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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sociolinguistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociolinguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_as_a_liturgical_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_as_a_liturgical_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use as a liturgical language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_as_a_liturgical_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<span>Contractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hokaglish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hokaglish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hokaglish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hokaglish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1n-n%C3%A2ng" title="Lán-nâng – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lán-nâng" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien_a_Filipino" title="Hokkien a Filipino – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hokkien a Filipino" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan-nang" title="Lan-nang – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lan-nang" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan-nang" title="Lan-nang – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lan-nang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Филиппинский хокло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филиппинский хокло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien_Pilipino" title="Hokkien Pilipino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hokkien Pilipino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="ภาษาลันนัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาลันนัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ph%C3%BAc_Ki%E1%BA%BFn_Philippines" title="Tiếng Phúc Kiến Philippines – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Phúc Kiến Philippines" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E9%97%BD%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dialect of Hokkien spoken in the Philippines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Philippine+Hokkien%22">"Philippine Hokkien"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Philippine+Hokkien%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Philippine+Hokkien%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Philippine+Hokkien%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Philippine+Hokkien%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Philippine+Hokkien%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Philippine Hokkien</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">咱人話 / 咱儂話</span></span> <br /> <i>Lán-lâng-uē / Lán-nâng-uē / Nán-nâng-uē</i> <span style="font-size:70%;">(<a href="/wiki/Tai-lo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai-lo">Tâi-lô</a>)</span> <br /> <i>Lán-lâng-ōe / Lán-nâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe</i> <span style="font-size:70%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_China_Town,_711_Ongpin_Street,_Manila,_Philippines_(1949).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Manila_China_Town%2C_711_Ongpin_Street%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines_%281949%29.jpg/200px-Manila_China_Town%2C_711_Ongpin_Street%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines_%281949%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Manila_China_Town%2C_711_Ongpin_Street%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines_%281949%29.jpg/300px-Manila_China_Town%2C_711_Ongpin_Street%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines_%281949%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Manila_China_Town%2C_711_Ongpin_Street%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines_%281949%29.jpg/400px-Manila_China_Town%2C_711_Ongpin_Street%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines_%281949%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="763" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Ongpin St., <a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> (1949)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Cebu" title="Metro Cebu">Metro Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Davao" title="Metro Davao">Metro Davao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Bacolod" title="Metro Bacolod">Metro Bacolod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jolo,_Sulu" title="Jolo, Sulu">Jolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tacloban" title="Tacloban">Tacloban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angeles_City" title="Angeles City">Angeles City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vigan" title="Vigan">Vigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur" title="Naga, Camarines Sur">Naga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iligan" title="Iligan">Iligan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilagan" title="Ilagan">Ilagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laoag" title="Laoag">Laoag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rizal_(province)" title="Rizal (province)">Rizal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucena" title="Lucena">Lucena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotabato_City" title="Cotabato City">Cotabato</a>, and many other parts of the Philippines</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese#Coastal_Min" title="Min Chinese">Coastal Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Quanzhou</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Philippine Hokkien</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-minClassification_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minClassification-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> <ul><li>Ad hoc methods,<i><br /></i>Sporadic use of varying borrowed <a href="/wiki/Orthographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthographies">orthographies</a> from local or former <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua francas</a></i>, such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a><sup id="cite_ref-english_status_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english_status-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography">Filipino</a><sup id="cite_ref-filipino_status_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filipino_status-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Mandarin</a><sup id="cite_ref-mandarin_status_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandarin_status-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a><sup id="cite_ref-spanish_status_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spanish_status-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> (<i>sporadic</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2i-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Tâi-lô">Tâi-lô</a> (<i>sporadic</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">nan</code> for <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> / <a href="/wiki/Min_Nan" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Nan">Min Nan</a> which encompasses a variety of Hokkien dialects including "Lannang" / "Lán-lâng-ōe" / "咱人話" / "Philippine Hokkien".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=79-AAA-jek">79-AAA-jek</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Philippine Hokkien</b><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a> descended directly from <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic family</a>, primarily spoken <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacularly</a> by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipinos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, where it serves as the local <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-phinquirer_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phinquirer-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:82_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a> community in the Philippines and acts as the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_language" title="Heritage language">heritage language</a> of a majority of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipinos" title="Chinese Filipinos">Chinese Filipinos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Palanca_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palanca-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite currently acting mostly as an <a href="/wiki/Oral_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral language">oral language</a>, Hokkien as spoken in the Philippines did indeed historically have a <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> and is actually one of the earliest sources for <a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">written Hokkien</a> using both <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> (traditionally via <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">漢文</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Hàn-bûn</span></i>) worded from and read in <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as early as around 1587<sup id="cite_ref-:02_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1593<sup id="cite_ref-:Catálogo_BNE_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Catálogo_BNE-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china</a></i> and using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> as early as the 1590s in the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a> and was actually the earliest to systematically <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanize</a> the Hokkien language throughout the 1600s in the Hokkien-Spanish works<sup id="cite_ref-:02_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Friars_in_Spanish_Philippines" title="Friars in Spanish Philippines">Spanish friars</a> especially by the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a>, such as in the <i>Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum</i> (1626-1642)<sup id="cite_ref-:12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Arte de la Lengua Chiõ Chiu</i> (1620)<sup id="cite_ref-:13_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others. The use of Hokkien in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> was historically influenced by <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Klöter_c2011_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klöter_c2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Loon_1966-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilH_Study_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilH_Study-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <i>lingua franca</i> of the overseas Chinese community in the Philippines, the minority of Chinese Filipinos of <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taishanese_people" title="Taishanese people">Taishanese</a> descent also uses Philippine Hokkien for business purposes due to its status as "the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinoy</a> business language" [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>].<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a> as one of the languages that <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Chinese Filipino churches typically minister in with their <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church service</a>, which they sometimes also minister to students in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Chinese schools in the Philippines">Chinese Filipino schools</a> that they also usually operate.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a> primarily used by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Matsu</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia">veneration</a> temples in the Philippines, especially in their <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutra</a> chanting services and temple sermons by monastics.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Philippine Hokkien</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%B1%E4%BA%BA%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:咱人話">咱人話</a> / <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%B1%E5%84%82%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:咱儂話">咱儂話</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lán-nâng-ōe / Lán-lâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Our People's Speech</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Lán-nâng-ōe / Lán-lâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Lán-nâng-uē / Lán-lâng-uē / Nán-nâng-uē</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Name (Philippine Hokkien)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:菲律賓">菲律賓</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:福建話">福建話</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hui-li̍p-pin Hok-kiàn-ōe</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Philippine Hokkien Speech</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Fēilǜbīn Fújiànhuà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Hui-li̍p-pin Hok-kiàn-ōe</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Hui-li̍p-pin Hok-kiàn-uē</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Name (Philippine Min Nan)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:菲律賓">菲律賓</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:閩南話">閩南話</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hui-li̍p-pin Bân-lâm-ōe</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Philippine Southern Min Speech</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Fēilǜbīn Mǐnnánhuà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:21em; border: 4px double #FCD116; background:#FFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:#000000;">Part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#0038A8; border: 1px double #333;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Culture of the Philippines</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">sign language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_styles_and_honorifics" title="Filipino styles and honorifics">Honorifics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_literature" title="Philippine folk literature">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Philippines" title="List of newspapers in the Philippines">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Philippines" title="Radio in the Philippines">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Philippines" title="Television in the Philippines">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Philippines" title="Internet in the Philippines">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines"><span style="color:#FFF;">Symbols</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" 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property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Philippine Hokkien</i> is used when differentiating the variety of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> from those spoken in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Hokaglish_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hokaglish-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taiwanese_Grammar_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taiwanese_Grammar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, it was also known in <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>), and other <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a> as <i>Fookien</i><sup id="cite_ref-PhilH_Study_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilH_Study-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Fukien</i><sup id="cite_ref-Chan_Yap_1980_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan_Yap_1980-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Fukienese</i><sup id="cite_ref-:8_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> across the country, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Chinese postal romanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Nanjing court dialect</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> reading of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> province in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">China</a>, such as in the old newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fookien_Times" title="The Fookien Times">The Fookien Times</a></i>. It was historically and is still also called as just <i>"Chinese"</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> or <i>"Intsik"</i><sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>"Tsino"</i><sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>), usually generalized to refer to <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Chinese languages</a> in general, usually by those unfamiliar with the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> language compared with other Chinese languages or to promote to such people. It was also historically and is still formally and conservatively known as <i>"Amoy"</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually by <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipino</a> churches and schools who conduct <i>"Amoy Worship Service"</i> or <i>"Chinese Worship Service"</i> as part of their <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the danger of confusing the <a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy dialect</a> of Hokkien compared to the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> language in general, although these protestant Chinese Filipino churches also do indeed occasionally use abstract <a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> terms from the <a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy dialect</a> of Hokkien too from time to time and also typically use <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">bibles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">hymnal books</a> from <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen (Amoy)</a> typically written in the <a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy dialect</a> of Hokkien. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a> used by speakers of the dialect itself or the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> language in general though is typically, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%B1%E4%BA%BA%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:咱人話">咱人話</a> / <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%B1%E5%84%82%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:咱儂話">咱儂話</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Lán-nâng-ōe / Lán-lâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2i-u%C3%A2n_L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1-j%C4%AB_Phing-im_Hong-%C3%A0n" title="Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn">Tâi-lô</a>: <i>Lán-nâng-uē / Lán-lâng-uē / Nán-nâng-uē.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilH_Study_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilH_Study-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sociolinguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only 12.2% of all ethnic Chinese in the Philippines have a <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">variety of Chinese</a> as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a>. Nevertheless, the vast majority (77%) still retain the ability to understand and speak Hokkien as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second</a> or <a href="/wiki/Third_language_acquisition" title="Third language acquisition">third language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-See_1997_p57_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-See_1997_p57-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rectificaci%C3%B3n_y_Mejora_de_Principios_Naturales_%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%9C%9F%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%A6%E9%8C%84_(1593).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rectificaci%C3%B3n_y_Mejora_de_Principios_Naturales_%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%9C%9F%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%A6%E9%8C%84_%281593%29.png/220px-Rectificaci%C3%B3n_y_Mejora_de_Principios_Naturales_%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%9C%9F%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%A6%E9%8C%84_%281593%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rectificaci%C3%B3n_y_Mejora_de_Principios_Naturales_%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%9C%9F%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%A6%E9%8C%84_%281593%29.png/330px-Rectificaci%C3%B3n_y_Mejora_de_Principios_Naturales_%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%9C%9F%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%A6%E9%8C%84_%281593%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Rectificaci%C3%B3n_y_Mejora_de_Principios_Naturales_%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%9C%9F%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%A6%E9%8C%84_%281593%29.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>First page of <i>Rectificación y Mejora de Principios Naturales</i> (天主教真傳實錄), in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> by Fr. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Cobo" title="Juan Cobo">Juan Cobo</a>, published posthumously in 1593, Manila,<sup id="cite_ref-:Catálogo_BNE2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Catálogo_BNE2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with resemblance to the style of the Tagalog and Hokkien <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></i> published in the same year<sup id="cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Loon_1966-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>From the late 16th century to the early 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Friars_in_Spanish_Philippines" title="Friars in Spanish Philippines">Spanish friars in the Philippines</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> specifically in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, produced materials documenting the Hokkien varieties spoken by the Chinese trading community who had settled there in the late 16th century:<sup id="cite_ref-Chappell_Peyraube_2006_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell_Peyraube_2006-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klöter_c2011_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klöter_c2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China</i> (1593), by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Benavides" title="Miguel de Benavides">Miguel de Benavides</a> and Juan Cobo, a Hokkien version of the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Loon_1966-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:Catálogo_BNE_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Catálogo_BNE-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Rectificación y Mejora de Principios Naturales</i> (1593), by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Cobo" title="Juan Cobo">Juan Cobo</a>, a mostly <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> work written to transmit <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> and western scientific knowledge to <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangleyes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Espejo Rico del Claro Corazón—Beng Sim Po Cam</i> (1590s), by Juan Cobo and Miguel de Benavides, a Hokkien book of proverbs and warnings from various texts for children's enlightenment and moral guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Dictionarium Sino Hispanicum</i> (1604), by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Chirino" title="Pedro Chirino">Pedro Chirino</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Vocabulary & Grammar Chin-Cheu</i> (1600s)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Vocabulario de la Lengua Española y China / Vocabulario Hispanico y Chinico</i><sup id="cite_ref-:3_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Bocabulario de la lengua sangleya por las letraz de el A.B.C.</i> (1617), a Spanish-Hokkien dictionary, with definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Arte de la Lengua Chiõ Chiu</i> (1620), a Spanish-Hokkien grammar book.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum</i> (1626-1642), a primarily Spanish-Hokkien dictionary (with additional incomplete <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> part), giving equivalent words, but not definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Vocabulario de letra china</i> (1643), by Francisco Diaz<sup id="cite_ref-:3_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These texts appear to record a dialect descended primarily from a coastal <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Chiangchiu (Zhangzhou) dialect</a> of Hokkien, specifically modern-day <a href="/wiki/Haicheng,_Fujian" title="Haicheng, Fujian">Haicheng</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">海澄</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Hái-têng</span></i>) from the area around the old port of <a href="/wiki/Yuegang" title="Yuegang">Yuegang</a> (an old initially illegal smuggling port that was later legalized in 1567 and is now part of <a href="/wiki/Longhai_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhai City">Longhai</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also with some attested features of the dialects of <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Chuanchiu (Quanzhou)</a>, such as from <a href="/wiki/Anhai" title="Anhai">Anhai</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">安海</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Oaⁿ-hái</span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Loon_1966-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tong%27an,_Xiamen" title="Tong'an, Xiamen">Tong'an</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">同安</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Tâng-oaⁿ</span></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Loon_1966-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Teo-Swa</a> as well, hence Klöter (2011) considers it to be a <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">contact variety</a>, known as <i>Early Manila Hokkien (EMH)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klöter_c2011_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klöter_c2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yuegang" title="Yuegang">Yuegang</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">月港</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Goe̍h-káng</span></i>), part of <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou Prefecture">Zhangzhou Prefecture</a> under the late <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a> used to be the Chinese terminus to and from Spanish <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, which was part of the main artery that linked the trans-Pacific trade carried by the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> to <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Spanish Americas</a>, that was also linked to the trans-Atlantic trade from the port of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a> to <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, spreading trade goods from <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and later across <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Later, the old port of <a href="/wiki/Yuegang" title="Yuegang">Yuegang</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">月港</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Goe̍h-káng</span></i>) would be overshadowed and supplanted by the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Xiamen" title="Port of Xiamen">Port of Xiamen</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">廈門港</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Ē-mn̂g Káng</span></i>) closer to the sea by around the mid-1600s at the <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Ming-Qing transition</a> due to conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a>/<a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a> loyalist, <a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">國姓爺</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Kok-sèng-iâ</span></i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing forces</a>. </p><p>As a result as well of a <a href="/wiki/Sangley_Rebellion" title="Sangley Rebellion">1603 Sangley Rebellion</a> and a <a href="/wiki/2nd_Sangley_Rebellion_(1639)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)">1639 2nd Sangley Rebellion</a> which both caused <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a> of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a> <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> or <a href="/wiki/Southern_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Luzon">Southern Luzon</a> in general, the loss of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch</a> in 1642, and the victory of <a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">國姓爺</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Kok-sèng-iâ</span></i>) in 1662 against the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia" title="Siege of Fort Zeelandia">Siege of Fort Zeelandia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Taiwan</a>, which caused the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a> would send an <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a> to <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Spanish Manila</a> demanding to pay tribute to him or else he would send a fleet to conquer them and expel the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipinos" title="Spanish Filipinos">Spaniards</a> as well. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipinos" title="Spanish Filipinos">Spanish</a> took the threat very seriously and withdrew their forces from the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> to strengthen <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> in preparation for an attack. There would be several raids across <a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Luzon">Northern Luzon</a> by Koxinga's forces. In the same year of 1662, <a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a> would suddenly die of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, only a few months after defeating the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a>, in a fit of madness and delirium after discovering that his son and heir, <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a>, had an affair with his wet nurse and conceived a child with her. A <a href="/wiki/Sangley_Massacre_(1662)" title="Sangley Massacre (1662)">1662 Sangley Massacre</a> would ensue due to these mounting events and many <a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a> <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> fled by ship or to the mountains. Likewise during the 1700s, Spanish Dominican friar missionaries in <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Amoy/Xiamen</a> would be severely persecuted in the region as well, but nevertheless continued to operate clandestinely.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a> <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> community in the Philippines would survive through the 1700s but intermix locally to create <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Chinese Mestizos</a> (<i>Mestizos de Sangley</i>) and be replenished by migrants from <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Amoy/Xiamen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Chinchew/Quanzhou</a>. Some of whom even aided the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> during the <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British occupation of Manila</a> in 1762-1764. The Chinese Mestizo (<i>Mestizos de Sangley</i>) descendants throughout the centuries with each succeeding generation would gradually stop speaking Hokkien though in favor of <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">assimilating</a> to the local mainstream languages of their time, especially <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a>, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">mestizo</a> family of <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_the_Philippines" title="National Hero of the Philippines">Philippine national hero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">Jose Rizal</a>. The Hokkien spoken across the Philippines throughout the past centuries introduced certain amounts of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> to <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish</a> and the major <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">lowland Austronesian languages of the Philippines</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano Bisaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol" title="Central Bikol">Central Bicolano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray-waray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a>, etc. as a result of the generations of <a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">intermarriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a>. Those who chose to marry <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamously</a> and retained speaking the language and as a result of gradual replenishment of migrants from <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Amoy/Xiamen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Chinchew/Quanzhou</a>, especially relatives from <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">China</a> of those already in the Philippines, throughout the centuries would later continue the <a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a> <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> community in the Philippines that spoke Hokkien. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_Tecson%27s_Tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jose_Tecson%27s_Tomb.jpg/220px-Jose_Tecson%27s_Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jose_Tecson%27s_Tomb.jpg/330px-Jose_Tecson%27s_Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jose_Tecson%27s_Tomb.jpg/440px-Jose_Tecson%27s_Tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>扶西德孫墓 (Hokkien <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a>: <i>Hû-se Tek-sun Bō͘</i>, lit. "Jose Tecson's Grave"; 仙礁 (<a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a>: <i>Sian-ta</i>) 高律 (<a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a>: <i>Ko-lu̍t</i>), lit. "Santa Cruz" d. 1728 AD), located in <a href="/wiki/San_Andres_Apostol_Church_(Candaba)" title="San Andres Apostol Church (Candaba)">San Andres Apostol Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Candaba" title="Candaba">Candaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a> (as of 2010)</figcaption></figure> <p>Later in the early 1800s, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> would also have its issues with conflicts and wars that would seriously destabilize it, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in Europe, and the numerous conflicts and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">wars of independence across the Spanish Americas</a>, which eliminated the <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Spanish Americas</a> as the center of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>. </p><p>Around 1815, the <a href="/wiki/Manila%E2%80%93Acapulco_galleon_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila–Acapulco galleon trade">Manila–Acapulco galleon trade</a> would finally cease when the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a> broke out, which the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> would gain independence from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> by 1821. From then on 1821 to 1898, Spanish Philippines would be under <a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">direct royal governance</a> under <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. </p><p>By 1832, <a href="/wiki/Rev." class="mw-redirect" title="Rev.">Rev.</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Henry_Medhurst" title="Walter Henry Medhurst">Walter Henry Medhurst</a> still noted in his Hokkien dictionary, originally as an account given by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Malte-Brun" title="Conrad Malte-Brun">Conrad Malte-Brun</a> (1775-1826) on the province of Hok-këèn (<a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>), that<sup id="cite_ref-:Medhurst_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Medhurst-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou Prefecture">Tchang-chew-fou (Chëang-chew-hoó)</a> [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] is near the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Xiamen" title="Port of Xiamen">port of Emouy (Āy-moôiⁿᵍ)</a> [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], a great emporium of trāde, frequented by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spaniards</a> from <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manilla</a> [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>].