CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>North American English - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"18de3b4e-11b5-4a60-a5c6-e35cd46aea84","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"North_American_English","wgTitle":"North American English","wgCurRevisionId":1259219492,"wgRevisionId":1259219492,"wgArticleId":21673,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from January 2019","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Language articles with IETF language tag","Language articles without speaker estimate","Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code","Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024","All articles lacking reliable references", "Articles lacking reliable references from December 2020","Pages with plain IPA","North American English","18th-century establishments in North America","Languages attested from the 18th century","Dialects of English"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"North_American_English","wgRelevantArticleId":21673,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7053766","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="North American English - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_English"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_English"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-North_American_English rootpage-North_American_English skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=North+American+English" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=North+American+English" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=North+American+English" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=North+American+English" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>American English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_American_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_American_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Ethnic American English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_American_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_American_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_American_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Regional American English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_American_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Canadian English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_accents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_accents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Table of accents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_accents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">North American English</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Ameerika_inglise_keel" title="Põhja-Ameerika inglise keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhja-Ameerika inglise keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_norteamericano" title="Inglés norteamericano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inglés norteamericano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="انگلیسی آمریکای شمالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلیسی آمریکای شمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordamerikansk_engelsk" title="Nordamerikansk engelsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nordamerikansk engelsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North American English" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ئینگلیزیی ئەمریکای باکوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینگلیزیی ئەمریکای باکوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="北美英语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="北美英语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Inggris_Amrik_Lor" title="Basa Inggris Amrik Lor – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Inggris Amrik Lor" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7053766#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:North_American_English" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/North_American_English" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/North_American_English" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&oldid=1259219492" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=North_American_English&id=1259219492&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNorth_American_English"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNorth_American_English"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=North_American_English&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:North_American_English" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7053766" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Most generalized variety of the English language as spoken in United States and Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the regional dialect in the northern United States, see <a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">Northern American English</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">North American English</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">North American English</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Northern Americans (<a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian">Canadians</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>North American English</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-West Germanic">Proto-West Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-English" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-English">Proto-English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English#North_America" title="List of dialects of English">their subdivisions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a><sup id="cite_ref-braille_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braille-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort3314">nort3314</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>en-021</code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>North American English</b> is the most generalized<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> as spoken in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Because of their related histories and cultures,<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plus the similarities between the pronunciations (accents), vocabulary, and grammar of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>, the two spoken varieties are often grouped together under a single category.<sup id="cite_ref-Labov_et_al._2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labov_et_al._2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadians are generally tolerant of both British and American spellings, with British spellings of certain words (e.g., <i>colour</i>) preferred in more formal settings and in Canadian print media; for some other words the American spelling prevails over the British (e.g., <i>tire</i> rather than <i>tyre</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dialects of American English spoken by <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">United Empire Loyalists</a> who fled the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> (1775–1783) have had a large influence on Canadian English from its early roots.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some terms in North American English are used almost exclusively in Canada and the United States (for example, the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">diaper</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a></i> are widely used instead of <i><a href="/wiki/Nappy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nappy">nappy</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">petrol</a></i>). Although many English speakers from outside North America regard those terms as distinct <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">Americanisms</a>, they are just as common in Canada, mainly due to the effects of heavy cross-border trade and cultural penetration by the American mass media.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The list of divergent words becomes longer if considering regional Canadian dialects, especially as spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic provinces</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> where significant pockets of British culture still remain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (October 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are a considerable number of <a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">different accents within the regions</a> of both the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. In North America, different English dialects of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, and other regions of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> mixed together in the 17th and 18th centuries. These were developed, built upon, and blended together as new waves of immigration, and migration across the North American continent, developed new <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> in new areas, and as these ways of speaking merged with and assimilated to the greater American <a href="/wiki/Koine_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Koine dialect">dialect mixture</a> that solidified by the mid-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 600px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/USA_location_map.svg/600px-USA_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/USA_location_map.svg/900px-USA_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/USA_location_map.svg/1200px-USA_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1859" data-file-height="968" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:552px; top:67px"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English"><span style="font-size:120%;color:#008080;"><b>ENE</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:519px; top:80.8px"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English"><span style="color:purple"><span style="font-size:120%">WNE</span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:519.9px; top:107.2px"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English"><span style="color:gray"><span style="font-size:120%"><b>NYC</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:495px; top:121px"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English"><span style="color:navy"><span style="font-size:120%"><b>PHILA.