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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Francisco de Vitoria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فرانثيسكو دي فيتوريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانثيسكو دي فيتوريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Φραγκίσκος ντε Βιτόρια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φραγκίσκος ντε Βιτόρια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisko_de_Vitorio" title="Francisko de Vitorio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francisko de Vitorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94_%EB%8D%B0_%EB%B9%84%ED%86%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="프란시스코 데 비토리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프란시스코 데 비토리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8_%D5%A4%D5%A5_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ֆրանսիսկո դե Վիտորիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսիսկո դե Վիտորիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფრანცისკო დე ვიტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანცისკო დე ვიტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_de_Vitoria" title="Franciscus de Vitoria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فرانثيسكو دى فيتوريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانثيسكو دى فيتوريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="フランシスコ・デ・ビトリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランシスコ・デ・ビトリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਫਰਾਂਸਿਸਕੋ ਦੇ ਵਿਤੋਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਰਾਂਸਿਸਕੋ ਦੇ ਵਿਤੋਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فرانسیسکو دي ویتوریا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرانسیسکو دي ویتوریا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vit%C3%B3ria" title="Francisco de Vitória – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francisco de Vitória" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Витория, Франсиско де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Витория, Франсиско де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Франсиско де Віторія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франсиско де Віторія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Francisco de Vitoria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="弗朗西斯科·維多利亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗朗西斯科·維多利亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q312384#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish philosopher (c. 1483–1546)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the bishop, see <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria_(bishop)" title="Francisco de Vitoria (bishop)">Francisco de Vitoria (bishop)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Francisco de Vitoria</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Franciscodevictoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Franciscodevictoria.jpg/220px-Franciscodevictoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Franciscodevictoria.jpg/330px-Franciscodevictoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Franciscodevictoria.jpg/440px-Franciscodevictoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of Francisco de Vitoria at <a href="/wiki/Convento_de_San_Esteban,_Salamanca" title="Convento de San Esteban, Salamanca">San Esteban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1483</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 August 1546<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>, Crown of Castile</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_philosophy" title="Spanish philosophy">Spanish philosophy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_seas" title="Freedom of the seas">Freedom of the seas</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/102px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/136px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="762" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/82px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/124px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/165px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></span></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Humanism">Christian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullism">Llullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Francisco de Vitoria</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">OP</a></span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1483</span> – 12 August 1546; also known as <b>Francisco de Victoria</b>) was a Spanish Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a>, and jurist<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> Spain. He is the founder of the tradition in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a>, which laid the groundwork for early <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free-market economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual rights">individual rights</a>, influencing the development of <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian thought</a>. Vitoria's work on <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> and the freedom of exchange contributed to later <a href="/wiki/Austrian_school_of_economics" title="Austrian school of economics">Austrian School economists'</a> emphasis on the moral basis for voluntary commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noted especially for his concept of <a href="/wiki/Just_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Just war">just war</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, his defense of individual <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a> and the notion of liberty in trade were pivotal in shaping ideas about non-intervention and <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>. He has in the past been described by scholars as the "father of international law",<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with <a href="/wiki/Alberico_Gentili" title="Alberico Gentili">Alberico Gentili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>. American <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Nussbaum" title="Arthur Nussbaum">Arthur Nussbaum</a> noted Vitoria's influence on international law as it pertained to the right to trade overseas. Later this was interpreted as "freedom of commerce".<sup id="cite_ref-Nussbaum1947_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nussbaum1947-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His emphasis on voluntary exchange and opposition to monopolistic practices foreshadowed later free-market economics.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Vitoria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vitoria was born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1483</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and was raised in <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, the son of Pedro de Vitoria, of Alava, and Catalina de Compludo, both of noble families.