CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Well - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"40531cb0-b612-48e4-9366-29afc015bfa1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Well","wgTitle":"Well","wgCurRevisionId":1269736544,"wgRevisionId":1269736544,"wgArticleId":15105978,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from May 2016","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2021", "Commons category link is on Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","Water wells","Archaeological features","Bodies of water","Water supply infrastructure","In situ geotechnical investigations"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Well","wgRelevantArticleId":15105978,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q43483","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG/1200px-Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG/800px-Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG/640px-Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Well - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Well rootpage-Well skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Well" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Well" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Well" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Well" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dug_wells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dug_wells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dug wells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dug_wells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Driven_wells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Driven_wells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Driven wells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Driven_wells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drilled_wells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drilled_wells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Drilled wells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drilled_wells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Siting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contamination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contamination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contamination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pathogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pathogens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Chemical contamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Mitigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environmental problems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_problems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental problems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soil_salination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_salination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Soil salination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_salination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Methane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PFAS/PFOS_Fire_fighting_foam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PFAS/PFOS_Fire_fighting_foam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>PFAS/PFOS Fire fighting foam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PFAS/PFOS_Fire_fighting_foam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Water security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_simple_model_for_water_well_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_simple_model_for_water_well_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>A simple model for water well recovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_simple_model_for_water_well_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_and_related_water_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_and_related_water_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Similar and related water structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_and_related_water_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Well</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 116 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-116" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">116 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunnen" title="Brunnen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Brunnen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="بئر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بئر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozo" title="Pozo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pozo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE" title="কুঁ‌ৱা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কুঁ‌ৱা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozu" title="Pozu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pozu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ykua" title="Ykua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ykua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuju" title="Phuju – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Phuju" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyu" title="Quyu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quyu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9m%C3%A9r" title="Sémér – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sémér" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA" title="কূপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কূপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9%E2%81%BF" title="Chéⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chéⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Калодзеж – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калодзеж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Студня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Студня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="इनार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इनार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubon" title="Bubon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bubon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Воден кладенец – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Воден кладенец" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunn" title="Brunn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Brunn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunar" title="Bunar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bunar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C3%B1s" title="Puñs – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Puñs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pou" title="Pou – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pou" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%83%D0%BB" title="Çăл – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çăл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studna" title="Studna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Studna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsime" title="Tsime – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tsime" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8nd" title="Brønd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brønd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunne" title="Brunne – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Brunne" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunnen" title="Brunnen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brunnen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaev" title="Kaev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9" title="Πηγάδι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πηγάδι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozo" title="Pozo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pozo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puto" title="Puto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Puto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putzu" title="Putzu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Putzu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="چاه آب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاه آب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puits_%C3%A0_eau" title="Puits à eau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Puits à eau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobar" title="Tobar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tobar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozo" title="Pozo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pozo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8B" title="કૂવો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કૂવો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot%E1%BB%8D" title="Dotọ – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Dotọ" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%AC%BC" title="우물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijiya" title="Rijiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rijiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%80_(%D5%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%81)" title="Ջրհոր (ջրատեխնիկական կառույց) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրհոր (ջրատեխնիկական կառույց)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81" title="कुआँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुआँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdenac" title="Zdenac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zdenac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumur" title="Sumur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sumur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteo" title="Puteo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Puteo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivviaq" title="Nivviaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nivviaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Цъай – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цъай" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozzo" title="Pozzo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pozzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="באר מים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באר מים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumur" title="Sumur – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sumur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬಾವಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾವಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Құдық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құдық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwi" title="Pwi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87al" title="Çal – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteus" title="Puteus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Puteus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka" title="Aka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABtz" title="Pëtz – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pëtz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ulinys" title="Šulinys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šulinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hele" title="Hele – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Hele" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterp%C3%B6t" title="Waterpöt – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Waterpöt" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozz" title="Pozz – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pozz" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAt" title="Kút – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kút" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бунар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бунар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BC" title="കിണർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിണർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="विहीर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विहीर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perigi" title="Perigi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perigi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumua" title="Sumua – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sumua" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C4%81ng" title="Ciāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ciāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အဝီစိတွင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဝီစိတွင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterput" title="Waterput – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterput" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पधेँरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पधेँरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%95%E6%88%B8" title="井戸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="井戸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzo" title="Puzzo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Puzzo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suas" title="Suas – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Suas" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8nn" title="Brønn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brønn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunn" title="Brunn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brunn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyit" title="Pyit – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pyit" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potz" title="Potz – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Potz" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quduq" title="Quduq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Quduq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B9" title="ਖੂਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੂਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%88%DB%81" title="کھوہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کھوہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%DA%85%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%90" title="د ابو څاګانې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ابو څاګانې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_(treu)" title="Pure (treu) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pure (treu)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sood" title="Sood – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sood" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studnia" title="Studnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Studnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A7o" title="Poço – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poço" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C8%9B_de_ap%C4%83" title="Puț de apă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Puț de apă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaku_hurquna" title="Yaku hurquna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yaku hurquna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Колодец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колодец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/tebun" title="tebun – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="tebun" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediba" title="Sediba – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Sediba" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusi" title="Pusi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzu" title="Puzzu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Puzzu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well" title="Well – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Well" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud%C5%88a" title="Studňa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Studňa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodnjak" title="Vodnjak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vodnjak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceel" title="Ceel – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ceel" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бунар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бунар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunar" title="Bunar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bunar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumur" title="Sumur – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sumur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaivo" title="Kaivo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaivo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunn" title="Brunn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brunn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balon" title="Balon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="கிணறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிணறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF" title="బావి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బావి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B3t%C3%A2h%C3%A1%C3%A9no" title="Vótâháéno – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Vótâháéno" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyu" title="Kuyu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuyu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Криниця – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Криниця" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="کنواں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنواں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiv" title="Kaiv – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kaiv" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%BFng" title="Giếng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giếng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pousse" title="Pousse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pousse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%95" title="井 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="井" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%95" title="井 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="井" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_(co%C4%9Frafya)" title="Bir (coğrafya) – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bir (coğrafya)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0oln%C4%97s" title="Šolnės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šolnės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%95" title="井 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="井" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43483#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Well" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Well" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Well"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Well"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Well" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Well" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&oldid=1269736544" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Well&id=1269736544&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWell"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWell"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Well&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_wells" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43483" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Excavation or structure to provide access to groundwater</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about water wells. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Well_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Well (disambiguation)">Well (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">"Village pump" redirects here. For the set of Wikipedia discussion pages, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump" title="Wikipedia:Village pump">Wikipedia:Village pump</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG/220px-Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG/330px-Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG/440px-Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A dug well in a village in <a href="/wiki/Faryab_Province" title="Faryab Province">Faryab Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Well-cistern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Well-cistern.jpg/220px-Well-cistern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Well-cistern.jpg/330px-Well-cistern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Well-cistern.jpg/440px-Well-cistern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption>The difference between a well and a <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a> is in the source of the water: a cistern collects <a href="/wiki/Rainwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainwater">rainwater</a> whereas a well draws from <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>well</b> is an excavation or structure created on the earth by <a href="/wiki/Digging" title="Digging">digging</a>, driving, or <a href="/wiki/Drilling" title="Drilling">drilling</a> to access <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> resources, usually <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. The oldest and most common kind of well is a water well, to access <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> in underground <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>. The well water is drawn up by a <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pump</a>, or using containers, such as <a href="/wiki/Bucket" title="Bucket">buckets</a> that are raised mechanically or by hand. Water can also be <a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">injected back into the aquifer</a> through the well. Wells were first constructed at least eight thousand years ago and historically vary in construction from a sediment of a dry watercourse to the <a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">qanats</a> of Iran, and the <a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">stepwells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakia">sakiehs</a> of India. Placing a lining in the well shaft helps create stability, and linings of wood or <a href="/wiki/Wicker" title="Wicker">wickerwork</a> date back at least as far as the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. </p><p>Wells have traditionally been sunk by hand digging, as is still the case in rural areas of the developing world. These wells are inexpensive and low-tech as they use mostly manual labour, and the structure can be lined with <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a> or stone as the excavation proceeds. A more modern method called <a href="/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)" title="Caisson (engineering)">caissoning</a> uses pre-cast reinforced concrete well rings that are lowered into the hole. Driven wells can be created in unconsolidated material with a well hole structure, which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen of perforated pipe, after which a pump is installed to collect the water. Deeper wells can be excavated by hand drilling methods or machine drilling, using a <a href="/wiki/Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">bit</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">borehole</a>. Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe composed of steel or plastic. Drilled wells can access water at much greater depths than dug wells. </p><p>Two broad classes of well are shallow or unconfined wells completed within the uppermost saturated <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> at that location, and deep or confined wells, sunk through an impermeable stratum into an aquifer beneath. A collector well can be constructed adjacent to a freshwater lake or stream with water percolating through the intervening material. The site of a well can be selected by a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">hydrogeologist</a>, or groundwater surveyor. Water may be pumped or hand drawn. Impurities from the surface can easily reach shallow sources and contamination of the supply by pathogens or chemical contaminants needs to be avoided. Well water typically contains more minerals in solution than surface water and may require <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">treatment</a> before being potable. <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">Soil salination</a> can occur as the water table falls and the surrounding soil begins to dry out. Another environmental problem is the potential for <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> to seep into the water. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">History of water supply and sanitation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunis1960-150_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tunis1960-150_hg.jpg/220px-Tunis1960-150_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tunis1960-150_hg.jpg/330px-Tunis1960-150_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tunis1960-150_hg.jpg/440px-Tunis1960-150_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3915" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Camel drawing water from a well, <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a> island, Tunisia, 1960</figcaption></figure> <p>Very early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> wells are known from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest reliably dated well is from the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Cyprus#Aceramic_Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Cyprus">pre-pottery neolithic</a> (PPN) site of Kissonerga-Mylouthkia on <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. At around 8400 BC a shaft (well 116) of circular diameter was driven through limestone to reach an <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> at a depth of 8 metres (26 ft). Well 2070 from Kissonerga-Mylouthkia, dating to the late PPN, reaches a depth of 13 metres (43 ft). Other slightly younger wells are known from this site and from neighbouring Parekklisha-Shillourokambos. A first stone lined<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> well of 5.5 metres (18 ft) depth is documented from a drowned final PPN (c. 7000 BC) site at <a href="/wiki/Atlit_Yam" title="Atlit Yam">‘Atlit-Yam</a> off the coast near modern <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%BCckhoven_(Erkelenz),_Brunnenbaureste_um_5300_v._Ch._.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/K%C3%BCckhoven_%28Erkelenz%29%2C_Brunnenbaureste_um_5300_v._Ch._.jpg/100px-K%C3%BCckhoven_%28Erkelenz%29%2C_Brunnenbaureste_um_5300_v._Ch._.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/K%C3%BCckhoven_%28Erkelenz%29%2C_Brunnenbaureste_um_5300_v._Ch._.jpg/150px-K%C3%BCckhoven_%28Erkelenz%29%2C_Brunnenbaureste_um_5300_v._Ch._.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/K%C3%BCckhoven_%28Erkelenz%29%2C_Brunnenbaureste_um_5300_v._Ch._.jpg/200px-K%C3%BCckhoven_%28Erkelenz%29%2C_Brunnenbaureste_um_5300_v._Ch._.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a> well, 5300 BC, <a href="/wiki/Erkelenz" title="Erkelenz">Erkelenz</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Wood-lined wells are known from the early Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a>, for example in Ostrov, Czech Republic, dated 5265 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kückhoven (an outlying centre of <a href="/wiki/Erkelenz" title="Erkelenz">Erkelenz</a>), dated 5300 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Eythra" title="Eythra">Eythra</a> in Schletz (an outlying centre of <a href="/wiki/Asparn_an_der_Zaya" title="Asparn an der Zaya">Asparn an der Zaya</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, dated 5200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The neolithic Chinese discovered and made extensive use of deep drilled groundwater for drinking.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Chinese text <i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">The Book of Changes</a></i>, originally a divination text of the Western Zhou dynasty (1046 -771 BC), contains an entry describing how the ancient Chinese maintained their wells and protected their sources of water.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A well excavated at the <a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemedu</a> excavation site was believed to have been built during the neolithic era.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The well was cased by four rows of logs with a square frame attached to them at the top of the well. 60 additional tile wells southwest of Beijing are also believed to have been built around 600 BC for drinking and irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_well,_burial_find,_China,_Han_dynasty,_206_BC_to_220_AD,_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet,_Stockholm_-_DSC09578.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Model_well%2C_burial_find%2C_China%2C_Han_dynasty%2C_206_BC_to_220_AD%2C_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09578.JPG/180px-Model_well%2C_burial_find%2C_China%2C_Han_dynasty%2C_206_BC_to_220_AD%2C_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09578.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Model_well%2C_burial_find%2C_China%2C_Han_dynasty%2C_206_BC_to_220_AD%2C_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09578.JPG/270px-Model_well%2C_burial_find%2C_China%2C_Han_dynasty%2C_206_BC_to_220_AD%2C_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09578.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Model_well%2C_burial_find%2C_China%2C_Han_dynasty%2C_206_BC_to_220_AD%2C_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09578.JPG/360px-Model_well%2C_burial_find%2C_China%2C_Han_dynasty%2C_206_BC_to_220_AD%2C_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09578.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5247" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese ceramic model of a well with a water <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulley</a> system, excavated from a tomb of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a> (202 BC – 220 AD) period</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shadoof" title="Shadoof">shadoofs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakia">sakias</a> are used.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sakia is much more efficient, as it can bring up water from a depth of 10 metres (versus the 3 metres of the shadoof). The sakia is the Egyptian version of the <a href="/wiki/Noria" title="Noria">noria</a>. Some of the world's oldest known wells, located in Cyprus, date to 7000–8,500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two wells from the Neolithic period, around 6500 BC, have been discovered in Israel. One is in Atlit, on the northern coast of Israel, and the other is in the Jezreel Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wells for other purposes came along much later, historically. The first recorded <a href="/wiki/Salt_well" title="Salt well">salt well</a> was dug in the Sichuan province of China around 2,250 years ago. This was the first time that ancient water well technology was applied successfully for the exploitation of salt, and marked the beginning of Sichuan's salt drilling industry.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil wells</a> were also drilled in China, in 347 CE. These wells had depths of up to about 240 metres (790 ft) and were drilled using <a href="/wiki/Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">bits</a> attached to <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> poles.<sup id="cite_ref-ASTM_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASTM-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oil was burned to evaporate <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> and produce <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">salt</a>. By the 10th century, extensive <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs. The ancient records of China and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> are said to contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating. Petroleum was known as <i>Burning water</i> in Japan in the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uwaynat_bin_Hussain_water_well_near_Simaisma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Uwaynat_bin_Hussain_water_well_near_Simaisma.jpg/220px-Uwaynat_bin_Hussain_water_well_near_Simaisma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Uwaynat_bin_Hussain_water_well_near_Simaisma.jpg/330px-Uwaynat_bin_Hussain_water_well_near_Simaisma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Uwaynat_bin_Hussain_water_well_near_Simaisma.jpg/440px-Uwaynat_bin_Hussain_water_well_near_Simaisma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Water well near <a href="/wiki/Simaisma" title="Simaisma">Simaisma</a>, eastern Qatar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leather_bucket_of_a_well.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Leather_bucket_of_a_well.jpg/220px-Leather_bucket_of_a_well.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Leather_bucket_of_a_well.jpg/330px-Leather_bucket_of_a_well.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Leather_bucket_of_a_well.jpg/440px-Leather_bucket_of_a_well.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2281" data-file-height="1521" /></a><figcaption>Leather bucket used for the water well</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Well,_Historical_Village_,_Bhaini_Sahib,_Ludhyana_,_Punjab_,_India.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Well%2C_Historical_Village_%2C_Bhaini_Sahib%2C_Ludhyana_%2C_Punjab_%2C_India.JPG/220px-Well%2C_Historical_Village_%2C_Bhaini_Sahib%2C_Ludhyana_%2C_Punjab_%2C_India.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Well%2C_Historical_Village_%2C_Bhaini_Sahib%2C_Ludhyana_%2C_Punjab_%2C_India.JPG/330px-Well%2C_Historical_Village_%2C_Bhaini_Sahib%2C_Ludhyana_%2C_Punjab_%2C_India.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Well%2C_Historical_Village_%2C_Bhaini_Sahib%2C_Ludhyana_%2C_Punjab_%2C_India.JPG/440px-Well%2C_Historical_Village_%2C_Bhaini_Sahib%2C_Ludhyana_%2C_Punjab_%2C_India.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Well, Historical Village, Bhaini Sahib, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dug_wells">Dug wells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dug wells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Well.handdug.cased.mali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Well.handdug.cased.mali.jpg/220px-Well.handdug.cased.mali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Well.handdug.cased.mali.jpg/330px-Well.handdug.cased.mali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Well.handdug.cased.mali.jpg/440px-Well.handdug.cased.mali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>View into a hand-dug well cased with concrete rings. <a href="/wiki/Ouelessebougou" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouelessebougou">Ouelessebougou</a>, Mali.