</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Malte-Brun" title="Conrad Malte-Brun">Conrad Malte-Brun</a>, as quoted by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Henry_Medhurst" title="Walter Henry Medhurst">Walter Henry Medhurst</a>, A Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms: Containing About 12,000 Characters, A Short Historical and Statistical Account of the Province of Hok-këèn. (Compiled from European and Chinese Authors.)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Spanish trade with <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Amoy</a> to and from <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> later grew nominal as a result of the above destabilizing conflicts cutting the empire in half. The <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien Chinese</a> merchants from <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Amoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Chinchew</a> to and from Manila would later outcompete the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spaniards</a> by the mid-1800s, as noted by the <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/James_Matheson" title="James Matheson">James Matheson</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Jardine_Matheson" class="mw-redirect" title="Jardine Matheson">Jardine Matheson</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Amoy, a much more substantial port giving access to the tea-growing province of Fukien, was open to Spanish trade only. But the right was merely nominal because Chinese junks could transport goods to and from the Philippines much more cheaply than could the Spaniards. The latter had practically given up the trade; only one Spanish ship put in at Amoy between 1810 and 1830. ...Another witness said the Spaniards had given up the Amoy trade since 1800.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Michael_Greenberg_(economist)" title="Michael Greenberg (economist)">Michael Greenberg</a>, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842, Chapter III: The Canton Commercial System, p.47</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> which would later link <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish Philippines</a> directly to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> without rounding the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">cape</a> would only start construction by 1859 and be completed at 1869. </p><p>By 1873, <a href="/wiki/Rev." class="mw-redirect" title="Rev.">Rev.</a> <a href="/wiki/Carstairs_Douglas" title="Carstairs Douglas">Carstairs Douglas</a> writes in his Hokkien dictionary that<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and the various <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> [such as <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>], Batavia [<a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>] and other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch possessions</a> [<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>], are crowded with emigrants, especially from the <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Chang-chew</a> prefecture; <b><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Philippines">Philippines</a> have great numbers from <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Chin-chew</a></b>, and emigrants are largely scattered in like manner in Siam [<a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>], Burmah [<a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>], the Malay Peninsula [<a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>], <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochin China</a> [<a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Southern Vietnam</a>], Saigon [<a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>], &c. In many of these places there is also a great mixture of emigrants from <a href="/wiki/Swatow" class="mw-redirect" title="Swatow">Swatow</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Carstairs_Douglas" title="Carstairs Douglas">Carstairs Douglas</a>, Chinese–English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, Extent of the Amoy Vernacular, and its Sub-division into Dialects: Colonization And Emigration</cite></div></blockquote><p> By 1883, <a href="/wiki/Rev." class="mw-redirect" title="Rev.">Rev.</a> John Macgowan also records 3 entries explicitly defining <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%91%82%E5%AE%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:呂宋">呂宋</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Lū-sòng</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> '<a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>' in his Hokkien dictionary: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Luzon, 呂宋 Lū-sòng,—belongs to Spain, 呂宋是大°呂宋之°屬國 Lū-sòng sī Tōa lū-sòng ê siók kok</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John Macgowan, English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect, L<sup id="cite_ref-:Macgowan:L_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Macgowan:L-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Manilla [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], 呂宋 Lū-sòng, very many Chinese go to—, 唐°人°去°呂宋盡多° tn̂g lâng khì Lū-sòng tsīn tsōe.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John Macgowan, English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect, M<sup id="cite_ref-:Macgowan:M_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Macgowan:M-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Philippines, 呂宋 Lū-sòng.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John Macgowan, English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect, P<sup id="cite_ref-:Macgowan:P_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Macgowan:P-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Chinese community of the Philippines during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Philippines">Spanish colonial era</a> used to also speak a sort of Spanish pidgin variety known as "<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Cal%C3%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:Caló">Caló</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chino#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chino">Chino</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/espa%C3%B1ol#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:español">Español</a></i>" or <i>"La Lengua del Parian"</i><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> or "<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kastila#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kastila">Kastilang</a></i> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tindahan#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:tindahan"><i>tindahan</i></a>" in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, especially because the Chinese community before obligates Chinese <i><a href="/wiki/Kapitan_Cina" title="Kapitan Cina">cabecillas</a></i> (community leaders), such as Capitan <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Palanca_(born_1844)" title="Carlos Palanca (born 1844)">Carlos Palanca Tan Quien Sien</a>, to teach rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> to new Chinese immigrants which was taught in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Chinese schools in the Philippines">Chinese-owned schools</a>. They could speak these Spanish pidgin varieties after one month which many, especially old timers later became very fluent, albeit some still with accented Spanish. Spanish was prevalent enough among the educated in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era, that Joseph Earle Stevens, an American that stayed in Manila from 1893-1894 had this to say in his book, <i>"Yesterdays in the Philippines"</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Spanish, of course, is the court and commercial language and, except among uneducated natives who have a lingo of their own or among the few members of the Anglo-Saxon colony, it has a monopoly everywhere. No one can really get on without it, and <b>even the <a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Chinese</a> come in with their peculiar pidgin variety</b></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Joseph Earle Stevens, <i>Yesterdays in the Philippines</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>By 1941, Vicente Lim publishes a dictionary in Manila, titled <i>"Chinese-English-Tagalog-Spanish Business conversation and social contact with Amoy pronunciation"</i> giving equivalent words in the stated 4 languages,<i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> where <i>"Chinese"</i> and <i>"Amoy"</i> referred to a formalized literary form of the local <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Chuanchiu</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> as used by the author and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipino</a> community in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippines</a> at that time. As per Lim's dictionary, <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> took precedence as consistent with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial era</a>, when <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> began to be taught as the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Islands">Philippine Islands</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a>, which later, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> was chosen as the basis of <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> of the Philippines under the <a href="/wiki/1935_Constitution_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Constitution of the Philippines">1935 constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippine Commonwealth</a>. </p><p>By 1987, under the current <a href="/wiki/1987_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Constitution">1987 constitution</a> of the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish</a> began to only be "promoted on a voluntary and optional basis", leading to most schools in the Philippines to no longer teach Spanish as a required <a href="/wiki/School_class" class="mw-redirect" title="School class">class subject</a>, which would most if not completely dissipate from mainstream use in later decades in the Philippines. The Spanish used decades before have been retained as a few Spanish loanwords in Philippine Hokkien, such as those found below. </p><p>In the 21st century, the Philippines now only has 2 <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a>, with currently 19 recognized <a href="/wiki/Regional_languages_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional languages in the Philippines">regional languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano Bisaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>, etc., which Philippine Hokkien speakers currently frequently <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">codeswitch</a> with, which the form using <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a> together with Hokkien is known as <a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a>, akin to <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a>. </p><p>From the 20th to the 21st century, there have been a few books published about Hokkien from the Philippines based on what is used at least by the author in the Philippines and many of whom have been utilizing the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> often together with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> to try and write Hokkien based on the author's level of <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> on <a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">written Hokkien</a>. Sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> used in these 20th to 21st century books only use Chinese characters more appropriate to <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>, so it is mostly the <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanized</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> section that can be properly identified as Philippine Hokkien, although due to different author's level of literacy on <a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">written Hokkien</a>, the orthographies of the romanization used may widely differ per author usually influenced by the author's knowledge of <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography">Filipino orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade-Giles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography</a> (for older works). These 20th-21st century publications from the Philippines about Hokkien often also call the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> language with different names, such as <i>"Chinese"</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>"Amoy"</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>"Fookien",</i><sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>"Fukien"</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_Yap_1980_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan_Yap_1980-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>"Fukienese"</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even <i>"Fujianwa"</i><sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>"Foojian"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been books as well in the Philippines writing in <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ)</a> for Hokkien in the Philippines, such as Victoria W. Peralta-Ang Gobonseng's <i>"Amoy Vernacular Handbook"</i> Vol. 1 Revised Edition (2003).<sup id="cite_ref-:10_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_as_a_liturgical_language">Use as a liturgical language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use as a liturgical language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hokkien in the Philippines has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> denominations), <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Matsu worship</a> for centuries. For <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> Christianity, it was used ever since the <a href="/wiki/Friars_in_Spanish_Philippines" title="Friars in Spanish Philippines">Spanish friars</a> ministered to <a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese</a> around the 1590s to 1600s and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Loon_1966-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Buddhism, Taoism, and Matsu worship, it was used ever since the first Hokkien-speaking Sangley Chinese practitioners in the Philippines gathered together for <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> or the first Buddhist, Taoist, and Ma-cho chinese temples were erected in the Philippines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Seng_Guan_Temple" title="Seng Guan Temple">Seng Guan Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma-Cho_Temple" title="Ma-Cho Temple">Ma-Cho Temple</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Christianity, it was used ever since Protestant <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipinos</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Protestant" title="List of Christian denominations">Protestant denominations</a> around the early 20th century when the first Protestant Chinese Filipino churches sprang up, such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Parish_Church_(Manila)" title="Saint Stephen's Parish Church (Manila)">St. Stephen's Parish Church</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Episcopal Church in the Philippines">Episcopalian Anglicanism</a>) and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oocities.org/heartland/valley/9334/uecpmain.htm">United Evangelical Church of the Philippines (UECP)</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Evangelicalism in the Philippines">Evangelicalism</a>), etc. </p><p>In the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipino</a> churches and schools usually conduct <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> usually called <i>"Amoy Worship Service"</i> or <i>"Chinese Worship Service"</i> where protestant Chinese Filipino <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastors</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">reverends</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E5%B8%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:牧師">牧師</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: <i><span lang="nan-Latn">bo̍k-su</span></i>) usually conduct their <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church service</a> message in typically mostly Philippine Hokkien with added formal abstract <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> <a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy Hokkien</a> terms or Hokkienized <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> terms read in Philippine Hokkien reading and sometimes additionally <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_in_the_Philippines" title="Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines">Mandarin</a> (i.e. some <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">praise and worship songs</a> in certain churches). These Chinese Filipino protestant churches are usually linked to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bsop.edu.ph/">BSOP (Biblical Seminary of the Philippines)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Congress_on_World_Evangelization" title="Chinese Congress on World Evangelization">CCOWE (Chinese Congress on World Evangelization)</a> and their respective <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Chinese schools in the Philippines">Chinese Filipino schools</a> that each Chinese Filipino church may also usually operate and sometimes also teach Hokkien usually known as <i>"Amoy"</i> or use it as <a href="/wiki/Language_of_instruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Language of instruction">language of instruction</a> to teach Mandarin, which is also typically known as just "Chinese" in school classes. These Protestant Chinese Filipino churches that also operate with a Chinese Filipino school usually within the same campus also sometimes minister <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church or chapel service</a> in <i>"Amoy"</i> (Hokkien) to their students too.