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<span>Papal elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papal_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titular_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titular_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Titular churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titular_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_and_reference_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_and_reference_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Title and reference style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_and_reference_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orders_and_their_chief_offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orders_and_their_chief_offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Orders and their chief offices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orders_and_their_chief_offices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orders and their chief offices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orders_and_their_chief_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardinal_bishops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinal_bishops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cardinal bishops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinal_bishops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardinal_priests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinal_priests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cardinal priests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinal_priests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardinal_deacons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinal_deacons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Cardinal deacons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinal_deacons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardinal_protodeacon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinal_protodeacon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Cardinal protodeacon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinal_protodeacon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardinal_protodeacons_since_1887" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinal_protodeacons_since_1887"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Cardinal protodeacons since 1887</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinal_protodeacons_since_1887-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_types_of_cardinals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_types_of_cardinals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Special types of cardinals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Special_types_of_cardinals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Special types of cardinals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Special_types_of_cardinals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Camerlengo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camerlengo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Camerlengo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camerlengo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardinals_who_are_not_bishops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinals_who_are_not_bishops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Cardinals who are not bishops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinals_who_are_not_bishops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Lay_cardinals"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Lay_cardinals""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>"Lay cardinals"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Lay_cardinals"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardinals_in_pectore_or_secret_cardinals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinals_in_pectore_or_secret_cardinals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Cardinals <i>in pectore</i> or secret cardinals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinals_in_pectore_or_secret_cardinals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vesture_and_privileges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vesture_and_privileges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vesture and privileges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vesture_and_privileges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardinal (Catholic Church)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84" title="كاردينال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاردينال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardenal" title="Cardenal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cardenal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhu-ki-kheng" title="Chhu-ki-kheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhu-ki-kheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кардынал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кардынал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кардынал – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кардынал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal_(Simbahan_Katoliko)" title="Kardinal (Simbahan Katoliko) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kardinal (Simbahan Katoliko)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кардинал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кардинал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardenal" title="Cardenal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cardenal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardenal_(Katolisismo)" title="Kardenal (Katolisismo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kardenal (Katolisismo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardin%C3%A1l" title="Kardinál – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kardinál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Yr_Eglwys_Gatholig)" title="Cardinal (Yr Eglwys Gatholig) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cardinal (Yr Eglwys Gatholig)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal_(katolske_kirke)" title="Kardinal (katolske kirke) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kardinal (katolske kirke)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82)" title="Καρδινάλιος (Καθολικισμός) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρδινάλιος (Καθολικισμός)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardin%C3%A4l" title="Cardinäl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Cardinäl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardenal" title="Cardenal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cardenal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinalo" title="Kardinalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kardinalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal_(katolizismoa)" title="Kardinal (katolizismoa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kardinal (katolizismoa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کاردینال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاردینال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(religion)" title="Cardinal (religion) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cardinal (religion)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairdin%C3%A9al" title="Cairdinéal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cairdinéal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0irdeanal" title="Càirdeanal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Càirdeanal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardeal" title="Cardeal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cardeal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%94%EA%B8%B0%EA%B2%BD" title="추기경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="추기경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Կարդինալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարդինալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinalo" title="Kardinalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kardinalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardin%C3%A1li" title="Kardináli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kardináli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinale" title="Cardinale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cardinale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="חשמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חשמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="კარდინალი (რელიგია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარდინალი (რელიგია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кардинал – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кардинал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinali" title="Kardinali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kardinali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кардинал – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кардинал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinalis" title="Cardinalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cardinalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardin%C4%81ls" title="Kardināls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kardināls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinol" title="Kardinol – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kardinol" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinolas" title="Kardinolas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kardinolas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinaol" title="Kardinaol – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kardinaol" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal" title="Cardinal – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cardinal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADboros" title="Bíboros – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bíboros" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кардинал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кардинал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinaly" title="Kardinaly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kardinaly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" title="കർദ്ദിനാൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കർദ്ദിനാൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84" title="كاردينال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاردينال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal_(Gereja_Katolik)" title="Kardinal (Gereja Katolik) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kardinal (Gereja Katolik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кардинал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кардинал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဒင်နယ်ဂိုဏ်းချုပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဒင်နယ်ဂိုဏ်းချုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinaal_(geestelijke)" title="Kardinaal (geestelijke) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kardinaal (geestelijke)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%A2%E6%A9%9F%E5%8D%BF" title="枢機卿 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="枢機卿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کارډينال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کارډينال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardyna%C5%82" title="Kardynał – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kardynał" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardeal" title="Cardeal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cardeal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal" title="Cardinal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cardinal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кардинал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кардинал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinali" title="Kardinali – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kardinali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardin%C3%A1l" title="Kardinál – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kardinál" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кардинал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кардинал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinaali" title="Kardinaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kardinaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal_(Katolisismo)" title="Kardinal (Katolisismo) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kardinal (Katolisismo)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கர்தினால் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கர்தினால்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="พระคาร์ดินัล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระคาร์ดินัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal" title="Kardinal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kardinal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кардинал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кардинал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%84" title="کارڈینل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارڈینل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardena%C5%82e" title="Cardenałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cardenałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_y" title="Hồng y – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồng y" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal_(Singbahan_Katoliko)" title="Kardinal (Singbahan Katoliko) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kardinal (Singbahan Katoliko)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%A2%E6%9C%BA%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" title="枢机主教 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="枢机主教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%9E%E6%A9%9F" title="樞機 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="樞機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kard%C4%97nuols" title="Kardėnuols – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kardėnuols" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Senior church official</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_ecclesiastical_titles" title="Category:Catholic ecclesiastical titles">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy of the<br />Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesupietrochiave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saint Peter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/150px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/225px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/300px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_ecclesiastical_titles" title="Category:Catholic ecclesiastical titles">Ecclesiastical titles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Emeritus">Pope Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar" title="Cardinal Vicar">Cardinal Vicar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown-cardinal" title="Crown-cardinal">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of the Church">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_protector" title="Cardinal protector">Protector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_curia" title="Moderator of the curia">Moderator of the curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness" title="Chaplain of His Holiness">Chaplain of His Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">Papal legate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_majordomo" title="Papal majordomo">Papal majordomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Apostolic nuncio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Apostolic delegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Syndic" title="Apostolic Syndic">Apostolic Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_visitor" title="Apostolic visitor">Apostolic visitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Vicar apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarch#Modern_Eastern_Catholic_churches" title="Exarch">Apostolic exarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_prefecture" title="Apostolic prefecture">Apostolic prefect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_to_the_papal_throne" title="Assistant to the papal throne">Assistant to the papal throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch#Catholic_Church" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Emeritus" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_bishop" title="Suffragan bishop">Suffragan bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">Prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(religion)" title="Provost (religion)">Provost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiff" title="Pontiff">Pontiff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_prelate" title="Territorial prelate">Territorial prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Territorial abbot</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liturgical titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">Acolyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecrator" title="Consecrator">Consecrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)#CatholicLector" title="Reader (liturgy)">Lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdeacon" title="Subdeacon">Subdeacon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Administrative and pastoral titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Auditor (ecclesiastical)">Auditor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother#Catholicism" title="Religious brother">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Chancellor (ecclesiastical)">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">Chaplain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_chaplain#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Military chaplain">Military chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ordinariate" title="Military ordinariate">Military ordinary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarb" title="Coarb">Coarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor#Confession_of_sins" title="Confessor">Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultor" title="Consultor">Consultor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curate#Roman_Catholicism" title="Curate">Curate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_bond" title="Defender of the bond">Defender of the bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitor" title="Definitor">Definitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">Devil's advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_administrator" title="Diocesan administrator">Diocesan administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_judge" title="Ecclesiastical judge">Ecclesiastical judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcist#Catholicism" title="Exorcist">Exorcist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lay_abbot" title="Lay abbot">Lay abbot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abthain" title="Abthain">Abthain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commendatory_abbot" title="Commendatory abbot">Commendatory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_cardinal" title="Lay cardinal">Lay cardinal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(Catholic_Church)" title="Minister (Catholic Church)">Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_orders" title="Major orders">Major orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_orders" title="Minor orders">Minor orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official#Ecclesiastical_judiciary" title="Official">Officialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius">Ostiarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_pastor" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant pastor">Assistant pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatinus_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Palatinus in the Catholic Church">Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_prelature" title="Personal prelature">Personal prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preacher" title="Preacher">Preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefect#Ecclesiastical" title="Prefect">Prefect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">Presbyter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Elder (Christianity)">Elder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Principal (Catholic Church)">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonotary_apostolic" title="Protonotary apostolic">Protonotary apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">Reverend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint#Catholic_Church" title="Saint">Saint</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venerable" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">Vicar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_vicar" title="Judicial vicar">Judicial vicar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Vicar general</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">Vicar forane</a> <ul><li>Sub-dean</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Consecrated and professed titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_virgin" title="Consecrated virgin">Consecrated virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrector#Ecclesiastic_(Catholic)_titles" title="Corrector">Corrector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_(Franciscans)" title="Custos (Franciscans)">Custos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Dean (Christianity)">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master of novices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice#Roman_Catholicism" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">Superior general</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Additional titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Service_of_Charity" title="Dicastery for the Service of Charity">Almoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_server" title="Altar server">Altar server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimandrite" title="Archimandrite">Archimandrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">Archpriest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(title)" title="Canon (title)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_General_of_the_Church" title="Captain General of the Church">Captain General of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorbishop" title="Chorbishop">Chorbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarb" title="Coarb">Coarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissary_Apostolic" title="Commissary Apostolic">Commissary Apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_(under-sacristan)" title="Custos (under-sacristan)">Custos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Dataria" title="Apostolic Dataria">Datarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonfalonier_of_the_Church" title="Gonfalonier of the Church">Gonfalonier of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelate_of_Honour_of_His_Holiness" title="Prelate of Honour of His Holiness">Honorary Prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_canon" title="Minor canon">Minor canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notarius" title="Notarius">Notarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius">Ostiarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritus" title="Peritus">Peritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulator" title="Postulator">Postulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebendary" title="Prebendary">Prebendary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precentor" title="Precentor">Precentor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">Prince-bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-abbot" title="Prince-abbot">Prince-abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-primate" title="Prince-primate">Prince-primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-provost" title="Prince-provost">Prince-provost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">Promotor Fidei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protopriest" title="Protopriest">Protopriest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protodeacon#Roman_rite" title="Protodeacon">Protodeacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protosyncellus" title="Protosyncellus">Protosyncellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionarius" title="Regionarius">Regionarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacristan" title="Sacristan">Sacristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_counseling" title="Sidewalk counseling">Sidewalk Counselor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_usher" title="Church usher">Usher</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organization titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="List of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Masters_and_Lieutenancies_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Grand Masters and Lieutenancies of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="Grand Master of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Knights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisitor" title="Inquisitor">Inquisitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Inquisitor" title="Grand Inquisitor">Grand Inquisitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preceptor" title="Preceptor">Preceptor</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_hierarchy_sidebar" title="Template:Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_hierarchy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_hierarchy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Template-Cardinal_(Bishop).