<sup id="cite_ref-Hernandez_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hernandez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to modern scholarship, he had <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> ancestry on his maternal side (the Compludos), being related to famous converts like <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Burgos" title="Paul of Burgos">Paul of Burgos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_de_Cartagena" title="Alfonso de Cartagena">Alfonso de Cartagena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> in 1504, and was educated at the College Saint-Jacques in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, where he was influenced by the work of <a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a>. He went on to teach theology from 1516 (under the influences of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Crockaert" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Crockaert">Pierre Crockaert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a>). In 1522 he returned to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to teach theology at the college of Saint Gregory at <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, where many young Dominicans were being trained for missionary work in the New World. In 1524, he was elected to the chair of theology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a>, where he was instrumental in promoting <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> (the philosophy and theology of <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas Aquinas">St. Thomas Aquinas</a>). Francisco de Vitoria died on 12 August 1546<sup id="cite_ref-Schroeder_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positions_on_the_status_of_Indigenous_Americans">Positions on the status of Indigenous Americans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Vitoria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Positions on the status of Indigenous Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A noted scholar, he was publicly consulted by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> and King of Spain. He worked to limit the type of power the Spanish Empire imposed on the Native Peoples. He said, "The upshot of all the preceding is this, then, that the aborigines undoubtedly had true dominion in both public and private matters, just like Christians, and that neither their princes nor private persons could be despoiled of their property on the ground of their not being true owners."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vitoria denied that the native peoples could be understood as slaves by nature in Aristotelian terms.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He adopted from Aquinas the Roman law concept of <a href="/wiki/Jus_gentium" title="Jus gentium"><i>ius gentium</i></a> ("the law of nations"). His defense of American Indians was based on a Scholastic understanding of the intrinsic dignity of man, a dignity he found being violated by Spain's policies in the New World.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In three lectures (relectiones) held between 1537 and 1539 Vitoria concluded that the Indians were rightful owners of their property and that their chiefs validly exercised jurisdiction over their tribes. This had already been the position of <a href="/wiki/Juan_L%C3%B3pez_de_Palacios_Rubios" title="Juan López de Palacios Rubios">Palacios Rubios</a>. Neither the pope nor Charles V had a rightful claim over Indian lives or property. No violent action could be taken against them, nor could their lands or property be seized, unless the Indians had caused harm or injury to the Spanish by violating the latter's lawful rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Pagden_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pagden-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one of his lectures, "On the evangelization of unbelievers", Vitoria establishes that firstly, Indians, "should not be forcibly converted; but a second conclusion is that they may be forcibly restrained from hindering the missionaries of the faith, and from insulting Christ and Christians."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his lecture, "On the evangelization of unbelievers", Francisco de Vitoria employed the concept of what was considered Spanish Christian <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a>. Spanish Christian Universalism was the belief that all matters, arguments, and events were connected in the world, and Vitoria "visualized a universal society in the world into which any number of independent states might fit and foster relationships."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francisco de Vitoria argued that forcible conversion of the Indians would, "cause great provocation and unrest among the heathen." Secondly, "instead of the benevolent and proper affection required for belief, forcible conversion would generate immense hate in them, and that in turn would give rise to pretense and hypocrisy."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vitoria defended the Indians against other forms of harm which were being proposed, such as indirectly coercing the Indians into Christianity, "by taxes and levies by which they may be encouraged to become converts to the faith." He argued, "but as for tributes which cannot also be demanded of the faithful, I assert that they cannot be demanded of unbelievers with the intention of making them convert. Unbelievers cannot be deprived of their goods on the grounds of their unbelief, any more than other Christians, because they possess true right of ownership over their own property."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">just war theory</a>, in <i>De iure belli</i> Francisco pointed out that the underlying predicate conditions for a "just war" were "wholly lacking in the Indies".<sup id="cite_ref-Salas_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salas-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only area where he saw justification for Spanish intervention in native affairs was to protect victims seized for human sacrifice, and because of the inherent human dignity of the victims themselves—whose rights were being violated and thus in need of defense.<sup id="cite_ref-Salas_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salas-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Woods">Thomas E. Woods</a> goes on to describe how some wished to argue that the natives lacked reason, but the evidence was against this because the natives had obvious customs, laws, and a form of government.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spaniards were in the practice of invoking in their American conquests the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Requirement_of_1513" title="Spanish Requirement of 1513">Requerimiento</a>", a document read to the Indians before the commencement of any hostilities. The "Requerimiento", declared the universal authority of the Pope, and the authority the Spanish monarchs had received from the Pope over this part of the New World for the purpose of colonizing and evangelizing it. The Indians had to accept the sovereignty of the Spanish monarchs or be compelled to submit by force. Vitoria denied the legitimacy of this document.<sup id="cite_ref-Hernandez_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hernandez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vitoria follows the arguments against Spanish rule of South-American territories by arguments that justify the Spanish practices, which are grounded in natural law. He asserts the right of the Spaniards to travel freely, and to trade, which includes searching for, mining, and exporting the abundant natural resources they find in South America. Unlawful resistance infringing upon the Spaniard's rights of travel, trade and exploitation, or infringing upon the Pope's right to spread Christianity, can be used to justify a "just war" of the Spaniards against the indigenous inhabitants, ending in Spanish rule over the territories in question.