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<span>Toggle In archaic and ancient Indian languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_archaic_and_ancient_Indian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sanskrit_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskrit_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sanskrit literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanskrit_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vedic_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedic_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Vedic literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedic_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epic_Sanskrit_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epic_Sanskrit_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Epic Sanskrit literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epic_Sanskrit_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Sanskrit_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Sanskrit_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Classical Sanskrit literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Sanskrit_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Meitei_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Meitei_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ancient Meitei literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Meitei_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prakrit_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prakrit_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Prakrit literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prakrit_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pali_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pali_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pali literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pali_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Tamil literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sangam_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sangam_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Sangam literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sangam_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhakti_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhakti_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Bhakti literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhakti_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_Indian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_Indian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In modern Indian languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_modern_Indian_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In modern Indian languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_modern_Indian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_&_scheduled_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_&_scheduled_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sahitya Akademi recognised & scheduled languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_&_scheduled_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assamese_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assamese_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Assamese literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assamese_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengali_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengali_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Bengali literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengali_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindi_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindi_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Hindi literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindi_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gujarati_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gujarati_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Gujarati literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gujarati_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kannada_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kannada_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Kannada literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kannada_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kashmiri_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kashmiri_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Kashmiri literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kashmiri_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konkani_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konkani_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Konkani literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konkani_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malayalam_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malayalam_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.8</span> <span>Malayalam literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malayalam_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maithili_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maithili_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.9</span> <span>Maithili literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maithili_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Meitei_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Meitei_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.10</span> <span>Modern Meitei literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Meitei_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marathi_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marathi_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.11</span> <span>Marathi literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marathi_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepali_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepali_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.12</span> <span>Nepali literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepali_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odia_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odia_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.13</span> <span>Odia literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odia_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjabi_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjabi_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.14</span> <span>Punjabi literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjabi_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sindhi_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sindhi_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.15</span> <span>Sindhi literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sindhi_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil_literature_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil_literature_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.16</span> <span>Tamil literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil_literature_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telugu_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telugu_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.17</span> <span>Telugu literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telugu_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urdu_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urdu_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.18</span> <span>Urdu literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urdu_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_but_non_scheduled_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_but_non_scheduled_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sahitya Akademi recognised but non scheduled languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_but_non_scheduled_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_English_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_English_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Indian English literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_English_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rajasthani_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rajasthani_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Rajasthani literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rajasthani_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non_Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_&_non_scheduled_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non_Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_&_non_scheduled_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Non Sahitya Akademi recognised & non scheduled languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non_Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_&_non_scheduled_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bhojpuri_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhojpuri_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Bhojpuri literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhojpuri_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chhattisgarhi_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chhattisgarhi_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Chhattisgarhi literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chhattisgarhi_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kodava_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kodava_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Kodava literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kodava_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mizo_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mizo_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Mizo literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mizo_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nagpuri_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagpuri_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Nagpuri literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nagpuri_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tripuri_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tripuri_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Tripuri literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tripuri_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tulu_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tulu_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.7</span> <span>Tulu literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tulu_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_foreign_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_foreign_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In foreign languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_foreign_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In foreign languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_foreign_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_Persian_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Persian_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Indian Persian literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Persian_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_from_North_East_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_from_North_East_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literature from North East India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_from_North_East_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian literature</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="أدب هندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب هندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliteratura_india" title="Lliteratura india – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lliteratura india" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ভারতীয় সাহিত্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতীয় সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D3%99%D2%99%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Һиндостан әҙәбиәте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һиндостан әҙәбиәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="भारतीय साहित्य – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भारतीय साहित्य" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Индийска литература – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индийска литература" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Literatura de l'Índia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literatura de l'Índia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indick%C3%A1_literatura" title="Indická literatura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indická literatura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indische_Literatur" title="Indische Literatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indische Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_kirjandus" title="India kirjandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="India kirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ινδική λογοτεχνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδική λογοτεχνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_de_la_India" title="Literatura de la India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura de la India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindia_literaturo" title="Hindia literaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindia literaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiako_literatura" title="Indiako literatura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indiako literatura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ادبیات هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادبیات هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_indienne" title="Littérature indienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature indienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84_%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="인도 문학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도 문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հնդկական գրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնդկական գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="भारतीय साहित्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय साहित्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra_India" title="Sastra India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sastra India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura_indiana" title="Letteratura indiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Letteratura indiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ინდური ლიტერატურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდური ლიტერატურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterae_Indiae" title="Litterae Indiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Litterae Indiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiai_irodalom" title="Indiai irodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indiai irodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="भारतीय साहित्य – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भारतीय साहित्य" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Индиска книжевност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индиска книжевност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഇന്ത്യൻ സാഹിത്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യൻ സാഹിത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="ادب هندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادب هندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="भारतीय साहित्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारतीय साहित्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="インド文学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisk_litteratur" title="Indisk litteratur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Indisk litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_indiana" title="Literatura indiana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Literatura indiana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="ہندوستانی ادب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندوستانی ادب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="هندي ادبيات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هندي ادبيات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatury_indyjskie" title="Literatury indyjskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Literatury indyjskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Литература Индии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литература Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B6%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB" title="ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉන්දියානු සාහිත්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්දියානු සාහිත්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indick%C3%A1_literat%C3%BAra" title="Indická literatúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Indická literatúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijska_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Indijska književnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Indijska književnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijska_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Indijska književnost – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Indijska književnost" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisk_litteratur" title="Indisk litteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indisk litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Література Індії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Література Індії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="ہندوستانی ادب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہندوستانی ادب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%E1%BB%8Dc_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" title="Văn học Ấn Độ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn học Ấn Độ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_literature" title="Template:Indian literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_literature" title="Template talk:Indian literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History of literature</a><br /><span class="nobold">by era</span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_text_corpora" title="Ancient text corpora">corpora</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature#Bronze_Age" title="Ancient literature">Bronze Age</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language#History" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language#Vocabulary_and_texts" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language#Sample_text_and_vocabulary" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugarit</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature#Classical_Antiquity" title="Ancient literature">Classical</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">Ancient Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ancient Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Classical Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language#Attestations" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature#Persian_literature_of_the_medieval_and_pre-modern_periods" title="Persian literature">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Old Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_literature" title="Syriac literature">Syriac</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_literature" title="Early medieval literature">Early medieval</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language#Records" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_literature" title="Coptic literature">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language#Buddhist_manuscripts_in_Gāndhāri" title="Gandhari language">Gandhari Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez#History_and_literature" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_literature" title="Georgian literature">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature#Heian_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit#Early_literature" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages#Pre-Proto-Mongolic" title="Mongolic languages">Pre-Proto-Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_literature" title="Old High German literature">Old German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Khmer#Attestation_and_History" title="Old Khmer">Old Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language#Old_Malay" title="History of the Malay language">Old Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic#Literary_works" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language#Texts" title="Saka language">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language#Discovery_of_Sogdian_texts" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">Welsh</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a> by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_century_in_literature" title="10th century in literature">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_century_in_literature" title="11th century in literature">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_century_in_literature" title="12th century in literature">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_century_in_literature" title="13th century in literature">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century_in_literature" title="14th century in literature">14th</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_literature" title="Early modern literature">Early modern</a> by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th_century_in_literature" title="15th century in literature">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_literature" title="16th century in literature">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_century_in_literature" title="17th century in literature">17th</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Modern by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_century_in_literature" title="18th century in literature">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century_in_literature" title="19th century in literature">19th</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_literature" title="Contemporary literature">Contemporary</a> by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_literature" title="20th century in literature">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_in_literature" title="21st century in literature">21st</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_literature_by_era" title="Template:History of literature by era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_literature_by_era" title="Template talk:History of literature by era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_literature_by_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of literature by era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Indian literature</b> refers to the literature produced on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> until 1947 and in the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a> thereafter. The <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India</a> has <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled languages of India">22 officially recognised languages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>, India's highest literary body, also has <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi#Recognised_literary_languages" title="Sahitya Akademi">24 recognised literary languages</a>. </p><p>The earliest works of Indian literature were <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">orally</a> transmitted. <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a> begins with the <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a>, a collection of literature dating to the period 1500–1200 BCE. The Sanskrit epics <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> were subsequently codified and appeared towards the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. <a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">Classical Sanskrit</a> literature developed rapidly during the first few centuries of the first millennium BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Language">Tamil</a> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Meitei_literature" title="Ancient Meitei literature">Ancient Meitei</a> appeared in the 1st century CE with sacred musical compositions like the <a href="/wiki/Ougri" title="Ougri">Ougri</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ayyappappanikkar_1997_326_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayyappappanikkar_1997_326-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and heroic narratives like the <a href="/wiki/Numit_Kappa" title="Numit Kappa">Numit Kappa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the medieval period, literature in <a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_literature" title="Telugu literature">Telugu</a> appeared in the 9th and 10th centuries, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, literature in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> appeared. Thereafter literature in various dialects of <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> began to appear as well. In 1913, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Bengali poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> became <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureates_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureates of India">India's first Nobel laureate in literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_archaic_and_ancient_Indian_languages">In archaic and ancient Indian languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In archaic and ancient Indian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History of literature</a><br /><span class="nobold">by region or country</span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> General topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basic_literature_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of basic literature topics">Basic topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of literary terms">Literary terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_literature" title="World literature">World literature</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">Romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of authors">Authors</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Middle Eastern</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian literature">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlavi literature">Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">European</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Medieval_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Medieval literature">Early Medieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Rome" title="Matter of Rome">Matter of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Renaissance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> Modern</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poststructuralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructuralism">Poststructuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-colonialism">Post-colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_fiction" title="Hypertext fiction">Hypertexts</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> North and South American</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_literature" title="Jamaican literature">Jamaican</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_literature" title="Argentine literature">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_literature" title="Chilean literature">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_literature" title="Colombian literature">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literature" title="Cuban literature">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">Peruvian</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Oceanian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">New Zealand</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Asian_literature" title="Asian literature">Asian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> East</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_literature" title="Mongolian literature">Mongolian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;border-top:1px #aaa solid;"> Southeast</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_literature" title="Burmese literature">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_literature" title="Vietnamese literature">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;border-top:1px #aaa solid;"> South</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Meitei_literature" title="Ancient Meitei literature">Ancient Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_literature" title="Telugu literature">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_literature" title="Assamese literature">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_literature" title="Gujarati literature">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri literature">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_literature" title="Meitei literature">Modern Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_literature" title="Nepali literature">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_literature" title="Rajasthani literature">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_writing_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian writing in English">Indian writing in English</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature">African</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> North</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Ancient Egyptian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Moroccan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;border-top:1px #aaa solid;"> Sub-Saharan</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_literature" title="Swahili literature">Swahili</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History of science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_literature" title="List of years in literature">List of years in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_by_country" title="Category:Literature by country">Literature by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre" title="History of theatre">History of theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">History of ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">Intellectual history</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_literature_by_region_or_country" title="Template:History of literature by region or country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_literature_by_region_or_country" title="Template talk:History of literature by region or country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_literature_by_region_or_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of literature by region or country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanskrit_literature">Sanskrit literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sanskrit literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vedic_literature">Vedic literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vedic literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div> <p>Examples of early works written in <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> include, the core <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>. Other examples include the <a href="/wiki/Sulba_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulba Sutras">Sulba Sutras</a>, which are some of the earliest texts on <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epic_Sanskrit_literature">Epic Sanskrit literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Epic Sanskrit literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Indian epic poetry</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ved_Vyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ved Vyasa">Ved Vyasa</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, written in Epic Sanskrit, are regarded as the greatest Sanskrit epics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_Sanskrit_literature">Classical Sanskrit literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classical Sanskrit literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a></div> <p>The famous poet and playwright <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kālidāsa">Kālidāsa</a> wrote one epic: <i><a href="/wiki/Raghuvamsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghuvamsha">Raghuvamsha</a></i> (<i>Dynasty of Raghu</i>); it was written in Classical Sanskrit rather than Epic Sanskrit. Other examples of works written in Classical Sanskrit include the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ashtadhyayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtadhyayi">Ashtadhyayi</a></i>, which standardised the grammar and phonetics of Classical Sanskrit. The <i><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Laws of Manu</a></i> (मनुस्मृति) is a famous text in Hinduism. <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kālidāsa">Kālidāsa</a> is often considered to be the greatest playwright in Sanskrit literature and one of the greatest poets in Sanskrit literature; his <i><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81na%C5%9B%C4%81kuntalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhijñānaśākuntalam">Recognition of Shakuntala</a></i> (अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम्) and <i><a href="/wiki/Meghaduuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Meghaduuta">Meghaduuta</a></i> are Kalidasa's most famous play and poem respectively. Other famous plays include <i><a href="/wiki/M%E1%B9%9Bcchakatika" title="Mṛcchakatika">Mricchakatika</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Shudraka" title="Shudraka">Shudraka</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Svapnavasavadattam" title="Svapnavasavadattam">Svapna Vasavadattam</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasa">Bhasa</a>, and <i>Ratnavali</i> by Sri Harsha. Later poetic works include <i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a>. Some other famous works are <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Vatsyayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatsyayana">Vatsyayana</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Meitei_literature">Ancient Meitei literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient Meitei literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Meitei_literature" title="Ancient Meitei literature">Ancient Meitei literature</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB; min-width: 15em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"The beginning of this <a href="/wiki/Old_Manipuri_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Manipuri literature">old Manipuri literature</a> (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Newari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Newari language">Newari</a>) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji">Suniti Kumar Chatterji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a> awardee Indian scholar</cite></p> </div> <p>Some of the ancient literature of <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei language</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipuri language">Manipuri language</a>) include the <a href="/wiki/Ougri" title="Ougri">Ougri</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1st century CE</span> musical composition),<sup id="cite_ref-Ayyappappanikkar_1997_326_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayyappappanikkar_1997_326-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Numit_Kappa" title="Numit Kappa">Numit Kappa</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1st century CE</span> narrative work),<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Poireiton_Khunthok" title="Poireiton Khunthok">Poireiton Khunthok</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3rd century CE</span> narrative work),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Khencho</i> (pre-7th century CE musical composition),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6th-7th century CE copper plate inscriptions of king Khongtekcha,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Panthoibi_Khonggul" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthoibi Khonggul">Panthoibi Khonggul</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8th century CE</span> narrative work),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Loiyumpa_Silyel" title="Loiyumpa Silyel">Loiyumpa Silyel</a> (c. Written Constitution drafted in 429 CE, and finalised in 11th-12th century CE), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prakrit_literature">Prakrit literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prakrit literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a>'s plays were written in Shauraseni as were a sizable number of Jain works and <a href="/wiki/Rajashekhara_(Sanskrit_poet)" title="Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)">Rajasekhara</a>'s <i>Karpuramanjari</i>. Canto 13 of the <a href="/wiki/Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADik%C4%81vya" title="Bhaṭṭikāvya">Bhaṭṭikāvya</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is written in what is called "like the vernacular" (<i>bhāṣāsama</i>), that is, it can be read in two languages simultaneously: Prakrit and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pali_literature">Pali literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pali literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Pali literature</a></div> <p>The canonical Pali literature includes <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Sutta Piṭaka">discourses</a> (<i>suttas</i>), <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a> works, poetry, works on monastic discipline (<i><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">vinaya</a></i>), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka tales</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamil_literature">Tamil literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tamil literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sangam_literature">Sangam literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sangam literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: சங்க இலக்கியம், <i>Sanga ilakkiyam)</i> is the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a> of the period in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_south_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of south India">history of south India</a> (known as the <a href="/wiki/Thamizhagam" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamizhagam">Thamizhagam</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Tamilagam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamilagam">Tamilagam</a>) spanning from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BCE</span> to 300 CE (<a href="/wiki/Akananuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Akananuru">Akananuru</a> (1, 15, 31, 55, 61, 65, 91, 97, 101, 115, 127, 187, 197, 201, 211, 233, 251, 265, 281, 311, 325, 331, 347, 349, 359, 393, 281, 295), <a href="/wiki/Ku%E1%B9%9Funtokai" title="Kuṟuntokai">Kurunthogai</a> (11), <a href="/wiki/Na%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fi%E1%B9%87ai" title="Naṟṟiṇai">Natrinai</a> (14, 75) are dated before 300 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This collection contains 2381 poems in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> composed by 473 poets, some 102 of whom remain anonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the available Sangam literature is from the <a href="/wiki/Third_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Sangam">Third Sangam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this period is known as the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a>, which refers to the prevalent Sangam legends claiming literary academies lasting thousands of years, giving the name to the corpus of literature.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Only religious poems among the shorter poems occur in <i><a href="/wiki/Paripaatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Paripaatal">paripaatal</a></i>. The rest of the corpus of Sangam literature deals with human relationship and emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sangam literature deals with emotional and material topics such as love, war, governance, trade and bereavement.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the greatest Tamil scholars, like <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Thiruvalluvar</a>, who wrote on ethics, and on the various issues of life like virtue, wealth and love, or the Tamil poet <a href="/wiki/Mamulanar" title="Mamulanar">Mamulanar</a>, who explored historical incidents that happened in India, lived during the Sangam period.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bhakti_literature">Bhakti literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bhakti literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> was a significant religious movement in medieval <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Schomer_McLeod1987_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schomer_McLeod1987-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> that sought to bring religious reforms to all strata of society by adopting the method of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">devotion</a> to achieve salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-cbseindiatoday_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbseindiatoday-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originating in <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> during 6th century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it gained prominence through the poems and teachings of the Vaishnava <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a> and Shaiva <a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a> before spreading northwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Schomer_McLeod1987_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schomer_McLeod1987-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> It swept over east and north India from the 15th century onwards, reaching its zenith between the 15th and 17th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Schomer_McLeod1987_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schomer_McLeod1987-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1–2">: 1–2 </span></sup> From the 14th to the 18th centuries, India's literary traditions went through a period of drastic change because of the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> in the northern parts of India, resulting in the emergence of devotional poets like <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabīr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsīdās</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nānak</a>. This period was characterised by a varied and wide spectrum of thought and expression; as a consequence, medieval Indian literary works differed significantly from classical traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas2005_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas2005-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_Indian_languages">In modern Indian languages <span class="anchor" id="In_common_Indian_languages"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In modern Indian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_&_scheduled_languages"><span id="Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_.26_scheduled_languages"></span>Sahitya Akademi recognised & scheduled languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sahitya Akademi recognised & scheduled languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi#Recognised_literary_languages" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi § Recognised literary languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled languages of India">Scheduled languages of India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assamese_literature">Assamese literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Assamese literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Indian_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Indian literature">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assamese_literature" title="Assamese literature">Assamese literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Assamese-language_books" title="Category:Assamese-language books">Category:Assamese-language books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buranjis" class="mw-redirect" title="Buranjis">Buranjis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assamese_poetry" title="Assamese poetry">Assamese poetry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laksminath_Bezbaruah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Laksminath_Bezbaruah.jpg/220px-Laksminath_Bezbaruah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Laksminath_Bezbaruah.jpg/330px-Laksminath_Bezbaruah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Laksminath_Bezbaruah.jpg/440px-Laksminath_Bezbaruah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Lakshminath_Bezbaroa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshminath Bezbaroa">Lakshminath Bezbaroa</a>, Assamese poet, novelist and playwright of modern <a href="/wiki/Assamese_literature" title="Assamese literature">Assamese literature</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapadas</a> are often cited as the earliest example of Assamese literature. The Charyapadas are <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhist songs composed in the 8th to 12th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These writings bear similarities to Oriya and Bengali languages as well. The phonological and morphological traits of these songs, some of which are extant, bear very strong resemblance to Assamese.