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Well_In_Kerala.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Well_In_Kerala.JPG/220px-Well_In_Kerala.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Well_In_Kerala.JPG/330px-Well_In_Kerala.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Well_In_Kerala.JPG/440px-Well_In_Kerala.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A dug well in a village in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Well_-_flower_bag_shaped_wall_and_podium_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Open_Well_-_flower_bag_shaped_wall_and_podium_01.jpg/220px-Open_Well_-_flower_bag_shaped_wall_and_podium_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Open_Well_-_flower_bag_shaped_wall_and_podium_01.jpg/330px-Open_Well_-_flower_bag_shaped_wall_and_podium_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Open_Well_-_flower_bag_shaped_wall_and_podium_01.jpg/440px-Open_Well_-_flower_bag_shaped_wall_and_podium_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468" /></a><figcaption>Well with a flower bag shaped wall and podium</figcaption></figure> <p>Until recent centuries, all artificial wells were <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumpless</a> hand-dug wells of varying degrees of sophistication, and they remain a very important source of <a href="/wiki/Potable_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Potable water">potable water</a> in some rural developing areas, where they are routinely dug and used today. Their indispensability has produced a number of literary references, literal and figurative, including the reference to the incident of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> meeting a woman at <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>'s well (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> 4:6) in the Bible and the "<a href="/wiki/Ding_Dong_Bell" title="Ding Dong Bell">Ding Dong Bell</a>" <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a> about a cat in a well. </p><p>Hand-dug wells are excavations with diameters large enough to accommodate one or more people with shovels digging down to below the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a>. The excavation is braced horizontally to avoid landslide or erosion endangering the people digging. They can be lined with stone or brick; extending this lining upwards above the ground surface to form a wall around the well serves to reduce both contamination and accidental falls into the well. </p><p>A more modern method called <a href="/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)" title="Caisson (engineering)">caissoning</a> uses reinforced concrete or plain concrete pre-cast well rings that are lowered into the hole. A well-digging team digs under a cutting ring and the well column slowly sinks into the <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>, whilst protecting the team from collapse of the well <a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">bore</a>. </p><p>Hand-dug wells are inexpensive and low tech (compared to drilling) and they use mostly manual labour to access groundwater in rural locations of developing countries. They may be built with a high degree of community participation, or by local entrepreneurs who specialize in hand-dug wells. They have been successfully excavated to 60 metres (200 ft). They have low operational and maintenance costs, in part because water can be extracted by hand, without a pump. The water often comes from an aquifer or groundwater, and can be easily deepened, which may be necessary if the ground water level drops, by telescoping the lining further down into the aquifer. The yield of existing hand dug wells may be improved by deepening or introducing vertical tunnels or perforated pipes. </p><p>Drawbacks to hand-dug wells are numerous. It can be impractical to hand dig wells in areas where hard rock is present, and they can be time-consuming to dig and line even in favourable areas. Because they exploit shallow aquifers, the well may be susceptible to yield fluctuations and possible contamination from surface water, including sewage. Hand dug well construction generally requires the use of a well trained construction team, and the capital investment for equipment such as concrete ring moulds, heavy lifting equipment, well shaft formwork, motorized de-watering pumps, and fuel can be large for people in developing countries. Construction of hand dug wells can be dangerous due to collapse of the well bore, falling objects and asphyxiation, including from dewatering pump exhaust fumes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Woodingdean_Water_Well" title="Woodingdean Water Well">Woodingdean Water Well</a>, hand-dug between 1858 and 1862, is the deepest hand-dug well at 392 metres (1,285 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Big_Well" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Well">Big Well</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Kansas" title="Greensburg, Kansas">Greensburg, Kansas</a>, is billed as the world's largest hand-dug well, at 109 feet (33 m) deep and 32 feet (9.8 m) in diameter. However, the <i>Well of Joseph</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Cairo Citadel</a> at 280 feet (85 m) deep and the <a href="/wiki/Pozzo_di_San_Patrizio" title="Pozzo di San Patrizio">Pozzo di San Patrizio</a> (St. Patrick's Well) built in 1527 in <a href="/wiki/Orvieto" title="Orvieto">Orvieto, Italy</a>, at 61 metres (200 ft) deep by 13 metres (43 ft) wide<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are both larger by volume. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Driven_wells">Driven wells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Driven wells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Driven wells may be very simply created in unconsolidated material with a <i>well hole structure</i>, which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen (perforated pipe). The point is simply hammered into the ground, usually with a tripod and <i>driver</i>, with pipe sections added as needed. A driver is a weighted pipe that slides over the pipe being driven and is repeatedly dropped on it. When <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> is encountered, the well is washed of sediment and a pump installed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drilled_wells">Drilled wells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Drilled wells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Well_drilling" title="Well drilling">Well drilling</a></div> <p>Drilled wells are constructed using various types of drilling machines, such as top-head rotary, table rotary, or cable tool, which all use drilling stems that rotate to cut into the formation, thus the term "drilling." </p><p>Drilled wells can be excavated by simple hand drilling methods (augering, sludging, jetting, driving, hand percussion) or machine drilling (auger, rotary, percussion, down the hole hammer). Deep rock rotary drilling method is most common. Rotary can be used in 90% of formation types (consolidated). </p><p>Drilled wells can get water from a much deeper level than dug wells can − often down to several hundred metres.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drilled wells with electric pumps are used throughout the world, typically in rural or sparsely populated areas, though many urban areas are supplied partly by municipal wells. Most shallow well drilling machines are mounted on large trucks, trailers, or tracked vehicle carriages. Water wells typically range from 3 to 18 metres (10–60 ft) deep, but in some areas it can go deeper than 900 metres (3,000 ft).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Well_spudder_8606.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Well_spudder_8606.jpg/170px-Well_spudder_8606.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Well_spudder_8606.jpg/255px-Well_spudder_8606.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Well_spudder_8606.jpg/340px-Well_spudder_8606.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2471" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig#Cable_tool_drilling" title="Drilling rig">Cable tool</a> water well drilling rig in <a href="/wiki/Kimball,_West_Virginia" title="Kimball, West Virginia">Kimball, West Virginia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AquaBellaPickard-v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/AquaBellaPickard-v.jpg/170px-AquaBellaPickard-v.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/AquaBellaPickard-v.jpg/255px-AquaBellaPickard-v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/AquaBellaPickard-v.jpg/340px-AquaBellaPickard-v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3145" data-file-height="2769" /></a><figcaption>Water well drilling in <a href="/wiki/Ein_Hemed" title="Ein Hemed">Ein Hemed</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> circa 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>Rotary drilling machines use a segmented steel drilling string, typically made up of 3m (10ft), 6 m (20 ft) to 8m (26ft) sections of steel tubing that are threaded together, with a <a href="/wiki/Drill_bit#Well_drilling_bits" title="Drill bit">bit</a> or other drilling device at the bottom end. Some rotary drilling machines are designed to install (by driving or drilling) a steel casing into the well in conjunction with the drilling of the actual bore hole. Air and/or water is used as a circulation fluid to displace cuttings and cool bits during the drilling. Another form of rotary-style drilling, termed <i>mud rotary</i>, makes use of a specially made mud, or drilling fluid, which is constantly being altered during the drill so that it can consistently create enough hydraulic pressure to hold the side walls of the bore hole open, regardless of the presence of a casing in the well. Typically, boreholes drilled into solid rock are not cased until after the drilling process is completed, regardless of the machinery used. </p><p>The oldest form of drilling machinery is the <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig#Cable_tool_drilling" title="Drilling rig">cable tool</a>, still used today. Specifically designed to raise and lower a bit into the bore hole, the <i>spudding</i> of the drill causes the bit to be raised and dropped onto the bottom of the hole, and the design of the cable causes the bit to twist at approximately <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> revolution per drop, thereby creating a drilling action. Unlike rotary drilling, cable tool drilling requires the drilling action to be stopped so that the bore hole can be bailed or emptied of drilled cuttings. Cable tool drilling rigs are rare as they tend to be 10x slower to drill through materials compared to similar diameter rotary air or rotary mud equipped rigs. </p><p>Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe, typically <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> (in air rotary or cable tool drilling) or <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>/<a href="/wiki/PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC">PVC</a> (in mud rotary wells, also present in wells drilled into solid rock). The casing is constructed by welding, either chemically or thermally, segments of casing together. If the casing is installed during the drilling, most drills will drive the casing into the ground as the bore hole advances, while some newer machines will actually allow for the casing to be rotated and drilled into the formation in a similar manner as the bit advancing just below. PVC or plastic is typically solvent welded and then lowered into the drilled well, vertically stacked with their ends nested and either glued or splined together. The sections of casing are usually 6 metres (20 ft) or more in length, and 4 to 12 in (10 to 30 cm) in diameter, depending on the intended use of the well and local groundwater conditions. </p><p>Surface contamination of wells in the United States is typically controlled by the use of a <i>surface seal</i>. A large hole is drilled to a predetermined depth or to a confining formation (clay or bedrock, for example), and then a smaller hole for the well is completed from that point forward. The well is typically cased from the surface down into the smaller hole with a casing that is the same diameter as that hole. The annular space between the large bore hole and the smaller casing is filled with <a href="/wiki/Bentonite_clay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bentonite clay">bentonite clay</a>, concrete, or other sealant material. This creates an impermeable seal from the surface to the next confining layer that keeps contaminants from traveling down the outer sidewalls of the casing or borehole and into the <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>. In addition, wells are typically capped with either an engineered well cap or seal that vents air through a screen into the well, but keeps insects, small animals, and unauthorized persons from accessing the well. </p><p>At the bottom of wells, based on formation, a screening device, filter pack, slotted casing, or open bore hole is left to allow the flow of water into the well. Constructed screens are typically used in unconsolidated formations (sands, gravels, etc.), allowing water and a percentage of the formation to pass through the screen. Allowing some material to pass through creates a large area filter out of the rest of the formation, as the amount of material present to pass into the well slowly decreases and is removed from the well. Rock wells are typically cased with a PVC liner/casing and screen or slotted casing at the bottom, this is mostly present just to keep rocks from entering the pump assembly. Some wells utilize a <i>filter pack</i> method, where an undersized screen or slotted casing is placed inside the well and a filter medium is packed around the screen, between the screen and the borehole or casing. This allows the water to be filtered of unwanted materials before entering the well and pumping zone. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jet-pump_System.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="An automated water well system powered by a jet-pump"><img alt="An automated water well system powered by a jet-pump" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Jet-pump_System.svg/120px-Jet-pump_System.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Jet-pump_System.svg/180px-Jet-pump_System.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Jet-pump_System.svg/240px-Jet-pump_System.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An automated water well system powered by a jet-pump</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Submersible-pump_System.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="An automated water well system powered by a submersible pump"><img alt="An automated water well system powered by a submersible pump" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Submersible-pump_System.svg/120px-Submersible-pump_System.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Submersible-pump_System.svg/180px-Submersible-pump_System.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Submersible-pump_System.svg/240px-Submersible-pump_System.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An automated water well system powered by a submersible pump</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_System_With_Cistern.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A water well system with a cistern"><img alt="A water well system with a cistern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Water_System_With_Cistern.svg/120px-Water_System_With_Cistern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Water_System_With_Cistern.svg/180px-Water_System_With_Cistern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Water_System_With_Cistern.svg/240px-Water_System_With_Cistern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A water well system with a cistern</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_System_With_Pressurized_Cistern.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A water well system with a pressurized cistern"><img alt="A water well system with a pressurized cistern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Water_System_With_Pressurized_Cistern.svg/120px-Water_System_With_Pressurized_Cistern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Water_System_With_Pressurized_Cistern.svg/180px-Water_System_With_Pressurized_Cistern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Water_System_With_Pressurized_Cistern.svg/240px-Water_System_With_Pressurized_Cistern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A water well system with a pressurized cistern</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Screen_tube.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A section of a stainless steel screen well"><img alt="A section of a stainless steel screen well" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Screen_tube.JPG/120px-Screen_tube.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Screen_tube.JPG/180px-Screen_tube.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Screen_tube.JPG/240px-Screen_tube.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3715" data-file-height="2477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A section of a stainless steel screen well</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_well_types_wiki.