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Template-Cardinal_%28Bishop%29.svg/180px-Template-Cardinal_%28Bishop%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Template-Cardinal_%28Bishop%29.svg/270px-Template-Cardinal_%28Bishop%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Template-Cardinal_%28Bishop%29.svg/360px-Template-Cardinal_%28Bishop%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>The coat of arms of a cardinal (who is a bishop or archbishop) is indicated by a red <a href="/wiki/Galero" title="Galero">galero</a> (wide-brimmed hat) with 15 tassels on each side (the <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a> are proper to the individual cardinal).</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cardinal</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis</i>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">cardinal of the Holy Roman Church</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a senior member of the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. Cardinals are created by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> and typically hold the title for life. Collectively, they constitute the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>. The most solemn responsibility of the cardinals is to elect a new pope in a <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">conclave</a>, almost always from among themselves (with a few historical exceptions), when the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> is <a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante#Vacancy_of_the_Holy_See" title="Sede vacante">vacant</a>. During the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor, the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to participate in a conclave is limited to cardinals who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, cardinals collectively participate in <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">papal consistories</a> (which generally take place annually), in which matters of importance to the Church are considered and new cardinals may be created. Cardinals of working age are also appointed to roles overseeing <a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">dicasteries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>, the central administration of the Catholic Church. </p><p>Cardinals are drawn from a variety of backgrounds, being appointed as cardinals <i>in addition</i> to their existing roles within the Church. Most cardinals are <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)#Diocesan_bishops_or_eparchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholic Church)">bishops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishops</a> leading <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese">archdioceses</a> around the world – often the most prominent diocese or archdiocese in their country. Others are <a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">titular bishops</a> who are current or former officials within the Roman Curia (generally the heads of dicasteries and other bodies linked to the Curia). A very small number are priests recognised by the pope for their service to the Church; as canon law requires them to be generally <a href="/wiki/Consecration#Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecrated</a> as bishops before they are made cardinals,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some are granted a papal dispensation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no strict criteria for elevation to the College of Cardinals. Since 1917, a potential cardinal must already be at least a priest, but laymen have been cardinals in the past. The selection is entirely up to the pope and tradition is his only guide. </p><p>As of 25 November 2024,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_cardinals" title="List of current cardinals">there are 232 serving cardinals</a>, of whom 120 are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Papal selection before 1059</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richelieu,_por_Philippe_de_Champaigne_(detalle).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Richelieu%2C_por_Philippe_de_Champaigne_%28detalle%29.jpg/170px-Richelieu%2C_por_Philippe_de_Champaigne_%28detalle%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Richelieu%2C_por_Philippe_de_Champaigne_%28detalle%29.jpg/255px-Richelieu%2C_por_Philippe_de_Champaigne_%28detalle%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Richelieu%2C_por_Philippe_de_Champaigne_%28detalle%29.jpg/340px-Richelieu%2C_por_Philippe_de_Champaigne_%28detalle%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>, chief minister of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There is general disagreement about the origin of the term, but a chief consensus that "<i>cardinalis</i>" is <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymologically</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cardo#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:cardo">cardo</a></i> (meaning "pivot" or "hinge") was first used in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean "principal", "eminent", or "superior". The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the Church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Council_(769)" title="Lateran Council (769)">a synod of 769</a>, only a cardinal was eligible to become Bishop of Rome. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a> in 1244.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain churchmen as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Zacharias" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Zacharias">Pope Zacharias</a> in 747 to <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pippin the Younger</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by <a href="/wiki/Pius_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius V">Pius V</a>. </p><p>In 1059 (five years after the <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">East-West Schism</a>), the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven <a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">suburbicarian sees</a>. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his <a href="/wiki/Titular_church" title="Titular church">titular church</a> or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The term <i>cardinal</i> at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or <a href="/wiki/Incardinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Incardinated">incardinated</a> to a church,<sup id="cite_ref-CE-cardinal_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-cardinal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin <i>cardo</i> (hinge), meaning "pivotal" as in "principal" or "chief". The term was applied in this sense as early as the 9th century to the priests of the <i>tituli</i> (<a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">diocese of Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CE-cardinal_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-cardinal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year 1563, the Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IV">Pius IV</a>, wrote about the importance of selecting good cardinals: "nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of France">kings of France</a>, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and France, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called "<a href="/wiki/Crown-cardinal" title="Crown-cardinal">crown-cardinal</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>'s England, his chief minister was for some time <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Cardinal Wolsey</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>'s power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richelieu's successor was also a cardinal, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Jules Mazarin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dubois" title="Guillaume Dubois">Guillaume Dubois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Hercule_de_Fleury" title="André-Hercule de Fleury">André-Hercule de Fleury</a> complete the list of the four great cardinals to have ruled France.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal, <a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henry of Portugal</a>, was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king (although <a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a> was a cardinal from 1646 until he resigned in 1647, later being elected and crowned King of Poland, in 1648 and 1649, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordat</a> (usually earning either its <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a> or the metropolitan of the capital city the cardinal's hat), almost no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a <a href="/wiki/Patriarch#Catholic_Church" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a>: the notable exception is the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarch of Lisbon">Patriarch of Lisbon</a> who, by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Pope Clement XII</a>'s 1737 bull <i><a href="/wiki/Inter_praecipuas_apostolici_ministerii" title="Inter praecipuas apostolici ministerii">Inter praecipuas apostolici ministerii</a></i>, is accorded the right to be elevated to the rank of cardinal in the consistory following his appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papal_elections">Papal elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Papal elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1059, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Pope Nicholas II</a> gave cardinals the right to elect the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/In_nomine_Domini" title="In nomine Domini">In nomine Domini</a></i></span>. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but in 1179 the <a href="/wiki/Third_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Lateran Council">Third Lateran Council</a> restored the right to the whole body of cardinals.<sup id="cite_ref-TCE1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCE1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numbers">Numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1586, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> limited the number of cardinals to 70:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> exceeded that limit citing the need to staff church offices.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1970 in <i><a href="/wiki/Ingravescentem_aetatem" title="Ingravescentem aetatem">Ingravescentem aetatem</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> established that electors would be under the age of eighty years. When it took effect on 1 January 1971, it deprived 25 cardinals of the right to participate in a conclave.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1975 in <i><a href="/wiki/Romano_Pontifici_eligendo" title="Romano Pontifici eligendo">Romano Pontifici eligendo</a></i>, he set the maximum number of electors at 120, while establishing no limit on the overall size of the college.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popes can <a href="/wiki/Dispensation_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispensation (Catholic Church)">set aside</a> church laws<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they have regularly brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120, twice reaching as high as 135 with <a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_John_Paul_II#21_February_2001" title="Cardinals created by John Paul II">Pope John Paul II's consistories</a> of February 2001<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and October 2003. No more than 120 electors have ever participated in a <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">conclave</a>, but most canon lawyers believe that if their number exceeded 120 they would all participate.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by assigning that rank, in 1965, to patriarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> when named cardinals.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Pope Francis expanded the cardinal bishops of Roman title, because this had not been done despite recent decades' expansion in the two lower orders of cardinals, besides having all six such cardinals being over the age limit for a conclave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titular_churches">Titular churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Titular churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Kardinal_Innitzer_-001-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Theodor_Kardinal_Innitzer_-001-.jpg/170px-Theodor_Kardinal_Innitzer_-001-.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Theodor_Kardinal_Innitzer_-001-.jpg/255px-Theodor_Kardinal_Innitzer_-001-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Theodor_Kardinal_Innitzer_-001-.jpg/340px-Theodor_Kardinal_Innitzer_-001-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Innitzer" title="Theodor Innitzer">Cardinal Innitzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Vienna" title="Archbishop of Vienna">Archbishop of Vienna</a> and Cardinal-Priest of <a href="/wiki/San_Crisogono" title="San Crisogono">San Crisogono</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Titular_church" title="Titular church">Titular church</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_titular_churches" title="List of titular churches">List of titular churches</a></div> <p>Each cardinal is assigned a <a href="/wiki/Titular_church" title="Titular church">titular church</a> upon his creation, which is always a church in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Rome">city of Rome</a>. Through the process of opting (<i>optazione</i>), a cardinal can raise through the ranks from cardinal deacon to priest, and from cardinal priest to that of cardinal bishop - in which case he obtains one of the <a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">suburbicarian sees</a> located around the city of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only exception is for patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_VI._1965_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_VI._1965-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches. The term cardinal is from the Latin word "cardo" meaning a hinge. Here it means a "door", an example of synecdoche, a figure of speech whereby the part refers to the whole. The "door" is the address of the titular church from which the cardinal derives his membership of the Roman clergy, who elect the pope. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean of the College of Cardinals</a> in addition to such a titular church also receives the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Ostia">titular bishopric of Ostia</a>, the primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular church</a> retain that church.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Title_and_reference_style">Title and reference style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Title and reference style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1630, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Pope Urban VIII</a> decreed their title to be <i><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">Eminence</a></i> (previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo")<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and decreed that their secular rank would equate to prince, making them second only to the pope and crowned monarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated <i>Card.</i>) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, "Ioannes Card(inalis) Doe". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. However, official sources, such as the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Service" title="Catholic News Service">Catholic News Service</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the church.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">episcopal conferences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_VI._1965_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_VI._1965-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Habemus_Papam" class="mw-redirect" title="Habemus Papam">proclamation</a> of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if the new pope is a cardinal, as has been the case since 1378. </p><p>The term <b>Prince of the Church</b> has historically been applied to cardinals of the Catholic church, and sometimes more broadly to senior members of the church hierarchy. It has been rejected by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, who stated to a group of newly created cardinals "He (Jesus) does not call you to become 'princes' of the Church, to 'sit on his right or on his left.' He calls you to serve like Him and with Him."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is still applied, both seriously and as a criticism of the perceived attitudes of some cardinals.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orders_and_their_chief_offices">Orders and their chief offices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Orders and their chief offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vetements_cardinal_Gamarelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vetements_cardinal_Gamarelli.jpg/220px-Vetements_cardinal_Gamarelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vetements_cardinal_Gamarelli.jpg/330px-Vetements_cardinal_Gamarelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vetements_cardinal_Gamarelli.jpg/440px-Vetements_cardinal_Gamarelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Choir_dress" title="Choir dress">Choir dress</a> of a cardinal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardinal_bishops">Cardinal bishops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cardinal bishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sodano.jpg/170px-Sodano.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sodano.jpg/255px-Sodano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Sodano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Sodano" title="Angelo Sodano">Angelo Sodano</a> was <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean of the College of Cardinals</a> from 2005 to 2019.