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A comprehensive introductory book <i>Assamese Language-Literature & Sahityarathi Lakshminath Bezbaroa</i> originally authored by leading Assamese littérateur of <i>Awahon-Ramdhenu Era</i> and pioneer Assam economist <a href="/wiki/Bhabananda_Deka" title="Bhabananda Deka">Bhabananda Deka</a> together with his three deputies, Parikshit Hazarika, Upendra Nath Goswami and Prabhat Chandra Sarma, was published in 1968. This book was officially released in New Delhi on 24 Nov 1968 by then President of India <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain" title="Zakir Husain">Zakir Husain</a> in commemoration of the birth centenary celebration of doyen of Assamese literature <a href="/wiki/Lakshminath_Bezbaroa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshminath Bezbaroa">Lakshminath Bezbaroa</a>. After almost half a century, this historic book has been recovered and re-edited by Assamese award-winning short-story writer & novelist Arnab Jan Deka, which was published by Assam Foundation-India in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bengali_literature">Bengali literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bengali literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_novels" title="Bengali novels">Bengali novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Bengali poetry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali science fiction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg/220px-Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg/330px-Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg/440px-Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, the author of many works, including <a href="/wiki/Gitanjali" title="Gitanjali">Gitanjali</a> and India's national anthem '<a href="/wiki/Jana_Gana_Mana" title="Jana Gana Mana">Jana Gana Mana</a>'. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1913 for "his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West." He was the first person of non-European lineage to win a Nobel Prize.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bankim_chandra_chatterjee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bankim_chandra_chatterjee.jpg/220px-Bankim_chandra_chatterjee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Bankim_chandra_chatterjee.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a>, the author of India's National Song '<a href="/wiki/Vande_Mataram" title="Vande Mataram">Vande Mataram</a>'.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first evidence of Bengali literature is known as Charyapada or Charyageeti, which were Buddhist hymns from the 8th century. Charyapada is in the oldest known written form of Bengali. The famous Bengali linguist <a href="/wiki/Hara_Prasad_Shastri" title="Hara Prasad Shastri">Hara Prasad Shastri</a> discovered the palm leaf Charyapada manuscript in the Nepal Royal Court Library in 1907. The most internationally famous <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> writer is Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, who received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a> in 1913 for his work "Gitanjali". He wrote the national anthem of India and Bangladesh namely, "Jana Gana Mana" and "Amar Sonar Bangla", respectively. He was the first Asian who won the Nobel Prize. Rabindranath has written an enormous number of poems, songs, essays, novels, plays and short stories. His songs remain popular and are still widely sung in Bengal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hindi_literature">Hindi literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hindi literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Hindi literature</a></div> <p>Hindi literature started as religious and philosophical poetry in medieval periods in dialects like <a href="/wiki/Avadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Avadhi">Avadhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brij" class="mw-redirect" title="Brij">Brij</a>. The most famous figures from this period are <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>. In modern times, the <a href="/wiki/Dehlavi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehlavi dialect">Dehlavi dialect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindi Belt</a> became more prominent than <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gujarati_literature">Gujarati literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gujarati literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_literature" title="Gujarati literature">Gujarati literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suresh_Joshi_in_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Suresh_Joshi_in_1955.jpg/220px-Suresh_Joshi_in_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Suresh_Joshi_in_1955.jpg/330px-Suresh_Joshi_in_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Suresh_Joshi_in_1955.jpg/440px-Suresh_Joshi_in_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Joshi" title="Suresh Joshi">Suresh Joshi</a> is known as father of modern <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> literature.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gujarati literature's history may be traced to 1000 CE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kannada_literature">Kannada literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Kannada literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U_R_Ananthamurthy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/U_R_Ananthamurthy.jpg/200px-U_R_Ananthamurthy.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/U_R_Ananthamurthy.jpg/300px-U_R_Ananthamurthy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/U_R_Ananthamurthy.jpg/400px-U_R_Ananthamurthy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Kannada writer and <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a> winner for the year 1994, <a href="/wiki/U._R._Ananthamurthy" title="U. R. Ananthamurthy">U. R. Ananthamurthy</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Kannada_literature" title="Medieval Kannada literature">Medieval Kannada literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannada_poetry" title="Kannada poetry">Kannada poetry</a></div> <p>The oldest existing record of Kannada prose is the <a href="/wiki/Halmidi_inscription" title="Halmidi inscription">Halmidi inscription</a> of 450 CE, and poetry in <i>tripadi</i> metre is the <a href="/wiki/Kappe_Arabhatta" title="Kappe Arabhatta">Kappe Arabhatta</a> record of 700 CE. The folk form of literature began earlier than any other literature in Kannada. <i>Gajashtaka</i> (800 CE) by King Shivamara II, <i>Chudamani</i> (650 CE) by Thumbalacharya are examples of early literature now considered extinct. <i><a href="/wiki/Kavirajamarga" title="Kavirajamarga">Kavirajamarga</a></i> by King Nripatunga <a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha" title="Amoghavarsha">Amoghavarsha</a> I (850 CE) is the earliest existing literary work in Kannada. It is a writing on literary criticism and poetics meant to standardise various written Kannada dialects used in literature in previous centuries. The book makes reference to Kannada works by early writers such as King <a href="/wiki/Durvinita" title="Durvinita">Durvinita</a> of the 6th century and Ravikirti, the author of the Aihole record of 636 CE. An early <a href="/wiki/Extant_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant literature">extant</a> prose work, the <i>Vaddaradhane</i> by Shivakotiacharya of 900 CE provides an elaborate description of the life of Bhadrabahu of <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a>. Since the earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of Kannada grammar and literary styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-extinct_works5_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extinct_works5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Pampa</a> who popularised <a href="/wiki/Champu" title="Champu">Champu</a> style which is unique to Kannada wrote the epic "<a href="/wiki/Vikramarjuna_Vijaya" title="Vikramarjuna Vijaya">Vikramarjuna Vijaya</a>". He also wrote "<a href="/wiki/Adipurana" class="mw-redirect" title="Adipurana">Adipurana</a>". Other famous poets like Ponna wrote "shantinatapurana", "Bhuvanaikaramabhyudaya", "Jinaksharamale", and "gatapratyagata". Ranna wrote "Shantipurana" and "Ghadayudha". The Jain poet <a href="/wiki/Nagavarma_II" title="Nagavarma II">Nagavarma II</a> wrote "Kavyavalokana", "Karnatabhashabhushana" and "Vardhamanapurana" . Janna was the author of "Yashodhara Charitha". Rudhrabhatta and Durgashima wrote "Jagannatha Vijaya" and "Panchatantra" respectively. The works of the medieval period are based on <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> principles. The <a href="/wiki/Vachana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vachana">Vachana Sahitya</a> tradition of the 12th century is purely native and unique in world literature.<sup id="cite_ref-classical_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classical-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kashmiri_literature">Kashmiri literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Kashmiri literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri literature">Kashmiri literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Konkani_literature">Konkani literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Konkani literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konkani is a language with a complex and much-contested history. It is one of the few Indian languages to be written in five scripts—Roman, Nagari, Kannada, Persian-Arabic and Malayalam-and also has an extensive oral literature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malayalam_literature">Malayalam literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Malayalam literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a></div> <p>Even up to 500 years since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam calendar</a> which commenced in 825 CE, Malayalam literature remained in preliminary stage. During this time, Malayalam literature consisted mainly of various genres of songs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maithili_literature">Maithili literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Maithili literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maithili_literature" title="Maithili literature">Maithili literature</a></div> <p>Maithili literature is the entire collection of poetry, novels, short stories, documents and other writings in the <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili language</a>. </p><p>The Maithili script, Mithilakshara or Tirhuta as it is popularly known, is of a great antiquity. The <i><a href="/wiki/Lalitavistara" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalitavistara">Lalitavistara</a></i> mentions the Vaidehi script. Early in the latter half of the 7th century CE, a marked change occurred in the northeastern alphabet, and the inscriptions of Adityasena exhibit this change for the first time. The eastern variety develops and becomes the Maithili script, which comes into use in Assam, Bengal, and Nepal. The earliest recorded epigraphic evidence of the script is found in the Mandar Hill Stone inscriptions of Adityasena in the 7th century CE, now fixed in the Baidyanath temple of <a href="/wiki/Deoghar" title="Deoghar">Deoghar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language of the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Songs_of_realization" title="Songs of realization">dohas</a> is described as belonging to the mixed Maithili—Kamrupi language.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_Meitei_literature">Modern Meitei literature <span class="anchor" id="Meitei_literature"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Modern Meitei literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="#Ancient_Meitei_literature">§ Ancient Meitei literature</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meitei_literature" title="Meitei literature">Modern Meitei literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language_in_Bangladesh" title="Meitei language in Bangladesh">Meitei language in Bangladesh</a></div> <p>Modern Meitei literature, the descendant of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Meitei_literature" title="Ancient Meitei literature">Ancient Meitei literature</a>, is written in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Meitei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Meitei language">modern Meitei language</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipuri language">Manipuri language</a>), composed by writers from Manipur, Assam, Tripura, Myanmar and Bangladesh. The history of Meitei literature can be traced back to thousands of years with the flourish of <a href="/wiki/Meitei_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitei civilization">Meitei civilization</a>. <span title="Meitei-language text"><i lang="mni"><a href="/wiki/Khamba_Thoibi_Sheireng" title="Khamba Thoibi Sheireng">Khamba Thoibi Sheireng</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> for 'Epic of <a href="/wiki/Khamba_Thoibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamba Thoibi">Khamba Thoibi</a>'), the <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry#Longest_Indian_epics" title="Indian epic poetry">third longest Indian epic poem</a>, next to the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, is a Meitei <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a>, based on the classic tale of <a href="/wiki/Khamba_and_Thoibi" title="Khamba and Thoibi">Khamba and Thoibi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having 39,000 lines, is regarded as the <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Manipuris" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipuris">Manipuris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marathi_literature">Marathi literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Marathi literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Marathi literature</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> literature began with saint-poets like <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Ramdas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a>. Modern Marathi literature was marked by a theme of social reform.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepali_literature">Nepali literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nepali literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepali_literature" title="Nepali literature">Nepali literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Odia_literature">Odia literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Odia literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Odia_literature" title="Odia literature">Odia literature</a></div> <p>Odia language literary history started with the charyapadas written in the 8th century CE. Odia has a rich literary heritage, the medieval period dating back to the 13th century. <a href="/wiki/Sarala_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarala Das">Sarala Das</a> who lived in the 14th century is known as the <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a> of Odisha. He translated the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> into Odia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punjabi_literature">Punjabi literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Punjabi literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Punjabi literature</a></div><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>The first work considered to be Punjabi literature is <mark>the 16th century biography of Guru Nanak, Janam-sakhi, written by his companion Bhai Bala</mark>. However, some say that Punjabi literature may have evolved much earlier, perhaps in the 9th or 10th centuries, based on the high level of Punjabi poetry written by Baba Farid, Guru Nanak, and Bhai Gurdas. Baba Farid (1173–1266) is often considered the first major Punjabi poet, and his Sufi poetry was compiled after his death in the Adi Granth. </p><p>Wikipedia </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sindhi_literature">Sindhi literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sindhi literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tamil_literature_2">Tamil literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tamil literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> literature has a rich and long literary tradition spanning more than 2500 years (<a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a>: 5th century BCE-3rd century CE.) <a href="/wiki/Tolkaappiyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkaappiyam">Tolkaappiyam</a> (3rd century BCE) has been credited as the oldest work in Tamil available today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telugu_literature">Telugu literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Telugu literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telugu_literature" title="Telugu literature">Telugu literature</a></div> <p>Telugu, the Indian language with the third largest number of speakers (after Hindi & Bengali), is rich in literary traditions. Literature has existed from 300 BCE in the form of inscriptions. The earliest written literature dates back to the 7th century CE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urdu_literature">Urdu literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Urdu literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a></div> <p>Among other traditions, Urdu poetry is a fine example of linguistic and cultural synthesis. <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> vocabulary based on the Hindi language resulted in a vast and popular class of ghazal literature, usually written by Muslims in contexts ranging from romance and society to philosophy and Tassawuf (Sufism).