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhist</a> temples in the Philippines also primarily conduct their <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutra</a> chanting services and temple sermons in Hokkien via the venerable monks and nuns living in the temples across the Philippines. Many of the Chinese Buddhist monastics only speak Hokkien or <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> (if recently came from China), though some can also speak <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and rarely also <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>). Some of the Chinese Buddhist temples are associated as well with the <a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi" title="Tzu Chi">Tzu Chi Foundation</a> from Taiwan. Most Chinese Buddhist temples in the Philippines are rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a> tradition with some syncretizing <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, while also practicing <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> principles. For example, <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guandi</a> or known in Hokkien as <span lang="zh-Hant">帝爺公</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Tè-iâ-kong</span></i> or <span lang="zh-Hant">關公</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Koan-kong</span></i> or <span lang="zh-Hant">關帝爺</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Koan-tè-iâ</span></i>, the Chinese God of War, is usually a <a href="/wiki/Door_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Door god">door god</a> or a statue by the doors and entrances of Chinese Buddhist temples to serve as a symbolic protector. Some Chinese Buddhist temples also run <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Chinese schools in the Philippines">Chinese Filipino schools</a> in the Philippines, such as the Samantabhadra Institute, Philippine Academy of Sakya, and Philippine Buddhacare Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Christianity in the Philippines used to also have Hokkien as one of the languages they used to conduct their liturgy in but its current use for ministry is now defunct, especially under the Chinese-Filipino Catholic Apostolate of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines">Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines</a> (CBCP). It has a long history in using Hokkien to minister to <a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipinos" title="Chinese Filipinos">Chinese</a> living in the Philippines and <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> as evidenced in the works of the <a href="/wiki/Friars_in_Spanish_Philippines" title="Friars in Spanish Philippines">Spanish friars</a>, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana en letra y lingua china</a></i> (1593), who aimed to use the Sangley Chinese Catholic converts as a catalyst for converting the rest of China.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Loon_1966-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late 20th century, despite <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_in_the_Philippines" title="Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines">Mandarin</a>) taking the place as the usual <a href="/wiki/Chinese_school" title="Chinese school">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Course_(education)" title="Course (education)">class subject</a> taught in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Chinese schools in the Philippines">Chinese Filipino schools</a> as the topic of study, some schools had Chinese teachers that used <a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a> <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> as <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a> in order to teach <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> to native-<a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipino</a> students, but decades later around the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos Era</a>, regulations became stricter and the <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a> for teaching <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>) in Chinese classes shifted from <a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy Hokkien Chinese</a> to purely <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> (or in some schools to <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a>). Also, due to the increased rural to urban migration of Chinese Filipinos, Chinese Filipino schools in urban areas increased but those in the provinces gradually declined, some closing down or some turning into ordinary Philippine schools, where some tried to preserve their "Chinese" characteristic by instead teaching <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> as their Chinese <a href="/wiki/Course_(education)" title="Course (education)">class subject</a>, deeming it as more practical in the Philippine-Chinese setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Palanca3_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palanca3-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>, under their Chinese Studies Programme, offers Hokkien 1 (Chn 8) and Hokkien 2 (Chn 9) as electives.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai_Shek_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Kai Shek College">Chiang Kai Shek College</a> offers Hokkien classes in their CKS Language Center.<sup id="cite_ref-CKS_Language_Center_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKS_Language_Center-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_features">Linguistic features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Linguistic features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_Tablet_from_Manila_Chinese_Cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Grave_Tablet_from_Manila_Chinese_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Grave_Tablet_from_Manila_Chinese_Cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Grave_Tablet_from_Manila_Chinese_Cemetery.jpg/330px-Grave_Tablet_from_Manila_Chinese_Cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Grave_Tablet_from_Manila_Chinese_Cemetery.jpg/440px-Grave_Tablet_from_Manila_Chinese_Cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>The contractions, <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%85#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:卅">卅</a></span> (sam/sap) and <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BE#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:廾">廾</a></span> (lia̍p), used on a grave tablet in the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Chinese_Cemetery" title="Manila Chinese Cemetery">Manila Chinese Cemetery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>21st century Philippine Hokkien (<span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%B1%E4%BA%BA%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:咱人話">咱人話</a></span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Lán-nâng-ōe</span></i>) is largely derived from the Coastal <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Quanzhou</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">泉州</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Choân-chiu</span></i>) <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> dialects of <a href="/wiki/Jinjiang,_Fujian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinjiang, Fujian">Jinjiang</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">晉江</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Chìn-kang</span></i>), Coastal <a href="/wiki/Nan%27an,_Fujian" title="Nan'an, Fujian">Nan'an</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">海南安 / 下南安</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Hái Lâm-oaⁿ / Ě Lâm-oaⁿ</span></i>), <a href="/wiki/Shishi,_Fujian" title="Shishi, Fujian">Shishi</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">石狮</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Chio̍h-sai</span></i>), <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> City Proper (<span lang="zh-Hant">泉州市</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Choân-chiu</span></i>), <a href="/wiki/Hui%27an_dialect" title="Hui'an dialect">Hui’an</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">惠安</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Hūi-oaⁿ</span></i>), but has possibly also absorbed influences from the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a> dialects of <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">廈門</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Ē-mn̂g</span></i>), Coastal <a href="/wiki/Tong%27an_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tong'an District">Tong’an</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">同安</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Tâng-oaⁿ</span></i>), <a href="/wiki/Kinmen" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">金門</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Kim-mn̂g</span></i>), Highland <a href="/wiki/Nan%27an,_Fujian" title="Nan'an, Fujian">Nan'an</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">頂南安 / 山南安</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Téng Lâm-oaⁿ / Soaⁿ Lâm-oaⁿ</span></i>), Inland <a href="/wiki/Yongchun_County" title="Yongchun County">Yongchun</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">永春</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Éng-chhun</span></i>), and Inland <a href="/wiki/Anxi_County" title="Anxi County">Anxi</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">安溪</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">An-khoe</span></i>) dialects of Xiamen and Highland <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gonzales_2018_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzales_2018-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the older late 16th to 17th century Early Manila Hokkien once spoken around the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> area was largely derived from Coastal <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">漳州</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Chiang-chiu</span></i>) Hokkien dialects of <a href="/wiki/Haicheng,_Fujian" title="Haicheng, Fujian">Haicheng</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">海澄</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Hái-têng</span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Loon_1966-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Longhai_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhai City">Longxi</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">龍溪</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Liông-khe</span></i>), with also some features from the Coastal <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Quanzhou</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">泉州</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Choân-chiu</span></i>) <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> dialects of <a href="/wiki/Anhai" title="Anhai">Anhai</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">安海</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Oaⁿ-hái</span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Loon_1966-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tong%27an,_Xiamen" title="Tong'an, Xiamen">Tong'an</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">同安</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Tâng-oaⁿ</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Loon_1966-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haicheng and Longxi have since been merged by 1960 within modern-day <a href="/wiki/Longhai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhai District">Longhai</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">龍海</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Liông-hái</span></i>) of Coastal <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">漳州</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Chiang-chiu</span></i>) on the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Jiulong_River" title="Jiulong River">Jiulong River</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">九龍江</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Kiú-liông-kang</span></i>) from where the old smuggling port of <a href="/wiki/Yuegang" title="Yuegang">Yuegang</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">月港</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Goe̍h-káng</span></i>) used to operate from, before being overshadowed by the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Xiamen" title="Port of Xiamen">Port of Xiamen</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">廈門港</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Ē-mn̂g Káng</span></i>) closer to the sea by around the mid-1600s at the <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Ming-Qing transition</a> due to conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> loyalist, <a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">國姓爺</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Kok-sèng-iâ</span></i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing forces</a>. </p><p>Although Philippine Hokkien is generally mutually comprehensible especially with other <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Quanzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> variants, including <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Quanzhou-based</a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a> variants, the local vocabulary, <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Philippine Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a> loanwords as well as the extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contractions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquialisms</a> (even those which are now unused or considered <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#archaic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Glossary">archaic</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#dated" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Glossary">dated</a> in China) can result in confusion among Hokkien speakers from outside of the Philippines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contractions">Contractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some terms have contracted into one syllable. Examples include:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>dī-tsa̍p/lī-tsa̍p (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:二十">二十</a></span>) > dia̍p/lia̍p (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BF#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:廿">廿</a></span> / <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BE#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:廾">廾</a></span>): twenty; 20 (same format for 20–29, i.e. 二十一[21] is "dia̍p-it" 廿一)</li> <li>saⁿ-tsa̍p (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:三十">三十</a></span>) > sap<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%85#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:卅">卅</a></span>): thirty; 30 (same format for 30–39, i.e. 三十二[32] is "sa̍p-dī" 卅二)</li> <li>sì-tsa̍p (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:四十">四十</a></span>) > siap (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:卌">卌</a></span>): forty; 40 (same format for 40–49, i.e. 四十三[43] is "siap-saⁿ" 卌三)</li> <li>siáⁿ-lâng-á (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%95%A5%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:啥人">啥人</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:仔">仔</a>) > siâng-á (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AA%B0%E4%BB%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:誰仔">誰仔</a>): who</li> <li>tsàiⁿ-iūⁿ-á (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%80%8E%E6%A8%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:怎樣">怎樣</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:仔">仔</a>) > tsiùⁿ-á (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9A%9C%E4%BB%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:障仔">障仔</a>): how</li> <li>tán—tsi̍t-ě (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:等一下">等一下</a>) > tán—tsě (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AD%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:等">等</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9A%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:際">際</a>): to wait</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philippine Hokkien, like other Southeast Asian variants of Hokkien (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Malaysian_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Malaysian Hokkien">Johor Hokkien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan Hokkien</a>), has borrowed words from other languages spoken locally, specifically <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Examples include:<sup id="cite_ref-PhilH_Study_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilH_Study-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>lé-chu-chhài</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/le˩<span class="wrap"> </span>tsu˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tsʰai˥˩/</span>: "lettuce", from Spanish <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lechuga" class="extiw" title="wikt:lechuga">lechuga</a></i> + Hokkien <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8F%9C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:菜">菜</a></span> (chhài, "vegetable")</li> <li><i>ka kaó</i>: "cocoa", either from Spanish <i><i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cacao#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:cacao">cacao</a></i></i> or Tagalog <i><i lang="tl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kakaw#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:kakaw">kakaw</a></i></i></li> <li><i>ka-pé</i> (咖啡): "coffee", from Tagalog <i><i lang="tl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kape#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:kape">kape</a></i></i>, which was from Spanish <i><i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caf%C3%A9#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:café">café</a></i></i></li> <li><i>pà-chî</i> (霸薯): "potato", either from Spanish <i><i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patata#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:patata">patata</a></i></i> or