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Water_well_types_wiki.svg/400px-Water_well_types_wiki.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Water_well_types_wiki.svg/600px-Water_well_types_wiki.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Water_well_types_wiki.svg/800px-Water_well_types_wiki.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Water well types</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two broad classes of drilled-well types, based on the type of <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> the well is in: </p> <ul><li><i>Shallow</i> or <i>unconfined wells</i> are completed in the uppermost saturated aquifer at that location (the upper unconfined aquifer).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Deep</i> or <i>confined wells</i> are sunk through an impermeable stratum into an aquifer that is sandwiched between two impermeable strata (aquitards or aquicludes). The majority of deep aquifers are classified as artesian because the hydraulic head in a confined well is higher than the level of the top of the aquifer. If the hydraulic head in a confined well is higher than the land surface it is a "flowing" <a href="/wiki/Artesian_well" title="Artesian well">artesian well</a> (named after <a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old-fashioned_well_in_Finland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Old-fashioned_well_in_Finland.JPG/220px-Old-fashioned_well_in_Finland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Old-fashioned_well_in_Finland.JPG/330px-Old-fashioned_well_in_Finland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Old-fashioned_well_in_Finland.JPG/440px-Old-fashioned_well_in_Finland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>An old-fashioned water well in the countryside of <a href="/wiki/Utaj%C3%A4rvi" title="Utajärvi">Utajärvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A special type of water well may be constructed adjacent to freshwater lakes or streams. Commonly called a collector well but sometimes referred to by the trade name Ranney well or <a href="/wiki/Ranney_collector" title="Ranney collector">Ranney collector</a>, this type of well involves sinking a caisson vertically below the top of the aquifer and then advancing lateral collectors out of the caisson and beneath the surface water body. Pumping from within the caisson induces infiltration of water from the surface water body into the aquifer, where it is collected by the collector well laterals and conveyed into the caisson where it can be pumped to the ground surface.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Two additional broad classes of well types may be distinguished, based on the use of the well: </p> <ul><li><i>production</i> or <i>pumping wells</i>, are large diameter (greater than 15 cm in diameter) cased (metal, plastic, or concrete) water wells, constructed for extracting water from the aquifer by a <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pump</a> (if the well is not <a href="/wiki/Artesian_aquifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Artesian aquifer">artesian</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Well_schematic.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Well_schematic.pdf/page1-220px-Well_schematic.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Well_schematic.pdf/page1-330px-Well_schematic.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Well_schematic.pdf/page1-440px-Well_schematic.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram of a groundwater monitoring well</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>monitoring wells</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Piezometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezometer">piezometers</a></i>, are often smaller diameter wells used to monitor the hydraulic head or sample the groundwater for chemical constituents. Piezometers are monitoring wells completed over a very short section of aquifer. Monitoring wells can also be completed at multiple levels, allowing discrete samples or measurements to be made at different vertical elevations at the same map location.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A water well constructed for pumping groundwater can be used passively as a monitoring well and a small diameter well can be pumped, but this distinction by use is common.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siting">Siting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Siting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before excavation, information about the geology, water table depth, seasonal fluctuations, recharge area and rate should be found if possible. This work can be done by a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogeologist">hydrogeologist</a>, or a groundwater surveyor using a variety of tools including electro-seismic surveying,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> any available information from nearby wells, geologic maps, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_imaging" title="Geophysical imaging">geophysical imaging</a>. These professionals provide advice that is almost as accurate a driller who has experience and knowledge of nearby wells/bores and the most suitable drilling technique based on the expected target depth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contamination">Contamination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater pollution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groundwater_Contamination_Latin_America_Sm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Groundwater_Contamination_Latin_America_Sm.png/220px-Groundwater_Contamination_Latin_America_Sm.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Groundwater_Contamination_Latin_America_Sm.png/330px-Groundwater_Contamination_Latin_America_Sm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Groundwater_Contamination_Latin_America_Sm.png/440px-Groundwater_Contamination_Latin_America_Sm.png 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Waterborne diseases</a> can be spread via a well which is contaminated with fecal pathogens from <a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">pit latrines</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleaning_a_well_in_Yaounde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cleaning_a_well_in_Yaounde.jpg/220px-Cleaning_a_well_in_Yaounde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cleaning_a_well_in_Yaounde.jpg/330px-Cleaning_a_well_in_Yaounde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cleaning_a_well_in_Yaounde.jpg/440px-Cleaning_a_well_in_Yaounde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Man cleaning a well in <a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_water_pump_in_India_(3382861084).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hand_water_pump_in_India_%283382861084%29.jpg/220px-Hand_water_pump_in_India_%283382861084%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hand_water_pump_in_India_%283382861084%29.jpg/330px-Hand_water_pump_in_India_%283382861084%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hand_water_pump_in_India_%283382861084%29.jpg/440px-Hand_water_pump_in_India_%283382861084%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Hand pump to pump water from a well in a village near Chennai in India, where the well water might be polluted by nearby <a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">pit latrines</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shallow pumping wells can often supply <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> at a very low cost. However, impurities from the surface easily reach shallow sources, which leads to a greater risk of contamination for these wells compared to deeper wells. Contaminated wells can lead to the spread of various <a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">waterborne diseases</a>. Dug and driven wells are relatively easy to contaminate; for instance, most dug wells are unreliable in the majority of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-CEH-CID_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEH-CID-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some research has found that, in cold regions, changes in river flow and flooding caused by extreme rainfall or snowmelt can degrade well water quality.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathogens">Pathogens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pathogens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> that contaminate well water comes from <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">fecal material</a> from humans and other animals. Common bacterial contaminants include <i><a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shigella" title="Shigella">Shigella</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i>. Common viral contaminants include <i><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">norovirus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sapovirus" title="Sapovirus">sapovirus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">rotavirus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">enteroviruses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">hepatitis A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">E</a>. Parasites include <i><a href="/wiki/Giardia_lamblia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giardia lamblia">Giardia lamblia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidium" title="Cryptosporidium">Cryptosporidium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclospora_cayetanensis" title="Cyclospora cayetanensis">Cyclospora cayetanensis</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">microsporidia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CEH-CID_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEH-CID-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_contamination">Chemical contamination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chemical contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chemical contamination is a common problem with groundwater.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrates</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> are a particular problem for babies and young children. Pollutant chemicals include <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry-cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry-cleaning">dry-cleaning</a>, the fuel additive <a href="/wiki/Methyl_tert-butyl_ether" title="Methyl tert-butyl ether">methyl tert-butyl ether</a> (MTBE), and <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorate</a> from rocket fuel, airbag inflators, and other artificial and natural sources.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several minerals are also contaminants, including <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> leached from brass fittings or old lead pipes, <a href="/wiki/Chromium_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium VI">chromium VI</a> from electroplating and other sources, naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>—all of which can cause cancer—and naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a>, which is desirable in low quantities to prevent <a href="/wiki/Tooth_decay" title="Tooth decay">tooth decay</a>, but can cause <a href="/wiki/Dental_fluorosis" title="Dental fluorosis">dental fluorosis</a> in higher concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-CEH-CID_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEH-CID-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some chemicals are commonly present in water wells at levels that are not toxic, but can cause other problems. <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> cause what is known as <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">hard water</a>, which can precipitate and clog pipes or burn out water heaters. <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> can appear as dark flecks that stain clothing and plumbing, and can promote the growth of <a href="/wiki/Iron_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron bacteria">iron and manganese bacteria</a> that can form slimy black colonies that clog pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-CEH-CID_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEH-CID-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevention">Prevention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facility" title="Onsite sewage facility">Onsite sewage facility</a></div> <p>The quality of the well water can be significantly increased by lining the well, sealing the well head, fitting a self-priming hand pump, constructing an apron, ensuring the area is kept clean and free from stagnant water and animals, moving sources of contamination (<a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">pit latrines</a>, garbage pits, <a href="/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facility" title="Onsite sewage facility">on-site sewer systems</a>) and carrying out hygiene education. The well should be cleaned with 1% chlorine solution after construction and periodically every 6 months.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Well holes should be covered to prevent loose debris, animals, animal excrement, and wind-blown foreign matter from falling into the hole and decomposing. The cover should be able to be in place at all times, including when drawing water from the well. A suspended roof over an open hole helps to some degree, but ideally the cover should be tight fitting and fully enclosing, with only a screened air vent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Minimum distances and soil percolation requirements between sewage disposal sites and water wells need to be observed. Rules regarding the design and installation of private and municipal septic systems take all these factors into account so that nearby drinking water sources are protected. </p><p>Education of the general population in society also plays an important role in protecting drinking water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigation">Mitigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cleanup of <a href="/wiki/Contaminated_groundwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminated groundwater">contaminated groundwater</a> tends to be very costly. Effective <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation of groundwater</a> is generally very difficult. Contamination of groundwater from surface and subsurface sources can usually be dramatically reduced by correctly centering the casing during construction and filling the casing <a href="/wiki/Annulus_(well)" title="Annulus (well)">annulus</a> with an appropriate sealing material. The sealing material (grout) should be placed from immediately above the production zone back to surface, because, in the absence of a correctly constructed casing seal, contaminated fluid can travel into the well through the casing annulus. Centering devices are important (usually one per length of casing or at maximum intervals of 9 m) to ensure that the grouted annular space is of even thickness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Upon the construction of a new test well, it is considered best practice to invest in a complete battery of chemical and biological tests on the well water in question. Point-of-use treatment is available for individual properties and treatment plants are often constructed for municipal water supplies that suffer from contamination. Most of these treatment methods involve the <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a> of the contaminants of concern, and additional protection may be garnered by installing well-casing screens only at depths where contamination is not present.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Wellwater for personal use is often filtered with <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a> water processors; this process can remove very small particles. A simple, effective way of killing microorganisms is to bring the water to a full boil for one to three minutes, depending on location. A household well contaminated by microorganisms can initially be treated by shock chlorination using bleach, generating concentrations hundreds of times greater than found in community water systems; however, this will not fix any structural problems that led to the contamination and generally requires some expertise and testing for effective application.<sup id="cite_ref-CEH-CID_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEH-CID-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the filtration process, it is common to implement an <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">ultraviolet</a> (UV) system to kill pathogens in the water. UV light affects the DNA of the pathogen by UV-C photons breaking through the cell wall. UV disinfection has been gaining popularity in the past decades as it is a chemical-free method of water treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_problems">Environmental problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Environmental problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A risk with the placement of water wells is <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">soil salination</a> which occurs when the water table of the soil begins to drop and salt begins to accumulate as the soil begins to dry out.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another environmental problem that is very prevalent in water well drilling is the potential for methane to seep through. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_salination">Soil salination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Soil salination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The potential for soil salination is a large risk when choosing the placement of water wells. Soil salination is caused when the water table of the soil drops over time and salt begins to accumulate. In turn, the increased amount of salt begins to dry the soil out. The increased level of salt in the soil can result in the degradation of soil and can be very harmful to vegetation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methane">Methane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Methane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a>, an asphyxiant, is a chemical compound that is the main component of natural gas. When methane is introduced into a confined space, it displaces oxygen, reducing oxygen concentration to a level low enough to pose a threat to humans and other aerobic organisms but still high enough for a risk of <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">spontaneous</a> or externally caused explosion. This potential for explosion is what poses such a danger in regards to the drilling and placement of water wells.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Low levels of methane in drinking water are not considered toxic. When methane seeps into a water supply, it is commonly referred to as "methane migration". This can be caused by old natural gas wells near water well systems becoming abandoned and no longer monitored.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Lately,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> however, the described wells/pumps are no longer very efficient and can be replaced by either <a href="/wiki/Handpump" class="mw-redirect" title="Handpump">handpumps</a> or <a href="/wiki/Treadle_pump" title="Treadle pump">treadle pumps</a>. Another alternative is the use of self-dug wells, electrical deep-well pumps (for higher depths). <a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a> organizations as <a href="/wiki/Practical_Action" title="Practical Action">Practical Action</a> are now<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> supplying information on how to build/set-up (<a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">DIY</a>) handpumps and <a href="/wiki/Treadle_pump" title="Treadle pump">treadle pumps</a> in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PFAS/PFOS_Fire_fighting_foam"><span id="PFAS.2FPFOS_Fire_fighting_foam"></span>PFAS/PFOS Fire fighting foam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: PFAS/PFOS Fire fighting foam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances</b> (<b><a href="/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances" title="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances">PFAS</a></b> or <b>PFASs</b>) are a group of synthetic <a href="/wiki/Organofluorine_chemistry" title="Organofluorine chemistry">organofluorine</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> that have multiple <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> atoms attached to an <a href="/wiki/Alkyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl">alkyl</a> chain. PFAS are a group of "forever chemicals" that spread very quickly and very far in ground water polluting it permanently. Water wells near certain airports where any foam fire fighting or training activities occurred up to 2010 are likely to be contaminated by PFAS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_security">Water security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Water security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study concluded that of ~39 million groundwater wells 6-20% are at <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">high risk of running dry</a> if local groundwater levels decline by less than five meters, or – as with many areas and possibly more than half of major <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – continue to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (May 2021)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wells_in_the_Bible" title="Wells in the Bible">Wells in the Bible</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:22-alimenti,_acqua_dolce,Taccuino_Sanitatis,_Casanatense_418.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/22-alimenti%2C_acqua_dolce%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_418.jpg/170px-22-alimenti%2C_acqua_dolce%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_418.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/22-alimenti%2C_acqua_dolce%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_418.jpg/255px-22-alimenti%2C_acqua_dolce%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_418.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/22-alimenti%2C_acqua_dolce%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_418.jpg/340px-22-alimenti%2C_acqua_dolce%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_418.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>Water use, <a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_Sanitatis" title="Tacuinum Sanitatis">Tacuinum Sanitatis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Casanatense" title="Biblioteca Casanatense">Biblioteca Casanatense</a> (14th century)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">Springs</a> and wells have had <a href="/wiki/Cultural_significance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural significance">cultural significance</a> since <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times, leading to the foundation of towns such as <a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>. Interest in health benefits led to the growth of <a href="/wiki/Spa_town" title="Spa town">spa towns</a> including many with <i>wells</i> in their name, examples being <a href="/wiki/Llandrindod_Wells" title="Llandrindod Wells">Llandrindod Wells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Royal Tunbridge Wells">Royal Tunbridge Wells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burr_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burr-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> is sometimes claimed to have used a well in his calculation of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference" title="Earth's circumference">Earth's circumference</a>; however, this is just a simplification used in a shorter explanation of <a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a>, since Eratosthenes had used a more elaborate and precise method.<sup id="cite_ref-russo273277_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russo273277-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many incidents in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> take place around wells, such as the finding of a wife for <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>'s talk with the Samaritan woman in the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_simple_model_for_water_well_recovery">A simple model for water well recovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: A simple model for water well recovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Well_Recovery_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Well_Recovery_diagram.jpg/220px-Well_Recovery_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Well_Recovery_diagram.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a water well partially filled to level <i>z</i> with the top of the aquifer at <i>z<sub>T</sub></i></figcaption></figure> <p>For a well with impermeable walls, the water in the well is resupplied from the bottom of the well. The rate at which water flows into the well will depend on the pressure difference between the ground water at the well bottom and the well water at the well bottom. The pressure of a column of water of height <i>z</i> will be equal to the weight of the water in the column divided by the cross-sectional area of the column, so the pressure of the ground water a distance <i>z<sub>T</sub></i> below the top of the water table will be: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{g}=\rho \,g\,z_{T}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>g</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{g}=\rho \,g\,z_{T}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/638cbf760d9b102d42a0fe61424cfbb84eb644ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.175ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{g}=\rho \,g\,z_{T}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>ρ</i> is the mass density of the water and <i>g</i> is the acceleration due to gravity. When the water in the well is below the water table level, the pressure at the bottom of the well due to the water in the well will be less than <i>P<sub>g</sub></i> and water will be forced into the well. Referring to the diagram, if <i>z</i> is the distance from the bottom of the well to the well water level and <i>z<sub>T</sub></i> is the distance from the bottom of the well to the top of the water table, the pressure difference will be: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta P=\rho \,g\,(z_{T}-z)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>g</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta P=\rho \,g\,(z_{T}-z)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/311a95e84de02b5c6e319eedd8feb50ea181063e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.08ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta P=\rho \,g\,(z_{T}-z)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Applying <a href="/wiki/Darcy%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Darcy's Law">Darcy's Law</a>, the volume rate (<i>F</i>) at which water is forced into the well will be proportional to this pressure difference: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta P=R\,F}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>F</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta P=R\,F}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5786632d6b2bb052677675191ea1e572c14aaa15" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.672ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta P=R\,F}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>R</i> is the resistance to the flow, which depends on the well cross section, the pressure gradient at the bottom of the well, and the characteristics of the substrate at the well bottom. (e.g., porosity). The volume flow rate into the well can be written as a function of the rate of change of the well water level: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=A{\frac {dz}{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=A{\frac {dz}{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2a739564c0695861c243527e15701b5380b474c5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:9.722ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=A{\frac {dz}{dt}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Combining the above three equations yields a simple differential equation in <i>z</i>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle RA{\frac {dz}{dt}}=\rho g(z_{T}-z)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle RA{\frac {dz}{dt}}=\rho g(z_{T}-z)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/17afdd8ee77364f91732322618429ae09d2a4fe0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:20.272ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle RA{\frac {dz}{dt}}=\rho g(z_{T}-z)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>which may be solved: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z=z_{T}-(z_{T}-z_{0})e^{-t/\tau }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>z</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>τ</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z=z_{T}-(z_{T}-z_{0})e^{-t/\tau }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/16df3ea8a895dd6cd73a39111821a175b1c5d98d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.613ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z=z_{T}-(z_{T}-z_{0})e^{-t/\tau }}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>z<sub>0</sub></i> is the well water level at time <i>t=0</i> and <i>τ</i> is the well time constant: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {RA}{\rho g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>τ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {RA}{\rho g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/01cd2f59d9c030817d81d1c8ab981b070faa8d3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:8.644ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {RA}{\rho g}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Note that if <i>dz/dt</i> for a depleted well can be measured, it will be equal to <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{T}/\tau }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>τ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{T}/\tau }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b72aa8e3c928e0d99f543788380c18fe540ac987" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.835ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{T}/\tau }"></span> and the time constant τ can be calculated. According to the above model, it will take an infinite amount of time for a well to fully recover, but if we consider a well that is 99% recovered to be "practically" recovered, the time for a well to practically recover from a level at <i>z</i> will be: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{r}=\tau \ln \left({\frac {1-z/z_{T}}{1-0.99}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>τ</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.99</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{r}=\tau \ln \left({\frac {1-z/z_{T}}{1-0.99}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3db7a070422bcbfe86695fa9ed06fb1261b8d06a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:21.939ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{r}=\tau \ln \left({\frac {1-z/z_{T}}{1-0.99}}\right)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>For a well that is fully depleted (<i>z=0</i>) it would take a time of about <i>4.6 τ</i> to practically recover. </p><p>The above model does not take into account the depletion of the aquifer due to the pumping which lowered the well water level (See <a href="/wiki/Aquifer_test" title="Aquifer test">aquifer test</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_flow_equation" title="Groundwater flow equation">groundwater flow equation</a>). Also, practical wells may have impermeable walls only up to, but not including the bedrock, which will give a larger surface area for water to enter the well.<sup id="cite_ref-Humboldt_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humboldt-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Inspectapedia_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inspectapedia-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_and_related_water_structures">Similar and related water structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Similar and related water structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Types of ancient wells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brick-lined_well" title="Brick-lined well">Brick-lined well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_well" title="Castle well">Castle well</a>, for use in the castle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a>, ancient Greek</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">Stepwell</a>, ancient India</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Modern construction techniques <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_well_drilling" title="Baptist well drilling">Baptist well drilling</a>, simple technique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguez_well" title="Rodriguez well">Rodriguez well</a>, for harvesting drinking water in polar regions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_supply" title="Spring supply">Spring supply</a>, piped water supply from the well</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Uses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a>, sacred wells in various religions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham's well">Abraham's well</a>, sacred well in Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">Ghat</a>, sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li>Drainage and irrigation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_by_wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Drainage by wells">Drainage by wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadoof" title="Shadoof">Shadoof</a>, an irrigation tool that is used to lift water from a water source onto land or into another waterway or basin</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li>Washing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavoir" title="Lavoir">Lavoir</a>, public place for washing clothes.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_water" title="Fossil water">Fossil water</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">History of water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johad#Similar" title="Johad">Ancient water conservation techniques</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-supply_of_water_and_sanitation" title="Self-supply of water and sanitation">Self-supply of water and sanitation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeltenburg2012" class="citation book cs1">Peltenburg, Edgar (2012). "East Mediterranean water wells of the 9th–7th millennium BC". In Klimscha, Florian (ed.). <i>Wasserwirtschaftliche Innovationen im archäologischen Kontext. Von den prähistorischen Anfängen bis zu den Metropolen der Antike</i>. Rahden/Westfalia: Leidorf. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=East+Mediterranean+water+wells+of+the+9th%E2%80%937th+millennium+BC&rft.btitle=Wasserwirtschaftliche+Innovationen+im+arch%C3%A4ologischen+Kontext.+Von+den+pr%C3%A4historischen+Anf%C3%A4ngen+bis+zu+den+Metropolen+der+Antike&rft.place=Rahden%2FWestfalia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Leidorf&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Peltenburg&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaliliNir1993" class="citation journal cs1">Galili, Ehud; Nir, Yaacov (1993). "The submerged Pre-Pottery Neolithic water well of Atlit-Yam, northern Israel, and its palaeoenvironmental implications". <i>The Holocene</i>. <b>3</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">265–</span>270. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Holoc...3..265G">1993Holoc...3..265G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F095968369300300309">10.1177/095968369300300309</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130032420">130032420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Holocene&rft.atitle=The+submerged+Pre-Pottery+Neolithic+water+well+of+Atlit-Yam%2C+northern+Israel%2C+and+its+palaeoenvironmental+implications&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130032420%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F095968369300300309&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Holoc...3..265G&rft.aulast=Galili&rft.aufirst=Ehud&rft.au=Nir%2C+Yaacov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRybníčekKočárMuiggPeška2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rybníček, Michal; Kočár, Petr; Muigg, Bernhard; Peška, Jaroslav; Sedláček, Radko; Tegel, Willy; Kolář, Tomáš (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440320300066">"World's oldest dendrochronologically dated archaeological wood construction"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>115</b>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JArSc.115j5082R">2020JArSc.115j5082R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2020.105082">10.1016/j.jas.2020.105082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213707193">213707193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=World%27s+oldest+dendrochronologically+dated+archaeological+wood+construction&rft.volume=115&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213707193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2020.105082&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JArSc.115j5082R&rft.aulast=Rybn%C3%AD%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft.au=Ko%C4%8D%C3%A1r%2C+Petr&rft.au=Muigg%2C+Bernhard&rft.au=Pe%C5%A1ka%2C+Jaroslav&rft.au=Sedl%C3%A1%C4%8Dek%2C+Radko&rft.au=Tegel%2C+Willy&rft.au=Kol%C3%A1%C5%99%2C+Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0305440320300066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dorfgemeinschaft-kueckhoven.de/unser-dorf/kueckhovener-brunnen/">"Kückhovener Brunnen – Dorfgemeinschaft Kückhoven E. V."</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C3%BCckhovener+Brunnen+%E2%80%93+Dorfgemeinschaft+K%C3%BCckhoven+E.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dorfgemeinschaft-kueckhoven.de%2Funser-dorf%2Fkueckhovener-brunnen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTegelElburgHakelbergStäuble2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tegel W, Elburg R, Hakelberg D, Stäuble H, Büntgen U (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3526582">"Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the World's Oldest Wood Architecture"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (12): e51374. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...751374T">2012PLoSO...751374T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0051374">10.1371/journal.pone.0051374</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3526582">3526582</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23284685">23284685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Early+Neolithic+Water+Wells+Reveal+the+World%27s+Oldest+Wood+Architecture&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e51374&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3526582%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23284685&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0051374&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...751374T&rft.aulast=Tegel&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Elburg%2C+R&rft.au=Hakelberg%2C+D&rft.au=St%C3%A4uble%2C+H&rft.au=B%C3%BCntgen%2C+U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3526582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhn, Oliver (2004-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csegrecorder.com/articles/view/ancient-chinese-drilling">"Ancient Chinese Drilling"</a>. <i>Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists</i>. <b>29</b> (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Society+of+Exploration+Geophysicists&rft.atitle=Ancient+Chinese+Drilling&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2004-06-30&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsegrecorder.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2Fancient-chinese-drilling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2012" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Mingteh (2012). <i>Forest Hydrology: An Introduction to Water and Forests</i> (3rd ed.). CRC Press (published November 1, 2012). p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439879948" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439879948"><bdi>978-1439879948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forest+Hydrology%3A+An+Introduction+to+Water+and+Forests&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1439879948&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Mingteh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoon2015" class="citation web cs1">Koon, Wee Kek (July 25, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1843012/how-ancient-chinese-looked-after-their-drinking-water">"How the ancient Chinese looked after their drinking water"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=How+the+ancient+Chinese+looked+after+their+drinking+water&rft.date=2015-07-25&rft.aulast=Koon&rft.aufirst=Wee+Kek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Farticle%2F1843012%2Fhow-ancient-chinese-looked-after-their-drinking-water&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-518730/sakia">"Sakieh explication/difference vs Sakia"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sakieh+explication%2Fdifference+vs+Sakia&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Ftopic-518730%2Fsakia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9001226/sakia#271043.hook">"Sakia explication"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sakia+explication&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9001226%2Fsakia%23271043.hook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8118318.stm">"Stone Age wells found in Cyprus"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Stone+Age+wells+found+in+Cyprus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8118318.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshkenazi2012" class="citation web cs1">Ashkenazi, Eli (November 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/ancient-well-reveals-secrets-of-first-jezreel-valley-farmers-1.476288">"Ancient Well Reveals Secrets of First Jezreel Valley Farmers"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Ancient+Well+Reveals+Secrets+of+First+Jezreel+Valley+Farmers&rft.date=2012-11-09&rft.aulast=Ashkenazi&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fancient-well-reveals-secrets-of-first-jezreel-valley-farmers-1.476288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASTM-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASTM_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801082953/https://www.astm.org/COMMIT/D02/to1899_index.html">"ASTM International – Standards Worldwide"</a>. <i>www.astm.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astm.org/COMMIT/D02/to1899_index.html">the original</a> on 2020-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.astm.org&rft.atitle=ASTM+International+%E2%80%93+Standards+Worldwide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astm.org%2FCOMMIT%2FD02%2Fto1899_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_P._Riva_Jr._and_Gordon_I._Atwater" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Joseph P. Riva Jr. and Gordon I. Atwater. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454269/petroleum">"petroleum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=petroleum&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.au=Joseph+P.+Riva+Jr.+and+Gordon+I.+Atwater&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F454269%2Fpetroleum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk/page_id__6948_path__0p115p1224p597p.aspx">"Woodingdean Well"</a>. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 Jan</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woodingdean+Well&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mybrightonandhove.org.uk%2Fpage_id__6948_path__0p115p1224p597p.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umbriatravel.com/Orvieto/en/itineraries_Orvieto.asp">"St. Patrick's Well"</a>. Umbriatravel.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Patrick%27s+Well&rft.pub=Umbriatravel.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umbriatravel.com%2FOrvieto%2Fen%2Fitineraries_Orvieto.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiEDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+1930&pg=-PA77">"How I drill a Well."</a> <i>Popular Science</i>, April 1952, pp. 177–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociation)2013" class="citation book cs1">Association), NKBA (National Kitchen and Bath (2013-10-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CVTjAQAAQBAJ&q=Drilled+wells+can+get+water+from+a+much+deeper+level+than+dug+wells+can%E2%80%94often+down+to+several+hundred+metres.&pg=PA178"><i>Kitchen & Bath Residential Construction and Systems</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118711040" title="Special:BookSources/9781118711040"><bdi>9781118711040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitchen+%26+Bath+Residential+Construction+and+Systems&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft.isbn=9781118711040&rft.aulast=Association%29&rft.aufirst=NKBA+%28National+Kitchen+and+Bath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCVTjAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DDrilled%2Bwells%2Bcan%2Bget%2Bwater%2Bfrom%2Ba%2Bmuch%2Bdeeper%2Blevel%2Bthan%2Bdug%2Bwells%2Bcan%25E2%2580%2594often%2Bdown%2Bto%2Bseveral%2Bhundred%2Bmetres.%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldFlynnPaschke2009" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold, L.R.; Flynn, J.L.; Paschke, S.S. (2009-10-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ds456">"Design and installation of a groundwater monitoring-well network in the High Plains aquifer, Colorado"</a>. <i>USGS Publications Wareahouse</i>. Data Series. U.S. Geological Survey. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fds456">10.3133/ds456</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USGS+Publications+Wareahouse&rft.atitle=Design+and+installation+of+a+groundwater+monitoring-well+network+in+the+High+Plains+aquifer%2C+Colorado&rft.date=2009-10-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3133%2Fds456&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=L.R.&rft.au=Flynn%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Paschke%2C+S.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fpublication%2Fds456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Preez" class="citation web cs1">Du Preez, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aquamap.co.nz/uploads/pdfs/ELECTRO-SEISMIC%20SURVEYS%20APPLIED%20TO%20MODELING%20OF%20GROUNDWATER%20FLOW.pdf">"ELECTRO-SEISMIC SURVEYS APPLIED TO MODDELING OF GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEMS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bloemfontein, South Africa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ELECTRO-SEISMIC+SURVEYS+APPLIED+TO+MODDELING+OF+GROUNDWATER+FLOW+SYSTEMS&rft.place=Bloemfontein%2C+South+Africa&rft.aulast=Du+Preez&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faquamap.co.nz%2Fuploads%2Fpdfs%2FELECTRO-SEISMIC%2520SURVEYS%2520APPLIED%2520TO%2520MODELING%2520OF%2520GROUNDWATER%2520FLOW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEH-CID-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEH-CID_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEH-CID_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEH-CID_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEH-CID_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEH-CID_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_Environmental_HealthCommittee_on_Infectious_Diseases2009" class="citation journal cs1">Committee on Environmental Health; Committee on Infectious Diseases (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2009-0751">"Drinking water from private wells and risks to children"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics_(journal)" title="Pediatrics (journal)">Pediatrics</a></i>. <b>123</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1599–</span>1605. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2009-0751">10.1542/peds.2009-0751</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19482772">19482772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Drinking+water+from+private+wells+and+risks+to+children&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1599-%3C%2Fspan%3E1605&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.2009-0751&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19482772&rft.au=Committee+on+Environmental+Health&rft.au=Committee+on+Infectious+Diseases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1542%252Fpeds.2009-0751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiebeRudolphPashaBrook2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wiebe, Andrew J.; Rudolph, David L.; Pasha, Ehsan; Brook, Jacqueline M.; Christie, Mike; Menkveld, Paul G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu13147695">"Impacts of Event-Based Recharge on the Vulnerability of Public Supply Wells"</a>. <i>Sustainability</i>. <b>13</b> (14): 7695. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu13147695">10.3390/su13147695</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050">2071-1050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+Event-Based+Recharge+on+the+Vulnerability+of+Public+Supply+Wells&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=7695&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu13147695&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft.aulast=Wiebe&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+David+L.&rft.au=Pasha%2C+Ehsan&rft.au=Brook%2C+Jacqueline+M.&rft.au=Christie%2C+Mike&rft.au=Menkveld%2C+Paul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu13147695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociation2003" class="citation book cs1">Association, American Water Works (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iOIdnO03cgEC&q=Chemical+contamination+is+a+common+problem+with+groundwater&pg=PA141"><i>Water Sources</i></a>. American Water Works Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781583212295" title="Special:BookSources/9781583212295"><bdi>9781583212295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+Sources&rft.pub=American+Water+Works+Association&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781583212295&rft.aulast=Association&rft.aufirst=American+Water+Works&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiOIdnO03cgEC%26q%3DChemical%2Bcontamination%2Bis%2Ba%2Bcommon%2Bproblem%2Bwith%2Bgroundwater%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeulemans1987" class="citation journal cs1">Meulemans, C. C. E. (1987-09-01). "The Basic Principles of UV–Disinfection of Water". <i>Ozone: Science & Engineering</i>. <b>9</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">299–</span>313. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987OzSE....9..299M">1987OzSE....9..299M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01919518708552146">10.1080/01919518708552146</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0191-9512">0191-9512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ozone%3A+Science+%26+Engineering&rft.atitle=The+Basic+Principles+of+UV%E2%80%93Disinfection+of+Water&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E313&rft.date=1987-09-01&rft.issn=0191-9512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01919518708552146&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987OzSE....9..299M&rft.aulast=Meulemans&rft.aufirst=C.+C.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090522010539/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/06/cheap-food/bourne-text/1">"Soil salination by placement of water wells mentioned in India"</a>. Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. 2002-10-17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/06/cheap-food/bourne-text/1">the original</a> on May 22, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soil+salination+by+placement+of+water+wells+mentioned+in+India&rft.pub=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com&rft.date=2002-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2009%2F06%2Fcheap-food%2Fbourne-text%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=198">"Practical Answers – Handpumps"</a>. Practicalaction.