</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354px; top:82px"><a href="/wiki/Inland_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland North"><span style="font-size:150%;color:#e80000;"><b>INLAND NORTH</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:450px; top:115.6px"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh English"><span style="font-size:120%"><span style="color: Maroon;"><b>WPA</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:186px; top:40px"><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English"><span style="font-size:180%;color:#f39;"><b>NORTH CENTRAL</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:84px; top:88px"><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English"><span style="font-size:370%;"><span style="color:green;"><b>WEST</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:282px; top:112px"><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English"><span style="font-size:275%;"><span style="color:#964B00"><b>MIDLAND</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:312px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English"><span style="font-size:320%;color:#c70;"><b>SOUTH</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:252px; top:208px"><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English"><span style="color:#c70;">Texas</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:48px; top:169px"><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English"><span style="color:green;">California</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:407px; top:161.33px"><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English"><span style="color:#c70;">Appalachia</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:552px; top:85px"><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent"><span style="color:#008080;">Boston</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:21px; top:42.4px"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English"><span style="color:green;">Pacific <br />Northwest</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:501px; top:160px"><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider"><span style="color:olive">Chesapeake &<br /> Outer Banks</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:552px; top:55px"><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent"><span style="color:#008080;">Maine</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354px; top:242.8px"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English"><span style="color:gray">New <br />Orleans</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:498px; top:133px"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore English"><span style="color:navy">Baltimore</span></a></div> </div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">The American English major regional dialects (in <a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">all caps</a>), plus smaller and more local dialects, as demarcated primarily by <a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">William Labov</a> et al.'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_North_American_English" title="The Atlas of North American English">The Atlas of North American English</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the related Telsur Project's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/home.html#regional">regional maps</a>. Many regions also contain speakers of a "<a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>" accent that resists the marked features of their region. This map does not account for speakers of ethnic or racial dialects.</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:350px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:350px;"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 350px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_map_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Blank_map_of_Canada.svg/350px-Blank_map_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Blank_map_of_Canada.svg/525px-Blank_map_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Blank_map_of_Canada.svg/700px-Blank_map_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="921" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:46.5px; top:230px"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English"><span style="color:blue"><span style="font-size:150%;"><b>STANDARD CANADIAN</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:1px; top:207.25px"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English"><span style="color:blue">Pacific <br />Northwest</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:67.5px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_English_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal English in Canada"><span style="color:blue">Aboriginal Canadian</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:232px; top:245.75px"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English"><span style="color:#0080FF">Quebec</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:228.5px; top:256.25px"><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English"><span style="color:navy">Ottawa</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:218px; top:268.5px"><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_Toronto_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicultural Toronto English"><span style="color:purple">MTE</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:267px; top:198.5px"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Maritime_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Maritime English"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>ATLANTIC CANADIAN</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:281px; top:244px"><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English"><span style="color: red;">Lunenburg</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:260px; top:184.5px"><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English"><span style="color: red;">Newfoundland</span></a></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Canadian English's major regional dialects (in <a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">all caps</a>), plus smaller and more local dialects, as demarcated primarily by <a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">William Labov</a> et al.'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_North_American_English" title="The Atlas of North American English">The Atlas of North American English</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the related Telsur Project's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/home.html#regional">regional maps</a>. Many regions also contain speakers of a "<a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>" accent that resists the marked features of their region. This map does not account for speakers of ethnic or racial dialects.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_English">American English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnic_American_English">Ethnic American English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ethnic American English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshiva English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_American_English">Regional American English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regional American English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">Northern American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland North">Inland Northern American ("Great Lakes") English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">Eastern New England English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston English">Boston English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">Western New England English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Midwest American English">North-Central American ("Upper Midwest") English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore English">Baltimore English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoi_Toider" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoi Toider">High Tider English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older Southern American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texan English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburghese" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburghese">Western Pennsylvania ("Pittsburgh") English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_English">Canadian English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canadian English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_English_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal English in Canada">Aboriginal Canadian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic Canadian English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_accents">Table of accents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Table of accents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below, several major North American English accents are defined by particular characteristics: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Accent name</th> <th>Most populous city</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> fronting</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oʊ/</span> fronting</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> fronting</th> <th>Strong<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑr/</span> fronting</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger"><i>Cot–caught</i> merger</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pin%E2%80%93pen_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin–pen merger"><i>Pin–pen</i> merger</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki//%C3%A6/_tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="/æ/ tensing">/æ/ raising system</a></th> <th>Other defining criteria<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American</a></b></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabov197219_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov197219-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">African-American Vowel Shift / Variable <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhoticity</a> / <a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Th-fronting" title="Th-fronting">Th-fronting</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic Canadian</a></b></td> <td>Halifax</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>various</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_raising" title="Canadian raising">Canadian raising</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a></b></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Inland_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland North">Inland Northern U.S.</a></b></td> <td>Chicago</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>general</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cities Vowel Shift">Northern Cities Vowel Shift</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland U.S.</a></b></td> <td>Indianapolis</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></b></td> <td>New Orleans</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>split</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / Non-rhoticity / <a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping">Th-stopping</a> / Southern Vowel Shift / Variable <a href="/wiki/Horse-hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-hoarse merger">horse-hoarse distinction</a> / Canadian Raising / L-vocalization</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York City</a></b></td> <td>New York City</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>split</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / Variable non-rhoticity / L-vocalization / <a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping">Th-stopping</a> / Variable Father-bother distinction / Northeastern /-ɒr-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central (Upper Midwestern) U.S.</a></b></td> <td>Minneapolis</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal & pre-velar</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English#Northeastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English"><span class="nowrap">Northeastern New England</span></a></b></td> <td>Boston</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"> Variable non-rhoticity / Canadian raising / Father-bother distinction / Northeastern /-ɒr-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a></b></td> <td>Philadelphia</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>split</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / L-vocalization / Northeastern /-ɒr-/ / Merry–Murray merger</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English#Rhode_Island_English" title="Eastern New England English"><span class="nowrap">Rhode Island</span></a></b></td> <td>Providence</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / Variable non-rhoticity / Canadian raising / Northeastern /-ɒr-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern U.S.</a></b></td> <td>San Antonio</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_drawl" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern drawl">Southern drawl</a> / Southern Vowel Shift / Variable <a href="/wiki/Wine-whine_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine-whine merger">wine-whine distinction</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></b></td> <td>Toronto</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal & pre-velar</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Canadian raising / <a href="/wiki/Low_Back_Merger_Shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Back Merger Shift">Low Back Merger Shift</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western U.S.</a></b></td> <td>Los Angeles</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Low_Back_Merger_Shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Back Merger Shift">Low Back Merger Shift</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></b></td> <td>Pittsburgh</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> glide weakening / L-vocalization</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accent name</th> <th>Most populous city</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> fronting</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oʊ/</span> fronting</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> fronting</th> <th>Strong<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑr/</span> fronting</th> <th><i>Cot–caught</i> merger</th> <th><i>Pin–pen</i> merger</th> <th>/æ/ raising system</th> <th>Other defining criteria<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_English#Phonology" title="American English">American English § Phonology</a></div> <p>A majority of North American English (for example, in contrast to British English) includes phonological features that concern consonants, such as <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhoticity</a> (full pronunciation of all <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> sounds), conditioned <a href="/wiki/T-glottalization" title="T-glottalization">T-glottalization</a> (with <i>satin</i> pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsæʔn̩]</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsætn̩]</span>), <a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">T- and D-flapping</a> (with <i>metal</i> and <i>medal</i> pronounced the same, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɛɾɫ̩]</span>), <a href="/wiki/Dark_L" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark L">L-velarization</a> (with <i>filling</i> pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈfɪɫɪŋ]</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈfɪlɪŋ]</span>), as well as features that concern vowel sounds, such as various vowel mergers before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> (so that, <i>Mary</i>, <i>marry</i>, and <i>merry</i> are all commonly <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">pronounced the same</a>), raising of pre-voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ/</span> (with <i>price</i> and <i>bright</i> using a higher vowel sound than <i>prize</i> and <i>bride</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Weak_vowel_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak vowel merger">weak vowel merger</a> (with <i>affected</i> and <i>effected</i> often pronounced the same), at least one of the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span> vowel mergers (the <a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93bother_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Father–bother merger"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PALM</span> merger</a> is completed among virtually all Americans and the <a href="/wiki/Cot-caught_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cot-caught merger"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THOUGHT</span> merger</a> among nearly half, while both are completed among virtually all Canadians), and <a href="/wiki/Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-dropping">yod-dropping</a> (with <i>tuesday</i> pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtuzdeɪ/</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtjuzdeɪ/</span>). The last item is more advanced in American English than Canadian English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_English" title="Belizean English">Belizean English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">Commonwealth English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_words_not_widely_used_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American words not widely used in the United Kingdom">List of American words not widely used in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_words_having_different_meanings_in_British_and_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="List of words having different meanings in British and American English">List of words having different meanings in British and American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_French" class="mw-redirect" title="North American French">North American French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Spanish" title="North American Spanish">North American Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">Regional accents of English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-braille-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-braille_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123220211/http://www.brailleauthority.org/ueb.html">"Unified English Braille (UEB)"</a>. <i>Braille Authority of North America (BANA)</i>. 