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_but_non_scheduled_languages">Sahitya Akademi recognised but non scheduled languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sahitya Akademi recognised but non scheduled languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi#Recognised_literary_languages" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi § Recognised literary languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled languages of India">Scheduled languages of India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_English_literature">Indian English literature <span class="anchor" id="English_literature"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Indian English literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_English_literature" title="Indian English literature">Indian English literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a></div> <p>In the 20th century, several Indian writers have distinguished themselves not only in traditional <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</a> but also in English, a language inherited from <a href="/wiki/British_raj" class="mw-redirect" title="British raj">the British</a>. As a result of British colonisation, India has developed its own unique dialect of English known as <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rajasthani_literature">Rajasthani literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Rajasthani literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_literature" title="Rajasthani literature">Rajasthani literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non_Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_&_non_scheduled_languages"><span id="Non_Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_.26_non_scheduled_languages"></span>Non Sahitya Akademi recognised & non scheduled languages <span class="anchor" id="In_non_Sahitya_Akademi_recognised_&_non_scheduled_languages"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Non Sahitya Akademi recognised & non scheduled languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi#Recognised_literary_languages" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi § Recognised literary languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled languages of India">Scheduled languages of India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bhojpuri_literature">Bhojpuri literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bhojpuri literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_literature" title="Bhojpuri literature">Bhojpuri literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chhattisgarhi_literature">Chhattisgarhi literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Chhattisgarhi literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literature in Chhattisgarh reflects the regional consciousness and the evolution of an identity distinct from others in Central India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kodava_literature">Kodava literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Kodava literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Kodava was written, it was usually with Kannada script, sometimes with minor modifications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mizo_literature">Mizo literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Mizo literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mizo_literature" title="Mizo literature">Mizo literature</a></div> <p><b>Mizo literature</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo ṭtawng</a>, the principal language of the <a href="/wiki/Mizo_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizo peoples">Mizo peoples</a>, which has both <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a>. It has undergone a considerable change in the 20th century. The language developed mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Lushai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushai language">Lushai language</a>, with significant influence from <a href="/wiki/Lai_languages" title="Lai languages">Pawi language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paite_language" title="Paite language">Paite language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hmar_language" title="Hmar language">Hmar language</a>, especially at the literary level.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nagpuri_literature">Nagpuri literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Nagpuri literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_literature" title="Nagpuri literature">Nagpuri literature</a></div> <p>Nagpuri literature refers to literature in the <a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_language" title="Nagpuri language">Nagpuri language</a>, the language of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. The earliest literature started in the nagpuri language when the <a href="/wiki/Nagvanshis_of_Chotanagpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur">Nagvanshi</a> king and king of <a href="/wiki/Ramgarh_Raj" title="Ramgarh Raj">Ramgarh Raj</a> started writing poetry in the 17th century. Since then, various literature has been written.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although in the present century, Nagpuri was never considered worthy of literary development, a small but dedicated writers have engaged in writing short stories, plays and poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tripuri_literature">Tripuri literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Tripuri literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tripuri_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripuri literature">Tripuri literature</a></div> <p>Tripuri(Kokborok/Tiprakok) is the native language of Tripuri people in present Tripura state in North East of India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tulu_literature">Tulu literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Tulu literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tulu_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulu literature">Tulu literature</a></div> <p>The written literature of Tulu is not as large as the literature of other literary Dravidian languages such as Tamil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_foreign_languages">In foreign languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: In foreign languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Persian_literature">Indian Persian literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Indian Persian literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in the Indian subcontinent</a></div> <p>During the early Muslim period, Persian became the official language of the northern part of Indian subcontinent, used by most of the educated and the government. The language had, from its earliest days in the 11th century CE, been imported to the subcontinent by various culturally Persianised <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghan</a> dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_from_North_East_India">Literature from North East India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Literature from North East India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literature_from_North_East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature from North East India">Literature from North East India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="#Ancient_Meitei_literature">§ Ancient Meitei literature</a>, <a href="#Assamese_literature">§ Assamese literature</a>, and <a href="#Modern_Meitei_literature">§ Modern Meitei literature</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Literature_from_North_East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature from North East India">Literature from North East India</a> included <a href="/wiki/Assamese_literature" title="Assamese literature">Assamese literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meitei_literature" title="Meitei literature">Meitei or Manipuri literature</a>, Naga literature, among others. Ancient India has many intensive examples, like that of the incredible verses translated from the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, named <i>Saptakanda Ramayana</i>. Choral songs known as <a href="/wiki/Oja-Pali" class="mw-redirect" title="Oja-Pali">Oja-Pali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and theater performances, known as <i>Panchali</i>, were also an extensive part of <a href="/wiki/Assamese_literature" title="Assamese literature">Assamese literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contemporary Indian literature, there are two major literary awards; these are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_fellows" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sahitya Akademi fellows">Sahitya Akademi Fellowship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a>. Eight Jnanpith Awards each have been awarded in Hindi and <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>, followed by five in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>, four in <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-award2008_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-award2008-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two each in <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, and one each in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and Kashmiri۔<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNarayanrao,_H.L." class="citation journal cs1">Narayanrao, H.L. "A Brief on Indian Literature and Languages". <i>Journal of Education and Practice</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 46. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2222-288X">2222-288X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Education+and+Practice&rft.atitle=A+Brief+on+Indian+Literature+and+Languages&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=46&rft.issn=2222-288X&rft.au=Narayanrao%2C+H.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayyappappanikkar_1997_326-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayyappappanikkar_1997_326_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayyappappanikkar_1997_326_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyappappanikkar1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ayyappa_Paniker" title="Ayyappa Paniker">Ayyappappanikkar</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA326"><i>Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0365-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0365-5"><bdi>978-81-260-0365-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Indian+Literature%3A+Surveys+and+selections&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0365-5&rft.au=Ayyappappanikkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKYLpvaKJIMEC%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Ningthoukhongjam_Khelchandra" title="Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra">Singh, Khelchandra Ningthoukhongjam</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466183/page/n81/mode/2up">"Ougri"</a>. <i>History of Old Manipuri Literature</i> (in Manipuri). <a href="/wiki/Manipur_University" title="Manipur University">Manipur University</a> Library; North Eastern States Libraries. India: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Library_of_India" title="Digital Library of India">Digital Library of India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. pp. 81, 82, 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ougri&rft.btitle=History+of+Old+Manipuri+Literature&rft.place=India&rft.pages=81%2C+82%2C+83&rft.pub=Digital+Library+of+India%3B+Internet+Archive&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khelchandra+Ningthoukhongjam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.466183%2Fpage%2Fn81%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1996" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). "The Early Period (Ritual Songs) : Ougri". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ"><i>A History of Manipuri Literature</i></a>. India: <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. pp. 13, 14, mni. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0086-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0086-9"><bdi>978-81-260-0086-9</bdi></a>. <q>Again from amongst the songs mentioned above, 'Ougri' and 'Khencho', in view of their more archaic diction and much advanced historical allusions, may be considered earlier than the rest. ... 'Ougri' is referred to as sung at the coronation of Nongdā Lāiren Pākhangbā, which took place in 33 A.D. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Period+%28Ritual+Songs%29+%3A+Ougri&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Manipuri+Literature&rft.place=India&rft.pages=13%2C+14%2C+mni&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0086-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ch+Manihar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyiBkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyappappanikkar1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ayyappa_Paniker" title="Ayyappa Paniker">Ayyappappanikkar</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA329"><i>Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0365-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0365-5"><bdi>978-81-260-0365-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Indian+Literature%3A+Surveys+and+selections&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0365-5&rft.au=Ayyappappanikkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKYLpvaKJIMEC%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoutersSubba2022" class="citation book cs1">Wouters, Jelle J. P.; Subba, Tanka B. (30 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YseEEAAAQBAJ&q=Numit+Kappa+1st&pg=PT473"><i>The Routledge Companion to Northeast India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 473. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-63699-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-63699-4"><bdi>978-1-000-63699-4</bdi></a>. <q>... Numit Kappa, a Meitei text from the 1st century CE, is particularly relevant and insightful in examining this peculiar relationship between power and violence. The text is recited as incantations during chupsaba, a cleansing ritual for 'violent' death...