Tagalog <i><i lang="tl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patatas#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:patatas">patatas</a></i></i> + Hokkien <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%96%AF#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:薯">薯</a></span> (chî, "potato")</li> <li><i>kam-á-tit</i> (柑仔得): "tomato", either from Tagalog <i><i lang="tl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kamatis#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:kamatis">kamatis</a></i></i> or directly from Spanish <i><i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tomate#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:tomate">tomate</a></i></i></li> <li><i>sap-bûn</i> (雪文): "soap", either from <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Early Modern Spanish</a> <i><i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jab%C3%B3n#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:jabón">jabón</a></i></i><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Tagalog <i><i lang="tl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sabon#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:sabon">sabon</a></i></i></li> <li><i>pá-lâ</i> (把拉): "to pay", from Spanish <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paga" class="extiw" title="wikt:paga">paga</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> of <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pagar" class="extiw" title="wikt:pagar">pagar</a></i></li> <li><i>lō͘-sin</i> (落申): "dozen", from English <i><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dozen#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:dozen">dozen</a></i></i></li> <li><i>chi̍p-nî-chhia</i> (集尼車), from <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a> <i><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jeepney#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:jeepney">jeepney</a></i></i> + Hokkien <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8A#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:車">車</a></span> (chhia, "vehicle")</li> <li><i>go-ma-ôe</i>: "rubber shoes (<a href="/wiki/Sneakers" title="Sneakers">sneakers</a>)", from Tagalog <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/goma#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:goma">goma</a></i> or Spanish <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/goma#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:goma">goma</a></i> + Hokkien <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9E%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:鞋">鞋</a> (ôe, "shoe")</li> <li><i>go-ma-thn̂g</i>: "bubblegum", from Tagalog <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/goma#Tagalog" class="extiw" title="wikt:goma">goma</a></i> or Spanish <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/goma#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:goma">goma</a></i> + Hokkien <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:糖">糖</a> (thn̂g, "candy")</li></ul> <p>Philippine Hokkien has also <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calqued</a> a few expressions from <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a> since the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial era</a>, such as </p> <ul><li><i>Hó tsá-khí !</i> (好早起！): <i>"Good Morning!"</i></li> <li><i>Hó àm-po͘ !</i> (好暗晡！) / <i>Hó ě-po͘ !</i> (好下晡！): <i>"Good Afternoon!"</i></li> <li><i>Hó àm-mî !</i> (好暗暝！): <i>"Good Evening!"</i></li></ul> <p>Philippine Hokkien also has some vocabulary that is unique to it compared to other varieties of Hokkien:<sup id="cite_ref-PhilH_Study_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilH_Study-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">車頭</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsʰia˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰau˩˧/</span>: "chauffeur"</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">山猴</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/suã˧<span class="wrap"> </span>kau˩˧/</span>: "country bumpkin"</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">新山</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕin˧<span class="wrap"> </span>suã˧/</span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">義山</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡi˩<span class="wrap"> </span>san˧/</span>: "cemetery" (used in the sign for <a href="/wiki/Manila_Chinese_Cemetery" title="Manila Chinese Cemetery">Manila Chinese Cemetery</a>)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">霸薯</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pa˥˥˦<span class="wrap"> </span>tsi˨˦/</span>: "potato"</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">麵頭</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bin˩<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰau˨˦/</span>: "bread"</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">病厝</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pĩ˩<span class="wrap"> </span>tsʰu˦˩/</span>: "hospital"</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">毋好</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m̩˨<span class="wrap"> </span>ho˥˥˦/</span>: "to be sick"</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">燒燒</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕio˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ɕio˧/</span>: "to have a fever"</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">桶</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰaŋ˥˥˦/</span>, short for <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">面桶</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bin˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰaŋ˥˥˦/</span>: "million". in other Hokkien varieties, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">百萬</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/paʔ˥<span class="wrap"> </span>ban˥˩/</span> is used instead</li> <li>instead of just <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">翕像</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hip̚˨˦<span class="wrap"> </span>ɕiɔŋ˨/</span>, there is also <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">欱像</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hap̚˨˦<span class="wrap"> </span>ɕiɔŋ˧/</span>: "to photograph"</li> <li>instead of just <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">有時陣</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u˨<span class="wrap"> </span>ɕi˨<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡sun˥˩/</span>. there is also <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">有陣時</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u˨<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡sun˨<span class="wrap"> </span>ɕi˨˦/</span> and, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">有陣仔</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u˨<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡sun˨<span class="wrap"> </span>a˥˥˦/</span>: "sometimes"</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">熱人</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/luaʔ˨<span class="wrap"> </span>laŋ˨˦/</span>: "hot" <i>(of the weather).</i> in other Hokkien varieties, it means "summer"</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">寒人</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kuã˨<span class="wrap"> </span>laŋ˨˦/</span>: "cold" <i>(of the weather).</i> in other Hokkien varieties, it means "winter"</li></ul> <p>Philippine Hokkien usually follows the 3 decimal place <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic numeral system</a> used worldwide, but still retains the concept of <span lang="zh">萬</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">bān</span></i>; 'ten thousand' from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese numeral system</a>, so 'ten thousand' would be <span lang="zh">一萬</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">chi̍t-bān</span></i>, but examples of the 3 decimal place logic have produced words like: </p> <ul><li>'eleven thousand' – <span lang="zh">十一千</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">cha̍p-it-chheng</span></i>, and same idea for succeeding numbers <dl><dd>Other Hokkien variants: <span lang="zh">一萬一千</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">chi̍t-bān chi̍t-chheng</span></i></dd></dl></li> <li>'one hundred thousand' – <span lang="zh">一百千</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">chi̍t-pah-chheng</span></i>, and same idea for succeeding numbers <dl><dd>Other Hokkien variants: <span lang="zh">十萬</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">cha̍p-bān</span></i></dd></dl></li> <li>'one million' – <span lang="zh">一桶</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">chi̍t-tháng</span></i> or <span lang="zh">一面桶</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">chi̍t-bīn-tháng</span></i>, and same idea for succeeding numbers <dl><dd>Other Hokkien variants: <span lang="zh">一百萬</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">chi̍t-pah-bān</span></i></dd></dl></li> <li>'one hundred million' – <span lang="zh">一百桶</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">chi̍t-pah-tháng</span></i>, and same idea for succeeding numbers <dl><dd>Other Hokkien variants: <span lang="zh">一億</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">chi̍t-iak</span></i></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hokaglish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a></div> <p>Hokaglish is <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> involving Philippine Hokkien, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a>. Hokaglish shows similarities to <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a> (mixed <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a>), the everyday <a href="/wiki/Mesolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolect">mesolect</a> register of spoken <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino language</a> within <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> and its environs.<sup id="cite_ref-Hokaglish_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hokaglish-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both ways of speaking are very common among Chinese Filipinos, who tend to code-switch these languages in everyday conversation, where it can be observed that older generations typically use the Hokkien Chinese sentence structure base while injecting English and Tagalog words while the younger ones use the Filipino/Tagalog sentence structure as the base while injecting the few Hokkien terms they know in the sentence. The latter therefore, in a similar sense with Taglish using <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_grammar" title="Tagalog grammar">Tagalog grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, tends to <a href="/wiki/Code-mixing" title="Code-mixing">code-mix</a> via <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugating</a> the Hokkien terms the way they do for Filipino/Tagalog words.<sup id="cite_ref-Palanca2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palanca2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">provinces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">regions</a> of the Philippines, a similar code-switching medium is also done with Philippine Hokkien and English, but instead of or along with <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, other <a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_languages_of_the_Philippines" title="List of regional languages of the Philippines">regional languages</a> are used as well, such as <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano Bisaya</a> (akin to <a href="/wiki/Bislish" title="Bislish">Bislish</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon/Ilonggo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol" title="Central Bikol">Bikolano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinense</a>, etc., so in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Cebu" title="Metro Cebu">Metro Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipino</a> families speak a <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-swtiching</a> mix of Philippine Hokkien, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano Bisaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a>, while in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Davao" title="Metro Davao">Metro Davao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butuan" title="Butuan">Butuan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro (CDO)</a>, a mix of Philippine Hokkien, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano Bisaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a> is used, while in <a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacolod" title="Bacolod">Bacolod</a>, a mix of Philippine Hokkien, <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon (Ilonggo)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a> is used, while in <a href="/wiki/Vigan" title="Vigan">Vigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>, a mix of Philippine Hokkien, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a> is used, while in <a href="/wiki/Tacloban" title="Tacloban">Tacloban</a>, a mix of Philippine Hokkien, <a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a>, Philippine English is used, while in <a href="/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur" title="Naga, Camarines Sur">Naga</a>, a mix of Philippine Hokkien, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol" title="Central Bikol">Central Bikolano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a> is used, while in <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a>, a mix of Philippine Hokkien, <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> are used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_architecture" title="Hokkien architecture">Hokkien architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_culture" title="Hokkien culture">Hokkien culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien media">Hokkien media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hoklo people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holopedia">Holopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_in_the_Philippines" title="Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines">Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Hokkien">Singapore Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Malaysia Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speak_Hokkien_Campaign" title="Speak Hokkien Campaign">Speak Hokkien Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Taiwanese Romanization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-minClassification-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-minClassification_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glottoMin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoMin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-english_status-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-english_status_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines#National_and_official_languages" title="Languages of the Philippines">Co-official language</a> of the Philippines</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-filipino_status-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-filipino_status_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines#National_and_official_languages" title="Languages of the Philippines">National and co-official language</a> of the Philippines</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mandarin_status-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mandarin_status_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine Mandarin</a> as taught in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Chinese schools in the Philippines">Chinese Filipino schools</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spanish_status-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spanish_status_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines#National_and_official_languages" title="Languages of the Philippines">Historical official language</a> of the Philippines since the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial era</a>, currently "promoted on a voluntary and optional basis" per the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1987 Constitution</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also known as <b>Lannang-Oe</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">咱人話 / 咱儂話</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Lán-nâng-ōe / Lán-lâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Our People's Speech'),<sup id="cite_ref-PhilH_Study_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilH_Study-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taiwanese_Grammar_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taiwanese_Grammar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Fukien</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_Yap_1980_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan_Yap_1980-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Fookien</b><sup id="cite_ref-PhilH_Study_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilH_Study-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pls Do Not Confuse with sam (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:三">三</a></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings" title="Literary and colloquial readings">literary reading</a> of saⁿ (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:三">三</a></span>), which is also popular for counting numbers among speakers, i.e. 三十五[35] is "sam-gǒ͘" 三五</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pronounced before in <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Early Modern Spanish</a> as <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: /ʃaˈbon/ during the early centuries of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMei1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mei_Tsu-lin" title="Mei Tsu-lin">Mei, Tsu-lin</a> (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>, <b>30</b>: 86–110, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718766">10.2307/2718766</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718766">2718766</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Tones+and+prosody+in+Middle+Chinese+and+the+origin+of+the+rising+tone&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=86-110&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718766%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mei&rft.aufirst=Tsu-lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Pulleyblank, Edwin G.