2 November 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brailleauthority.org/ueb.html">the original</a> on 23 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Braille+Authority+of+North+America+%28BANA%29&rft.atitle=Unified+English+Braille+%28UEB%29&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brailleauthority.org%2Fueb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1998" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Canadian English: 250 Years in the Making". <i>The Canadian Oxford Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). p. xi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canadian+English%3A+250+Years+in+the+Making&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Oxford+Dictionary&rft.pages=xi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labov_et_al._2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Labov_et_al._2006_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudgill, Peter & Jean Hannah. (2002). <i>International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English</i>, 4th. London: Arnold. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-80834-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-80834-9">0-340-80834-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patti Tasko. (2004). <i>The Canadian Press Stylebook: A Guide for Writers and Editors,</i> 13th. Toronto: The Canadian Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920009-32-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-920009-32-8">0-920009-32-8</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.H. Scargill. (1957). "Sources of Canadian English", <i>The Journal of English and Germanic Philology,</i> 56.4, pp. 610–614.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Woitkowitz2012" class="citation web cs1">John Woitkowitz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110702122534/http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/arctic-sovereignty/asymmetry.cfm">"Arctic Sovereignty and the Cold War: Asymmetry, Interdependence, and Ambiguity"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/arctic-sovereignty/asymmetry.cfm">the original</a> on 2011-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arctic+Sovereignty+and+the+Cold+War%3A+Asymmetry%2C+Interdependence%2C+and+Ambiguity&rft.date=2012&rft.au=John+Woitkowitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehistory.osu.edu%2Fosu%2Fmmh%2Farctic-sovereignty%2Fasymmetry.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longmore, Paul K. (2007). "'Good English without Idiom or Tone': The Colonial Origins of American Speech". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. MIT. 37 (4): 513–542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006</a>:148)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006</a>:146)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov197219-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabov197219_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabov1972">Labov (1972)</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006</a>:101, 103)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Canadian English: 250 Years in the Making," in <i>The Canadian Oxford Dictionary</i>, 2nd ed., p. xi.</li> <li>Clark, Joe (2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en-CA.org/">Organizing Our Marvellous Neighbours: How to Feel Good About Canadian English</a></i> (e-book). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9809525-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9809525-0-6">978-0-9809525-0-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabov1972" class="citation cs2">Labov, William (1972), <i>Language in the Inner City: Studies in Black English Vernacular</i>, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+the+Inner+City%3A+Studies+in+Black+English+Vernacular&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">Labov, William</a>; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), <i>The Atlas of North American English</i>, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-016746-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-016746-8"><bdi>3-11-016746-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+North+American+English&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton-de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-11-016746-8&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Ash%2C+Sharon&rft.au=Boberg%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&oldid=1259219492">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&oldid=1259219492</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_American_English" title="Category:North American English">North American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_establishments_in_North_America" title="Category:18th-century establishments in North America">18th-century establishments in North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_attested_from_the_18th_century" title="Category:Languages attested from the 18th century">Languages attested from the 18th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dialects_of_English" title="Category:Dialects of English">Dialects of English</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2019" title="Category:Use American English from January 2019">Use American English from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_IETF_language_tag" title="Category:Language articles with IETF language tag">Language articles with IETF language tag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_without_speaker_estimate" title="Category:Language articles without speaker estimate">Language articles without speaker estimate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dialects_of_languages_with_ISO_639-3_code" title="Category:Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code">Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_without_ISO_639-3_code_but_with_Glottolog_code" title="Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code">Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_December_2020" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2020">Articles lacking reliable references from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 00:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-8bbb8","wgBackendResponseTime":200,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.674","walltime":"0.870","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7987,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":185963,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27845,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":38964,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 754.146 1 -total"," 20.40% 153.881 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.37% 138.529 9 Template:Navbox"," 14.91% 112.427 1 Template:English_dialects_by_continent"," 13.94% 105.151 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 11.92% 89.873 2 Template:Cite_web"," 11.65% 87.852 2 Template:Image_frame"," 10.77% 81.221 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.79% 66.300 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.32% 62.723 28 Template:Image_label_small"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.324","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7516549,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFChambers1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Woitkowitz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabov1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"English dialects by continent\"] = 1,\n [\"Explain\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 4,\n [\"IPA\"] = 19,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Map of American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Map of Canadian English\"] = 1,\n [\"No\"] = 50,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Partial\"] = 9,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sc2\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 12,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Yes\"] = 31,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-ghvzw","timestamp":"20241125134432","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"North American English","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_English","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7053766","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7053766","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-25T23:05:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T00:47:59Z","headline":"macrodialect of similar English varieties in the United States and Canada"}</script> </body> </html>