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Northeast+India&rft.pages=473&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-000-63699-4&rft.aulast=Wouters&rft.aufirst=Jelle+J.+P.&rft.au=Subba%2C+Tanka+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYseEEAAAQBAJ%26q%3DNumit%2BKappa%2B1st%26pg%3DPT473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epw.in/journal/2009/40/special-articles/shooting-sun-study-death-and-protest-manipur.html">"Shooting the Sun: A Study of Death and Protest in Manipur"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a></i>. <b>44</b> (40). <a href="/wiki/Austin,_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin, USA">Austin, USA</a>. 3 October 2009 – via <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a>. <q>... Numit Kappa gives one such version. Considered one of the earliest known literary compositions in Meitei script, it is dated to the first century AD...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Shooting+the+Sun%3A+A+Study+of+Death+and+Protest+in+Manipur&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=40&rft.date=2009-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epw.in%2Fjournal%2F2009%2F40%2Fspecial-articles%2Fshooting-sun-study-death-and-protest-manipur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Ningthoukhongjam_Khelchandra" title="Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra">Singh, Khelchandra Ningthoukhongjam</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466183/page/n95/mode/2up">"Numit Kappa"</a>. <i>History of Old Manipuri Literature</i> (in Manipuri). <a href="/wiki/Manipur_University" title="Manipur University">Manipur University</a> Library; North Eastern States Libraries. India: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Library_of_India" title="Digital Library of India">Digital Library of India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. pp. 95, 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Numit+Kappa&rft.btitle=History+of+Old+Manipuri+Literature&rft.place=India&rft.pages=95%2C+96&rft.pub=Digital+Library+of+India%3B+Internet+Archive&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khelchandra+Ningthoukhongjam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.466183%2Fpage%2Fn95%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKshetrimayum2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kshetrimayum, Jogendro (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663656">"Shooting the Sun: A Study of Death and Protest in Manipur"</a>. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>44</b> (40): 48–54. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663656">25663656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Shooting+the+Sun%3A+A+Study+of+Death+and+Protest+in+Manipur&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=48-54&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25663656%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Kshetrimayum&rft.aufirst=Jogendro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25663656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Kannada literature", <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 2008. Quote: "The earliest literary work is the Kavirajamarga (c. AD 900), a treatise on poetics based on a Sanskrit model."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1913/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fliterature%2F1913%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Literature_(journal)" title="Indian Literature (journal)">Indian Literature</a> – Volume 14 – Page 20</i> (Volume 14 – Page 20 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. 1971. p. 20. <q>The beginning of this old Manipuri literature (as in the case of Newari) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Literature+%E2%80%93+Volume+14+%E2%80%93+Page+20&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=Volume+14+%E2%80%93+Page+20&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiṃha1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ningthoukhongjam_Khelchandra" title="Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra">Siṃha, Niṃthaukhoṃjama Khelacandra</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EpAOAAAAMAAJ"><i>Manipuri Language: Status and Importance</i></a>. N. Tombi Raj Singh. pp. 34, mni. <q>The beginning of this old Manipuri literature (as in the case of Newari) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manipuri+Language%3A+Status+and+Importance&rft.pages=34%2C+mni&rft.pub=N.+Tombi+Raj+Singh&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Si%E1%B9%83ha&rft.aufirst=Ni%E1%B9%83thaukho%E1%B9%83jama+Khelacandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEpAOAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanajaoba1988" class="citation book cs1">Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA290"><i>Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization</i></a>. Mittal Publications. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-853-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-853-2"><bdi>978-81-7099-853-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manipur%2C+Past+and+Present%3A+The+Heritage+and+Ordeals+of+a+Civilization&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-853-2&rft.aulast=Sanajaoba&rft.aufirst=Naorem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-CzSQKVmveUC%26dq%3Dmanipuri%2Bcourt%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ningthoukhongjam_Khelchandra" title="Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra">Singh, Khelchandra Ningthoukhongjam</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466183/page/n121/mode/2up?view=theater">"Poireiton Khunthokpa"</a>. <i>History of Old Manipuri Literature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Manipur_University" title="Manipur University">Manipur University</a> Library, Imphal. India: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Library_of_India" title="Digital Library of India">Digital Library of India</a>. pp. 121, 122, mni. <q>The Poireiton Khunthokpa, is the most conspicuous one of all pre-Garibniwaz manuscripts. From a linguistic point of view, it seems to be much earlier than any of the books yet come under our view. Circumstantial and other incidental evidences would confirm that the book might have been of the time of the third century A. D. It describes the colonization of the valley by a band of people from the land of Death under Poireiton. They first established their colony near the Langol Hill; probably the vast area between the Koubru Hill and the Langol Hill was their kingdom. --Report on the Archaeological studies in Manipur Bulletin No. 1-by W. Yumjao Singh, pp 18-19.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poireiton+Khunthokpa&rft.btitle=History+of+Old+Manipuri+Literature&rft.place=India&rft.pages=121%2C+122%2C+mni&rft.pub=Digital+Library+of+India&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khelchandra+Ningthoukhongjam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.466183%2Fpage%2Fn121%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhaṭṭācāryya1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Haridas_Bhattacharya" title="Haridas Bhattacharya">Bhaṭṭācāryya, Haridāsa</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy88AAAAMAAJ&q=poireiton+Khunthok+century"><i>The Cultural Heritage of India: Languages and literatures</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. India: <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Institute_of_Culture" title="Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture">Ramakrishna Mission, Institute of Culture</a>. p. 663. <q>... The beginnings of this Old Manipuri literature may go back to 1,500 years or even 2,000 years from now. ... Poireiton Khunthok, a prose work describing the settlement of some Meithei tribes, is the oldest work in Manipuri going back to the third century A.D. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+Heritage+of+India%3A+Languages+and+literatures&rft.place=India&rft.pages=663&rft.pub=Ramakrishna+Mission%2C+Institute+of+Culture&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81c%C4%81ryya&rft.aufirst=Harid%C4%81sa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWy88AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpoireiton%2BKhunthok%2Bcentury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Ningthoukhongjam_Khelchandra" title="Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra">Singh, Khelchandra Ningthoukhongjam</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466183/page/n97/mode/2up">"Khencho"</a>. <i>History of Old Manipuri Literature</i> (in Manipuri). <a href="/wiki/Manipur_University" title="Manipur University">Manipur University</a> Library; North Eastern States Libraries. India: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Library_of_India" title="Digital Library of India">Digital Library of India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. pp. 97, 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khencho&rft.btitle=History+of+Old+Manipuri+Literature&rft.place=India&rft.pages=97%2C+98&rft.pub=Digital+Library+of+India%3B+Internet+Archive&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khelchandra+Ningthoukhongjam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.466183%2Fpage%2Fn97%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyappappanikkar1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ayyappa_Paniker" title="Ayyappa Paniker">Ayyappappanikkar</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA330"><i>Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0365-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0365-5"><bdi>978-81-260-0365-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Indian+Literature%3A+Surveys+and+selections&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0365-5&rft.au=Ayyappappanikkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKYLpvaKJIMEC%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1996" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). "The Early Period (Ritual Songs)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ"><i>A History of Manipuri Literature</i></a>. India: <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. pp. 14, 15, mni. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0086-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0086-9"><bdi>978-81-260-0086-9</bdi></a>. <q>... 'Khencho' is quite obscure and entirely unintelligible to the present generation though it forms an inseparable element of the daily proceedings of the festival. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Period+%28Ritual+Songs%29&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Manipuri+Literature&rft.place=India&rft.pages=14%2C+15%2C+mni&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0086-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ch+Manihar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyiBkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aponpath.com/manipuri-bhasa-o-lipi-l-birmangal-singh/">"মণিপুরি ভাষা ও লিপি – এল বীরমঙ্গল সিংহ | আপনপাঠ ওয়েবজিন"</a> (in Bengali). 16 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF+%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%93+%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF+%E2%80%93+%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B9+%7C+%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0+%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faponpath.com%2Fmanipuri-bhasa-o-lipi-l-birmangal-singh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevi2019" class="citation book cs1">Devi, Yumlembam Gopi (16 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=8th%20century%20copper%20plate%20inscription%20manipur&pg=PA25"><i>Glimpses of Manipuri Culture</i></a>. Lulu.com. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-359-72919-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-359-72919-7"><bdi>978-0-359-72919-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Manipuri+Culture&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2019-06-16&rft.isbn=978-0-359-72919-7&rft.aulast=Devi&rft.aufirst=Yumlembam+Gopi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxqeDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D8th%2520century%2520copper%2520plate%2520inscription%2520manipur%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaniker1997" class="citation book cs1">Paniker, K. Ayyappa (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&q=8th%20century%20copper%20plate%20inscription%20manipur&pg=PA325"><i>Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections (Assamese-Dogri)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0365-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0365-5"><bdi>978-81-260-0365-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Indian+Literature%3A+Surveys+and+selections+%28Assamese-Dogri%29&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0365-5&rft.aulast=Paniker&rft.aufirst=K.+Ayyappa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKYLpvaKJIMEC%26q%3D8th%2520century%2520copper%2520plate%2520inscription%2520manipur%26pg%3DPA325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1992" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sipra (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bQQNCU-QWBAC&q=8th%20century%20copper%20plate%20inscription%20manipur&pg=PA28"><i>Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography</i></a>. Mittal Publications. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-310-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-310-0"><bdi>978-81-7099-310-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribes+and+Castes+of+Manipur%3A+Description+and+Select+Bibliography&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-310-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sipra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbQQNCU-QWBAC%26q%3D8th%2520century%2520copper%2520plate%2520inscription%2520manipur%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevi2019" class="citation book cs1">Devi, Dr Yumlembam Gopi (16 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&dq=panthoibi+khongul&pg=PA119"><i>Glimpses of Manipuri Culture</i></a>. Lulu.com. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-359-72919-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-359-72919-7"><bdi>978-0-359-72919-7</bdi></a>. <q>... the text Panthoibi Khongul generally believed to have been written by Akoijam Tomboy during the reign of King Khongtekcha Yoiremba (763 A.D.) ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Manipuri+Culture&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2019-06-16&rft.isbn=978-0-359-72919-7&rft.aulast=Devi&rft.aufirst=Dr+Yumlembam+Gopi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxqeDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpanthoibi%2Bkhongul%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sujit_Mukherjee" title="Sujit Mukherjee">Mukherjee, Sujit</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=panthoibi+khongul&pg=PA280"><i>A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Orient_Blackswan" title="Orient Blackswan">Orient Blackswan</a>. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1453-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1453-9"><bdi>978-81-250-1453-9</bdi></a>. <q>Panthoibi khongul ( ? C ; Manipuri ) : prose narrative , the original of which was believed to have been composed in ancient Meitei language in first half of 8th century AD ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Indian+Literature%3A+Beginnings-1850&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1453-9&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Sujit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYCJrUfVtZxoC%26dq%3Dpanthoibi%2Bkhongul%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccrtindia.gov.in/wp-content/fellowship_research_project/TherelationshipbetweenThangtaandMeiteiPungmaintainedbyourAncientGurus.pdf">"The relationship between Thang-Ta & Meitei Pung maintained by our Ancient ..."