</a> (1984), <i>Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology</i>, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-0192-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Chinese%3A+A+study+in+Historical+Phonology&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glottoMin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glottoMin_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m" title="Harald Hammarström">Hammarström, Harald</a>; Forkel, Robert; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath" title="Martin Haspelmath">Haspelmath, Martin</a>; Bank, Sebastian (July 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248">"Glottolog 4.8 - Min"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962">10.5281/zenodo.7398962</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Min&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fminn1248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/KIRINPUTRA/reclassifying-ISO-639-3-nan/blob/main/Reclassifying_ISO_639-3_%5Bnan%5D__An_Empirical_Approach_to_Mutual_Intelligibility_and_Ethnolinguistic_Distinctions.pdf">"Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. August 31, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Reclassifying+ISO+639-3+%5Bnan%5D&rft.date=2021-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FKIRINPUTRA%2Freclassifying-ISO-639-3-nan%2Fblob%2Fmain%2FReclassifying_ISO_639-3_%255Bnan%255D__An_Empirical_Approach_to_Mutual_Intelligibility_and_Ethnolinguistic_Distinctions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhilH_Study-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhilH_Study_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhilH_Study_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhilH_Study_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhilH_Study_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhilH_Study_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhilH_Study_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhilH_Study_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsai2017" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tsai, Hui-Ming 蔡惠名 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etds.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/thesis/detail/d9babe778274fb8c4ffabf34d9067b40/"><i>Fēilǜbīn zán rén huà (Lán-lâng-uē) yánjiū</i> <bdi lang="zh">菲律賓咱人話（Lán-lâng-uē）研究</bdi></a> [<i>A Study of Philippine Hokkien Language</i>] (PhD thesis) (in Chinese). National Taiwan Normal University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=F%C4%93il%C7%9Cb%C4%ABn+z%C3%A1n+r%C3%A9n+hu%C3%A0+%28L%C3%A1n-l%C3%A2ng-u%C4%93%29+y%C3%A1nji%C5%AB+%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E5%92%B1%E4%BA%BA%E8%A9%B1%EF%BC%88L%C3%A1n-l%C3%A2ng-u%C4%93%EF%BC%89%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=National+Taiwan+Normal+University&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Tsai&rft.aufirst=Hui-Ming+%E8%94%A1%E6%83%A0%E5%90%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetds.lib.ntnu.edu.tw%2Fthesis%2Fdetail%2Fd9babe778274fb8c4ffabf34d9067b40%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taiwanese_Grammar-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taiwanese_Grammar_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taiwanese_Grammar_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2015" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Philip T. 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Greenhorn Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9963982-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9963982-1-3"><bdi>978-0-9963982-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwanese+Grammar%3A+A+Concise+Reference&rft.pub=Greenhorn+Media&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9963982-1-3&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Philip+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chan_Yap_1980-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chan_Yap_1980_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chan_Yap_1980_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chan_Yap_1980_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan_Yap1980" class="citation book cs1">Chan Yap, Gloria (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hokkienchinesebo0000chan"><i>Hokkien Chinese Borrowings in Tagalog</i></a></span>. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780858832251" title="Special:BookSources/9780858832251"><bdi>9780858832251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hokkien+Chinese+Borrowings+in+Tagalog&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Department+of+Linguistics%2C+Research+School+of+Pacific+Studies%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780858832251&rft.aulast=Chan+Yap&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhokkienchinesebo0000chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phinquirer-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phinquirer_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGo,_Josiah2017" class="citation news cs1">Go, Josiah (April 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419033154/https://business.inquirer.net/227848/chinese-education-redefined">"Chinese education redefined"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>. 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Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crossroads-research.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/CR-17-18-2020-06-23.pdf">"Xiamen at the Crossroads of Sino-Foreign Linguistic Interaction during the Late Qing and Republican Periods: The Issue of Hokkien Phoneticization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Crossroads: Studies on the History of Exchange Relations in the East Asian World</i>. 17/18. OSTASIEN Verlag: 167–198. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2190-8796">2190-8796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crossroads%3A+Studies+on+the+History+of+Exchange+Relations+in+the+East+Asian+World&rft.atitle=Xiamen+at+the+Crossroads+of+Sino-Foreign+Linguistic+Interaction+during+the+Late+Qing+and+Republican+Periods%3A+The+Issue+of+Hokkien+Phoneticization&rft.volume=17%2F18&rft.pages=167-198&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2190-8796&rft.aulast=Hompot&rft.aufirst=Sebesty%C3%A9n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrossroads-research.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F12%2FCR-17-18-2020-06-23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Catálogo_BNE-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Catálogo_BNE_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Catálogo_BNE_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoboBenavides1593" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cobo" title="Juan Cobo">Cobo, Juan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Benavides" title="Miguel de Benavides">Benavides, Miguel de</a> (1593). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719042436/https://ustdigitallibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/section7/id/39614"><i>Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China, compuesta por los padres ministros de los Sangleyes, de la Orden de Sancto Domingo</i></a> (in <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Early Modern Spanish</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Early Manila Hokkien</a>). Manila: Keng Yong. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ustdigitallibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/section7/id/39614">the original</a> on July 19, 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">UST</a> Digital Library of the <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Benavides_Library" title="Miguel de Benavides Library">Miguel de Benavides Library and Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrina+Christiana+en+letra+y+lengua+China%2C+compuesta+por+los+padres+ministros+de+los+Sangleyes%2C+de+la+Orden+de+Sancto+Domingo&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Keng+Yong&rft.date=1593&rft.aulast=Cobo&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Benavides%2C+Miguel+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fustdigitallibrary.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fsection7%2Fid%2F39614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZulueta2021" class="citation news cs1">Zulueta, Lito B. (February 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608051054/https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/378777/worlds-oldest-and-largest-spanish-chinese-dictionary-found-in-ust/">"World's Oldest and Largest Spanish-Chinese Dictionary Found in UST"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/378777/worlds-oldest-and-largest-spanish-chinese-dictionary-found-in-ust/">the original</a> on June 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=World%27s+Oldest+and+Largest+Spanish-Chinese+Dictionary+Found+in+UST&rft.date=2021-02-08&rft.aulast=Zulueta&rft.aufirst=Lito+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flifestyle.inquirer.net%2F378777%2Fworlds-oldest-and-largest-spanish-chinese-dictionary-found-in-ust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMançanoFeyjoó1620" class="citation book cs1">Mançano, Melchior; Feyjoó, Raymundo (1620). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bipadi.ub.edu/digital/collection/manuscrits/id/29622/rec/1"><i>Arte de la Lengua Chiõ Chiu</i></a> – via Universitat de Barcelona.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arte+de+la+Lengua+Chi%C3%B5+Chiu&rft.date=1620&rft.aulast=Man%C3%A7ano&rft.aufirst=Melchior&rft.au=Feyjo%C3%B3%2C+Raymundo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbipadi.ub.edu%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fmanuscrits%2Fid%2F29622%2Frec%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klöter_c2011-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klöter_c2011_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klöter_c2011_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klöter_c2011_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlöter2011">Klöter (2011)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_der_Loon_1966-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_der_Loon_1966_23-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Loon1966">Van der Loon (1966)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim1941" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Vicente (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lannangarchives.org/items/f3d86461-5de0-4971-9871-e5c416e02afa"><i>Chinese-English-Tagalog-Spanish Business conversation and social contact with Amoy pronunciation</i></a>. Manila: Poc Bon Book Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese-English-Tagalog-Spanish+Business+conversation+and+social+contact+with+Amoy+pronunciation&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Poc+Bon+Book+Co.&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Vicente&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lannangarchives.org%2Fitems%2Ff3d86461-5de0-4971-9871-e5c416e02afa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChow2020" class="citation news cs1">Chow, Chino (June 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219141825/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/ampArticle/1859719">"Chow: The Cantonese–Chinese cultural minority in the Philippines"</a>. <i>SunStar</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunstar.com.ph/ampArticle/1859719">the original</a> on February 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SunStar&rft.atitle=Chow%3A+The+Cantonese%E2%80%93Chinese+cultural+minority+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2020-06-10&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.aufirst=Chino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstar.com.ph%2FampArticle%2F1859719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUayan2014" class="citation web cs1">Uayan, Dr. Jean Uy (Professor on Chinese Filipino Church History) (July 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601125802/https://bsop.edu.ph/the-amoy-mission-lessons-and-reflections/">"The "Amoy Mission": Lessons and Reflections"</a>. <i>BSOP Biblical Seminary of the Philippines</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bsop.edu.ph/the-amoy-mission-lessons-and-reflections/">the original</a> on June 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BSOP+Biblical+Seminary+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=The+%22Amoy+Mission%22%3A+Lessons+and+Reflections&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft.aulast=Uayan&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Jean+Uy+%28Professor+on+Chinese+Filipino+Church+History%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbsop.edu.ph%2Fthe-amoy-mission-lessons-and-reflections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDy2013" class="citation book cs1">Dy, Aristotle C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/17352/1/Dy_3537.pdf"><i>Marginal Buddhists: Religion and Identity of a Chinese Minority in the Philippines (PhD Thesis)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of the Study of Religions, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marginal+Buddhists%3A+Religion+and+Identity+of+a+Chinese+Minority+in+the+Philippines+%28PhD+Thesis%29&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Study+of+Religions%2C+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Dy&rft.aufirst=Aristotle+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F17352%2F1%2FDy_3537.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hokaglish-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hokaglish_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hokaglish_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzales2016" class="citation conference cs1">Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED566700.pdf"><i>Exploring Trilingual Code-Switching: The Case of 'Hokaglish'<span></span></i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The 26th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, Manila, Philippines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Exploring+Trilingual+Code-Switching%3A+The+Case+of+%27Hokaglish%27&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Gonzales&rft.aufirst=Wilkinson+Daniel+Wong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED566700.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangli2002" class="citation book cs1">Wangli, John (2002). <i>Speak Chinese-Filipino-English 菲英中口语速成: The fastest and easiest way</i>. World Link Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-92004-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/971-92004-1-3"><bdi>971-92004-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speak+Chinese-Filipino-English+%E8%8F%B2%E8%8B%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A3%E8%AF%AD%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%3A+The+fastest+and+easiest+way&rft.pub=World+Link+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=971-92004-1-3&rft.aulast=Wangli&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1994" class="citation book cs1">Young, Johnny C. (1994). <i>Keeping Up With Your Chinese Filipino 中菲英語言會話大全書 Sanayan Aklat sa Pagsasalita ng Intsik Ingles</i>. Vol. 1. San Juan, Metro Manila: Pharoah Enterprises. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9719-026-11-1" title="Special:BookSources/9719-026-11-1"><bdi>9719-026-11-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keeping+Up+With+Your+Chinese+Filipino+%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%B2%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%9C%83%E8%A9%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8+Sanayan+Aklat+sa+Pagsasalita+ng+Intsik+Ingles&rft.place=San+Juan%2C+Metro+Manila&rft.pub=Pharoah+Enterprises&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9719-026-11-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Johnny+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen1989" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Annie, ed. (1989). <i>菲英漢綜合字典 The Pilipino-English-Chinese Dictionary</i>. Parañaque City: Luminaire Printing & Publishing Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-91128-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/971-91128-1-6"><bdi>971-91128-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%8F%B2%E8%8B%B1%E6%BC%A2%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8+The+Pilipino-English-Chinese+Dictionary&rft.place=Para%C3%B1aque+City&rft.pub=Luminaire+Printing+%26+Publishing+Corp.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=971-91128-1-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Betty. <i>Speak Chinese Fujianwa Easy 闽语会话手册</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-91128-6-7" title="Special:BookSources/971-91128-6-7"><bdi>971-91128-6-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speak+Chinese+Fujianwa+Easy+%E9%97%BD%E8%AF%AD%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%9D%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C&rft.isbn=971-91128-6-7&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Betty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGobonseng2003" class="citation book cs1">Gobonseng, Victoria W. Peralta-Ang (2003). <i>Amoy Vernacular Handbook</i>. Vol. 1 (Revised ed.). Dumaguete: Dumaguete AV Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-92742-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-92742-0-4"><bdi>971-92742-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amoy+Vernacular+Handbook&rft.place=Dumaguete&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Dumaguete+AV+Publishing+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=971-92742-0-4&rft.aulast=Gobonseng&rft.aufirst=Victoria+W.+Peralta-Ang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-See_1997_p57-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-See_1997_p57_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSee1997" class="citation book cs1">See, Teresita Ang (1997). <i>The Chinese in the Philippines: Problems and Perspectives</i>. Manila: Kaisa Para Sa Kaunlaran. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+in+the+Philippines%3A+Problems+and+Perspectives&rft.place=Manila&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Kaisa+Para+Sa+Kaunlaran&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=See&rft.aufirst=Teresita+Ang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Catálogo_BNE2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Catálogo_BNE2_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobo1593" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cobo" title="Juan Cobo">Cobo, Fr. Juan</a> (1593). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000165702&page=1"><i>Apología de la verdadera religión 天主教真傳實錄 (Veritable Record of the Catholic Tradition)</i></a>. Manila – via Catálogo BNE (<a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apolog%C3%ADa+de+la+verdadera+religi%C3%B3n+%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%9C%9F%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%A6%E9%8C%84+%28Veritable+Record+of+the+Catholic+Tradition%29&rft.place=Manila&rft.date=1593&rft.aulast=Cobo&rft.aufirst=Fr.+Juan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdh-rd.bne.es%2Fviewer.vm%3Fid%3D0000165702%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chappell_Peyraube_2006-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chappell_Peyraube_2006_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappellPeyraube2006" class="citation book cs1">Chappell, Hilary; Peyraube, Alain (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00180707">"The Analytic Causatives of Early Modern Southern Min in Diachronic Perspective"</a>. In Ho, D.-a.; Cheung, S.; Pan, W.; Wu, F. (eds.). <i>Linguistic Studies in Chinese and Neighboring Languages</i>. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. pp. 973–1011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Analytic+Causatives+of+Early+Modern+Southern+Min+in+Diachronic+Perspective&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Studies+in+Chinese+and+Neighboring+Languages&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=973-1011&rft.pub=Institute+of+Linguistics%2C+Academia+Sinica&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft.au=Peyraube%2C+Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00180707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYue1999" class="citation book cs1">Yue, Anne O. (1999). "The Min Translation of the <i>Doctrina Christiana</i>". <i>Contemporary Studies on the Min Dialects</i>. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series 14. Chinese University Press. pp. 42–76. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23833463">23833463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Min+Translation+of+the+Doctrina+Christiana&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Studies+on+the+Min+Dialects&rft.series=Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics+Monograph+Series+14&rft.pages=42-76&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23833463%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yue&rft.aufirst=Anne+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoboBenavides1593" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cobo" title="Juan Cobo">Cobo, Juan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Benavides" title="Miguel de Benavides">Benavides, Miguel de</a> (1593). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321151436/http://ip194097.ntcu.edu.tw/memory/tgb/thak.asp?id=178"><i>Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China, compuesta por los padres ministros de los Sangleyes, de la Orden de Sancto Domingo</i></a> (in <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Early Modern Spanish</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Early Manila Hokkien</a>). Manila: Keng Yong. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ip194097.ntcu.edu.tw/memory/tgb/thak.asp?id=178">the original</a> on March 21, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/National_Taichung_University_of_Education" title="National Taichung University of Education">National Taichung University of Education</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrina+Christiana+en+letra+y+lengua+China%2C+compuesta+por+los+padres+ministros+de+los+Sangleyes%2C+de+la+Orden+de+Sancto+Domingo&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Keng+Yong&rft.date=1593&rft.aulast=Cobo&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Benavides%2C+Miguel+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fip194097.ntcu.edu.tw%2Fmemory%2Ftgb%2Fthak.asp%3Fid%3D178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobo1593" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cobo" title="Juan Cobo">Cobo, Juan</a> (1593). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000165702"><i>Rectificación y Mejora de Principios Naturales</i></a> (in Literary Chinese and Spanish). Manila: <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order of Preachers</a> – via Biblioteca Digital Hispánica of Catálogo BNE (<a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rectificaci%C3%B3n+y+Mejora+de+Principios+Naturales&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Dominican+Order+of+Preachers&rft.date=1593&rft.aulast=Cobo&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdh-rd.bne.es%2Fviewer.vm%3Fid%3D0000165702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobo2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-location-test"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cobo" title="Juan Cobo">Cobo, Juan</a> (2021) [1593]. Written at Manila. Lee, Fabio Yuchung（李毓中）; Chen, Tsung-jen; Caño, José Luis Ortigosa; Shih, Wen-cheng（石文誠） (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thup.site.nthu.edu.tw/p/406-1210-221689,r10563.php?Lang=en">"Rectificación y Mejora de Principios Naturales"</a>. <i>Hokkien Spanish Historical Document Series III: Rectificación y Mejora de Principios Naturales</i>. Original Manuscript kept as <i>天主教真傳實錄 Rectificación y Mejora de Principios Naturales</i> on the label with other variant names including "Shih-Lu", "Bian zheng jiao zhen chuan shi lu / seng shi Hemu Xian zhuan", "Apología de la verdadera religión", "Tratado de la verdad de Dios" in <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a>. Hsinchu: <a href="/wiki/National_Tsing_Hua_University" title="National Tsing Hua University">National Tsing Hua University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789866116964" title="Special:BookSources/9789866116964"><bdi>9789866116964</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/National_Tsing_Hua_University" title="National Tsing Hua University">NTHU Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hokkien+Spanish+Historical+Document+Series+III%3A+Rectificaci%C3%B3n+y+Mejora+de+Principios+Naturales&rft.atitle=Rectificaci%C3%B3n+y+Mejora+de+Principios+Naturales&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789866116964&rft.aulast=Cobo&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthup.site.nthu.edu.tw%2Fp%2F406-1210-221689%2Cr10563.php%3FLang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoboBenavides2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-location-test"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cobo" title="Juan Cobo">Cobo, Juan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Benavides" title="Miguel de Benavides">Benavides, Miguel de</a> (2021) [1590s]. Written at Manila. Lee, Fabio Yuchung（李毓中）; Chen, Tsung-jen（陳宗仁）; Caño, José Luis Ortigosa; Shih, Wen-cheng（石文誠） (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thup.site.nthu.edu.tw/p/406-1210-221682,r10563.php?Lang=en">"Espejo Rico del Claro Corazón—Beng Sim Po Cam"</a>. <i>Hokkien Spanish Historical Document Series III: Espejo Rico del Claro Corazón—Beng Sim Po Cam</i>. This is a translated transcription of the Beng Sim Po Cam kept as part of a collection of the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a> in Madrid. Hsinchu: <a href="/wiki/National_Tsing_Hua_University" title="National Tsing Hua University">National Tsing Hua University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789866116971" title="Special:BookSources/9789866116971"><bdi>9789866116971</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/National_Tsing_Hua_University" title="National Tsing Hua University">NTHU Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hokkien+Spanish+Historical+Document+Series+III%3A+Espejo+Rico+del+Claro+Coraz%C3%B3n%E2%80%94Beng+Sim+Po+Cam&rft.atitle=Espejo+Rico+del+Claro+Coraz%C3%B3n%E2%80%94Beng+Sim+Po+Cam&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789866116971&rft.aulast=Cobo&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Benavides%2C+Miguel+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthup.site.nthu.edu.tw%2Fp%2F406-1210-221682%2Cr10563.php%3FLang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoboBenavides1590s" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cobo" title="Juan Cobo">Cobo, Juan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Benavides" title="Miguel de Benavides">Benavides, Miguel de</a> (1590s). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000058860&page=1"><i>Espejo Rico del Claro Corazón—Beng Sim Po Cam</i></a>. Manila: <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order of Preachers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789866116971" title="Special:BookSources/9789866116971"><bdi>9789866116971</bdi></a> – via Biblioteca Digital Hispánica of Catálogo BNE (<a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Espejo+Rico+del+Claro+Coraz%C3%B3n%E2%80%94Beng+Sim+Po+Cam&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Dominican+Order+of+Preachers&rft.date=1590&rft.isbn=9789866116971&rft.aulast=Cobo&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Benavides%2C+Miguel+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdh-rd.bne.es%2Fviewer.vm%3Fid%3D0000058860%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirino2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-location-test"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Chirino" title="Pedro Chirino">Chirino, Pedro</a> (2022) [1604]. Written at Manila. Lee, Fabio Yuchung (李毓中); Chen, Tsung-jen (陳宗仁); José, Regalado Trota; Caño, José Luis Ortigosa; Shih, Wen-cheng（石文誠）; Ng, Louis Ianchun（吳昕泉） (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thup.site.nthu.edu.tw/p/406-1210-243479,r10563.php?Lang=en&fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR2o2V8lGRmnHzQHNx8z1CEATg6IojsKIXwofmSdZ-cozxnJnNzCz2JMtXI_aem_vzeFktl8Kbu8YKrur_FE0A">"Dictionarium Sino-Hispanicum"</a>. <i>Hokkien Spanish Historical Document Series IV: Dictionarium Sino-Hispanicum</i>. Original manuscript is part of a collection of the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Angelica" title="Biblioteca Angelica">Biblioteca Angelica</a> in Rome, Italy. Hsinchu: <a href="/wiki/National_Tsing_Hua_University" title="National Tsing Hua University">National Tsing Hua University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786269632558" title="Special:BookSources/9786269632558"><bdi>9786269632558</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/National_Tsing_Hua_University" title="National Tsing Hua University">NTHU Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hokkien+Spanish+Historical+Document+Series+IV%3A+Dictionarium+Sino-Hispanicum&rft.atitle=Dictionarium+Sino-Hispanicum&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9786269632558&rft.aulast=Chirino&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthup.site.nthu.edu.tw%2Fp%2F406-1210-243479%2Cr10563.php%3FLang%3Den%26fbclid%3DIwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR2o2V8lGRmnHzQHNx8z1CEATg6IojsKIXwofmSdZ-cozxnJnNzCz2JMtXI_aem_vzeFktl8Kbu8YKrur_FE0A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeJoséCañoChang2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lee, Fabio Yuchung; José, Regalado Trota; Caño, José Luis Ortigosa; Chang, Luisa (August 12, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tcp2wQZGyNk&t=1224s&ab_channel=%40Fundaci%C3%B3nDuquesdeSoria">"1. Taiwan. Mesa Redonda. Fabio Yuchung Lee, José Regalado, Luisa Chang"</a>. <i>Youtube</i> (in Spanish and Mandarin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Youtube&rft.atitle=1.+Taiwan.+Mesa+Redonda.+Fabio+Yuchung+Lee%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Regalado%2C+Luisa+Chang&rft.date=2023-08-12&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Fabio+Yuchung&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9%2C+Regalado+Trota&rft.au=Ca%C3%B1o%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Luis+Ortigosa&rft.au=Chang%2C+Luisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DTcp2wQZGyNk%26t%3D1224s%26ab_channel%3D%2540Fundaci%25C3%25B3nDuquesdeSoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeKlöterChenCaño2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-location-test">Lee, Fabio Yuchung (李毓中); Klöter, Henning; Chen, Tsung-jen (陳宗仁); Caño, José Luis Ortigosa; Shih, Wen-cheng（石文誠）; José, Regalado Trota; Ng, Louis Ianchun（吳昕泉）, eds. (2023) [1600s]. Written at Manila. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thup.site.nthu.edu.tw/p/406-1210-261618,r10563.php?Lang=en">"Vocabulary & Grammar Chin-Cheu"</a>. <i>Hokkien Spanish Historical Document Series V: Vocabulary & Grammar Chin-Cheu</i>. 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March 13, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ateneo.edu/ls/soss/chinese-studies/minor-chinese-studies">the original</a> on December 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ateneo+de+Manila+University&rft.atitle=Minor+in+Chinese+Studies&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ateneo.edu%2Fls%2Fsoss%2Fchinese-studies%2Fminor-chinese-studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CKS_Language_Center-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CKS_Language_Center_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218011449/https://college.cksc.edu.ph/cks-language-center">"CKS Language Center"</a>. <i>Chiang Kai Shek College</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://college.cksc.edu.ph/cks-language-center">the original</a> on December 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chiang+Kai+Shek+College&rft.atitle=CKS+Language+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollege.cksc.edu.ph%2Fcks-language-center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaiWang2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cai, Huiming 蔡惠名; Wang, Guilan 王桂蘭 (2011). "Fēilǜbīn Fújiànhuà chūbù diàochá chéngguǒ" <bdi lang="zh">菲律賓福建話初步調查成果</bdi> [Preliminary Research Results on Philippine Hokkien]. <i>Hǎiwēng Táiyǔ wénxué jiàoxué jìkān</i> <bdi lang="zh">海翁台語文學教學季刊</bdi> (in Chinese) (11): 52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6489%2FHWTYWHCHCK.201103.0046">10.6489/HWTYWHCHCK.201103.0046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C7%8Eiw%C4%93ng+T%C3%A1iy%C7%94+w%C3%A9nxu%C3%A9+ji%C3%A0oxu%C3%A9+j%C3%ACk%C4%81n&rft.atitle=F%C4%93il%C7%9Cb%C4%ABn+F%C3%BAji%C3%A0nhu%C3%A0+ch%C5%ABb%C3%B9+di%C3%A0och%C3%A1+ch%C3%A9nggu%C7%92+%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E8%A9%B1%E5%88%9D%E6%AD%A5%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E6%88%90%E6%9E%9C&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=52&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6489%2FHWTYWHCHCK.201103.0046&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=Huiming+%E8%94%A1%E6%83%A0%E5%90%8D&rft.au=Wang%2C+Guilan+%E7%8E%8B%E6%A1%82%E8%98%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzales_2018-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gonzales_2018_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzales2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Ong Wong (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/151219"><i>Philippine Hybrid Hokkien as a Postcolonial Mixed Language: Evidence from Nominal Derivational Affixation Mixing</i></a> (M.A. thesis). National University of Singapore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Philippine+Hybrid+Hokkien+as+a+Postcolonial+Mixed+Language%3A+Evidence+from+Nominal+Derivational+Affixation+Mixing&rft.degree=M.A.&rft.inst=National+University+of+Singapore&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Gonzales&rft.aufirst=Wilkinson+Daniel+Ong+Wong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarbank.nus.edu.sg%2Fhandle%2F10635%2F151219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiu2010" class="citation book cs1">Chiu, Richard T. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anvilpublishing.com/shop/trade-books/history-culture/chinese-and-chinese-mestizos-of-manila/"><i>Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila</i></a>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-27-2716-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-27-2716-0"><bdi>978-971-27-2716-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+and+Chinese+Mestizos+of+Manila&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-971-27-2716-0&rft.aulast=Chiu&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anvilpublishing.com%2Fshop%2Ftrade-books%2Fhistory-culture%2Fchinese-and-chinese-mestizos-of-manila%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF江柏煒2014" class="citation journal cs1">江柏煒 (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ws.moi.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZV9LTU5QL3Jlc291cmNlL2NvbnNlcnZpY2F0aW9uLzIxLnBkZg%3D%3D&n=MjEucGRm&icon=..pdf&fbclid=IwAR3XWItCdNEtJBAnBpyw6gqOeaeuICcAfRfuvb_045rIltQK7CZpm5sBZvo">"海外金門人僑社調查實錄－菲律賓篇：成果報告"</a> [Survey Records of Overseas Kinmen Communities - Philippines: Results Report]. <i>海外金門人僑社調查實錄</i>. 金門國家公園管理 [Kinmen National Park Management Office].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E9%87%91%E9%96%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%91%E7%A4%BE%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E5%AF%A6%E9%8C%84&rft.atitle=%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E9%87%91%E9%96%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%91%E7%A4%BE%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E5%AF%A6%E9%8C%84%EF%BC%8D%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E7%AF%87%EF%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E6%9E%9C%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A&rft.date=2014-12&rft.au=%E6%B1%9F%E6%9F%8F%E7%85%92&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fws.moi.gov.tw%2FDownload.ashx%3Fu%3DLzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZV9LTU5QL3Jlc291cmNlL2NvbnNlcnZpY2F0aW9uLzIxLnBkZg%253D%253D%26n%3DMjEucGRm%26icon%3D..pdf%26fbclid%3DIwAR3XWItCdNEtJBAnBpyw6gqOeaeuICcAfRfuvb_045rIltQK7CZpm5sBZvo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palanca2-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palanca2_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalanca2002" class="citation journal cs1">Palanca, Ellen H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-38-2-2002/palanca.pdf">"A Comparative Study of Chinese Education in the Philippines and Malaysia*"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian Studies</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 32 – via Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Chinese+Education+in+the+Philippines+and+Malaysia%2A&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Palanca&rft.aufirst=Ellen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasj.upd.edu.ph%2Fmediabox%2Farchive%2FASJ-38-2-2002%2Fpalanca.