs1">Campbell, Duncan (December 1980). "A Christmas Party for the Moles". <i>New Statesman</i>. pp. 19–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=A+Christmas+Party+for+the+Moles&rft.pages=19-26&rft.date=1980-12&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubterranean+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_D.1982" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, D. (1982). <i>War Plan UK: The Truth about Civil Defence in Britain</i> (1st ed.). Burnett Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-150670-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-150670-0"><bdi>0-09-150670-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Plan+UK%3A+The+Truth+about+Civil+Defence+in+Britain&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Burnett+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-09-150670-0&rft.au=Campbell%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubterranean+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurie,_Peter1970" class="citation book cs1">Laurie, Peter (1970). <i>Beneath the City Streets: A Private Inquiry into the Nuclear Preoccupations of Government</i>. United Kingdom: Allen Lane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beneath+the+City+Streets%3A+A+Private+Inquiry+into+the+Nuclear+Preoccupations+of+Government&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Laurie%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubterranean+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antony Clayton (2000) <i>Subterranean City</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948667-69-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-948667-69-9">0-948667-69-9</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subterranean_London&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Emmerson, A. and Beard, T. (2004) <i>London's Secret Tubes</i>, Capital Transport Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85414-283-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85414-283-6">1-85414-283-6</a>.</li> <li>Trench, R. and Hillman, E. (1993) <i>London Under London: A subterranean guide</i>, second revised edition, London: John Murray, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-5288-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-5288-5">0-7195-5288-5</a>.</li> <li>Campbell, Duncan (1983) <i>War Plan UK</i>. Granada, UK. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-08479-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-586-08479-7">0-586-08479-7</a> & <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08479-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08479-3">978-0-586-08479-3</a>.</li> <li>Ackroyd, Peter (2011) <i>London Under</i>. Vintage Books, 202pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099287377" title="Special:BookSources/9780099287377">9780099287377</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subterranean_London&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subbrit.org.uk/location/greater-london">Subterranea Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://underground-history.co.uk/front.php">Disused stations on the London underground</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428005836/http://www.subbrit.org.uk/rsg/books.html">Subterranea Britannica research group book list</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mailrail.co.uk">http://www.mailrail.co.uk</a> Unofficial MailRail website</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Man-made and man-related subterranea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Man-made and man-related <a href="/wiki/Subterranea_(geography)" title="Subterranea (geography)">subterranea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">Cenote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_vault_(tomb)" title="Burial vault (tomb)">Burial vault (tomb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">Borehole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout (shelter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_well" title="Dry well">Dry well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_shelter" title="Earth shelter">Earth shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdstall" title="Erdstall">Erdstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogou" title="Fogou">Fogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">Hypogeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole" title="Manhole">Manhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tomb" title="Rock-cut tomb">Rock-cut tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_vault" title="Utility vault">Utility vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_city" title="Underground city">Underground city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">Stepwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling_tunnel" title="Smuggling tunnel">Smuggling tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shaft" title="Ventilation shaft">Ventilation shaft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a> (silo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallywag_bunker" title="Scallywag bunker">Scallywag bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_base" title="Underground base">Underground base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quarrying" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarrying">quarrying</a>, and<br /><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">underground construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">Rock-cut architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_utility_engineering" title="Subsurface utility engineering">Subsurface utility engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mine_ventilation" title="Underground mine ventilation">Underground mine ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">Underground mining (hard rock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(soft_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (soft rock)">Underground mining (soft rock)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_dweller" title="Cave dweller">Cave dweller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Maastricht" title="Caves of Maastricht">Caves of Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_tunnel_system" title="Houston tunnel system">Houston tunnel system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%91b%C3%A1nya_cellar_system" title="Kőbánya cellar system">Kőbánya cellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_network" title="Tunnel network">Tunnel network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_living" title="Underground living">Underground living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City_(Beijing)" title="Underground City (Beijing)">Underground City (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City,_Montreal" title="Underground City, Montreal">Underground City, Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_exploration" title="Mine exploration">Mine exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mines_of_Paris" title="Mines of Paris">Mines of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_people" title="Mole people">Mole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_underground_geothermal_zone" title="Naples underground geothermal zone">Naples underground geothermal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapping" title="Sapping">Sapping</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Subterranean London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_Toledo" title="Subterranean Toledo">Subterranean Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Subterranean fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates%27_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Gates' house">Bill Gates' house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestiere_Underground_Gardens" title="Forestiere Underground Gardens">Forestiere Underground Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_House_Colorado" title="Underground House Colorado">Underground House Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_House_Las_Vegas" title="Underground House Las Vegas">Underground House Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_World_Home" title="Underground World Home">Underground World Home</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underhill,_Holme" title="Underhill, Holme">Underhill, Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockerton_Housing_Project" title="Hockerton Housing Project">Hockerton Housing Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malator" title="Malator">Malator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning Ridge">Lightning Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subterranean_London&oldid=1258665905">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subterranean_London&oldid=1258665905</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subterranean_London" title="Category:Subterranean London">Subterranean London</a></li><li><a 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