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ccrtindia.gov.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(India)" title="Ministry of Culture (India)">Ministry of Culture, Government of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Cultural_Resources_and_Training" title="Centre for Cultural Resources and Training">Centre for Cultural Resources and Training</a>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccrtindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+Thang-Ta+%26+Meitei+Pung+maintained+by+our+Ancient+...&rft.pages=4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccrtindia.gov.in%2Fwp-content%2Ffellowship_research_project%2FTherelationshipbetweenThangtaandMeiteiPungmaintainedbyourAncientGurus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanajaoba1993" class="citation book cs1">Sanajaoba, Naorem (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&dq=loyumba+shinyen+final+document&pg=PP2"><i>Manipur: Treatise & Documents</i></a>. Mittal Publications. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-399-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-399-5"><bdi>978-81-7099-399-5</bdi></a>. <q>Manipur, known as 'Meetei Leipak' or 'Kangleipak' in the two millennia old Meetei manuscripts had experienced some form of constitutional government under a proto-Constitution in 429 A.D. which was reduced to a final format in 1110 A.D. Constitution entitled 'Loiyamba Shinyen' during the regime of King Loyumba.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manipur%3A+Treatise+%26+Documents&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-399-5&rft.aulast=Sanajaoba&rft.aufirst=Naorem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvO-vtI8NuxIC%26dq%3Dloyumba%2Bshinyen%2Bfinal%2Bdocument%26pg%3DPP2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Ningthoukhongjam_Khelchandra" title="Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra">Singh, Khelchandra Ningthoukhongjam</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466183/page/n142/mode/2up">"Loiyumba Shinyen – Waayen Pathaap"</a>. <i>History of Old Manipuri Literature</i> (in Manipuri). <a href="/wiki/Manipur_University" title="Manipur University">Manipur University</a> Library; North Eastern States Libraries. India: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Library_of_India" title="Digital Library of India">Digital Library of India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Loiyumba+Shinyen+%E2%80%93+Waayen+Pathaap&rft.btitle=History+of+Old+Manipuri+Literature&rft.place=India&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Digital+Library+of+India%3B+Internet+Archive&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khelchandra+Ningthoukhongjam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.466183%2Fpage%2Fn142%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanajaoba1991" class="citation book cs1">Sanajaoba, Naorem (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eYC4tjzyi4C&dq=loyumba+shinyen+written+constitution&pg=PA304"><i>Law and Society: Strategy for Public Choice, 2001</i></a>. Mittal Publications. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-271-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-271-4"><bdi>978-81-7099-271-4</bdi></a>. <q>The constitutionalism had developed with the adoption of a prototype of a constitution in 429 A.D. which was finally moulded into the written constitution in 1110 A.D., called 'Loyumba Shinyen' till it was substituted by Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 which operated till Manipur's merger with India on 15 October 1949.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Society%3A+Strategy+for+Public+Choice%2C+2001&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-271-4&rft.aulast=Sanajaoba&rft.aufirst=Naorem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eYC4tjzyi4C%26dq%3Dloyumba%2Bshinyen%2Bwritten%2Bconstitution%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fallon, Oliver. 2009. Bhatti's Poem: The Death of Rávana (Bhaṭṭikāvya). New York: <a href="/wiki/Clay_Sanskrit_Library" title="Clay Sanskrit Library">Clay Sanskrit Library</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707040843/http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/">Archived</a> 7 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2778-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2778-2">978-0-8147-2778-2</a> | <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-2778-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-2778-6">0-8147-2778-6</a> |</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narang, Satya Pal. 2003. An Analysis of the Prākṛta of Bhāśā-sama of the Bhaṭṭi-kāvya (Canto XII). In: Prof. Mahapatra G.N., Vanijyotih: Felicitation Volume, Utkal University, *Bhuvaneshwar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are some who claim earlier dates (up to 600 BCE). Others cite as late as 2BCE. The date of 300 BCE may represent a middle-of-the road consensus view; e.g. see the well-received textbook <i>Ancient India</i>, <a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Upinder Singh</a>, 2009, p. 15. However, it is quite likely that the songs existed in oral tradition well before this date.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamil Veith Zvelebil, <i>Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature</i>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, <i>A History of South India,</i> OUP (1955) p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciil-classicaltamil.org/project1.html">Classical Tamil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707000020/http://www.ciil-classicaltamil.org/project1.html">Archived</a> 7 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.S._Subramanian2009" class="citation web cs1">T.S. Subramanian (10 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jainology.blogspot.com/2009/07/history-vandalised.html">"Jain History of Tamil Nadu vandalised"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2011</span>. <q>The six Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions of the 2nd century B.C. on the brow of five caverns on the Kazhugumalai hill near Mankulam, 38 km from Madurai, are the most ancient ones in Tamil Nadu and establish the historical facts that the Pandyan king Nedunchezhiyan ruled in the 2nd century B.C. and that Sangam literature dates back to the same period.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jain+History+of+Tamil+Nadu+vandalised&rft.date=2009-07-10&rft.au=T.S.+Subramanian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjainology.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F07%2Fhistory-vandalised.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George L. Hart III, <i>The Poems of Ancient Tamil,</i> U of California P, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ1965" class="citation book cs1">Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ (1 January 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu3QelRpmsgC&q=third+sangam&pg=PR8"><i>Shilappadikaram: (The Ankle Bracelet)</i></a>. New Directions Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811200011" title="Special:BookSources/9780811200011"><bdi>9780811200011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shilappadikaram%3A+%28The+Ankle+Bracelet%29&rft.pub=New+Directions+Publishing&rft.date=1965-01-01&rft.isbn=9780811200011&rft.au=I%E1%B8%B7a%E1%B9%85k%C5%8Dva%E1%B9%ADika%E1%B8%B7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUu3QelRpmsgC%26q%3Dthird%2Bsangam%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Irayanaar Agapporul</i> dated to c. 750 CE first mentioned the Sangam legends. An inscription of the early tenth century CE mentions the achievements of the early <a href="/wiki/Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya">Pandya</a> kings of establishing a <i>Sangam</i> in <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>. See K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, <i>A History of South India</i>, OUP (1955) p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The latest limit of <i><a href="/wiki/Ettutokai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ettutokai">Ettutokai</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pattupattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattupattu">Pattupattu</a></i> may be placed around 700 AD...." – Vaiyapuri Pillai, <i>History of Tamil language and literature</i> p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...the Tamil language of these brief records achieved a flowering during the first centuries of the Common Era, culminating in the emergence of a poetic corpus of very high quality [...] To this corpus the name <i>sangam poetry</i> was added soon afterwards...." <a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Burton Stein</a>, <i>A History of India</i> (1998), Blackwell p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, <i>A History of South India, OUP (1955) pp. 330–335</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India – Abraham, Shinu Anna, Asian Perspectives – Volume 42, Number 2, Fall 2003, pp. 207–223 University of Hawaii Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morality and Ethics in Public Life by Ravindra Kumar p.92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essays on Indian Society by Raj Kumar p.71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schomer_McLeod1987-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schomer_McLeod1987_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schomer_McLeod1987_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schomer_McLeod1987_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchomerMcLeod1987" class="citation book cs1">Schomer, Karine; McLeod, W. H., eds. (1987). <i>The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120802773" title="Special:BookSources/9788120802773"><bdi>9788120802773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sants%3A+Studies+in+a+Devotional+Tradition+of+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9788120802773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbseindiatoday-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbseindiatoday_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Today_Web_Desk_New2019" class="citation web cs1">India Today Web Desk New (24 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/-crashcourse-cbse-class-12-history-bhakti-movement-s-emergence-and-influence-1438286-2019-01-24">"CBSE Class 12 History #CrashCourse: Bhakti movement's emergence and influence"</a>. <i>India Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=CBSE+Class+12+History+%23CrashCourse%3A+Bhakti+movement%27s+emergence+and+influence&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft.au=India+Today+Web+Desk+New&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Feducation-today%2Fgk-current-affairs%2Fstory%2F-crashcourse-cbse-class-12-history-bhakti-movement-s-emergence-and-influence-1438286-2019-01-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillai2022" class="citation book cs1">Pillai, P. Govinda (4 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sep5EAAAQBAJ&dq=bhakti+movement+tamil+country&pg=PT46">"Chapter 11"</a>. <i>The Bhakti Movement: Renaissance or Revivalism?</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. Thirdly, the movement had blossomed first down south or the Tamil country. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-78039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-78039-0"><bdi>978-1-000-78039-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11&rft.btitle=The+Bhakti+Movement%3A+Renaissance+or+Revivalism%3F&rft.pages=Thirdly%2C+the+movement+had+blossomed+first+down+south+or+the+Tamil+country&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft.isbn=978-1-000-78039-0&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=P.+Govinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsep5EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbhakti%2Bmovement%2Btamil%2Bcountry%26pg%3DPT46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawley2015" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, John (2015). <i>A Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-18746-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-18746-7"><bdi>978-0-674-18746-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Storm+of+Songs%3A+India+and+the+Idea+of+the+Bhakti+Movement&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-18746-7&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmaja2002" class="citation book cs1">Padmaja, T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&dq=bhakti+movement+tamilakam&pg=RA1-PA37"><i>Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamil nāḍu</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-398-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-398-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+in+South+India%3A+History%2C+Art%2C+and+Traditions+in+Tamil+n%C4%81%E1%B8%8Du&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-398-4&rft.aulast=Padmaja&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzgaS1wRnl8C%26dq%3Dbhakti%2Bmovement%2Btamilakam%26pg%3DRA1-PA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNairde_Souza2020" class="citation book cs1">Nair, Rukmini Bhaya; de Souza, Peter Ronald (20 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u6XFDwAAQBAJ&dq=bhakti+movement+tamilakam&pg=PT29"><i>Keywords for India: A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-03925-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-03925-4"><bdi>978-1-350-03925-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keywords+for+India%3A+A+Conceptual+Lexicon+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020-02-20&rft.isbn=978-1-350-03925-4&rft.aulast=Nair&rft.aufirst=Rukmini+Bhaya&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Peter+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du6XFDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbhakti%2Bmovement%2Btamilakam%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas2005-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas2005_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDas2005">Das 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/charyapada/">"The writers of the Charyapada, the Mahasiddhas or Siddhacharyas, belonged to the various regions of Assam, Bengal, Orissa and Bihar"</a>. <i>sites.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.google.com&rft.atitle=The+writers+of+the+Charyapada%2C+the+Mahasiddhas+or+Siddhacharyas%2C+belonged+to+the+various+regions+of+Assam%2C+Bengal%2C+Orissa+and+Bihar.