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlöter2011" class="citation book cs1">Klöter, Henning (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T8NdEa7NckUC"><i>The Language of the Sangleys: A Chinese Vernacular in Missionary Sources of the Seventeenth Century</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18493-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18493-0"><bdi>978-90-04-18493-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+the+Sangleys%3A+A+Chinese+Vernacular+in+Missionary+Sources+of+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18493-0&rft.aulast=Kl%C3%B6ter&rft.aufirst=Henning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT8NdEa7NckUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span> - An analysis and facsimile of the <i>Arte de la Lengua Chio-chiu</i> (1620), the oldest extant grammar of Hokkien.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Loon1966" class="citation journal cs1">Van der Loon, Piet (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1716usrgSxY.pdf">"The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asia Major</i>. New Series. <b>12</b>: 1–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.atitle=The+Manila+Incunabula+and+Early+Hokkien+Studies%2C+Part+1&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=1-43&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Van+der+Loon&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw%2Ffile%2F1716usrgSxY.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Loon1967" class="citation journal cs1">Van der Loon, Piet (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1745sWSSKnQ.pdf">"The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asia Major</i>. New Series. <b>13</b>: 95–186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.atitle=The+Manila+Incunabula+and+Early+Hokkien+Studies%2C+Part+2&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=95-186&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Van+der+Loon&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw%2Ffile%2F1745sWSSKnQ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoboBenavides1593" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cobo" title="Juan Cobo">Cobo, Juan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Benavides" title="Miguel de Benavides">Benavides, Miguel de</a> (1593). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719042436/https://ustdigitallibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/section7/id/39614"><i>Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china</i></a> (in Minnan and Spanish). Manila. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ustdigitallibrary.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/section7/id/39614">the original</a> on July 19, 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">UST</a> Digital Library of the <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Benavides_Library" title="Miguel de Benavides Library">Miguel de Benavides Library and Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrina+Christiana+en+letra+y+lengua+china&rft.place=Manila&rft.date=1593&rft.aulast=Cobo&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Benavides%2C+Miguel+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fustdigitallibrary.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fsection7%2Fid%2F39614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span> – Hokkien counterpart of the Tagalog <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoboBenavides1593" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cobo" title="Juan Cobo">Cobo, Juan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Benavides" title="Miguel de Benavides">Benavides, Miguel de</a> (1593). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321151436/http://ip194097.ntcu.edu.tw/memory/tgb/thak.asp?id=178"><i>Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china</i></a> (in Minnan and Spanish). Manila. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ip194097.ntcu.edu.tw/memory/tgb/thak.asp?id=178">the original</a> on March 21, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/National_Taichung_University_of_Education" title="National Taichung University of Education">National Taichung University of Education</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrina+Christiana+en+letra+y+lengua+china&rft.place=Manila&rft.date=1593&rft.aulast=Cobo&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Benavides%2C+Miguel+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fip194097.ntcu.edu.tw%2Fmemory%2Ftgb%2Fthak.asp%3Fid%3D178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobo1593" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cobo" title="Juan Cobo">Cobo, Juan</a> (1593). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000165702"><i><span></span></i>Apología de la verdadera religión<i> 天主教真傳實錄 (Veritable Record of the Catholic Tradition)</i></a> (in Literary Chinese and Spanish). Manila – via Biblioteca Digital Hispánica of Catálogo BNE (<a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apolog%C3%ADa+de+la+verdadera+religi%C3%B3n+%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%9C%9F%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%A6%E9%8C%84+%28Veritable+Record+of+the+Catholic+Tradition%29&rft.place=Manila&rft.date=1593&rft.aulast=Cobo&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdh-rd.bne.es%2Fviewer.vm%3Fid%3D0000165702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bipadi.ub.edu/cdm/ref/collection/manuscrits/id/29744"><i>Arte de la Lengua Chio-chiu</i></a> (in Minnan and Spanish). Manila. 1620 – via Biblioteca Patrimonial Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arte+de+la+Lengua+Chio-chiu&rft.place=Manila&rft.date=1620&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbipadi.ub.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fmanuscrits%2Fid%2F29744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span> – A manual for learning Hokkien written by a Spanish missionary in the Philippines.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hokkien&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bsop.edu.ph/resources/amoy-resources/?fbclid=IwAR0GSliLi760OPNo-iW2WmkFGHGzMpmopxOH2_KqfiuWNg9KHAUrGTgoh5c">"Amoy Resources"</a>. <i>BSOP Biblical Seminary of the Philippines</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BSOP+Biblical+Seminary+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Amoy+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbsop.edu.ph%2Fresources%2Famoy-resources%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR0GSliLi760OPNo-iW2WmkFGHGzMpmopxOH2_KqfiuWNg9KHAUrGTgoh5c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template talk:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_languages_of_the_Philippines" title="List of regional languages of the Philippines">Regional languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bikol language">Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">region</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangutaran_Sama_language" title="Pangutaran Sama language">Pangutaran Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Partido_language" title="Inagta Partido language">Inagta Partido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language" title="Mount Iraya Agta language">Mount Iraya Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language" title="Mount Iriga Agta language">Mount Iriga Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sorsogon_language" title="Northern Sorsogon language">Northern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language" title="Pandan Bikol language">Pandan Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Catanduanes_Bikol_language" title="Southern Catanduanes Bikol language">Southern Catanduanes Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Southern Sorsogon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arta_language" title="Arta language">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot_language" title="Bugkalot language">Bugkalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language" title="Central Cagayan Agta language">Central Cagayan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinapigue_Agta" title="Dinapigue Agta">Dinapigue Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupaningan_Agta" title="Dupaningan Agta">Dupaningan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinai_language" title="Isinai language">Isinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karao_language" title="Karao language">Karao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagtipunan_Agta" title="Nagtipunan Agta">Nagtipunan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_Agta_language" title="Paranan Agta language">Paranan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_language" title="Paranan language">Paranan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language" title="Inagta Alabat language">Inagta Alabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatang_Kayi_language" title="Hatang Kayi language">Hatang Kayi</a> (Remontado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_language" title="Agusan language">Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language" title="Ata Manobo language">Ata Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abellen_language" title="Abellen language">Abellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambala_language" title="Ambala language">Ambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antsi_language" title="Antsi language">Antsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casiguran_Dumagat_Agta" title="Casiguran Dumagat Agta">Casiguran Dumagat Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indi_language" title="Indi language">Indi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasiguranin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasiguranin language">Kasiguranin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marivele%C3%B1o_language" title="Mariveleño language">Mariveleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alta_language" title="Northern Alta language">Northern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolanos_language" title="Karolanos language">Karolanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahat_language" title="Magahat language">Magahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%27dang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ga'dang language">Ga'dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_language" title="Isnag language">Isnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itneg language">Itneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaak_language" title="Iwaak language">Iwaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwali_language" title="Tuwali language">Tuwali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davaoe%C3%B1o_language" title="Davaoeño language">Davaoeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klata_language" title="Klata language">Klata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese language">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani_language" title="Sarangani language">Sarangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaknon_language" title="Abaknon language">Abaknon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybay_language" title="Baybay language">Baybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kabalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_language_(Philippines)" title="Batak language (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language" title="Calamian Tagbanwa language">Calamian Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tagbanwa_language" title="Central Tagbanwa language">Central Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadyawan_language" title="Tadyawan language">Tadyawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbuid_language" title="Tawbuid language">Tawbuid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukid_language" title="Bukid language">Bukid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamigin_language" title="Kamigin language">Kamigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigsalug_language" title="Matigsalug language">Matigsalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_Manobo" title="Western Bukidnon Manobo">Western Bukidnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language" title="Cotabato Manobo language">Cotabato Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">Tboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruray language">Tiruray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language_(Negros)" title="Ata language (Negros)">Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)" title="Ati language (Philippines)">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulod_language" title="Sulod language">Sulod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_in_the_Philippines" title="Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines">Mandarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Malay language in the Philippines">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine_language" title="Proto-Philippine language">Proto-Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Old Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Min_Chinese" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Min_Chinese" title="Template talk:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Min_Chinese" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Houguan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiapu_dialect" title="Xiapu dialect">Xiapu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Min_Languages.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese."><img alt="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/150px-Min_Languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/225px-Min_Languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/300px-Min_Languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Quanzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui%27an_dialect" title="Hui'an dialect">Hui'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongchun_dialect" title="Yongchun dialect">Yongchun dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialects" title="Zhangzhou dialects">Zhangzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_dialect" title="Longyan dialect">Longyan dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_colloquial_speech" title="Banana colloquial speech">Banana colloquial speech</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_Peranakan_Hokkien" title="Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien">Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippine Hokkien</a></li> <li>Southern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datian_Min" title="Datian Min">Datian Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houlu_dialect" title="Houlu dialect">Houlu dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian Min</a><br />(Hinghwa)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyou_dialect" title="Xianyou dialect">Xianyou dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaowu_dialect" title="Shaowu dialect">Shaowu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangle_dialect" title="Jiangle dialect">Jiangle dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanming_dialect" title="Sanming dialect">Sanming dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaxian_dialect" title="Shaxian dialect">Shaxian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%27an_dialect" title="Yong'an dialect">Yong'an dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Writing_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Romanized">Hainan Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hinghwa Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Taiwanese Romanization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám pìngyīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme">Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Hainanese Transliteration Scheme">Hainanese Transliteration Scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0n-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Hàn-lô">Hàn-lô</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Min language">Proto-Min</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rime dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Lin_Bayin" title="Qi Lin Bayin">Qi Lin Bayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Ba_Yin" title="Jianzhou Ba Yin">Jianzhou Ba Yin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_language" title="Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_language" title="Template talk:Chinese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui%E2%80%93Liu_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui–Liu Mandarin (page does not exist)">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urumqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urumqi dialect (page does not exist)">Urumqi dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan language group (page does not exist)">Houguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning language group (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Pedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Malaysian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/350px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="785" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/525px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/700px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard<br />forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li>Boshiamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary<br /> forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logographic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" 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