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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_F%C3%A9licien-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré Félicien-François-Joseph Mercier – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Désiré Félicien-François-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ديسير چوزيف ميرسير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديسير چوزيف ميرسير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desir%C3%A9-F%C3%A9licien-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Mercier" title="Desiré-Félicien-François-Joseph Mercier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Desiré-Félicien-François-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5,_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5-%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Мерсье, Дезире-Жозеф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мерсье, Дезире-Жозеф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desir%C3%A9-F%C3%A9licien-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Mercier" title="Desiré-Félicien-François-Joseph Mercier – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Desiré-Félicien-François-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q468097#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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Mercier</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Belgian cardinal (1851–1926)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #FFA4A4;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">His Eminence</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Mechelen-Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussels">Archbishop of Mechelen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate of Belgium</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Mercier.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cardinal_Mercier.png/220px-Cardinal_Mercier.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cardinal_Mercier.png/330px-Cardinal_Mercier.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cardinal_Mercier.png/440px-Cardinal_Mercier.png 2x" data-file-width="2269" data-file-height="3577" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mercier in 1915</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archdiocese</th><td class="infobox-data">Mechelen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">See</th><td class="infobox-data">Mechelen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointed</th><td class="infobox-data">21 February 1906</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term ended</th><td class="infobox-data">23 January 1926</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Lambert_Goosens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Lambert Goosens">Pierre-Lambert Goosens</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jozef-Ernest_van_Roey" title="Jozef-Ernest van Roey">Jozef-Ernest van Roey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli</a> (1907-26)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">4 April 1874<br />by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Cattani" title="Giacomo Cattani">Giacomo Cattani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">25 March 1906<br />by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vico_(cardinal)" title="Antonio Vico (cardinal)">Antonio Vico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">15 April 1907<br />by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Priest">Cardinal-Priest</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Désiré Félicien François Joseph Mercier</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1851-11-21</span>)</span>21 November 1851<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Braine-l%27Alleud" title="Braine-l'Alleud">Braine-l'Alleud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 January 1926<span style="display:none">(1926-01-23)</span> (aged 74)<br /><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Rumbold%27s_Cathedral" title="St. Rumbold's Cathedral">Saint Rumbold's Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data">Paul-Léon Mercier<br />Anne-Marie Barbe Croquet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Apostolus Jesu Christi</i><br />("Apostle of Jesus Christ")</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier's coat of arms"><img alt="Désiré-Joseph Mercier's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1226" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Désiré Félicien François Joseph Mercier</b> (21 November 1851 – 23 January 1926) was a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belgium" title="Catholic Church in Belgium">Belgian Catholic</a> prelate who served as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Mechelen%E2%80%93Brussels" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mechelen–Brussels">Archbishop of Mechelen</a> from 1906 until his death in 1926. A <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomist</a> scholar, he had several of his works translated into other European languages. He was known for his book, <i>Les origines de la psychologie contemporaine</i> (1897). He was elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinalate</a> in 1907. </p><p>Mercier is noted for his staunch resistance to the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">German occupation of Belgium during World War I</a>. After the invasion, he distributed a strong pastoral letter, <i>Patriotism and Endurance</i>, to be read in all his churches, urging the people to keep up their spirits. He served as a model of resistance. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #ffa4a4;"><span style="font-size:80%">Styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapen_van_Kardinaal_Mercier.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Wapen_van_Kardinaal_Mercier.svg/60px-Wapen_van_Kardinaal_Mercier.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Wapen_van_Kardinaal_Mercier.svg/90px-Wapen_van_Kardinaal_Mercier.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Wapen_van_Kardinaal_Mercier.svg/120px-Wapen_van_Kardinaal_Mercier.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="1395" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">His Eminence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Eminence</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Informal style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">See</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mechelen-Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Mechelen-Brussels">Mechelen</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_ordination">Early life and ordination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and ordination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mercier was born at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">château</a> du Castegier in <a href="/wiki/Braine-l%27Alleud" title="Braine-l'Alleud">Braine-l'Alleud</a>, as the fifth of seven children of small business owners Paul-Léon Mercier and his wife, Anne-Marie Barbe Croquet. Three of Mercier's sisters became religious sisters. His brother Léon became a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Mercier's maternal uncles was Adrien Croquet. In the 1860s Croquet became a missionary