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Practical+Answers+%E2%80%93+Handpumps&rft.pub=Practicalaction.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpracticalaction.org%2Fpracticalanswers%2Fproduct_info.php%3Fproducts_id%3D198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.practicalaction.org/?id=appeal_nepalpump">"Treadle pump"</a>. Dev.practicalaction.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treadle+pump&rft.pub=Dev.practicalaction.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.practicalaction.org%2F%3Fid%3Dappeal_nepalpump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFamigliettiFerguson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Famiglietti, James S.; Ferguson, Grant (23 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abh2867">"The hidden crisis beneath our feet"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>372</b> (6540): <span class="nowrap">344–</span>345. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sci...372..344F">2021Sci...372..344F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abh2867">10.1126/science.abh2867</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888627">33888627</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233353241">233353241</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+hidden+crisis+beneath+our+feet&rft.volume=372&rft.issue=6540&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E344-%3C%2Fspan%3E345&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abh2867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233353241%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33888627&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Sci...372..344F&rft.aulast=Famiglietti&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abh2867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210423130101.htm">"The largest assessment of global groundwater wells finds many are at risk of drying up"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=The+largest+assessment+of+global+groundwater+wells+finds+many+are+at+risk+of+drying+up&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2021%2F04%2F210423130101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasechkoPerrone2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jasechko, Scott; Perrone, Debra (23 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc2755">"Global groundwater wells at risk of running dry"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>372</b> (6540): <span class="nowrap">418–</span>421. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sci...372..418J">2021Sci...372..418J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abc2755">10.1126/science.abc2755</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888642">33888642</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233353207">233353207</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Global+groundwater+wells+at+risk+of+running+dry&rft.volume=372&rft.issue=6540&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E418-%3C%2Fspan%3E421&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233353207%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Sci...372..418J&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abc2755&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33888642&rft.aulast=Jasechko&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Perrone%2C+Debra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abc2755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burr-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burr_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurr1766" class="citation book cs1">Burr, Thomas Benge (1766). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theweald.org/bk.asp?bookid=burr000"><i>The History of Tunbridge Wells</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Tunbridge+Wells&rft.place=London&rft.date=1766&rft.aulast=Burr&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Benge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheweald.org%2Fbk.asp%3Fbookid%3Dburr000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russo273277-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-russo273277_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Russo" title="Lucio Russo">Russo, Lucio</a> (2004). <i>The Forgotten Revolution</i>. Berlin: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">273–</span>277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Revolution&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Lucio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1982" class="citation cs2">Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1982), <i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, p. 955, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837820" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837820"><bdi>9780802837820</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%3A+E-J&rft.pages=955&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780802837820&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humboldt-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Humboldt_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geology.humboldt.edu/courses/geology556/556_handouts/well_flow_equations.pdf">"Well Flow Equations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cal Poly Humboldt, Department of Geology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Well+Flow+Equations&rft.pub=Cal+Poly+Humboldt%2C+Department+of+Geology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeology.humboldt.edu%2Fcourses%2Fgeology556%2F556_handouts%2Fwell_flow_equations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inspectapedia-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inspectapedia_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inspectapedia.com/water/Well_Flow_Rate.php">"How Much Water Can the Well Deliver"</a>. Inspectapedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Much+Water+Can+the+Well+Deliver&rft.pub=Inspectapedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finspectapedia.com%2Fwater%2FWell_Flow_Rate.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll1986" class="citation book cs1">Driscoll, F. (1986). <i>Groundwater and Wells</i>. <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_MN" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, MN">St. Paul</a>: Johnson Filtration Systems. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9616456-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9616456-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9616456-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groundwater+and+Wells&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pub=Johnson+Filtration+Systems&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-9616456-0-1&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Rowles1995" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Rowles (1995). <i>Drilling for Water</i> (2nd ed.). Avebury, Cranfield University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85628-984-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85628-984-2"><bdi>1-85628-984-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drilling+for+Water&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Avebury%2C+Cranfield+University&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85628-984-2&rft.au=Raymond+Rowles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_wells" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Water wells">Water wells</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Well" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Well">Well</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/sustainable-groundwater-management">Sustainable Groundwater Development theme of the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://akvopedia.org/wiki/Water_Portal">Water Portal – Akvopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sswm.info/">Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/wells/index.html">U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Healthy Water – Water Wells</a> Site covering well basics, guidelines for proper siting and location of wells to avoid contamination, well testing, diseases related to wells, emergency well treatment and other topics.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwwells.html">US Geological Survey – Ground water: Wells</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/gwartesian.html">US Geological Survey – Water Science Pictures Flowing Artesian Well</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euforaje.ro/foraje-puturi/">Drilling wells 18 extremely useful questions and answers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agwt.org/">American Ground Water Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifewater.org/resources/ground_water.html#GW">Lifewater International Technical Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616030412/http://www.lifewater.org/resources/ground_water.html#GW">Archived</a> 2013-06-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watersanitationhygiene.org/References/Technical%20Resources%20-%20Wells.htm">Well Construction Technical Resources for NGOs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geotechnical_engineering316" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geotechnical_engineering" title="Template:Geotechnical engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geotechnical_engineering" title="Template talk:Geotechnical engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geotechnical_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geotechnical engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geotechnical_engineering316" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Offshore_geotechnical_engineering" title="Offshore geotechnical engineering">Offshore geotechnical engineering</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_investigation" title="Geotechnical investigation">Investigation</a> <br />and<br />instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Field (<i>in situ</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Core_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/20px-Core_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/30px-Core_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/40px-Core_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cone_penetration_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/20px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/30px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/40px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cone_penetration_test" title="Cone penetration test">Cone penetration test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geo-electrical_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/20px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/30px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/40px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geo-electrical_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geo-electrical sounding (page does not exist)">Geo-electrical sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:In_situ_permeameter_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/20px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/30px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/40px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">Permeability test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Load_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/20px-Load_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/30px-Load_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/40px-Load_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Load_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Load test">Load test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Static_load_testing" title="Static load testing">Static</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_load_testing" title="Dynamic load testing">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statnamic_load_test" title="Statnamic load test">Statnamic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pore_pressure_measurement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/20px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/30px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/40px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> Pore pressure measurement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piezometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezometer">Piezometer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Classification">Well</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/20px-Ram_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/30px-Ram_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/40px-Ram_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ram sounding (page does not exist)">Ram sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_control_drilling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/20px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/30px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/40px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_control_drilling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock control drilling (page does not exist)">Rock control drilling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/20px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/30px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/40px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotary-pressure_sounding" title="Rotary-pressure sounding">Rotary-pressure sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_weight_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/20px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/30px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/40px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_weight_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotary weight sounding (page does not exist)">Rotary weight sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_series.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/20px-Sample_series.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/30px-Sample_series.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/40px-Sample_series.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Soil_test#Soil_testing" title="Soil test">Sample series</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_plate_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/20px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/30px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/40px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw_plate_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Screw plate test (page does not exist)">Screw plate test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_monitoring" title="Deformation monitoring">Deformation monitoring</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inclinometer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/20px-Inclinometer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/30px-Inclinometer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/40px-Inclinometer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Settlement_recordings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/20px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/30px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/40px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Soil_consolidation" title="Soil consolidation">Settlement recordings</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shear_vane_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/20px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/30px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/40px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shear_vane_test" title="Shear vane test">Shear vane test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/20px-Simple_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/30px-Simple_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/40px-Simple_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simple sounding (page does not exist)">Simple sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_penetration_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/20px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/30px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/40px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Standard_penetration_test" title="Standard penetration test">Standard penetration test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/20px-Total_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/30px-Total_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/40px-Total_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Total_sounding" title="Total sounding">Total sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_pit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/20px-Trial_pit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/30px-Trial_pit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/40px-Trial_pit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Trial_pit" title="Trial pit">Trial pit</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visible_rock.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/20px-Visible_rock.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/30px-Visible_rock.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/40px-Visible_rock.