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">cardinales episcopi</i>) are the senior order of cardinals. Though in modern times the vast majority of cardinals are also <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholic Church)">bishops</a> or <a href="/wiki/Archbishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishops">archbishops</a>, few are "cardinal bishops". For most of the second millennium there were six cardinal bishops, each presiding over one of the seven <a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">suburbicarian sees</a> around Rome: <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Ostia">Ostia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Albano" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano">Albano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Porto-Santa_Rufina" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina">Porto and Santa Rufina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Palestrina" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina">Palestrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Sabina-Poggio_Mirteto" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto">Sabina and Mentana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Frascati" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati">Frascati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Velletri-Segni" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Velletri-Segni">Velletri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> separated them again, but decreed that whichever cardinal bishop became <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean of the College of Cardinals</a> would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a <a href="/wiki/Titular_church" title="Titular church">titular</a> relationship with the suburbicarian sees, each of which is governed by a separate <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary (Catholic Church)">ordinary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1961, membership in the order of cardinal bishops was achieved through precedence in the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>. When a suburbicarian see fell vacant, the most senior cardinal by precedence could exercise his option to claim the see and be promoted to the order of cardinal bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-droit_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-droit-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> abolished that privilege on 10 March 1961 and made the right to promote someone to the order of cardinal bishops the sole prerogative of the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> decreed in his <i><a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a></i> <i>Ad purpuratorum Patrum Collegium</i> that <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarchs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> who were named cardinals (i.e. "cardinal patriarchs") would also be cardinal bishops, ranking after the six Roman rite cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> patriarchs who become cardinals are <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal priest">cardinal priests</a>, not cardinal bishops: for example <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Scola" title="Angelo Scola">Angelo Scola</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice" title="Patriarch of Venice">Patriarch of Venice</a> in 2002 and cardinal priest of <a href="/wiki/Santi_XII_Apostoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Santi XII Apostoli">Santi XII Apostoli</a> in 2003.) Those of cardinal patriarch rank continue to hold their patriarchal see and are not assigned any Roman title (suburbicarian see or title or deaconry). </p><p>At the June 2018 consistory, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> increased the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to match the expansion in cardinal priests and cardinal deacons in recent decades. He elevated four cardinals to this rank granting their <a href="/wiki/Titular_church" title="Titular church">titular churches</a> and deaconries suburbicarian rank <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_hac_vice" title="Pro hac vice">pro hac vice</a></i> (temporarily)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and making them equivalent to suburbicarian see titles. At the time of the announcement, all six cardinal bishops of suburbicarian see titles, as well as two of the three cardinal patriarchs, were non-electors as they had reached the age of 80.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Francis created another cardinal bishop in the same way on 1 May 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RapplerCardinalBishop_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RapplerCardinalBishop-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to eleven. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean of the College of Cardinals</a>, the highest ranking cardinal, was formerly the longest serving cardinal bishop, but since 1965 is elected by the Latin Church cardinal bishops from among their number, subject to papal approval. Likewise the Vice-Dean, formerly the second longest serving, is also elected. Seniority of the remaining Latin Church cardinal bishops is still by date of appointment to the rank. The current Dean is <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Re" title="Giovanni Battista Re">Giovanni Battista Re</a> and the Vice-Dean is <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Sandri" title="Leonardo Sandri">Leonardo Sandri</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardinal_priests">Cardinal priests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cardinal priests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cardinal priests (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">cardinales presbyteri</i>) are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally also <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholic Church)">bishops</a> of important <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> throughout the world, though some hold <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Curial</a> positions. </p><p>In modern times, the term "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a>, who were recognized as the <i>cardinal</i> priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Rome</a> (the Latin <i>cardo</i> means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel—the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the Bishop of Rome, the pope. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg/220px-Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg/330px-Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg/440px-Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal-priest <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>, every cardinal priest has a <a href="/wiki/Titular_church" title="Titular church">titular church</a> in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops were given one of the <a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">suburbicarian dioceses</a> around Rome. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate Mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome. </p><p>While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the college expanded markedly. In 1587, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum <a href="/wiki/Size_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="Size of the College of Cardinals">size of the college</a> at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a> continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. </p><p>The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled <i>cardinal <a href="/wiki/Protopriest" title="Protopriest">protopriest</a></i>. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is <a href="/wiki/Michael_Michai_Kitbunchu" title="Michael Michai Kitbunchu">Michael Michai Kitbunchu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardinal_deacons">Cardinal deacons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cardinal deacons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cardinal deacons (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">cardinales diaconi</i>) are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> or priests elevated after their 80th birthday, chosen mainly for the honor of it (since those over 80 are not able to vote in a conclave). While bishops with diocesan responsibilities are created cardinal priests, it is generally not so for cardinal deacons. </p><p>Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_Household" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Household">Papal Household</a> who supervised the Church's works in the <a href="/wiki/14_regions_of_Medieval_Rome" title="14 regions of Medieval Rome">14 districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages</a>, when church administration was effectively the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">government of Rome</a> and provided all <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a>. They came to be called "cardinal deacons" by the late eighth century, and they were granted active rights in papal elections and made eligible for the election as pope by the decree of 769.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian, the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian, by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the pope has been considered important. They are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_J._Reese_pp._92–93_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_J._Reese_pp._92–93-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the 1587 decree of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a>, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the Curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent. John Paul II maintained this ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_J._Reese_pp._92–93_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_J._Reese_pp._92–93-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (<i>optazione</i>) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "<a href="/wiki/Titular_church" title="Titular church">title</a>" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order). </p><p>When not celebrating Mass, but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual <i><a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Papal_blessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal blessing">papal blessing</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Papal Masses</a> and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatic" title="Dalmatic">dalmatics</a> they would don with the simple white mitre (so called <i>mitra simplex</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cardinal_protodeacon">Cardinal protodeacon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cardinal protodeacon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cardinal protodeacon is the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals. If he is a cardinal elector and participates in a conclave, he <a href="/wiki/Habemus_Papam" class="mw-redirect" title="Habemus Papam">announces a new pope's election</a> and name<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the central balcony of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>. The protodeacon also bestows the <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a> on the new pope and crowns him with the <a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">papal tiara</a>, although the crowning has not been celebrated since Pope John Paul I opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current cardinal protodeacon is <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Mamberti" title="Dominique Mamberti">Dominique Mamberti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cardinal_protodeacons_since_1887">Cardinal protodeacons since 1887</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cardinal protodeacons since 1887"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Dominique_Mamberti.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Dominique_Mamberti.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Dominique_Mamberti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Dominique_Mamberti.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_Dominique_Mamberti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Dominique_Mamberti.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_Dominique_Mamberti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Mamberti" title="Dominique Mamberti">Cardinal Mamberti</a>, current Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Protodeacon" title="Protodeacon">Protodeacon</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">S.J.</a> (20 December 1887 – 8 February 1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">C.O.</a> (8 February 1890 – 11 August 1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a> (11 August 1890 – 3 October 1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">O.P.</a> (3 October 1890 – 1 June 1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidoro_Verga" title="Isidoro Verga">Isidoro Verga</a> (1 June 1891 – 22 June 1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Macchi" title="Luigi Macchi">Luigi Macchi</a> (22 June 1896 – 29 March 1907); announced election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1903" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1903">1903</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Steinhuber" title="Andreas Steinhuber">Andreas Steinhuber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">S.J.</a> (29 March 1907 – 15 October 1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Segna" title="Francesco Segna">Francesco Segna</a> (15 October 1907 – 4 January 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Salesio_Della_Volpe" title="Francesco Salesio Della Volpe">Francesco Salesio Della Volpe</a> (4 January 1911 – 5 November 1916†); announced election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1914">1914</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Bisleti" title="Gaetano Bisleti">Gaetano Bisleti</a> (5 November 1916 – 17 December 1928*); announced election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1922">1922</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Laurenti" title="Camillo Laurenti">Camillo Laurenti</a> (17 December 1928 – 16 December 1935*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Caccia-Dominioni" class="mw-redirect" title="Camillo Caccia-Dominioni">Camillo Caccia-Dominioni</a> (16 December 1935 – 12 November 1946†); announced election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1939">1939</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Canali" title="Nicola Canali">Nicola Canali</a> (12 November 1946 – 3 August 1961†); announced election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1958" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1958">1958</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ottaviani" title="Alfredo Ottaviani">Alfredo Ottaviani</a> (3 August 1961 – 26 June 1967*); announced election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1963">1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadio_Larraona_Saralegui" title="Arcadio Larraona Saralegui">Arcadio Larraona Saralegui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claretians" title="Claretians">CMF</a> (26 June 1967 – 28 April 1969*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Theodore_Heard" class="mw-redirect" title="William Theodore Heard">William Theodore Heard</a> (28 April 1969 – 18 May 1970*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bacci" title="Antonio Bacci">Antonio Bacci</a> (18 May 1970 – 20 January 1971†)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Browne_(cardinal)" title="Michael Browne (cardinal)">Michael Browne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">OP</a> (20 January 1971 – 31 March 1971†)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Callori_di_Vignale" title="Federico Callori di Vignale">Federico Callori di Vignale</a> (31 March 1971 – 8 August 1971†)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Journet" title="Charles Journet">Charles Journet</a> (8 August 1971 – 5 March 1973*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericle_Felici" title="Pericle Felici">Pericle Felici</a> (5 March 1973 – 30 June 1979*); announced elections of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_August_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, August 1978">1978</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_October_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, October 1978">1978</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Pignedoli" title="Sergio Pignedoli">Sergio Pignedoli</a> (30 June 1979 – 15 June 1980†)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Mozzoni" title="Umberto Mozzoni">Umberto Mozzoni</a> (15 June 1980 – 2 February 1983*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opilio_Rossi" title="Opilio Rossi">Opilio Rossi</a> (2 February 1983 – 22 June 1987*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Caprio" title="Giuseppe Caprio">Giuseppe Caprio</a> (22 June 1987 – 26 November 1990*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Sabattani" title="Aurelio Sabattani">Aurelio Sabattani</a> (26 November 1990 – 5 April 1993*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duraisamy_Simon_Lourdusamy" title="Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy">Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy</a> (5 April 1993 – 29 January 1996*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Mart%C3%ADnez_Somalo" title="Eduardo Martínez Somalo">Eduardo Martínez Somalo</a> (29 January 1996 – 9 January 1999*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pio_Laghi" title="Pio Laghi">Pio Laghi</a> (9 January 1999 – 26 February 2002*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Poggi" title="Luigi Poggi">Luigi Poggi</a> (26 February 2002 – 24 February 2005*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Medina_(cardinal)" title="Jorge Medina (cardinal)">Jorge Medina</a> (24 February 2005 – 23 February 2007*); announced election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 2005">2005</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Castrill%C3%B3n_Hoyos" title="Darío Castrillón Hoyos">Darío Castrillón Hoyos</a> (23 February 2007 – 1 March 2008*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Cacciavillan" title="Agostino Cacciavillan">Agostino Cacciavillan</a> (1 March 2008 – 21 February 2011*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tauran" title="Jean-Louis Tauran">Jean-Louis Tauran</a> (21 February 2011 – 12 June 2014*); announced election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 2013">2013</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Raffaele_Martino" class="mw-redirect" title="Renato Raffaele Martino">Renato Raffaele Martino</a> (12 June 2014 – 28 October 2024†)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Mamberti" title="Dominique Mamberti">Dominique Mamberti</a> (28 October 2024 – )</li></ul> <p>* Ceased to be protodeacon upon being raised to the order of cardinal-priest<br />† Was protodeacon at time of death </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_types_of_cardinals">Special types of cardinals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Special types of cardinals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camerlengo">Camerlengo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Camerlengo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church">Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church</a>, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of <i><a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">sede vacante</a></i> of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">papal conclave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardinals_who_are_not_bishops">Cardinals who are not bishops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cardinals who are not bishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole,_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg/220px-El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg/330px-El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg/440px-El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="1102" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a> was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until 1918, any cleric, even one only in <a href="/wiki/Minor_orders" title="Minor orders">minor orders</a>, could be created a cardinal (see "<a href="/wiki/Lay_cardinal" title="Lay cardinal">lay cardinals</a>", below), but enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a> was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. The <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 Code of Canon Law</a> mandated that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in 1962, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> set the norm that all cardinals be consecrated as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholic Church)">bishops</a>, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a> requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Catholic Church)">priesthood</a> at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals near to or over the age of 80 when appointed have obtained <a href="/wiki/Dispensation_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispensation (Catholic Church)">dispensation</a> from the rule of having to be a bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Tucci" title="Roberto Tucci">Roberto Tucci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Vanhoye" title="Albert Vanhoye">Albert Vanhoye</a> lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. No cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in a <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">papal conclave</a> since the 1962 rule change. </p><p>A cardinal who is not a bishop is entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other <a href="/wiki/Pontificalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontificalia">pontificalia</a> (episcopal regalia: <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crozier" title="Crozier">crozier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">zucchetto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_cross" title="Pectoral cross">pectoral cross</a>, and ring). He has both actual and honorary precedence over archbishops, and bishops who are not cardinals. However, he cannot perform the sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">ordination</a> or other rites reserved solely to bishops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Lay_cardinals""><span id=".22Lay_cardinals.22"></span>"Lay cardinals"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: "Lay cardinals""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lay_cardinal" title="Lay cardinal">Lay cardinal</a></div> <p>At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received <a href="/wiki/Tonsure#Western_Christianity" title="Tonsure">first tonsure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minor_orders" title="Minor orders">minor orders</a> but not yet been <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">ordained</a> as <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a> or priests. Though <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clerics</a>, they were inaccurately called "<a href="/wiki/Lay_cardinal" title="Lay cardinal">lay cardinals</a>". <a href="/wiki/Teodolfo_Mertel" title="Teodolfo Mertel">Teodolfo Mertel</a> was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a>, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the time of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardinals_in_pectore_or_secret_cardinals">Cardinals <i>in pectore</i> or secret cardinals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cardinals in pectore or secret cardinals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/In_pectore" title="In pectore">In pectore</a></div> <p>In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/In_pectore" title="In pectore">in pectore</a></i></span> (Latin for <i>in the breast</i>). During the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Pope Martin V</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CE-cardinal_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-cardinal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, a practice termed <i>creati et reservati in pectore</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cardinal named <i>in pectore</i> is known only to the pope. In the modern era, popes have named cardinals <i>in pectore</i> to protect them or their congregations from political reprisals. If conditions change, the pope makes the appointment public. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those made cardinals at the time of his <i>in pectore</i> appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an <i>in pectore</i> cardinal, the person's status as cardinal expires. The last pope known to have named a cardinal <i>in pectore</i> is <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, who named four, including one whose identity was never revealed.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vesture_and_privileges">Vesture and privileges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vesture and privileges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_vestments" title="Pontifical vestments">Pontifical vestments</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%; line-height:130%;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Pontifical vestments</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Th%C3%A9odore_Adrien_Sarr_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cardinal Sarr with a ferraiolo and wearing a red cassock, but not the rest of the choir dress."><img alt="Théodore Adrien Cardinal Sarr with a ferraiolo, and wearing a red cassock, but not the rest of the choir dress." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cardinal_Th%C3%A9odore_Adrien_Sarr_2.JPG/146px-Cardinal_Th%C3%A9odore_Adrien_Sarr_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="146" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cardinal_Th%C3%A9odore_Adrien_Sarr_2.JPG/220px-Cardinal_Th%C3%A9odore_Adrien_Sarr_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cardinal_Th%C3%A9odore_Adrien_Sarr_2.JPG/293px-Cardinal_Th%C3%A9odore_Adrien_Sarr_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore-Adrien_Sarr" title="Théodore-Adrien Sarr">Cardinal Sarr</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Ferraiolo" title="Ferraiolo">ferraiolo</a> and wearing a red cassock, but not the rest of the choir dress.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kardinaal_III_Danneels_en_Kasper.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cardinals Walter Kasper (left) and Godfried Danneels (right) wearing their choir dress: scarlet (red) cassock, white rochet trimmed with lace, scarlet mozetta, scarlet biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto), and pectoral cross on a cord (or, in Danneels' case, wrongly on a chain)."><img alt="Cardinals Walter Kasper (left) and Godfried Danneels (right) wearing their choir dress: scarlet (red) cassock, white rochet trimmed with lace, scarlet mozetta, scarlet biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto), and pectoral cross on a cord." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kardinaal_III_Danneels_en_Kasper.JPG/127px-Kardinaal_III_Danneels_en_Kasper.JPG" decoding="async" width="127" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kardinaal_III_Danneels_en_Kasper.JPG/191px-Kardinaal_III_Danneels_en_Kasper.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kardinaal_III_Danneels_en_Kasper.JPG/255px-Kardinaal_III_Danneels_en_Kasper.JPG 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cardinals <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Godfried_Danneels" title="Godfried Danneels">Godfried Danneels</a> (right) wearing their <a href="/wiki/Choir_dress" title="Choir dress">choir dress</a>: scarlet (red) <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a>, white <a href="/wiki/Rochet" title="Rochet">rochet</a> trimmed with <a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">lace</a>, scarlet <a href="/wiki/Mozetta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozetta">mozetta</a>, scarlet <a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">biretta</a> (over the usual scarlet <a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">zucchetto</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_cross" title="Pectoral cross">pectoral cross</a> on a cord (or, in Danneels' case, wrongly on a chain).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Missione_del_Guaricano-cardinale_Tarcisio_Bertone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cardinal Bertone in dress for hot tropical countries (white cassock with scarlet piping and buttons)."><img alt="Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone in dress for hot tropical countries (white cassock with scarlet piping and buttons)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Missione_del_Guaricano-cardinale_Tarcisio_Bertone.jpg/164px-Missione_del_Guaricano-cardinale_Tarcisio_Bertone.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Missione_del_Guaricano-cardinale_Tarcisio_Bertone.jpg/245px-Missione_del_Guaricano-cardinale_Tarcisio_Bertone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Missione_del_Guaricano-cardinale_Tarcisio_Bertone.jpg/327px-Missione_del_Guaricano-cardinale_Tarcisio_Bertone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tarcisio_Bertone" title="Tarcisio Bertone">Cardinal Bertone</a> in dress for hot tropical countries (white cassock with scarlet piping and buttons). </div> </li> </ul> <p>When in <a href="/wiki/Choir_dress" title="Choir dress">choir dress</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> cardinal wears <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)" title="Scarlet (color)">scarlet</a> garments—the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excluding the <a href="/wiki/Rochet" title="Rochet">rochet</a> — which is always white—the scarlet garments include the <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozzetta" title="Mozzetta">mozzetta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">biretta</a> (over the usual scarlet <a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">zucchetto</a>). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet <a href="/wiki/Piping_(sewing)" title="Piping (sewing)">piping</a> and a scarlet <a href="/wiki/Fascia_(vestment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascia (vestment)">fascia</a> (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet <i><a href="/wiki/Ferraiolo" title="Ferraiolo">ferraiolo</a></i> which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it.<sup id="cite_ref-vesture_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vesture-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Cardinal_in_Profile,_1880,_by_Jehan_Georges_Vibert_(Morgan_Library_and_Museum,_New_York_City).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/A_Cardinal_in_Profile%2C_1880%2C_by_Jehan_Georges_Vibert_%28Morgan_Library_and_Museum%2C_New_York_City%29.jpg/220px-A_Cardinal_in_Profile%2C_1880%2C_by_Jehan_Georges_Vibert_%28Morgan_Library_and_Museum%2C_New_York_City%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/A_Cardinal_in_Profile%2C_1880%2C_by_Jehan_Georges_Vibert_%28Morgan_Library_and_Museum%2C_New_York_City%29.jpg/330px-A_Cardinal_in_Profile%2C_1880%2C_by_Jehan_Georges_Vibert_%28Morgan_Library_and_Museum%2C_New_York_City%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/A_Cardinal_in_Profile%2C_1880%2C_by_Jehan_Georges_Vibert_%28Morgan_Library_and_Museum%2C_New_York_City%29.jpg/440px-A_Cardinal_in_Profile%2C_1880%2C_by_Jehan_Georges_Vibert_%28Morgan_Library_and_Museum%2C_New_York_City%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1981" data-file-height="2274" /></a><figcaption>A Cardinal in Profile, 1880, by <a href="/wiki/Jehan_Georges_Vibert" title="Jehan Georges Vibert">Jehan Georges Vibert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Library and Museum">Morgan Library and Museum</a>, New York City)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a> cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In previous times, at the <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">consistory</a> at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a <a href="/wiki/Galero" title="Galero">galero</a>. This custom was discontinued in 1969<sup id="cite_ref-vesture_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vesture-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet <a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">biretta</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry" title="Ecclesiastical heraldry">ecclesiastical heraldry</a>, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To symbolize their bond with the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a>, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). Before the new uniformity imposed by John Paul II, each cardinal was given a ring, the central piece of which was a gem, usually a sapphire, with the pope's stemma engraved on the inside.<sup id="cite_ref-Nainfa1909_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nainfa1909-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is now no gemstone, and the pope chooses the image on the outside: under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a> to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardinals have in <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a> a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">ecclesiastical court</a>, even the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a>, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, canon law gives cardinals the faculty of hearing confessions validly and licitly everywhere, whereas other priests and bishops must be granted this faculty and might be restricted in its use by the local bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cardinal-Infante (disambiguation)">Cardinal-Infante (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-nephew" title="Cardinal-nephew">Cardinal-nephew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_protector" title="Cardinal protector">Cardinal protector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church#Cardinals" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_cardinals" title="List of current cardinals">List of current cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_creations_of_the_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the creations of the cardinals">List of the creations of the cardinals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The most recent recipient of such a dispensation is <a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The rule set out in <i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i> is that "No Cardinal elector can be excluded from active or passive voice in the election of the Supreme Pontiff, for any reason or pretext."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They were formerly called illustrissimi and reverendissimi; but Pope Urban VIII (of the Barberini family), in 1630, established the above as their title of honour. Edward Wigglesworth, Thomas Gamaliel Bradford: Encyclopædia Americana: a popular dictionary of arts, sciences. Volume 4. Page 493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As the exclusive electors of the pope (at least since 1179), cardinals were deemed to be the ecclesiastical equivalents of the Holy Roman Empire's 'Prince-Electors,' an extremely elite group with precedence over all other nobility (including archdukes, dukes and counts), who were tasked with the responsibility of electing Holy Roman Emperors.... A decree of 10 June 1630, by Urban VII bestowed the title "His Eminence", historically reserved for high nobility, upon the cardinals, thus elevating them above the 'His Excellency', then being used to refer to Italian princes." Guruge, Anura. The Next Pope. Alton, New Hampshire. 2010. p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Authoritarian, keenly conscious of his position, Urban kept business in his own hands and rarely discussed it with his cardinals: to compensate them he gave them the rank of princes of the church and a right to the title of 'eminence' (June 1630). <i>Oxford Dictionary of Popes</i>, Urban VIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ...</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Meaning: "I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In certain periods there were additional requirements. Since the 16th century, only a cardinal who was present within 25 <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> of Rome when the vacancy occurred could exercise the option. When the see of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Frascati" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati">Frascati</a> became vacant upon the death of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Zigliara</a> on 11 May 1893, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Ricci_Paracciani" title="Francesco Ricci Paracciani">Francesco Ricci Paracciani</a> was in Siena, which disqualified him and allowed Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Serafino_Vannutelli" title="Serafino Vannutelli">Serafino Vannutelli</a> to exercise the option and become cardinal bishop of Frascati.<sup id="cite_ref-droit_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-droit-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He exercised his new authority later that month by appointing <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ferretto" title="Giuseppe Ferretto">Giuseppe Ferretto</a> cardinal bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Sabina-Poggio_Mirteto" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto">Sabina e Poggio Mirteto</a> on 26 March 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferretto was the lowest ranking member of the order of cardinal priests and only 62. He had been a cardinal for ten weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But not until the pope elect has been ordained a bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples include <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Bartolucci" title="Domenico Bartolucci">Domenico Bartolucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Josef_Becker" title="Karl Josef Becker">Karl Josef Becker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avery_Dulles" title="Avery Dulles">Avery Dulles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aloys_Grillmeier" title="Aloys Grillmeier">Aloys Grillmeier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Scheffczyk" title="Leo Scheffczyk">Leo Scheffczyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Tucci" title="Roberto Tucci">Roberto Tucci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Vanhoye" title="Albert Vanhoye">Albert Vanhoye</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The three were: <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Kung_Pin-Mei" title="Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei">Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei</a>, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Shanghai" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, made cardinal 1979, revealed 1991; <a href="/wiki/Marian_Jaworski" title="Marian Jaworski">Marian Jaworski</a>, Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lviv" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv">Lviv</a>, made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001; <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Puj%C4%81ts" class="mw-redirect" title="Jānis Pujāts">Jānis Pujāts</a>, Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Riga" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Riga">Riga</a>, made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001. Pope John Paul II created a fourth in 2003 but did not reveal his identity, not even in his will. Speculation centered on <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zen_Ze-kiun" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Zen Ze-kiun">Joseph Zen Ze-kiun</a>, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Hong_Kong" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Kondrusiewicz" title="Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz">Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz</a>, Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Moscow" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Moscow">Moscow</a>, and Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dziwisz" title="Stanisław Dziwisz">Stanisław Dziwisz</a>, John Paul's longtime friend and secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dol-in.org/role-of-bishops-archbishops-and-cardinals-explained">"Roles of Bishop, Archbishop and Cardinal Explained"</a>. <i>Diocese of Lafayette-In-Indiana</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230623151846/https://dol-in.org/role-of-bishops-archbishops-and-cardinals-explained">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diocese+of+Lafayette-In-Indiana&rft.atitle=Roles+of+Bishop%2C+Archbishop+and+Cardinal+Explained&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdol-in.org%2Frole-of-bishops-archbishops-and-cardinals-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib2-cann330-367_en.html">"Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church"</a>. <i>Vatican State</i>. 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190408012310/https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib2-cann330-367_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican+State&rft.atitle=Code+of+Canon+Law+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcod-iuris-canonici%2Feng%2Fdocuments%2Fcic_lib2-cann330-367_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlatz2020" class="citation news cs1">Glatz, Carol (19 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2020/11/majority-of-cardinals-designate-expected-to-attend-consistory/">"Majority of cardinals-designate expected to attend consistory"</a>. <i>Crux</i>. Catholic News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225223942/https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2020/11/majority-of-cardinals-designate-expected-to-attend-consistory/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crux&rft.atitle=Majority+of+cardinals-designate+expected+to+attend+consistory&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft.aulast=Glatz&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcruxnow.com%2Fvatican%2F2020%2F11%2Fmajority-of-cardinals-designate-expected-to-attend-consistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-cardinal-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CE-cardinal_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE-cardinal_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE-cardinal_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSägmüller1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cardinal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Cardinal">"Cardinal" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cardinal&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=S%C3%A4gm%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Baptist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatholic_bishops_and_Pope_Pius_IV1563" class="citation book cs1">Catholic bishops and Pope Pius IV (11 November 1563). <i>The Council of Trent</i>. Tan Books and Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Council+of+Trent&rft.pub=Tan+Books+and+Publishers&rft.date=1563&rft.au=Catholic+bishops+and+Pope+Pius+IV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwick-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1981" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Owen (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popeseuropeanrev0000chad"><i>The Popes and European Revolution</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popeseuropeanrev0000chad/page/266">266</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198269199" title="Special:BookSources/9780198269199"><bdi>9780198269199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popes+and+European+Revolution&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780198269199&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopeseuropeanrev0000chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Henry Kitchell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXSqwPFMn3oC"><i>Early European History</i></a>. Forgotten Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60620-935-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60620-935-6"><bdi>978-1-60620-935-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+European+History&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.isbn=978-1-60620-935-6&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Henry+Kitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrXSqwPFMn3oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1646.htm">"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of May 28, 1646"</a>. <i>cardinals.fiu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cardinals.fiu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church+-+Biographical+Dictionary+-+Consistory+of+May+28%2C+1646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcardinals.fiu.edu%2Fbios1646.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel_Clemente2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Clemente" title="Manuel Clemente">Manuel Clemente</a> (1 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriarcado-lisboa.pt/site/index.php?id=6788">"Notas históricas sobre o Tricentenário do Patriarcado de Lisboa"</a> [Historical notes on the Tricentennial of the Patriarchate of Lisbon] (in Portuguese). Patriarchate of Lisbon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613024252/http://www.patriarcado-lisboa.pt/site/index.php?id=6788">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notas+hist%C3%B3ricas+sobre+o+Tricenten%C3%A1rio+do+Patriarcado+de+Lisboa&rft.pub=Patriarchate+of+Lisbon&rft.date=2016-07-01&rft.au=Manuel+Clemente&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriarcado-lisboa.pt%2Fsite%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D6788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCE1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TCE1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanning1911" class="citation book cs1">Fanning, W. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780840731753">"Papal Elections"</a>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780840731753"><i>The Catholic Encyclopaedia</i></a></span>. Robert Appleton Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0840731752" title="Special:BookSources/0840731752"><bdi>0840731752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Papal+Elections&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopaedia&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.isbn=0840731752&rft.aulast=Fanning&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780840731753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortesi2017" class="citation news cs1">Cortesi, Arnaldo (18 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/11/18/83425668.pdf">"Two Americans among 23 New Cardinals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Two+Americans+among+23+New+Cardinals&rft.date=2017-11-18&rft.aulast=Cortesi&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1958%2F11%2F18%2F83425668.