to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ronde_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Ronde Indian Reservation">Grand Ronde Indian Reservation</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> near the Pacific coast, where his surname was anglicized to Crockett. In the 1870s, a Mercier cousin, Joseph Mercier, joined their uncle Croquet in Oregon. He married a woman of one of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> tribes resident there. Today, several thousand descendants of Joseph and his wife are members of the tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mercier studied at the College Saint‑Rombaut of Malines (1863-1868), and entered the <a href="/wiki/Minor_seminary" title="Minor seminary">minor seminary</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a> in 1868 to prepare for the church. He attended the <a href="/wiki/Major_Seminary,_Mechelen" title="Major Seminary, Mechelen">Major Seminary, Mechelen</a>, from 1870 to 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-Courtois_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtois-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mercier received the clerical <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a> in 1871, and was <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">ordained</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Catholic Church)">priesthood</a> by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Cattani" title="Giacomo Cattani">Giacomo Cattani</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">nuncio</a> to Belgium, on 4 April 1874. Mercier continued with graduate studies, obtaining his <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology" title="Licentiate of Sacred Theology">licentiate in theology</a> (1877) and <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Katholieke_Universiteit_Leuven" class="mw-redirect" title="Katholieke Universiteit Leuven">University of Louvain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Courtois_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtois-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomist_scholarship">Thomist scholarship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Thomist scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He returned to Malines in 1877 and taught philosophy at the minor seminary and soon after was named spiritual director of the seminarians. His comprehensive knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> earned him the newly erected <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">chair</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> at <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Louvain's Catholic university</a> in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in this post, which he retained until 1905, that he forged a lifelong friendship with Dom <a href="/wiki/Columba_Marmion" title="Columba Marmion">Columba Marmion</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Irish</a> Thomist. Raised to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">monsignor</a> on 6 May 1887, Mercier founded the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Institute_of_Philosophy" title="Higher Institute of Philosophy">Higher Institute of Philosophy</a> at the Louvain University in 1899, which was to be a beacon of <a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">neo-Thomist philosophy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He founded in 1894 and edited until 1906 the <i>Revue Néoscholastique</i>, and wrote in a <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastic</a> manner on <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, philosophy, and psychology. Several of his works were translated into English, German, Italian, Polish, and Spanish. His most important book was <i>Les origines de la psychologie contemporaine</i> (1897).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColbyWilliams1916430–431_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColbyWilliams1916430–431-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bishop_and_cardinal">Bishop and cardinal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bishop and cardinal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Mercier_by_Cecilia_Beaux_-_Museum_Syndicate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cardinal_Mercier_by_Cecilia_Beaux_-_Museum_Syndicate.jpg/220px-Cardinal_Mercier_by_Cecilia_Beaux_-_Museum_Syndicate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cardinal_Mercier_by_Cecilia_Beaux_-_Museum_Syndicate.jpg/330px-Cardinal_Mercier_by_Cecilia_Beaux_-_Museum_Syndicate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cardinal_Mercier_by_Cecilia_Beaux_-_Museum_Syndicate.jpg/440px-Cardinal_Mercier_by_Cecilia_Beaux_-_Museum_Syndicate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><i>Cardinal Mercier</i> by <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Beaux" title="Cecilia Beaux">Cecilia Beaux</a>, 1919</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier.jpg/220px-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier.jpg/330px-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier.jpg/440px-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="2230" /></a><figcaption>Mercier is commemorated by this statue outside <a href="/wiki/St._Michael_and_Gudula_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael and Gudula Cathedral">St. Michael and Gudula Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89gide_Rombaux" title="Égide Rombaux">Égide Rombaux</a></figcaption></figure> <p>His reputation within his field gained the recognition of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>, and Mercier was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Brussels-Mechelen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Brussels-Mechelen">Archbishop of Mechelen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> on 7 February 1906. He received his <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholic Church)">episcopal consecration</a> on the following 25 March from Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vico_(cardinal)" title="Antonio Vico (cardinal)">Antonio Vico</a>, and took as his episcopal <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a>: <i>Apostolus Jesu Christi</i>. Mercier was created <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinal priest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">consistory</a> of 15 April 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Courtois_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtois-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days later Pope Pius gave him his cardinal's ring and assigned him the titular church of <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">S. Pietro in Vincoli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">modernist</a> controversy, Mercier was both progressive and antimodernist. He sought to assess the compatibility of Thomistic philosophy with rapidly developing scientific knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a brilliant scholar, open to contemporary ideas and sufficiently respected for being able to protect scholars at Louvain, such as <a href="/wiki/Bollandist" title="Bollandist">Bollandist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Delehaye" title="Hippolyte Delehaye">Hippolyte Delehaye</a>, from accusations of "modernism". Through his influence, Mercier prevented <a href="/wiki/Albin_van_Hoonacker" title="Albin van Hoonacker">Albin van Hoonacker</a>'s <i>Les douze petits prophètes traduits et commentés</i> ["The twelve minor prophets translated and annotated"] from being placed on the <i><a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-devolder_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devolder-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mercier was a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Benedict">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Lambert_Beauduin" title="Lambert Beauduin">Lambert Beauduin</a> and kept apprised of liturgical and ecumenical developments. From 1921 to 1926 he held the regular <a href="/wiki/Malines_Conversations" title="Malines Conversations">Malines Conversations</a> with <a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologians</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_2nd_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax">Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax</a>, foreshadowing the Catholic Church's <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Roman_Catholic_International_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission">future dialogue with the Anglicans</a>. Anglicanism, Mercier believed, must be "united, not absorbed".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a> sent his portrait and a letter of whole-hearted support to Mercier in 1916, and at one point told him, "You saved the Church!"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Mercier was one of the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_for_the_1922_papal_conclave" title="Cardinal electors for the 1922 papal conclave">cardinal electors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1922_papal_conclave" title="1922 papal conclave">1922 papal conclave</a>, which selected <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_German_occupation">World War I German occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War I German occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium in World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Cardinal_Mercier_has_appealed_to_the_Food_Administration_for_more_food_for_starving_millions._Eat_less_wheat-_meat..._-_NARA_-_512580.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%22Cardinal_Mercier_has_appealed_to_the_Food_Administration_for_more_food_for_starving_millions._Eat_less_wheat-_meat..._-_NARA_-_512580.jpg/220px-%22Cardinal_Mercier_has_appealed_to_the_Food_Administration_for_more_food_for_starving_millions._Eat_less_wheat-_meat..._-_NARA_-_512580.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%22Cardinal_Mercier_has_appealed_to_the_Food_Administration_for_more_food_for_starving_millions._Eat_less_wheat-_meat..._-_NARA_-_512580.jpg/330px-%22Cardinal_Mercier_has_appealed_to_the_Food_Administration_for_more_food_for_starving_millions._Eat_less_wheat-_meat..._-_NARA_-_512580.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%22Cardinal_Mercier_has_appealed_to_the_Food_Administration_for_more_food_for_starving_millions._Eat_less_wheat-_meat..._-_NARA_-_512580.jpg/440px-%22Cardinal_Mercier_has_appealed_to_the_Food_Administration_for_more_food_for_starving_millions._Eat_less_wheat-_meat..._-_NARA_-_512580.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Poster from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_Administration" title="United States Food Administration">United States Food Administration</a> during World War I</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1914, the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a> attempted a <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">surprise invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> by invading <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral</a> Belgium. Mercier had to leave his <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> on 20 August of that same year to attend the funeral of the late Pius X, and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_for_the_1914_papal_conclave" title="Cardinal electors for the 1914 papal conclave">participate</a> in the following <a href="/wiki/1914_papal_conclave" title="1914 papal conclave">conclave</a> to elect a new pope.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Returning from the conclave Mercier passed through the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Le_Havre" title="Port of Le Havre">Port of Le Havre</a>, where he visited wounded Belgian, French and British troops. Once back in his archdiocese, he found <a href="/wiki/St._Rumbolds_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Rumbolds Cathedral">Mechelen Cathedral</a> to have been partially destroyed. In the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial German">Imperial German</a> atrocities that ensued in the <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a>, thirteen of the priests in Mercier's diocese were killed, not to mention many civilians, by Christmas 1914. With his pastoral letter, <i>Patriotism and Endurance</i>, of Christmas 1914, Mercier came to personify Belgian resistance to the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">German occupation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_letter" title="Pastoral letter">pastoral letter</a> had to be distributed by hand as the Germans had cut off the postal service. Mercier's passionate, unflinching words were taken to heart by the suffering Belgians. He sometimes became a focus of Allied propaganda during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-devolder_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devolder-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was kept under house arrest by the Germans, and many priests who had read the letter aloud in public were arrested.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Ireland, Cardinal Mercier's detention and indeed the German occupation was used to help recruitment for the British Army among Irish Catholics. Following the war, Mercier helped with the re-establishment of the Irish Franciscan College (<a href="/wiki/St_Anthony%27s_College,_Leuven" title="St Anthony's College, Leuven">St Anthony's College, Leuven</a>), with his friend since their seminary days in Louvain, Mons. <a href="/wiki/James_J._Ryan" title="James J. Ryan">James J. Ryan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mercier Press in Ireland is named in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Final years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following World War I, Mercier undertook an excursion to raise funds to rebuild and stock a new <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)#Library" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">library</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">University of Leuven</a>. The original library had been burned by the Germans in the war. In his travels to raise funds, Mercier visited New York City for the only time. In 1919, he addressed the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in Detroit, expressing gratitude for <a href="/wiki/American_Relief_Administration" title="American Relief Administration">American relief efforts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other projects, Mercier also unsuccessfully attempted to have the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a> awarded to Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mercier suffered from persistent <a href="/wiki/Dyspepsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspepsia">dyspepsia</a>. In early January 1926 he underwent <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>. During surgery, the <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthetized</a> cardinal held a conversation with his surgeon.