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Visible bedrock</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_densometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear densometer">Nuclear densometer test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Exploration geophysics</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crosshole_sonic_logging" title="Crosshole sonic logging">Crosshole sonic logging</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pile_integrity_test" title="Pile integrity test">Pile integrity test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave_equation_analysis" title="Wave equation analysis">Wave equation analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_test" title="Soil test">Laboratory <br />testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atterberg_limits" title="Atterberg limits">Atterberg limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_bearing_ratio" title="California bearing ratio">California bearing ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_shear_test" title="Direct shear test">Direct shear test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer">Hydrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctor_compaction_test" title="Proctor compaction test">Proctor compaction test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-value_(soils)" title="R-value (soils)">R-value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieve_analysis" title="Sieve analysis">Sieve analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triaxial_shear_test" title="Triaxial shear test">Triaxial shear test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedometer_test" title="Oedometer test">Oedometer test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity#Experimental_approach" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_content#Measurement" title="Water content">Water content tests</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_content" title="Water content">Water content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_ratio" title="Void ratio">Void ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_density" title="Bulk density">Bulk density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thixotropy" title="Thixotropy">Thixotropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds%27_dilatancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynolds' dilatancy">Reynolds' dilatancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_repose" title="Angle of repose">Angle of repose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction#Angle_of_friction" title="Friction">Friction angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(geology)" title="Cohesion (geology)">Cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">Porosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_storage" title="Specific storage">Specific storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_strength_(soil)" title="Shear strength (soil)">Shear strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Sensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures <br />(<a href="/wiki/Soil-structure_interaction" title="Soil-structure interaction">Interaction</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">Terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Bedrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgrade" title="Subgrade">Subgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">Earthworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shoring structures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">Retaining walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_freezing" title="Ground freezing">Ground freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_stabilized_earth" title="Mechanically stabilized earth">Mechanically stabilized earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_grouting" title="Pressure grouting">Pressure grouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_wall" title="Slurry wall">Slurry wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_nailing" title="Soil nailing">Soil nailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieback_(geotechnical)" title="Tieback (geotechnical)">Tieback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging" title="Digging">Excavation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embankment_(earthworks)" title="Embankment (earthworks)">Embankment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(earthworks)" title="Cut (earthworks)">Cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Cut-and-cover" title="Tunnel">Cut-and-cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_and_fill" title="Cut and fill">Cut and fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">Fill dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grading_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading (engineering)">Grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_bed" title="Track bed">Track bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_structure" title="Earth structure">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">Expanded clay aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">Geotextile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">Geomembrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetic_clay_liner" title="Geosynthetic clay liner">Geosynthetic clay liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_confinement" title="Cellular confinement">Cellular confinement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_foundation" title="Shallow foundation">Shallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep foundation">Deep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">Mechanics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effective_stress" title="Effective stress">Effective stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pore_water_pressure" title="Pore water pressure">Pore water pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_earth_pressure" title="Lateral earth pressure">Lateral earth pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconsolidation_pressure" title="Preconsolidation pressure">Preconsolidation pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Phenomena/<br />problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation (soil)">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Response_spectrum" title="Response spectrum">Response spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">Shear wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a> analysis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slope_stability_analysis" title="Slope stability analysis">Stability analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide_mitigation" title="Landslide mitigation">Mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide_classification" title="Landslide classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_criterion_(geotechnical_engineering)" title="Sliding criterion (geotechnical engineering)">Sliding criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road#Slab_stabilization" title="Road">Slab stabilisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_capacity" title="Bearing capacity">Bearing capacity</a> * <a href="/wiki/Stress_distribution_in_soil" title="Stress distribution in soil">Stress distribution in soil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Numerical analysis <br />software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SEEP2D" title="SEEP2D">SEEP2D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STABL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STABL (page does not exist)">STABL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVFlux" title="SVFlux">SVFlux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVSlope" title="SVSlope">SVSlope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTEXAS" title="UTEXAS">UTEXAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaxis" title="Plaxis">Plaxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geoprofessions" title="Geoprofessions">Related fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_materials" title="Earth materials">Earth materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrology">Agrology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea249" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" title="Template:Man-made and man-related subterranea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" title="Template talk:Man-made and man-related subterranea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Man-made and man-related subterranea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea249" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Man-made and man-related <a href="/wiki/Subterranea_(geography)" title="Subterranea (geography)">subterranea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">Cenote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_vault_(tomb)" title="Burial vault (tomb)">Burial vault (tomb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">Borehole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout (shelter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_well" title="Dry well">Dry well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_shelter" title="Earth shelter">Earth shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdstall" title="Erdstall">Erdstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogou" title="Fogou">Fogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">Hypogeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole" title="Manhole">Manhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tomb" title="Rock-cut tomb">Rock-cut tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_vault" title="Utility vault">Utility vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_city" title="Underground city">Underground city</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">Stepwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling_tunnel" title="Smuggling tunnel">Smuggling tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shaft" title="Ventilation shaft">Ventilation shaft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a> (silo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallywag_bunker" title="Scallywag bunker">Scallywag bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_base" title="Underground base">Underground base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quarrying" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarrying">quarrying</a>, and<br /><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">underground construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">Rock-cut architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_utility_engineering" title="Subsurface utility engineering">Subsurface utility engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mine_ventilation" title="Underground mine ventilation">Underground mine ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">Underground mining (hard rock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(soft_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (soft rock)">Underground mining (soft rock)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_dweller" title="Cave dweller">Cave dweller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Maastricht" title="Caves of Maastricht">Caves of Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_tunnel_system" title="Houston tunnel system">Houston tunnel system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%91b%C3%A1nya_cellar_system" title="Kőbánya cellar system">Kőbánya cellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_network" title="Tunnel network">Tunnel network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_living" title="Underground living">Underground living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City_(Beijing)" title="Underground City (Beijing)">Underground City (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City,_Montreal" title="Underground City, Montreal">Underground City, Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_exploration" title="Mine exploration">Mine exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mines_of_Paris" title="Mines of Paris">Mines of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_people" title="Mole people">Mole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_underground_geothermal_zone" title="Naples underground geothermal zone">Naples underground geothermal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapping" title="Sapping">Sapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_London" title="Subterranean London">Subterranean London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_Toledo" title="Subterranean Toledo">Subterranean Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Subterranean fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates%27_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Gates' house">Bill Gates' house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestiere_Underground_Gardens" title="Forestiere Underground Gardens">Forestiere Underground Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_House_Colorado" title="Underground House Colorado">Underground House Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_House_Las_Vegas" title="Underground House Las Vegas">Underground House Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_World_Home" title="Underground World Home">Underground World Home</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underhill,_Holme" title="Underhill, Holme">Underhill, Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockerton_Housing_Project" title="Hockerton Housing Project">Hockerton Housing Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malator" title="Malator">Malator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning Ridge">Lightning Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1928" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43483#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008491-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85146057">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Puits"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119759000">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Puits"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119759000">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563888">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="studny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116306&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pozos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524606">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000082718&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810545826905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007553637505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Well&oldid=1269736544">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Well&oldid=1269736544</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_wells" title="Category:Water wells">Water wells</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_features" title="Category:Archaeological features">Archaeological features</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water" title="Category:Bodies of water">Bodies of water</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_supply_infrastructure" title="Category:Water supply infrastructure">Water supply infrastructure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:In_situ_geotechnical_investigations" title="Category:In situ geotechnical investigations">In situ geotechnical investigations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_May_2016" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from May 2016">Vague or ambiguous time from May 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2021">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 January 2025, at 03:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Well&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Well</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>116 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-567b97b4dc-5bwmp","wgBackendResponseTime":145,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.852","walltime":"1.085","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7027,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":181147,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16228,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":160200,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 814.835 1 -total"," 30.37% 247.461 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.91% 129.652 16 Template:Citation_needed"," 15.10% 123.049 19 Template:Fix"," 13.31% 108.477 6 Template:Navbox"," 13.21% 107.641 8 Template:Cite_book"," 11.36% 92.557 1 Template:Geotechnical_engineering"," 7.59% 61.850 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.09% 57.763 1 Template:Commons_category"," 7.03% 57.243 2 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.483","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8489175,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-8c4z4","timestamp":"20250211202539","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Well","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Well","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43483","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43483","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-03-08T09:18:49Z","dateModified":"2025-01-16T03:20:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/01\/Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG","headline":"excavation or structure created in the ground to access groundwater"}</script> </body> </html>