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortesi1958" class="citation news cs1">Cortesi, Arnoldo (16 December 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/12/16/83430914.pdf">"Pope Elevates 33 to Cardinalate; Deplores China Church Schism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+Elevates+33+to+Cardinalate%3B+Deplores+China+Church+Schism&rft.date=1958-12-16&rft.aulast=Cortesi&rft.aufirst=Arnoldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1958%2F12%2F16%2F83430914.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1970" class="citation news cs1">Hoffman, Paul (24 November 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/24/archives/voting-for-popes-is-barred-to-cardinals-over-80-prelates-over-80.html">"Voting for Popes Is Barred to Cardinals Over 80"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826090048/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/24/archives/voting-for-popes-is-barred-to-cardinals-over-80-prelates-over-80.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Voting+for+Popes+Is+Barred+to+Cardinals+Over+80&rft.date=1970-11-24&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F11%2F24%2Farchives%2Fvoting-for-popes-is-barred-to-cardinals-over-80-prelates-over-80.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese1998" class="citation book cs1">Reese, Thomas J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iv8pAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101"><i>Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674418028" title="Special:BookSources/9780674418028"><bdi>9780674418028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Vatican%3A+The+Politics+and+Organization+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780674418028&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIv8pAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newcesite.com/2008/02/08/81136/">Are There Any Limitations on the Power of the Pope?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714172232/http://newcesite.com/2008/02/08/81136/">Archived</a> 14 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMickens2017" class="citation news cs1">Mickens, Robert (24 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/letter-rome-121">"Letter from Rome The Next Stage of Francis's Mission"</a>. <i>Commonwealth Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005954/https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/letter-rome-121">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+Magazine&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Rome+The+Next+Stage+of+Francis%27s+Mission&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.aulast=Mickens&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealmagazine.org%2Fletter-rome-121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2001" class="citation news cs1">Stanley, Alexandra (22 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/22/world/shaping-a-legacy-pope-installs-44-cardinals.html">"Shaping a Legacy, Pope Installs 44 Cardinals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729200609/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/02/22/for-mccarrick-a-higher-office/928cf2c9-db8f-434f-897d-d84af63ff7f2/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Shaping+a+Legacy%2C+Pope+Installs+44+Cardinals&rft.date=2001-02-22&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F02%2F22%2Fworld%2Fshaping-a-legacy-pope-installs-44-cardinals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2002" class="citation book cs1">Allen, John L. Jr. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tHsltdTp6OgC&q=allen+%22violates+canon+law%22&pg=PT90"><i>Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election</i></a>. Random House. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385504560" title="Special:BookSources/9780385504560"><bdi>9780385504560</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207054003/https://books.google.com/books?id=tHsltdTp6OgC&q=allen+%22violates+canon+law%22&pg=PT90#v=snippet&q=allen%20%22violates%20canon%20law%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>Most canon lawyers take the opinion that the pope, in appointing more electors than anticipated by <i>Universi Dominici Gregis</i>, made an exception to his own rules and hence all the cardinals under eighty, regardless of the limit of 120, are eligible to enter the conclave. (Canon lawyers ruefully joke that nobody violates canon law like a pope.) As a political matter, it seems probable that all cardinals under eighty will be admitted regardless of the wording of <i>Universi Dominici Gregis</i> because the task of trying to decide who cannot enter could paralyze the process indefinitely.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conclave%3A+The+Politics%2C+Personalities%2C+and+Process+of+the+Next+Papal+Election&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780385504560&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=John+L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtHsltdTp6OgC%26q%3Dallen%2B%2522violates%2Bcanon%2Blaw%2522%26pg%3DPT90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1965/02/23/97186241.pdf">"Pontiff Installs 27 New Cardinals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 23 February 1965. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207054018/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1965/02/23/97186241.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pontiff+Installs+27+New+Cardinals&rft.date=1965-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1965%2F02%2F23%2F97186241.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Paul_VI1965" class="citation web cs1">Pope Paul VI (11 February 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19650211_ad-purpuratorum_lt.html">"Ad purpuratorum Patrum"</a>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130405065059/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19650211_ad-purpuratorum_lt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ad+purpuratorum+Patrum&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=1965-02-11&rft.au=Pope+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpaul_vi%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19650211_ad-purpuratorum_lt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitte2019" class="citation journal cs1">Witte, Arnold (9 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004415447/BP000027.xml">"Cardinals and Their Titular Churches"</a>. <i>A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal</i>: 333–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004415447_023">10.1163/9789004415447_023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004415447" title="Special:BookSources/9789004415447"><bdi>9789004415447</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213779632">213779632</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512152159/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004415447/BP000027.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Companion+to+the+Early+Modern+Cardinal&rft.atitle=Cardinals+and+Their+Titular+Churches&rft.pages=333-350&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213779632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004415447_023&rft.isbn=9789004415447&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004415447%2FBP000027.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_VI._1965-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_VI._1965_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_VI._1965_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Paul VI., Motuproprio "Ad Purpuratorum Patrum Collegium" (11 February 1965), par. II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Code of Canon law: 357-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Code of Canon law: 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noonan, <i>The Church Visible</i>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20051212193819/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stylebook/stylebooksample.pdf">"Catholic News Service"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.catholicnews.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stylebook/stylebooksample.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.catholicnews.com&rft.atitle=Catholic+News+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fdata%2Fstylebook%2Fstylebooksample.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religionstylebook.com/entries/cardinal">"cardinal"</a>. <i>Religion Stylebook</i>. 31 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124190002/https://religionstylebook.com/entries/cardinal">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+Stylebook&rft.atitle=cardinal&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligionstylebook.com%2Fentries%2Fcardinal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141204212305/http://www.usfca.edu/uploadedFiles/Destinations/Offices_and_Services/Communications_and_Marketing/docs/USF_StyleGuide.pdf">"University of San Francisco Editorial Style Guide: "On first reference capitalize these titles before the individual's name: Cardinal Timothy Manning, archbishop of Los Angeles"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usfca.edu/uploadedFiles/Destinations/Offices_and_Services/Communications_and_Marketing/docs/USF_StyleGuide.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+San+Francisco+Editorial+Style+Guide%3A+%22On+first+reference+capitalize+these+titles+before+the+individual%27s+name%3A+Cardinal+Timothy+Manning%2C+archbishop+of+Los+Angeles%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usfca.edu%2FuploadedFiles%2FDestinations%2FOffices_and_Services%2FCommunications_and_Marketing%2Fdocs%2FUSF_StyleGuide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neilreisner.com/class_docs/ap_guide.pdf">"Associated Press Style Guide: "The preferred form for first reference is ... Cardinal Daniel DiNardo"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205002906/http://neilreisner.com/class_docs/ap_guide.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Associated+Press+Style+Guide%3A+%22The+preferred+form+for+first+reference+is+...+Cardinal+Daniel+DiNardo%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneilreisner.com%2Fclass_docs%2Fap_guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"At first reference Cardinal John Doe. At subsequent references the cardinal or Doe" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handbook.reuters.com/index.php?title=R&oldid=514#32.34">Reuters Handbook of Journalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715175423/http://handbook.reuters.com/index.php?title=R&oldid=514#32.34">Archived</a> 15 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The websites of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/phome_en.htm">the Holy See</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429221033/http://www.vatican.va/phome_en.htm">Archived</a> 29 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (except for signatures), and of the Episcopal Conferences in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/">the United States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712084451/http://www.usccb.org/">Archived</a> 12 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicchurch.org.uk/ccb/catholic_church/the_church_in_england_and_wales/cardinal">England and Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820211646/http://www.catholicchurch.org.uk/ccb/catholic_church/the_church_in_england_and_wales/cardinal">Archived</a> 20 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiccommunications.ie/Dioceses/armagh.html">Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724160215/http://www.catholiccommunications.ie/Dioceses/armagh.html">Archived</a> 24 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acbc.catholic.org.au/bishops/bcmembers.asp">Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720145633/http://www.acbc.catholic.org.au/bishops/bcmembers.asp">Archived</a> 20 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> agree with the stylebooks. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpsconfscot.com/Members/tabid/426/Default.aspx">Bishops' Conference of Scotland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511233725/http://www.bpsconfscot.com/Members/tabid/426/Default.aspx">Archived</a> 11 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> uses both styles side by side. On diocesan sites, the "John Cardinal Doe" style is found on, for example, those of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcab.org/People/cardinalOMalley.html">Boston</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227125038/http://www.rcab.org/People/cardinalOMalley.html">Archived</a> 27 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961029034800/http://www.archdiocese-chgo.org/">Chicago</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dublindiocese.ie/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=19&Itemid=30">Dublin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070408091832/http://dublindiocese.ie/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=19&Itemid=30">Archived</a> 8 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archny.org/about-us/edward-cardinal-egan/">New York</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703171151/http://archny.org/about-us/edward-cardinal-egan/">Archived</a> 3 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070708110901/http://www.archtoronto.org/about_us/cardinal_bishops.html">Toronto</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adw.org/about/our_bishops.asp">Washington</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070401083114/http://www.adw.org/about/our_bishops.asp">Archived</a> 1 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diogh.org/bishops_dinardo.htm">Galveston-Houston</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124143721/http://diogh.org/bishops_dinardo.htm">Archived</a> 24 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aodonline.org/AODOnline/Meet+the+Bishops+12188/Adam+Cardinal+Maida+2244/Tribute.htm">Detroit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223150158/http://www.aodonline.org/AODOnline/Meet+the+Bishops+12188/Adam+Cardinal+Maida+2244/Tribute.htm">Archived</a> 23 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacbc.org.za/Site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=30">Durban</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219020531/http://www.sacbc.org.za/Site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=30">Archived</a> 19 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026102440/http://www.archdioceseofcolombo.com/2_1.php">Colombo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archbom.org/">Bombay</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219064809/http://www.archbom.org/">Archived</a> 19 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and the "Cardinal John Doe" on, for example, those of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armagharchdiocese.org/cardinal">Armagh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526082242/http://www.armagharchdiocese.org/cardinal">Archived</a> 26 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archdiocese.la/archbishop/profile.html">Los Angeles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071029192113/http://www.archdiocese.la/archbishop/profile.html">Archived</a> 29 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archdiocese-phl.org/rigali/biorigali.htm">Philadelphia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517010920/http://www.archdiocese-phl.org/rigali/biorigali.htm">Archived</a> 17 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archdiocese-edinburgh.org.uk/cardinal_about.htm">St Andrews and Edinburgh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907161019/http://www.archdiocese-edinburgh.org.uk/cardinal_about.htm">Archived</a> 7 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wn.catholic.org.nz/?sid=10">Wellington</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014052559/http://www.wn.catholic.org.nz/?sid=10">Archived</a> 14 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcdow.org.uk/cardinal/default.asp?library_ref=1&category_ref=8">Westminster</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929094520/http://www.rcdow.org.uk/cardinal/default.asp?library_ref=1&category_ref=8">Archived</a> 29 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cfr. "Klaus Ganzer, Kardinäle als Kirchenfürsten?" in <i>Stimmen der Zeit</i> 2011, issue 5, pp. 313–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/elezione/index_en.htm">"Election – BENEDICT XVI"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906231957/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/elezione/index_en.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Election+%E2%80%93+BENEDICT+XVI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Felezione%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romereports.com/en/2017/06/28/pope-to-new-cardinals-jesus-does-not-call-you-to-be-princes-of-the-church-but-to-serve/">"Pope to new cardinals: Jesus does not call you to be "princes" of the Church, but to serve"</a>. 28 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502121007/https://www.romereports.com/en/2017/06/28/pope-to-new-cardinals-jesus-does-not-call-you-to-be-princes-of-the-church-but-to-serve/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+to+new+cardinals%3A+Jesus+does+not+call+you+to+be+%22princes%22+of+the+Church%2C+but+to+serve&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romereports.com%2Fen%2F2017%2F06%2F28%2Fpope-to-new-cardinals-jesus-does-not-call-you-to-be-princes-of-the-church-but-to-serve%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-12/pope-francis-vatican-george-pell-dies/101846766#:~:text=Cardinal%20Pell%20died%20of%20heart%20complications%20during%20a,a%20Vatican%20journalist%20and%20author%20told%20the%20ABC">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Felt himself to be a prince': Vatican comes to grips with the death of George Pell"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></i>. 11 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520221759/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-12/pope-francis-vatican-george-pell-dies/101846766#:~:text=Cardinal%20Pell%20died%20of%20heart%20complications%20during%20a,a%20Vatican%20journalist%20and%20author%20told%20the%20ABC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=%27Felt+himself+to+be+a+prince%27%3A+Vatican+comes+to+grips+with+the+death+of+George+Pell&rft.date=2023-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2023-01-12%2Fpope-francis-vatican-george-pell-dies%2F101846766%23%3A~%3Atext%3DCardinal%2520Pell%2520died%2520of%2520heart%2520complications%2520during%2520a%2Ca%2520Vatican%2520journalist%2520and%2520author%2520told%2520the%2520ABC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mup.com.au/books/prince-of-the-church-hardback">"Prince of the Church, Philip Ayres"</a>. July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510123615/https://www.mup.com.au/books/prince-of-the-church-hardback">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prince+of+the+Church%2C+Philip+Ayres&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mup.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fprince-of-the-church-hardback&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YCpraE-7xcC&pg=PA468">John P. Beal, <i>New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law</i></a> (Paulist Press 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80910502-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80910502-1">978-0-80910502-1</a>), p. 468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11346a.htm">Umberto Benigni, "Ostia and Velletri" in <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> (New York 1911)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911061217/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11346a.htm">Archived</a> 11 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2006%20%5B1914%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf">Pope Pius X, motu proprio <i>Edita a Nobis</i> of 5 May 1914 in <i>Acta Apostolicae Sedis</i> VI (1914), pp. 219–220</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303051148/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2006%20%5B1914%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/holysee/interregnum/laws.asp">"History of Papal Electoral Law"</a>. <i>www.ewtn.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517135110/http://www.ewtn.com/holysee/Interregnum/laws.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ewtn.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Papal+Electoral+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fholysee%2Finterregnum%2Flaws.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_XXIII1962" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pope John XXIII (9 April 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19620411_suburbicariis-sedibus.html">"Suburbicariis sedibus"</a> (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519135053/http://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19620411_suburbicariis-sedibus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suburbicariis+sedibus&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=1962-04-09&rft.au=Pope+John+XXIII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-xxiii%2Fla%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19620411_suburbicariis-sedibus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-droit-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-droit_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-droit_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15wpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA136">"Le Droit d'Option des Cardinaux"</a>. <i>Annuaire pontifical catholique</i> (in French). Vol. XI. Paris: Maison de la Bonne Presse. 1908. pp. 136–40, esp. 137–8 "Comment se fait l'option". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207053858/https://books.google.com/books?id=15wpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA136#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+Droit+d%27Option+des+Cardinaux&rft.btitle=Annuaire+pontifical+catholique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=136-40%2C+esp.+137-8+%22Comment+se+fait+l%27option%22&rft.pub=Maison+de+la+Bonne+Presse&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D15wpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/archive/ass/documents/ASS-26-1893-94-ocr.pdf"><i>Acta Sanctae Sedis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. XXVI. 1893–94. p. 704. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621172124/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ass/documents/ASS-26-1893-94-ocr.