<sup id="cite_ref-time_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his final days, Mercier was visited by <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">King Albert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bavaria_(1876-1965)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of Bavaria (1876-1965)">Queen Elisabeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._F._L._Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Lord Halifax</a>, and family members. He entered a deep <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a> around 2:00 p.m. on 23 January and died an hour later, at age 74.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cardinal was buried at <a href="/wiki/St._Rumbolds_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Rumbolds Cathedral">St. Rumbolds Cathedral</a>. He harbored great devotion to the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Papal <a href="/wiki/Honorary_prelate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary prelate">honorary prelate</a>, by papal decree of 8 November 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Grand Cross in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Malta">Order of Malta</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxemburg</a>: Grand Cross in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Oak_Crown" title="Order of the Oak Crown">Order of the Oak Crown</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Double_Dragon" title="Order of the Double Dragon">Order of the Double Dragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: Grand Cross in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Order of the White Eagle</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: Imperial <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Order of Christ</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Anna" title="Order of Saint Anna">Order of Saint Anna</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Carol_I" title="Order of Carol I">Order of Carol I</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru" title="Order of the Sun of Peru">Order of the Sun of Peru</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pro_Ecclesia_et_Pontifice" title="Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice">Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Red Cross Medal of the United States<sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Imperial <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Double_Dragon" title="Order of the Double Dragon">Order of the Double Dragon</a>, Qing Dynasty China<sup id="cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Special:EditPage/Désiré-Joseph Mercier">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier%22">"Désiré-Joseph Mercier"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-Belgian_relations">Inter-Belgian relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inter-Belgian relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mercier is known for favouring French speakers and opposing the use of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a>. Though in general social-minded, he was blind to the social aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a> and opposed many of its aims. Two examples. (1) Claiming that Dutch could never be a full-fledged cultural language, he fought all attempts to have Flemish high school and university students educated in their native Dutch. He relented only when overwhelmed by the political pressure the Flemish Movement was generating.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He managed to have <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a> address him a letter<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he admonished priests that they should not address arguments extraneous to their supernatural commitment nor publish on secular subjects without their superior's permission. Mercier promptly published this letter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_and_science">Church and science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Church and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mercier recognized the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematical</a> talent of <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Georges Lemaître</a> as a young seminarian, and urged him to study <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theories of relativity</a>. Lemaître became an early expert in <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> as it applied to cosmological questions. </p><p>He went on to propose an expanding model of the universe, based on both Einstein's and <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a>'s models. <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Abbé Georges Lemaître</a> developed his "primeval atom" hypothesis, together with researchers of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">University of Louvain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">Gamow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Asher_Alpher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Asher Alpher">Alpher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Herman" title="Robert Herman">Herman</a> into the better known <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> theory of the origin of the universe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-m.htm#Mercier">"Mercier, Desiré"</a>, fiu.edu. Accessed 25 February 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fr. Cawley Martinus, <i>Father Crockett of Grand Ronde: Adrien-Joseph Croquet, 1818–1902, Oregon Missionary, 1860–1898</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Courtois-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Courtois_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtois_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtois_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCourtois2017" class="citation book cs1">Courtois, Luc (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/mercier_desire_joseph">"Mercier, Désiré Joseph"</a>. In Ute Daniel; Peter Gatrell; Oliver Janz; Heather Jones; Jennifer Keene; Alan Kramer; Bill Nasson (eds.). <i>International Encyclopedia of the First World War</i>. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15463%2Fie1418.10207%2F1.1">10.15463/ie1418.10207/1.1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mercier%2C+D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9+Joseph&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Freie+Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15463%2Fie1418.10207%2F1.1&rft.aulast=Courtois&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2Fmercier_desire_joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoolf" class="citation journal cs1">Roolf, Christoph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_beww1_en_0390">"Mercier, Désiré Joseph"</a>. <i>Brill's Digital Library of World War I</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2352-3786_dlws1_beww1_en_0390">10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_beww1_en_0390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brill%27s+Digital+Library+of+World+War+I&rft.atitle=Mercier%2C+D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9+Joseph&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2352-3786_dlws1_beww1_en_0390&rft.aulast=Roolf&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F2352-3786_dlws1_beww1_en_0390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColbyWilliams1916430–431-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColbyWilliams1916430–431_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColbyWilliams1916">Colby & Williams 1916</a>, pp. 430–431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/archive/ass/documents/ASS-40-1907-ocr.pdf"><i>Acta Sanctae Sedis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. XXXX. 1907. pp. 261–2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acta+Sanctae+Sedis&rft.pages=261-2&rft.date=1907&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fass%2Fdocuments%2FASS-40-1907-ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/archive/ass/documents/ASS-40-1907-ocr.pdf"><i>Acta Sanctae Sedis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. XXXX. 1907. pp. 263–266<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acta+Sanctae+Sedis&rft.pages=263-266&rft.date=1907&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fass%2Fdocuments%2FASS-40-1907-ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aubert, Roger. <i>Désiré Mercier and the Origins of the Institute of Philosophy</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-devolder-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-devolder_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devolder_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oG10DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">De Volder, Jan. <i>Cardinal Mercier in the First World War</i>, Leuven University Press, 2018</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789462701649" title="Special:BookSources/9789462701649">9789462701649</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930065941/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,951781-10,00.html">"A Pope on British Soil"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, 7 June 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chronicle</i>, The Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Oct., 1924), pp. 416-431. Catholic University of America Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercierpress.ie/about-us/">About Us</a>, MercierPress.ie. Accessed 25 February 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons1961" class="citation journal cs1">Parsons, Edward Lambe (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42972920">"Recollections of General Conventions, 1901-1937"</a>. <i>Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 72–92. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2486">0018-2486</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42972920">42972920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Magazine+of+the+Protestant+Episcopal+Church&rft.atitle=Recollections+of+General+Conventions%2C+1901-1937&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=72-92&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42972920%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0018-2486&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Edward+Lambe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42972920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConvention1920" class="citation book cs1">Convention, Episcopal Church General (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cV3iAAAAMAAJ&q=mercier&pg=PA375"><i>Journal of the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America Held in the City of Detroit from October Eighth to October Twenty-fourth, Inclusive, in the Year of Our Lord 1919, with Appendices</i></a>. convention.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+General+Convention+of+the+Protestant+Episcopal+Church+in+the+United+States+of+America+Held+in+the+City+of+Detroit+from+October+Eighth+to+October+Twenty-fourth%2C+Inclusive%2C+in+the+Year+of+Our+Lord+1919%2C+with+Appendices&rft.pub=convention&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Convention&rft.aufirst=Episcopal+Church+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcV3iAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmercier%26pg%3DPA375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubert1979" class="citation journal cs1">Aubert, Roger (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/barb_0001-4133_1979_num_65_1_55400">"Les démarches du cardinal Mercier en vue de l'octroi à la Belgique d'un mandat sur la Palestine"</a>. <i>Bulletins de l'Académie Royale de Belgique</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 166–228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbarb.1979.55400">10.3406/barb.1979.55400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletins+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+Royale+de+Belgique&rft.atitle=Les+d%C3%A9marches+du+cardinal+Mercier+en+vue+de+l%27octroi+%C3%A0+la+Belgique+d%27un+mandat+sur+la+Palestine&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=166-228&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbarb.1979.55400&rft.aulast=Aubert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fbarb_0001-4133_1979_num_65_1_55400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930075504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,728852,00.html">"Mercier"</a>, time.com, 11 January 1926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930215125/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786625,00.html">"In Belgium"</a>, time.com, 1 February 1926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121070113/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,718507,00.html">"Homage"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 16 June 1924.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odis.be/hercules/search2.php?searchMethod=simple&search=mercier">"Zoekresultaten"</a>. <i>www.odis.be</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.odis.be&rft.atitle=Zoekresultaten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odis.be%2Fhercules%2Fsearch2.php%3FsearchMethod%3Dsimple%26search%3Dmercier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ars-moriendi.be-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-moriendi.be_20-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100829000608/http://www.ars-moriendi.be/MERCIER.HTM">"Mercier"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ars-moriendi.be/MERCIER.HTM">the original</a> on 29 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars-moriendi.be%2FMERCIER.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Boudens, Robrecht & Lieve Gevers. "Mercier, Désiré J." <i>Nieuwe Encyclopedie van de Vlaamse Beweging.</i> Tielt: Lannoo, 1998, pp. 2035–2037.