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fcharyapada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawShaw1995" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Miranda; Shaw, Miranda (1995). <i>Passionate Enlightenment::Women in Tantric Buddhism</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01090-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01090-8"><bdi>978-0-691-01090-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passionate+Enlightenment%3A%3AWomen+in+Tantric+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01090-8&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Miranda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSentinel2014" class="citation news cs1">Sentinel, The (4 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100737/http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=211080&dtP=2014-12-04&ppr=1#.VJpNfsAHI">"Documentary film, books on Bhabananda–Nalini Prava"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=211080&dtP=2014-12-04&ppr=1#.VJpNfsAHI">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Documentary+film%2C+books+on+Bhabananda%E2%80%93Nalini+Prava&rft.date=2014-12-04&rft.aulast=Sentinel&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sentinelassam.com%2Fghy_city%2Fstory.php%3Fsec%3D1%26subsec%3D0%26id%3D211080%26dtP%3D2014-12-04%26ppr%3D1%23.VJpNfsAHI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extinct_works5-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-extinct_works5_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJyotsna_Kamat" class="citation web cs1">Jyotsna Kamat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm">"History of the Kannada Literature-I"</a>. <i>Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kamat%27s+Potpourri%2C+4+November+2006&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Kannada+Literature-I&rft.au=Jyotsna+Kamat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamat.com%2Fkalranga%2Fkar%2Fliterature%2Fhistory1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-classical-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-classical_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105151817/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/27/stories/2005052703230500.htm">"Declare Kannada a classical language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 27 May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/27/stories/2005052703230500.htm">the original</a> on 5 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Declare+Kannada+a+classical+language&rft.date=2005-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2005%2F05%2F27%2Fstories%2F2005052703230500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Choudhary, R. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=C0f898HDLAYC&pg=PA1"><i>A survey of Maithili literature</i></a>. Ram Vilas Sahu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua,_K._L.1933" class="citation book cs1">Barua, K. L. (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EarlyHistoryOfKamarupa"><i>Early history of Kamarupa</i></a>. Shillong: Published by the Author.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+history+of+Kamarupa&rft.place=Shillong&rft.pub=Published+by+the+Author&rft.date=1933&rft.au=Barua%2C+K.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEarlyHistoryOfKamarupa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanglaOnline2011" class="citation web cs1">KanglaOnline (4 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kanglaonline.in/2011/04/the-great-meitei-reconciliation-process-revisiting-the-classical-folklore-on-emoinu-chakhong-ngahongbi/">"The great Meitei Reconciliation Process: Revisiting the classical folklore on "Emoinu Chakhong Ngahongbi" by Late Shri Ningomabam Angouton Meetei – KanglaOnline"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2023</span>. <q>... The folklore of Emoinu Celebration from the story "Washak Ngakpa" meaning Keeping the Promise, written by Late Shri Ningombam Angouton Meetei and the classical love story "Khamba -Thoibi" are classical examples of successful reconciliation process of the old Meitei factions...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+great+Meitei+Reconciliation+Process%3A+Revisiting+the+classical+folklore+on+%22Emoinu+Chakhong+Ngahongbi%22+by+Late+Shri+Ningomabam+Angouton+Meetei+%E2%80%93+KanglaOnline&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft.au=KanglaOnline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkanglaonline.in%2F2011%2F04%2Fthe-great-meitei-reconciliation-process-revisiting-the-classical-folklore-on-emoinu-chakhong-ngahongbi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelhi1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">Delhi, All India Radio (AIR), New</a> (17 March 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xf_2DwAAQBAJ&dq=manipuri+classics&pg=PA7">"Some Classics of Manipur"</a>. <i>AKASHVANI: Vol. XXXIII, No. 12 ( 17 MARCH, 1968 )</i>. India: <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> (AIR), New Delhi. pp. 7, 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Classics+of+Manipur&rft.btitle=AKASHVANI%3A+Vol.+XXXIII%2C+No.+12+%28+17+MARCH%2C+1968+%29&rft.place=India&rft.pages=7%2C+8&rft.pub=All+India+Radio+%28AIR%29%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=1968-03-17&rft.aulast=Delhi&rft.aufirst=All+India+Radio+%28AIR%29%2C+New&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxf_2DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmanipuri%2Bclassics%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Bond" title="Ruskin Bond">Bond, Ruskin</a> (14 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZv0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT4">"The Story of Khamba and Thoibi"</a>. <i>The Penguin Book of Classical Indian Love Stories and Lyrics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin UK">Penguin UK</a>. pp. 3, 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-814-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-814-8"><bdi>978-93-5118-814-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Khamba+and+Thoibi&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Book+of+Classical+Indian+Love+Stories+and+Lyrics&rft.pages=3%2C+4&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2000-10-14&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-814-8&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Ruskin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZv0AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1992" class="citation book cs1">George, K. M. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&dq=Khamba+Thoibi+Sheireng&pg=PA258"><i>Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems</i></a>. India: <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-324-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-324-0"><bdi>978-81-7201-324-0</bdi></a>. <q>H. Anganghal Singh's Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (Poem on Khamba Thoibi, 1940) is a national epic of the Manipuris based on the story of Khamba and Thoibi of Moirang. The poet composes the whole epic in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads sung by minstrels or bards popular in Manipur.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Indian+Literature%2C+an+Anthology%3A+Surveys+and+poems&rft.place=India&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7201-324-0&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm1R2Pa3f7r0C%26dq%3DKhamba%2BThoibi%2BSheireng%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta1988" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Amaresh (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=Khamba+Thoibi+Sheireng&pg=PA1186"><i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti</i></a>. India: <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 1186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1194-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1194-0"><bdi>978-81-260-1194-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature%3A+Devraj+to+Jyoti&rft.place=India&rft.pages=1186&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1194-0&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Amaresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzB4n3MVozbUC%26dq%3DKhamba%2BThoibi%2BSheireng%26pg%3DPA1186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2005" class="citation book cs1">Das, Sisir Kumar (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&dq=Khamba+Thoibi+Sheireng&pg=PA190"><i>A History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-798-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-798-9"><bdi>978-81-7201-798-9</bdi></a>. <q>His epic Singel Indu was published in 1938 which was followed by his magnum opus Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (1940), a poem of 39000 lines, considered to be the 'national' epic of the Manipuris, written in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature%3A+1911-1956%2C+struggle+for+freedom+%3A+triumph+and+tragedy&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7201-798-9&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sisir+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsqBjpV9OzcsC%26dq%3DKhamba%2BThoibi%2BSheireng%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113115510/https://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12917%3Amizo-tihin-tawng-a-nei-lo-tih-kha&catid=105%3Aarticles&Itemid=466%2F">"Vanglaini"</a>. <i>vanglaini.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vanglaini.org&rft.atitle=Vanglaini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanglaini.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D12917%3Amizo-tihin-tawng-a-nei-lo-tih-kha%26catid%3D105%3Aarticles%26Itemid%3D466%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/giant-new-chapter-for-nagpuri-poetry/cid/362632">"Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry"</a>. <i>telegraphindia</i>. 5 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=telegraphindia&rft.atitle=Giant+new+chapter+for+Nagpuri+poetry&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fjharkhand%2Fgiant-new-chapter-for-nagpuri-poetry%2Fcid%2F362632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342833425">"JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS A Study of the Special Features of Nagpuri Language of Jharkhand"</a>. research gate. July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JOURNAL+OF+CRITICAL+REVIEWS+A+Study+of+the+Special+Features+of+Nagpuri+Language+of+Jharkhand&rft.pub=research+gate&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F342833425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigfried J. de Laet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA734"><i>History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century</i></a> UNESCO, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9231028138" title="Special:BookSources/9231028138">9231028138</a> p 734</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oknortheast.com/2012/03/ojapali-performing-art-form-of-assam.html?m=1">"Ojapali – A performing art form of Assam"</a>. <i>oknortheast.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jnanpith.net&rft.atitle=Jnanpith+%7C+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjnanpith.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-award2008-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-award2008_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205234801/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Delhi/Kunwar_Narayan_to_be_awarded_Jnanpith/articleshow/3752703.cms">"Kunwar Narayan to be awarded Jnanpith"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 24 November 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Kunwar+Narayan+to+be+awarded+Jnanpith&rft.date=2008-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FDelhi%2FKunwar_Narayan_to_be_awarded_Jnanpith%2Farticleshow%2F3752703.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_literature&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a 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II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asian_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_topic" title="Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_topic" title="Template talk:Asian topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asian_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asian_literature" title="Asian literature">Asian literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_literature" title="Afghan literature">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_literature" title="Bahraini literature">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi literature">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_literature" title="Bhutanese literature">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruneian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruneian literature (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_literature" title="Burmese literature">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_literature" title="Cambodian literature">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_literature" title="Cypriot literature">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timorese literature">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_literature" title="Georgian literature">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_literature" title="Iranian literature">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian literature">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_literature" title="Kazakh literature">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_literature" title="South Korean literature">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_literature" title="Kuwaiti literature">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_literature" title="Kyrgyz literature">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Laotian literature">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese literature">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_literature" title="Malaysian literature">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_literature" title="Maldivian literature">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_literature" title="Mongolian literature">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese literature">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omani_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omani literature (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian literature">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_literature" title="Singaporean literature">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_literature" title="Sri Lankan literature">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_literature" title="Syrian literature">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_literature" title="Tajik literature">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_literature" title="Turkmen literature">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirati literature">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_literature" title="Uzbek literature">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_literature" title="Vietnamese literature">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemeni literature (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_literature" title="Abkhaz literature">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Cypriot_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Cypriot literature (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_literature" title="Palestinian literature">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ossetian literature">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_literature" title="Taiwanese literature">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Ocean_Territory_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Indian Ocean Territory literature (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christmas_Island_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christmas Island literature (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands literature (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_literature" title="Hong Kong literature">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macanese literature (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622237#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85065639">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938734n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938734n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564090">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="indická literatura"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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