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acta+Sanctae+Sedis&rft.pages=704&rft.date=1893%2F1894&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fass%2Fdocuments%2FASS-26-1893-94-ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_XXIII1961" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">John XXIII (10 March 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19610310_ad-suburbicarias.html">"Ad Suburbicarias Dioeceses"</a> (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618001345/https://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19610310_ad-suburbicarias.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ad+Suburbicarias+Dioeceses&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=1961-03-10&rft.au=John+XXIII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-xxiii%2Fla%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19610310_ad-suburbicarias.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-53-1961-ocr.pdf"><i>Acta Apostolicae Sedis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. LIII. 1961. p. 199. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412183402/http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-53-1961-ocr.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acta+Apostolicae+Sedis&rft.pages=199&rft.date=1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Faas%2Fdocuments%2FAAS-53-1961-ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuruge2010" class="citation book cs1">Guruge, Anura (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5JVthemvvwC&pg=PA120"><i>The Next Pope: After Pope Benedict XVI</i></a> (2nd Revised ed.). WOWNH LLC. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780615353722" title="Special:BookSources/9780615353722"><bdi>9780615353722</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207054025/https://books.google.com/books?id=B5JVthemvvwC&pg=PA120#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Next+Pope%3A+After+Pope+Benedict+XVI&rft.pages=120&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=WOWNH+LLC&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780615353722&rft.aulast=Guruge&rft.aufirst=Anura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5JVthemvvwC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Paul_VI1965" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pope Paul VI (11 February 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19650211_ad-purpuratorum.html">"Ad Purpuratorum Patrum Collegium"</a> (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117204903/https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19650211_ad-purpuratorum.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ad+Purpuratorum+Patrum+Collegium&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=1965-02-11&rft.au=Pope+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpaul-vi%2Fla%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19650211_ad-purpuratorum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/06/26/180626c.html">"Rescriptum of the Holy Father Francis ..."</a> Holy See Press Office. 26 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024195711/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/06/26/180626c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rescriptum+of+the+Holy+Father+Francis+...&rft.pub=Holy+See+Press+Office&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fsalastampa%2Fen%2Fbollettino%2Fpubblico%2F2018%2F06%2F26%2F180626c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlatz2018" class="citation news cs1">Glatz, Carol (26 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/new-papal-appointments-reflect-popes-wish-transparency">"New papal appointments reflect pope's wish for transparency"</a>. <i>National Catholic Reporter</i>. Catholic News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192300/https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/new-papal-appointments-reflect-popes-wish-transparency">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=New+papal+appointments+reflect+pope%27s+wish+for+transparency&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft.aulast=Glatz&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fvatican%2Fnew-papal-appointments-reflect-popes-wish-transparency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2020/05/01/0258/00563.html">"RESCRIPTUM EX AUDIENTIA SS.MI: Rescritto del Santo Padre Francesco con cui ha deciso di cooptare nell'Ordine dei Vescovi, equiparandolo in tutto ai Cardinali insigniti del titolo di una Chiesa suburbicaria, l'Em.mo Cardinale Luis Antonio G. Tagle, 01.05.2020"</a> (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 1 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200501182453/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2020/05/01/0258/00563.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RESCRIPTUM+EX+AUDIENTIA+SS.MI%3A+Rescritto+del+Santo+Padre+Francesco+con+cui+ha+deciso+di+cooptare+nell%27Ordine+dei+Vescovi%2C+equiparandolo+in+tutto+ai+Cardinali+insigniti+del+titolo+di+una+Chiesa+suburbicaria%2C+l%27Em.mo+Cardinale+Luis+Antonio+G.+Tagle%2C+01.05.2020&rft.pub=Holy+See+Press+Office&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fsalastampa%2Fit%2Fbollettino%2Fpubblico%2F2020%2F05%2F01%2F0258%2F00563.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RapplerCardinalBishop-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RapplerCardinalBishop_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsmaquel2020" class="citation web cs1">Esmaquel, Paterno II (1 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rappler.com/nation/259678-pope-francis-promotes-tagle-cardinal-bishop">"Pope promotes Tagle as one of 11 highest ranking cardinals"</a>. <i>Rappler</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200501192554/https://www.rappler.com/nation/259678-pope-francis-promotes-tagle-cardinal-bishop">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=Pope+promotes+Tagle+as+one+of+11+highest+ranking+cardinals&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft.aulast=Esmaquel&rft.aufirst=Paterno+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnation%2F259678-pope-francis-promotes-tagle-cardinal-bishop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardon" class="citation web cs1">Hardon, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=32336">"Cardinal Priest"</a>. <i>Modern Catholic Dictionary</i>. Catholic Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630185803/https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=32336">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+Catholic+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Cardinal+Priest&rft.aulast=Hardon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fdictionary%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D32336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble1984" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Thomas F. X. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10100806"><i>The Republic of St. Peter : the birth of the Papal State, 680–825</i></a>. Philadelphia. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-7917-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-7917-4"><bdi>0-8122-7917-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10100806">10100806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+St.+Peter+%3A+the+birth+of+the+Papal+State%2C+680%E2%80%93825&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=218&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10100806&rft.isbn=0-8122-7917-4&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F10100806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_J._Reese_pp._92–93-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_J._Reese_pp._92–93_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_J._Reese_pp._92–93_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas J. Reese, <i> Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church</i>, Harvard University Press, 1996 pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ap. Const. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html">Universi Dominici Gregis, No. 89</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070506074146/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html">Archived</a> 6 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop#Roman_Catholic" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan bishops</a> or gives the pallium to their proxies." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P19.HTM">Canon 355 §2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203041419/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P19.HTM">Archived</a> 3 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaramuzzi2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scaramuzzi, Jacopo (12 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastampa.it/2014/06/12/vaticaninsider/ita/vaticano/martino-diventa-cardinale-protodiacono-senza-habemus-papam-dHcpHr2npVizIsSXyjVfHM/pagina.html">"Martino diventa cardinale protodiacono (senza "Habemus Papam")"</a>. <i>La Stampa</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070934/http://www.lastampa.it/2014/06/12/vaticaninsider/ita/vaticano/martino-diventa-cardinale-protodiacono-senza-habemus-papam-dHcpHr2npVizIsSXyjVfHM/pagina.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Stampa&rft.atitle=Martino+diventa+cardinale+protodiacono+%28senza+%22Habemus+Papam%22%29&rft.date=2014-06-12&rft.aulast=Scaramuzzi&rft.aufirst=Jacopo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2F2014%2F06%2F12%2Fvaticaninsider%2Fita%2Fvaticano%2Fmartino-diventa-cardinale-protodiacono-senza-habemus-papam-dHcpHr2npVizIsSXyjVfHM%2Fpagina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19880628_pastor-bonus-roman-curia_en.html#ADMINISTRATIVE+SERVICES">"Pastor Bonus, – John Paul II – Apostolic Constitution (June 28, 1988) – John Paul II"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010223175311/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19880628_pastor-bonus-roman-curia_en.html#ADMINISTRATIVE+SERVICES">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Pastor+Bonus%2C+%E2%80%93+John+Paul+II+%E2%80%93+Apostolic+Constitution+%28June+28%2C+1988%29+%E2%80%93+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fapost_constitutions%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apc_19880628_pastor-bonus-roman-curia_en.html%23ADMINISTRATIVE%2BSERVICES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canon 232 §1 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19620415_cum-gravissima_lt.html">Motu proprio <i>Cum gravissima</i>, 15 April 1962</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302231616/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19620415_cum-gravissima_lt.html">Archived</a> 2 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0813/_PO.HTM">canon 232 §1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229235610/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0813/_PO.HTM">Archived</a> 29 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the 1917 Code of Canon Law.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P18.HTM">canon 351 §1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130102110536/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P18.HTM">Archived</a> 2 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the 1983 Code of Canon Law.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickaby1913" class="citation book cs1">Rickaby, John (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gIjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA337"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 3. p. 337. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207053858/https://books.google.com/books?id=9gIjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA337#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=337&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Rickaby&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9gIjAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoudreau2005" class="citation news cs1">Boudreau, Richard (7 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-apr-07-fg-secret7-story.html">"Mystery Cardinal Will Never Be Able to Join Peers"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118164605/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/07/world/fg-secret7">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Mystery+Cardinal+Will+Never+Be+Able+to+Join+Peers&rft.date=2005-04-07&rft.aulast=Boudreau&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2005-apr-07-fg-secret7-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/cardinali_documentazione/cardinali_documentazione_generale_en.html#Ordinary%20Public%20Consistory">The College of Cardinals – General Documentazion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130317062254/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/cardinali_documentazione/cardinali_documentazione_generale_en.html#Ordinary%20Public%20Consistory">Archived</a> 17 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120719062740/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/article3196655.ece">Applause and tears in Basilica greet Pontiff</a> (26 November 2007) <i>Belfast Telegraph</i>. Retrieved 1 June 2008. Quote: "In a ceremony televised across the world cardinal-elect <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Brady_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seán Brady (bishop)">Sean Brady</a> knelt before Pope Benedict XVI and pledged his allegiance to the Church before receiving his special red birretta—a symbol of a cardinal's dignity and willingness to shed blood for the increase of the Christian faith."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vesture-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vesture_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vesture_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/instruction69.htm">"Instruction on the dress, titles and coat-of-arms of cardinals, bishops and lesser prelates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a>, English ed. 17 April 1969: vol.4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602003150/http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/instruction69.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Instruction+on+the+dress%2C+titles+and+coat-of-arms+of+cardinals%2C+bishops+and+lesser+prelates.&rft.pages=vol.4&rft.date=1969-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiu.edu%2F~mirandas%2Finstruction69.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Photograph of <a href="/wiki/Josyf_Slipyj" title="Josyf Slipyj">Josyf Slipyj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_Archbishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Archbishop">Major Archbishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Catholic Church</a> and Cardinal, wearing a galero on top of his red <a href="/wiki/Klobuk" title="Klobuk">klobuk</a>. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6322/78/1600/SlypyjGalero1.jpg">http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6322/78/1600/SlypyjGalero1.jpg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120706113302/http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6322/78/1600/SlypyjGalero1.jpg">Archived</a> 6 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulson2006" class="citation news cs1">Paulson, Michael (25 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/city_region/paulson/blog/2006/03/25/index.html">"Bling! examination of the ring of Cardinal O'Malley"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816003621/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/city_region/paulson/blog/2006/03/25/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Bling%21+examination+of+the+ring+of+Cardinal+O%27Malley&rft.date=2006-03-25&rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Fcity_region%2Fpaulson%2Fblog%2F2006%2F03%2F25%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nainfa1909-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nainfa1909_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Abel_Nainfa1909" class="citation book cs1">John Abel Nainfa (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/costumeprelates00naingoog"><i>Costume of Prelates of the Catholic Church: According to Roman Etiquette</i></a>. Baltimore-New York: John Murphy Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/costumeprelates00naingoog/page/n155">107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Costume+of+Prelates+of+the+Catholic+Church%3A+According+to+Roman+Etiquette&rft.place=Baltimore-New+York&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=John+Murphy+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.au=John+Abel+Nainfa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcostumeprelates00naingoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span>. The new cardinal had to pay for the ring, in exchange for which he received the right to make his own Last Will and Testament.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fogcityjournal.com/news_in_brief/mass_of_rings_060326.shtml">"Elevated cardinals receive gold ring from the pope during Mass of Rings"</a>. <i>www.fogcityjournal.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313233711/http://www.fogcityjournal.com/news_in_brief/mass_of_rings_060326.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fogcityjournal.com&rft.atitle=Elevated+cardinals+receive+gold+ring+from+the+pope+during+Mass+of+Rings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fogcityjournal.com%2Fnews_in_brief%2Fmass_of_rings_060326.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P5A.HTM">Canon 1405 §1 and canon 1406 §2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822022417/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P5A.HTM">Archived</a> 22 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canon 967 §1 of the 1983 <i>Code of Canon Law.</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuttner1945" class="citation journal cs1">Kuttner, Steven (1945). "Cardinalis: The History of a Canonical Concept". <i>Traditio</i>. <b>3</b>: 129–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362152900016883">10.1017/S0362152900016883</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27830076">27830076</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149333519">149333519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditio&rft.atitle=Cardinalis%3A+The+History+of+a+Canonical+Concept&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=129-214&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149333519%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27830076%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362152900016883&rft.aulast=Kuttner&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattandier1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Battandier, Albert (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ecclesiastical Addresses"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Ecclesiastical_Addresses">"Ecclesiastical Addresses" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecclesiastical+Addresses&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Battandier&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoonan,_Jr.1996" class="citation book cs1">Noonan, Jr., James-Charles (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchvisiblecer0000noon"><i>The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church</i></a>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-86745-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-86745-4"><bdi>0-670-86745-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+Visible%3A+The+Ceremonial+Life+and+Protocol+of+the+Roman+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-670-86745-4&rft.aulast=Noonan%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=James-Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchvisiblecer0000noon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSägmüller1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cardinal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Cardinal">"Cardinal" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cardinal&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=S%C3%A4gm%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Baptist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoudinhon1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boudinhon, Auguste (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cardinal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cardinal">"Cardinal" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cardinal&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Boudinhon&rft.aufirst=Auguste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardinal+%28Catholic+Church%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hollingswirth, Mary, Miles Pattenden and Arnold Witte, eds (2020), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/32766">A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal</a></i>. Leiden/Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-41544-7</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cardinals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cardinals">Cardinals</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Salvador Miranda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cardinals.fiu.edu">The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church</a>. A digital resource consisting of the biographical entries of the cardinals from 494 to 2014 and of the events and documents concerning the origin of the Roman cardinalate and its historical evolution</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302100232/http://popes-and-papacy.com/wordpress/?p=571">Next Cardinal Creating Consistory by Pope Benedict XVI – The Required Background Data</a> (including statistical data and links). Popes and the Papacy website (Anura Guruge). Retrieved 2010-09-08.