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cum semper, ut ipsi</i>, dated February 10, 1921. Full text (in Italian, despite its Latin title) available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xv/it/letters/1921/documents/hf_ben-xv_let_19210210_cum-semper.html">here</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="wikisource-logo.svg"><img alt="wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColbyWilliams1916" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Colby, F.; Williams, T., eds. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW0NAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA430">"Mercier, Desiré Joseph"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 15 (2nd ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. pp. 430–431.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mercier%2C+Desir%C3%A9+Joseph&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=430-431&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZW0NAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Johan Ickx. 2018. <i>La guerre et le Vatican: Les secrets de la diplomatie du Saint-Siège (1914-1915)</i>, Paris: Les éditions du Cerf.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_De_Schaepdrijver" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie De Schaepdrijver">Sophie De Schaepdrijver</a>. 1999. <i>De groote oorlog: het koninkrijk België tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog</i>. 7th ed. Amsterdam: Olympus.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_De_Volder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan De Volder (page does not exist)">Jan De Volder</a>. 2018. <i>Cardinal Mercier in the First World War. Belgium, Germany and the Catholic Church</i>. Leuven: Leuven University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Désiré-Joseph Mercier"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/mercier_desire_joseph">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a> at <a href="/wiki/1914-1918-online" class="mw-redirect" title="1914-1918-online">1914-1918-online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1907.htm#Mercier">The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmercierd.html">Catholic-Hierarchy</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayence1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mayence, F. (1922). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mercier, Désiré"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mercier,_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9">"Mercier, Désiré" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (12th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mercier%2C+D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Mayence&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph+Mercier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/022108">Newspaper clippings about Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Lambert_Goosens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Lambert Goosens">Pierre-Lambert Goosens</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Brussels-Mechelen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Brussels-Mechelen">18th Archbishop of Mechelen</a> </b><br />1906–1926 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jozef-Ernest_van_Roey" title="Jozef-Ernest 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primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Universities_of_Louvain/Leuven" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universities_of_Louvain" title="Template:Universities of Louvain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universities_of_Louvain" title="Template talk:Universities of Louvain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universities_of_Louvain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Universities of Louvain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Universities_of_Louvain/Leuven" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Universities of Louvain/Leuven</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">1425–1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Old_University_of_Leuven" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">Old University of Leuven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Theology,_Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Faculty of Theology, Old University of Leuven">Faculty of Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras_College,_Leuven" title="Arras College, Leuven">Arras College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegium_Trilingue" title="Collegium Trilingue">Collegium Trilingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost_College,_Leuven" title="Holy Ghost College, Leuven">Holy Ghost College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_College,_Leuven" title="Liège College, Leuven">Liège College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ivo%27s_College,_Leuven" title="St Ivo's College, Leuven">Saint Ivo's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope%27s_College,_Leuven" title="Pope's College, Leuven">Pope's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Anne%27s_College,_Leuven" title="St Anne's College, Leuven">Saint Anne's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Anthony%27s_College,_Leuven" title="St Anthony's College, Leuven">St Anthony's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Leuven" title="Trinity College, Leuven">Trinity College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(Leuven)" class="mw-redirect" title="University Hall (Leuven)">University Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Category:Academic staff of the Old University of Leuven">Academic staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_University_of_Leuven_alumni" title="Category:Old University of Leuven alumni">Alumni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">1817–1835</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/State_University_of_Leuven" title="State University of Leuven">State University of Leuven</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">1834–1835</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Mechlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of Mechlin">Catholic University of Mechlin</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">1835–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="CatholicUniversityof_Louvain" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of Louvain">Catholic<br />University<br />of Louvain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Institutions:</b> <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="American College of the Immaculate Conception">American College of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Anthony%27s_College,_Leuven" title="St Anthony's College, Leuven">St Anthony's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovanium_University" title="Lovanium University">Lovanium University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Theology,_Catholic_University_of_Leuven" title="Faculty of Theology, Catholic University of Leuven">Faculty of Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(Leuven)" class="mw-redirect" title="University Hall (Leuven)">University Hall</a><br /><b>Personalities:</b> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Pope Gregory XVI</a></li> <li>Rector <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Xavier_de_Ram" title="Pierre François Xavier de Ram">Pierre de Ram</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li>Rector <a href="/wiki/Paulin_Ladeuze" title="Paulin Ladeuze">Paulin Ladeuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Georges Lemaître</a><br /><b>Nobel prizes:</b> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">Auguste Beernaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Dominique Pire</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)_alumni" title="Category:Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) alumni">Alumni</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Belgian_American_Educational_Foundation" title="Belgian American Educational Foundation">Belgian American Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedes_Sapientiae,_Leuven" title="Sedes Sapientiae, Leuven">Sedes Sapientiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_the_Catholic_University_of_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Split of the Catholic University of Louvain">Split of the Catholic University of Louvain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Since 1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/UCLouvain" title="UCLouvain">UCLouvain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E6E6FF;">Campuses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louvain-la-Neuve" title="Louvain-la-Neuve">Louvain-la-Neuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCLouvain_Brussels_Woluwe" title="UCLouvain Brussels Woluwe">Brussels Woluwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCLouvain_FUCaM_Mons" title="UCLouvain FUCaM Mons">FUCaM Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis_University,_Brussels" title="Saint-Louis University, Brussels">Saint-Louis Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHU_UCLouvain_Namur" title="CHU UCLouvain Namur">CHU Namur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCLouvain_Charleroi" title="UCLouvain Charleroi">UCLouvain Charleroi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E6E6FF;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louvain-la-Neuve" title="Louvain-la-Neuve">Louvain-la-Neuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Lambert" title="Woluwe-Saint-Lambert">Woluwe-Saint-Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gilles,_Belgium" title="Saint-Gilles, Belgium">Saint-Gilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinant" title="Dinant">Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvoir" title="Yvoir">Yvoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E6E6FF;">Faculties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louvain_School_of_Management" title="Louvain School of Management">Louvain School of Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvain_School_of_Engineering" title="Louvain School of Engineering">Louvain School of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Haps_Faculty_of_Translation_and_Interpreting" title="Marie Haps Faculty of Translation and Interpreting">Marie Haps Faculty of Translation and Interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCLouvain_Faculty_of_Economic,_Social_and_Political_Sciences_and_Communication" title="UCLouvain Faculty of Economic, Social and Political Sciences and Communication">Faculty of Economic, Social and Political Sciences and Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCLouvain_Faculty_of_Architecture,_Architectural_Engineering_and_Urban_Planning" title="UCLouvain Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning">Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E6E6FF;">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Institute_of_Philosophy" title="Higher Institute of Philosophy">Higher Institute of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvain-la-Neuve_Cyclotron" title="Louvain-la-Neuve Cyclotron">Cyclotron Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Operations_Research_and_Econometrics" title="Center for Operations Research and Econometrics">Center for Operations Research and Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Research_on_the_Epidemiology_of_Disasters" title="Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters">Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_d%27Etudes_des_Crises_et_Conflits_Internationaux" title="Centre d'Etudes des Crises et Conflits Internationaux">Centre d'Etudes des Crises et Conflits Internationaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Chair" title="Hoover Chair">Hoover Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_the_Analysis_of_Organisational_Communication_Systems" title="Laboratory for the Analysis of Organisational Communication Systems">Laboratory for the Analysis of Organisational Communication Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E6E6FF;">Hospitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliniques_universitaires_Saint-Luc" title="Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc">Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHU_UCLouvain_Namur" title="CHU UCLouvain Namur">CHU UCLouvain Namur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E6E6FF;">Press</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presses_universitaires_de_Louvain" title="Presses universitaires de Louvain">Presses universitaires de Louvain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revue_philosophique_de_Louvain" title="Revue philosophique de Louvain">Revue philosophique de Louvain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Philosophical_Bibliography" title="International Philosophical Bibliography">International Philosophical Bibliography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_de_l%27Institut_de_Linguistique_de_Louvain" title="Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain">Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_eccl%C3%A9siastique" title="Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique">Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Scriptorum_Christianorum_Orientalium" title="Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium">Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E6E6FF;">Subsidiary entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_L" title="Musée L">Musée L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aula_Magna_(UCLouvain)" title="Aula Magna (UCLouvain)">Aula Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvain-la-Neuve_Cyclotron" title="Louvain-la-Neuve Cyclotron">Louvain-la-Neuve Cyclotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvain_Coop%C3%A9ration" title="Louvain Coopération">Louvain Coopération</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvain-la-Neuve_Science_Park" title="Louvain-la-Neuve Science Park">Louvain-la-Neuve Science Park</a></li> <li>Initialis Science Park</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Louvain" title="Académie Louvain">Académie Louvain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E6E6FF;">Rectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Macq" title="Pierre Macq">Pierre Macq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Coulie" title="Bernard Coulie">Bernard Coulie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Blondel" title="Vincent Blondel">Vincent Blondel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E6E6FF;">Nobel prizes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E6E6FF;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louvain_modularity" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvain modularity">Louvain modularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claroline" title="Claroline">Claroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestre_Symphonique_des_%C3%89tudiants_de_Louvain-la-Neuve" title="Orchestre Symphonique des Étudiants de Louvain-la-Neuve">Orchestre Symphonique des Étudiants de Louvain-la-Neuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24h_v%C3%A9lo_de_Louvain-la-Neuve" class="mw-redirect" title="24h vélo de Louvain-la-Neuve">24h vélo de Louvain-la-Neuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Congolese_Students" title="Progressive Congolese Students">Progressive Congolese Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANLO" title="ANLO">ANLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oz_(programming_language)" title="Oz (programming language)">Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiga" title="Ekiga">Ekiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Beam_Applications" title="Ion Beam Applications">Ion Beam Applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme-based_shared_flat_(kot-%C3%A0-projet)" title="Theme-based shared flat (kot-à-projet)">Kot-à-projet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" title="Category:Academic staff of the Université catholique de Louvain">Academic staff</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain_alumni" title="Category:Université catholique de Louvain alumni">Alumni</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">KU Leuven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campuses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Katholieke_Universiteit_Leuven_Kulak" title="Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Kulak">KULAK</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kortrijk" title="Kortrijk">Kortrijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geel" title="Geel">Geel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepenbeek" title="Diepenbeek">Diepenbeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aalst,_Belgium" title="Aalst, Belgium">Aalst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint-Katelijne-Waver" title="Sint-Katelijne-Waver">Sint-Katelijne-Waver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Faculties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Philosophy,_KU_Leuven" title="Institute of Philosophy, KU Leuven">Institute of Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leuven_Centre_for_Global_Governance_Studies" title="Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies">Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rega_Institute_for_Medical_Research" title="Rega Institute for Medical Research">Rega Institute for Medical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch_Laboratory" title="Switch Laboratory">Switch Laboratory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hospitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UZ_Leuven" title="UZ Leuven">UZ Leuven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Press</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leuven_University_Press" title="Leuven University Press">Leuven University Press</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_eccl%C3%A9siastique" title="Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique">Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ITL_International_Journal_of_Applied_Linguistics" title="ITL International Journal of Applied Linguistics">ITL International Journal of Applied Linguistics</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiary entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasteel_van_Arenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasteel van Arenberg">Arenberg Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arenberg_Research-Park" title="Arenberg Research-Park">Arenberg Research-Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven_Association" title="KU Leuven Association">KU Leuven Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(Leuven)" class="mw-redirect" title="University Hall (Leuven)">University Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_De_Somer" title="Pieter De Somer">Pieter De Somer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Vervenne" title="Marc Vervenne">Marc Vervenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Waer" title="Mark Waer">Mark Waer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rik_Torfs" title="Rik Torfs">Rik Torfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Sels" title="Luc Sels">Luc Sels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Theological_Faculty" title="Evangelical Theological Faculty">Evangelical Theological Faculty</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Academic_libraries_in_Leuven" title="Academic libraries in Leuven">Academic libraries in Leuven</a> · <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Leuven" title="Universities in Leuven">Universities in Leuven</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468097#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121387628">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71438828">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/168939/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd3J8kXPv4wgx9xpDDg8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11858099X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85187876">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12206281m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12206281m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mercier, Désiré J."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV111476">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35842927">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0000860&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1364569">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/121112">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067930395">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90926448">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=232428">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000033309">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jlmd4q2tkf42q">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810674367205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/32113">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274785605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058608926306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14288046">Belgium</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14745859">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11111874?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1111960">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11858099X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11858099X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034862137">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m90998">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Désiré-Joseph_Mercier&oldid=1251797295">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Désiré-Joseph_Mercier&oldid=1251797295</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1851_births" title="Category:1851 births">1851 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1926_deaths" title="Category:1926 deaths">1926 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Braine-l%27Alleud" 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