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/cardinals.htm">GCatholic on all Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/cardinals-alive-precedence.htm">List of All Cardinals By Precedence</a> by GCatholic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/cardinals-title-c2.htm">List of all Cardinal Titular Churches</a> by GCatholic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/cardinals-title-c3.htm">List of all Cardinal Deaconries</a> by GCatholic</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829055027/http://www.catholic-pages.com/hierarchy/cardinals_list.asp">Catholic-pages List of Cardinals</a></li> <li>Thomas J. Reese, <i>Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church</i>, Harvard University Press, 1996 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYMKOgA5lSAC&dq=how+many+curial+cardinals&pg=PA92">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160708031251/http://www.cardinalrating.com/">Cardinal Rating</a> a website listing the day to day statements printed in the news by current cardinals</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:College_of_Cardinals" title="Template:College of Cardinals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:College_of_Cardinals" title="Template talk:College of Cardinals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:College_of_Cardinals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:College of Cardinals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="College_of_Cardinals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_cardinals" title="List of current cardinals">List of current cardinals</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardinals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal bishop">Cardinal bishops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Re" title="Giovanni Battista Re">Re</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Sandri" title="Leonardo Sandri">Sandri</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Francis_Arinze" title="Francis Arinze">Arinze</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Tarcisio_Bertone" title="Tarcisio Bertone">Bertone</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saraiva_Martins" title="José Saraiva Martins">Saraiva Martins</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Parolin</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Marc_Ouellet" title="Marc Ouellet">Ouellet</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Filoni" title="Fernando Filoni">Filoni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Beniamino_Stella" title="Beniamino Stella">Stella</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Antonio_Tagle" title="Luis Antonio Tagle">Tagle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Bechara_Boutros_al-Rahi" title="Bechara Boutros al-Rahi">Raï</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rapha%C3%ABl_I_Sako" title="Louis Raphaël I Sako">Sako</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal priest">Cardinal priests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Michai_Kitbunchu" title="Michael Michai Kitbunchu">Kitbunchu</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_Poupard" title="Paul Poupard">Poupard</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wetter" title="Friedrich Wetter">Wetter</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Jes%C3%BAs_L%C3%B3pez_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Nicolás de Jesús López Rodríguez">López Rodríguez</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Roger_Mahony" title="Roger Mahony">Mahony</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Ruini" title="Camillo Ruini">Ruini</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Darmaatmadja" title="Julius Darmaatmadja">Darmaatmadja</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Wamala" title="Emmanuel Wamala">Wamala</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_Maida" title="Adam Maida">Maida</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vinko_Pulji%C4%87" title="Vinko Puljić">Puljić</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sandoval_%C3%8D%C3%B1iguez" title="Juan Sandoval Íñiguez">Sandoval Íñiguez</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/James_Stafford" title="James Stafford">Stafford</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_De_Giorgi" title="Salvatore De Giorgi">De Giorgi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_Rouco_Varela" title="Antonio María Rouco Varela">Rouco Varela</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Polycarp_Pengo" title="Polycarp Pengo">Pengo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Sch%C3%B6nborn" title="Christoph Schönborn">Schönborn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Norberto_Rivera_Carrera" title="Norberto Rivera Carrera">Rivera Carrera</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Pujats" title="Jānis Pujats">Pujats</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Crescenzio_Sepe" title="Crescenzio Sepe">Sepe</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Kasper</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Audrys_Ba%C4%8Dkis" title="Audrys Bačkis">Bačkis</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Err%C3%A1zuriz_Ossa" title="Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa">Errázuriz Ossa</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Napier" title="Wilfrid Napier">Napier</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Maradiaga" title="Óscar Rodríguez Maradiaga">Rodríguez Maradiaga</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Cipriani_Thorne" title="Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne">Cipriani Thorne</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Herranz_Casado" title="Julián Herranz Casado">Herranz Casado</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Scola" title="Angelo Scola">Scola</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Olubunmi_Okogie" title="Anthony Olubunmi Okogie">Okogie</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zubeir_Wako" title="Gabriel Zubeir Wako">Zubeir Wako</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Justin_Rigali" title="Justin Rigali">Rigali</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Antonelli" title="Ennio Antonelli">Antonelli</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Turkson" title="Peter Turkson">Turkson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josip_Bozani%C4%87" title="Josip Bozanić">Bozanić</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Minh_M%E1%BA%ABn" title="Phạm Minh Mẫn">Mẫn</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Barbarin" title="Philippe Barbarin">Barbarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Erd%C5%91" title="Péter Erdő">Erdő</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Franc_Rode" title="Franc Rode">Rodé</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Vallini" title="Agostino Vallini">Vallini</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gaudencio_Rosales" title="Gaudencio Rosales">Rosales</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Ricard" title="Jean-Pierre Ricard">Ricard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ca%C3%B1izares_Llovera" title="Antonio Cañizares Llovera">Cañizares Llovera</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Patrick_O%27Malley" title="Seán Patrick O'Malley">O'Malley</a></i> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dziwisz" title="Stanisław Dziwisz">Dziwisz</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zen" title="Joseph Zen">Zen</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lajolo" title="Giovanni Lajolo">Lajolo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Comastri" title="Angelo Comastri">Comastri</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ry%C5%82ko" title="Stanisław Ryłko">Ryłko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Farina" title="Raffaele Farina">Farina</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Brady_(cardinal)" title="Seán Brady (cardinal)">Brady</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Mart%C3%ADnez_i_Sistach" title="Lluís Martínez i Sistach">Martínez Sistach</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Vingt-Trois" title="André Vingt-Trois">Vingt-Trois</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Bagnasco" title="Angelo Bagnasco">Bagnasco</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore-Adrien_Sarr" title="Théodore-Adrien Sarr">Sarr</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Gracias" title="Oswald Gracias">Gracias</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Robles_Ortega" title="Francisco Robles Ortega">Robles Ortega</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_DiNardo" title="Daniel DiNardo">DiNardo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Scherer" title="Odilo Scherer">Scherer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Njue" title="John Njue">Njue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Estanislao_Esteban_Karlic" title="Estanislao Esteban Karlic">Karlic</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Amato" title="Angelo Amato">Amato</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah">Sarah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Monterisi" title="Francesco Monterisi">Monterisi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leo_Burke" title="Raymond Leo Burke">Burke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Koch" title="Kurt Koch">Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Piacenza" title="Mauro Piacenza">Piacenza</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Ravasi" title="Gianfranco Ravasi">Ravasi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Romeo" title="Paolo Romeo">Romeo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wuerl" title="Donald Wuerl">Wuerl</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Raymundo_Damasceno_Assis" title="Raymundo Damasceno Assis">Assis</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Nycz" title="Kazimierz Nycz">Nycz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ranjith" title="Malcolm Ranjith">Patabendige Don</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Marx" title="Reinhard Marx">Marx</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_Brandm%C3%BCller" title="Walter Brandmüller">Brandmüller</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Monteiro_de_Castro" title="Manuel Monteiro de Castro">Monteiro de Castro</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Santos_Abril_y_Castell%C3%B3" title="Santos Abril y Castelló">Abril y Castelló</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Vegli%C3%B2" title="Antonio Maria Vegliò">Vegliò</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bertello" title="Giuseppe Bertello">Bertello</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Coccopalmerio" title="Francesco Coccopalmerio">Coccopalmerio</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Braz_de_Aviz" title="João Braz de Aviz">Aviz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Frederick_O%27Brien" title="Edwin Frederick O'Brien">O'Brien</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Calcagno" title="Domenico Calcagno">Calcagno</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Versaldi" title="Giuseppe Versaldi">Versaldi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Alencherry" title="George Alencherry">Alencherry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Collins_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Collins (cardinal)">Collins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dominik_Duka" title="Dominik Duka">Duka</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wim_Eijk" title="Wim Eijk">Eijk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Betori" title="Giuseppe Betori">Betori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_M._Dolan" title="Timothy M. Dolan">Dolan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Woelki" title="Rainer Woelki">Woelki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/John_Tong_Hon" title="John Tong Hon">Tong</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Mure%C8%99an" title="Lucian Mureșan">Mureșan</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Harvey" title="James Michael Harvey">Harvey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baselios_Cleemis" title="Baselios Cleemis">Thottunkal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/John_Onaiyekan" title="John Onaiyekan">Onaiyekan</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Salazar_G%C3%B3mez" title="Rubén Salazar Gómez">Salazar Gómez</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Baldisseri" title="Lorenzo Baldisseri">Baldisseri</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerhard Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Nichols" title="Vincent Nichols">Nichols</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Brenes" title="Leopoldo Brenes">Brenes Solórzano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rald_Lacroix" title="Gérald Lacroix">Lacroix</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Kutwa" title="Jean-Pierre Kutwa">Kutwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orani_Jo%C3%A3o_Tempesta" title="Orani João Tempesta">Tempesta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gualtiero_Bassetti" title="Gualtiero Bassetti">Bassetti</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Aurelio_Poli" title="Mario Aurelio Poli">Poli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yeom_Soo-jung" title="Andrew Yeom Soo-jung">Yeom</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Ezzati" title="Ricardo Ezzati">Ezzati Andrello</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Ou%C3%A9draogo_(cardinal)" title="Philippe Ouédraogo (cardinal)">Ouédraogo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Quevedo" title="Orlando Quevedo">Quevedo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chibly_Langlois" title="Chibly Langlois">Langlois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Clemente" title="Manuel Clemente">Clemente</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Berhaneyesus_Demerew_Souraphiel" title="Berhaneyesus Demerew Souraphiel">Souraphiel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dew_(cardinal)" title="John Dew (cardinal)">Dew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Menichelli" title="Edoardo Menichelli">Menichelli</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Nh%C6%A1n" title="Pierre Nguyễn Văn Nhơn">Nhơn</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Su%C3%A1rez_Inda" title="Alberto Suárez Inda">Suárez Inda</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maung_Bo" title="Charles Maung Bo">Bo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kriengsak_Kovitvanit" title="Kriengsak Kovitvanit">Kovithavanij</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Montenegro" title="Francesco Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sturla" title="Daniel Sturla">Sturla Berhouet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Bl%C3%A1zquez" title="Ricardo Blázquez">Blázquez Pérez</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Lacunza_Maestroju%C3%A1n" title="José Luis Lacunza Maestrojuán">Lacunza Maestrojuán</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Gomes_Furtado" title="Arlindo Gomes Furtado">Gomes Furtado</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soane_Patita_Paini_Mafi" title="Soane Patita Paini Mafi">Mafi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Luis_H%C3%A9ctor_Villalba" title="Luis Héctor Villalba">Villalba</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Duarte_Langa" title="Júlio Duarte Langa">Langa</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dieudonn%C3%A9_Nzapalainga" title="Dieudonné Nzapalainga">Nzapalainga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Osoro_Sierra" title="Carlos Osoro Sierra">Osoro Sierra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_da_Rocha" title="Sérgio da Rocha">Rocha</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blase_J._Cupich" title="Blase J. Cupich">Cupich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Patrick_D%27Rozario" title="Patrick D'Rozario">D'Rozario</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Baltazar_Enrique_Porras_Cardozo" title="Baltazar Enrique Porras Cardozo">Porras Cardozo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jozef_De_Kesel" title="Jozef De Kesel">De Kesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Piat" title="Maurice Piat">Piat</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Aguiar_Retes" title="Carlos Aguiar Retes">Aguiar Retes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ribat" title="John Ribat">Ribat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Tobin" title="Joseph W. Tobin">Tobin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jean_Zerbo" title="Jean Zerbo">Zerbo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Omella" title="Juan José Omella">Omella Omella</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Arborelius" title="Anders Arborelius">Arborelius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Louis-Marie_Ling_Mangkhanekhoun" title="Louis-Marie Ling Mangkhanekhoun">Mangkhanekhoun</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Rosa_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Gregorio Rosa Chávez">Rosa Chávez</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angelo_De_Donatis" title="Angelo De Donatis">De Donatis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coutts" title="Joseph Coutts">Coutts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Marto" title="António Marto">Santos Marto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Barreto" title="Pedro Barreto">Barreto Jimeno</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Tsarahazana" title="Désiré Tsarahazana">Tsarahazana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Petrocchi" title="Giuseppe Petrocchi">Petrocchi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquino_Manyo_Maeda" title="Thomas Aquino Manyo Maeda">Maeda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Toribio_Ticona_Porco" title="Toribio Ticona Porco">Ticona Porco</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Suharyo_Hardjoatmodjo" title="Ignatius Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo">Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Juan García Rodríguez">García Rodríguez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fridolin_Ambongo_Besungu" title="Fridolin Ambongo Besungu">Ambongo Besungu</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Hollerich" title="Jean-Claude Hollerich">Hollerich</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Leonel_Ramazzini_Imeri" title="Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri">Ramazzini Imeri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Zuppi" title="Matteo Zuppi">Zuppi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_L%C3%B3pez_Romero" title="Cristóbal López Romero">López Romero</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sigitas_Tamkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Sigitas Tamkevičius">Tamkevičius</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Kambanda" title="Antoine Kambanda">Kambanda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Daniel_Gregory" title="Wilton Daniel Gregory">Gregory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jose_Advincula" title="Jose Advincula">Advincula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Celestino_A%C3%B3s_Braco" title="Celestino Aós Braco">Aós Braco</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Paolo_Lojudice" title="Augusto Paolo Lojudice">Lojudice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Arizmendi_Esquivel" title="Felipe Arizmendi Esquivel">Arizmendi Esquivel</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Aveline" title="Jean-Marc Aveline">Aveline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Okpaleke" title="Peter Okpaleke">Okpaleke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Ulrich_Steiner" title="Leonardo Ulrich Steiner">Steiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filipe_Neri_Ferr%C3%A3o" title="Filipe Neri Ferrão">Ferrão</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._McElroy" title="Robert W. McElroy">McElroy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virg%C3%ADlio_do_Carmo_da_Silva" title="Virgílio do Carmo da Silva">Silva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Cantoni" title="Oscar Cantoni">Cantoni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Poola" title="Anthony Poola">Poola</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Cezar_Costa" title="Paulo Cezar Costa">Costa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Goh" title="William Goh">Goh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adalberto_Mart%C3%ADnez_Flores" title="Adalberto Martínez Flores">Martínez Flores</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Marengo" title="Giorgio Marengo">Marengo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Enrique_Jim%C3%A9nez_Carvajal" title="Jorge Enrique Jiménez Carvajal">Jiménez Carvajal</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Miglio" title="Arrigo Miglio">Miglio</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierbattista_Pizzaballa" title="Pierbattista Pizzaballa">Pizzaballa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Brislin" title="Stephen Brislin">Brislin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Sixto_Rossi" title="Ángel Sixto Rossi">Rossi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Jos%C3%A9_Rueda_Aparicio" title="Luis José Rueda Aparicio">Aparicio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Ry%C5%9B" title="Grzegorz Ryś">Ryś</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ameyu_Martin_Mulla" title="Stephen Ameyu Martin Mulla">Mulla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cobo_Cano" title="José Cobo Cano">Cano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protase_Rugambwa" title="Protase Rugambwa">Rugambwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Francis" title="Sebastian Francis">Francis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Chow_(bishop)" title="Stephen Chow (bishop)">Chow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Bustillo" title="François-Xavier Bustillo">Bustillo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rico_Aguiar" title="Américo Aguiar">Aguiar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Diego_Padr%C3%B3n" title="Diego Padrón">Sánchez</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_deacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal deacon">Cardinal deacons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Mamberti" title="Dominique Mamberti">Mamberti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Zenari" title="Mario Zenari">Zenari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Farrell" title="Kevin Farrell">Farrell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Simoni" title="Ernest Simoni">Simoni</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Luis_Ladaria_Ferrer" title="Luis Ladaria Ferrer">Ladaria Ferrer</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Angelo_Becciu" title="Giovanni Angelo Becciu">Becciu</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Krajewski" title="Konrad Krajewski">Krajewski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Bocos_Merino" title="Aquilino Bocos Merino">Bocos Merino</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tolentino_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="José Tolentino de Mendonça">Mendonça</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Czerny" title="Michael Czerny">Czerny</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fitzgerald_(cardinal)" title="Michael Fitzgerald (cardinal)">Fitzgerald</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Grech" title="Mario Grech">Grech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Semeraro" title="Marcello Semeraro">Semeraro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Gambetti" title="Mauro Gambetti">Gambetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Silvano_Maria_Tomasi" title="Silvano Maria Tomasi">Tomasi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Cantalamessa</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Feroci" title="Enrico Feroci">Feroci</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Roche" title="Arthur Roche">Roche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_You_Heung-sik" title="Lazarus You Heung-sik">You</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_V%C3%A9rgez_Alzaga" title="Fernando Vérgez Alzaga">Vérgez Alzaga</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Ghirlanda" title="Gianfranco Ghirlanda">Ghirlanda</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fortunato_Frezza" title="Fortunato Frezza">Frezza</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Francis_Prevost" title="Robert Francis Prevost">Prevost</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Gugerotti" title="Claudio Gugerotti">Gugerotti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Víctor Manuel Fernández">Fernández</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Paul_Tscherrig" title="Emil Paul Tscherrig">Tscherrig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Pierre" title="Christophe Pierre">Pierre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Artime" title="Ángel Fernández Artime">Artime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Marchetto" title="Agostino Marchetto">Marchetto</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Luis_Pascual_Dri" title="Luis Pascual Dri">Dri</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Cardinals ineligible to participate in a <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">papal conclave</a> in <i>italics</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">(CC): member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinals" title="Council of Cardinals">Council of Cardinals</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">See also: <a href="/wiki/Titular_(Catholic_Church)" title="Titular (Catholic Church)">Titular</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Titular_church" title="Titular church">Titular church</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_titular_churches" title="List of titular churches">List of titular churches</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_creations_of_cardinals" title="List of creations of cardinals">List of creations of cardinals</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:College_of_Cardinals" title="Category:College of Cardinals">Category</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:College_of_Cardinals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:College of Cardinals">Media</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Papacy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Papacy" title="Template:Papacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Papacy" title="Template talk:Papacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Papacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Papacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Papacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holy_See(Full_communion)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></b> as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Primacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">History</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vatican_City(index,_outline)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclaved" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclaved">Enclaved</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a>, 1929</li></ul></li> <li>along with <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">properties of the Holy See</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Headquarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apartments" title="Papal apartments">Papal apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Titles</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_(style)" title="Holiness (style)">His Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Christ" title="Vicar of Christ">Vicar of Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Successor_of_the_Prince_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor of the Prince of the Apostles">Successor of the Prince of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus#Catholic_Church_use_of_the_title" title="Pontifex maximus">Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of Italy">Primate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_and_Metropolitan_of_the_Roman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province">Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_of_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign of the Vatican City State">Sovereign of the Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_the_servants_of_God" title="Servant of the servants of God">Servant of the servants of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coats_of_arms" title="Papal coats of arms">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See" title="Coat of arms of the Holy See">Coat of arms of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_cross" title="Papal cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven" title="Keys of Heaven">Keys of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_regalia_and_insignia" title="Papal regalia and insignia">Regalia and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_(papal_signature)" title="Rota (papal signature)">Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbraculum" title="Umbraculum">Umbraculum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Proclamations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">Apostolic constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Bull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_bulls" title="List of papal bulls">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Encyclical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Ecclesiastical letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">Interdict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_arbitration" title="Papal arbitration">Arbitration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_deposing_power" title="Papal deposing power">Deposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_blessing" title="Apostolic blessing">Blessing</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Episcopal_blessing" title="Episcopal blessing">Pontifical</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Conclave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of papal elections">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">Consistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_diplomatics" title="Papal diplomatics">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_inauguration" title="Papal inauguration">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_High_Mass" title="Pontifical High Mass">High Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_travel" title="Papal travel">Travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_vestments" title="Pontifical vestments">Vestments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camauro" title="Camauro">Camauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falda" title="Falda">Falda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_fanon" title="Papal fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ferula" title="Papal ferula">Ferula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flabellum" title="Flabellum">Flabellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">Mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">Mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozzetta" title="Mozzetta">Mozzetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">Pallium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_the_Fisherman" title="Ring of the Fisherman">Ring of the Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_shoes" title="Papal shoes">Shoes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_slippers" title="Papal slippers">Slippers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-cinctorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-cinctorium">Sub-cinctorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">Tiara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">Zucchetto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">Popemobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria" title="Sedia gestatoria">Sedia gestatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd One">Shepherd One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Household</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church">Camerlengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders_of_the_Pontifical_Swiss_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="List of commanders of the Pontifical Swiss Guard">Commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness" title="Chaplain of His Holiness">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatinus_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Palatinus in the Catholic Church">Palatinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_majordomo" title="Papal majordomo">Papal majordomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_gentleman" title="Papal gentleman">Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Preacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Preacher">Preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Papal_household" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture of the Papal household">Prefect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelate_of_Honour_of_His_Holiness" title="Prelate of Honour of His Holiness">Prelate of Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_assistant_to_the_Papal_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince assistant to the Papal throne">Prince assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologian_of_the_Pontifical_Household" title="Theologian of the Pontifical Household">Theologian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_cardinals" title="List of current cardinals">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">for Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Giulia" title="Cappella Giulia">Cappella Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_nobility" title="Papal nobility">Papal nobility</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Black_nobility" title="Black nobility">Black</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Orders of chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_academy" title="Pontifical academy">Pontifical academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_university" title="Pontifical university">Pontifical university</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_universities_in_Rome" title="Pontifical universities in Rome">in Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Colleges" title="Roman Colleges">Pontifical colleges in Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Roman_Major_Seminary" title="Pontifical Roman Major Seminary">Major Seminary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">Papabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">Canonised popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_surrounding_the_papacy" title="Legends surrounding the papacy">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_by_country" title="List of popes by country">Popes by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sexually_active_popes" title="List of sexually active popes">Sexually active popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holy_See" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holy_See" title="Template:Holy See"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holy_See" title="Template talk:Holy See"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holy_See" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holy See"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holy_See" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty and government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Sovereign judicial entity</a> under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">History of papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Museum" title="Lateran Museum">Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Sutri" title="Donation of Sutri">Donation of Sutri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">Temporal power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_during_the_Savoyard_era_(1870%E2%80%931929)" title="Vatican during the Savoyard era (1870–1929)">Savoyard era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereign<br />judicial entity</a><br /><small>under<br /><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international<br />law</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Legal status</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Secretariat of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Papal conclave</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">For Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign affairs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Multilateral_foreign_policy_of_the_Holy_See" title="Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See">Multilateral policy</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)">Section for Relations with States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions to the Holy See">To the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Of the Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Heads</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Holy See–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_and_the_United_Nations" title="Holy See and the United Nations">United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations">Permanent Observer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_United_Nations_in_Geneva" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in Geneva">in Geneva</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Holy See–European Union relations">European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the Council of Europe">Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Treaties of the Holy See">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordats</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese<br />of Rome</a><br /><small>with <a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">universal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synods" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Ordinary_general_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Ordinary general assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Extraordinary_general_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Extraordinary general assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Special_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Special assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Province_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical Province of Rome">Ecclesiastical<br />province of Rome</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Vicariate</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar" title="Cardinal Vicar">Rome</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vatican City</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">Suburbicarian sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Ostia" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia">Ostia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Velletri-Segni" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Velletri-Segni">Velletri-Segni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Porto-Santa_Rufina" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina">Porto-Santa Rufina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Frascati" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Palestrina" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina">Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Albano" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano">Albano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Sabina-Poggio_Mirteto" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto">Sabina-Poggio Mirteto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Territorial abbeys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Abbey_of_Montecassino" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Abbey of Montecassino">Montecassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Scholastica,_Subiaco" title="Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco">Subiaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_diocese" title="Suffragan diocese">Suffragan dioceses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gaeta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gaeta">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Anagni-Alatri" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Anagni-Alatri">Anagni-Alatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Civita_Castellana" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Civita Castellana">Civita Castellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Civitavecchia-Tarquinia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Civitavecchia-Tarquinia">Civitavecchia-Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino">Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno">Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rieti" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Rieti">Rieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo">Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tivoli" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tivoli">Tivoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Viterbo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a><br /><small>including<br /><a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extra-<br />territoriality</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Inside<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Lateran_University" title="Pontifical Lateran University">Lateran University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_Sancta" title="Scala Sancta">Scala Sancta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancta_Sanctorum_(Lateran,_Rome)" title="Sancta Sanctorum (Lateran, Rome)">Sancta Sanctorum</a></li> <li>Adjoining buildings</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_San_Callisto" title="Palazzo San Callisto">Palace of Saint Callixtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianicolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianicolo">Gianicolo</a> Hill area <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Urban_University" title="Pontifical Urban University">Pontifical Urban University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_North_American_College" title="Pontifical North American College">Pontifical North American College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambino_Ges%C3%B9_Hospital" title="Bambino Gesù Hospital">Bambino Gesù Hospital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Cancelleria" title="Palazzo della Cancelleria">Palazzo della Cancelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_di_Propaganda_Fide" title="Palazzo di Propaganda Fide">Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Holy_Office" title="Palace of the Holy Office">Palace of the Holy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Convertendi" title="Palazzo dei Convertendi">Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Pio_(Borgo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Pio (Borgo) (page does not exist)">Palazzo Pio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Maffei_Marescotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Maffei Marescotti">Palace of the Vicariate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Roman_Major_Seminary" title="Pontifical Roman Major Seminary">Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegio_Teutonico" title="Collegio Teutonico">Collegio Teutonico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Cemetery" title="Teutonic Cemetery">Teutonic Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li>Benedictine monastery</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontifical_Oratory_of_San_Paolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo (page does not exist)">Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beda_College" title="Beda College">Beda College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI_Audience_Hall" title="Paul VI Audience Hall">Paul VI Audience Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Non-extraterritorial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Non-<br />extraterritorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Palace of the <a href="/wiki/Santi_Apostoli,_Rome" title="Santi Apostoli, Rome">Holy Apostles</a></li> <li>Palace of <a href="/wiki/San_Carlo_ai_Catinari" title="San Carlo ai Catinari">San Carlo ai Catinari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegio_Bellarmino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegio Bellarmino (page does not exist)">Collegio Bellarmino</a></li> <li>Archaeological Institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Lombard_Seminary" title="Pontifical Lombard Seminary">Pontifical Lombard Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegium_Russicum" title="Collegium Russicum">Russian College</a></li> <li>Two Palaces of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare_alle_Terme_Neroniane-Alessandrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine">Sant'Apollinare</a></li> <li>House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nympheum_of_Nero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nympheum of Nero (page does not exist)">Nympheum of Nero</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Outside<br />Rome</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Palace_of_Castel_Gandolfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo">Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo</a> <ul><li>Papal farm</li> <li>Gardens of the Villa Cybo</li> <li>Villa <a href="/wiki/Barberini" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberini">Barberini</a></li> <li>Adjacent gardens</li></ul></li> <li>Summer estate of <a href="/wiki/Pontificio_Collegio_Urbano_de_Propaganda_Fide" title="Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide">Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a> antennae area of <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_di_Galeria" class="extiw" title="it:Santa Maria di Galeria">Santa Maria di Galeria</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Non-extraterritorial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Non-<br />extraterritorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Holy_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of the Holy House">Basilica of the Holy House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Anthony_of_Padua" title="Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua">Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Papal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_Pence" title="Peter's Pence">Peter's Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Apostolic Signatura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" 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