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vitoria's works are known only from his lecture notes, as he has published nothing in his lifetime. Nevertheless, his influence such as that on the Dutch legal philosopher <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> was significant.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Relectiones Theologicae</i> was published posthumously several times (Lyon, 1557; Salamanca, 1565; Ingolstadt, 1580; Lyon, 1586 & 1587; Venice, 1626; Venice, 1640; Cologne & Frankfurt, 1696; and Madrid, 1765).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francisco de Vitoria's writings have been interpreted by various scholars to support contrary policies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony Anghie and others argue that Vitoria's humanitarianism legitimized conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Francisco de Vitoria presented strict interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">baptism of desire</a>:</p><blockquote><p>When we postulate invincible ignorance on the subject of baptism or of the Christian faith, it does not follow that a person can be saved without baptism or the Christian faith. For the aborigines to whom no preaching of the faith or Christian religion has come will be damned for mortal sins or for idolatry, but not for the sin of unbelief. As St. Thomas says, however, if they do what in them lies, accompanied by a good life according to the law of nature, it is consistent with God's providence that he will illuminate them regarding the name of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Vitoria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Special:EditPage/Francisco de Vitoria">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_de_vitoria_(estatua).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Francisco_de_vitoria_%28estatua%29.jpg/220px-Francisco_de_vitoria_%28estatua%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Francisco_de_vitoria_%28estatua%29.jpg/330px-Francisco_de_vitoria_%28estatua%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Francisco_de_vitoria_%28estatua%29.jpg/440px-Francisco_de_vitoria_%28estatua%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Francisco de Vitoria, in <a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Notes of his lectures from 1527 to 1540 were copied by students and published under the following titles: </p> <ul><li><i>De potestate civili</i>, 1528</li> <li><i>Del Homicidio</i>, 1530</li> <li><i>De matrimonio</i>, 1531</li> <li><i>De potestate ecclesiae I and II</i>, 1532</li> <li><i>De Indis</i>, 1532</li> <li><i>De Jure belli Hispanorum in barbaros</i>, 1532</li> <li><i>De potestate papae et concilii</i>, 1534</li> <li><i>Relectiones Theologicae</i>, 1557</li> <li><i>Summa sacramentorum Ecclesiae</i>, 1561</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/De_Indis_De_Jure_Belli" class="extiw" title="s:De Indis De Jure Belli">De Indis et De Jure Belli</a></i> (1917 translation of a large part of the <i>Relectiones Theologicae</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_translations">Critical translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Vitoria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Critical translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Francisco de Vitoria: Political Writings</i>, translated by Jeremy Lawrance, ed. Jeremy Lawrance and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Pagden" title="Anthony Pagden">Anthony Pagden</a>, Cambridge University Press, 1991.</li> <li><i>Francisco de Vitoria: Relection on Homicide & Commentary on Summa theologiae IIa-IIae Q. 64 (Thomas Aquinas)</i>, translated with an Introduction and Notes by John P. Doyle, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1997.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Vitoria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Francisco de Vitoria</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=lccn&su=n83011385&library=OLBP">Online 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.reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGottfried1990" class="citation book cs1">Gottfried, Paul (1990). <i>Carl Schmitt</i>. Claridge Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870626-46-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870626-46-0"><bdi>978-1-870626-46-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Schmitt&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Claridge+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-870626-46-0&rft.aulast=Gottfried&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+de+Vitoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnghie2007" class="citation book cs1">Anghie, Antony (2007-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJuHlZ1_fbEC"><i>Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70272-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70272-0"><bdi>978-0-521-70272-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism%2C+Sovereignty+and+the+Making+of+International+Law&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-04-26&rft.isbn=978-0-521-70272-0&rft.aulast=Anghie&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJuHlZ1_fbEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+de+Vitoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrice-Hutchinson1952" class="citation book cs1">Grice-Hutchinson, Marjorie (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.mises.org/The%20School%20of%20Salamanca_3.pdf"><i>The School of Salamanca: Readings in Spanish Monetary Theory, 1544-1605</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mises Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+School+of+Salamanca%3A+Readings+in+Spanish+Monetary+Theory%2C+1544-1605&rft.pub=Mises+Institute&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Grice-Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.mises.org%2FThe%2520School%2520of%2520Salamanca_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+de+Vitoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottVitoria2000" class="citation book cs1">Scott, James Brown; Vitoria, Francisco de (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LBIpmkOzvIC&pg=PR28"><i>The Spanish Origin of International Law: Francisco de Vitoria and His Law of Nations</i></a>. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-110-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-110-4"><bdi>978-1-58477-110-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Origin+of+International+Law%3A+Francisco+de+Vitoria+and+His+Law+of+Nations&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-110-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=James+Brown&rft.au=Vitoria%2C+Francisco+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LBIpmkOzvIC%26pg%3DPR28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+de+Vitoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nussbaum1947-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nussbaum1947_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Nussbaum1947" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Nussbaum (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkQAQAAMAAJ"><i>A concise history of the law of nations</i></a>. New York: Macmillan Co. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+the+law+of+nations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Macmillan+Co.&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Arthur+Nussbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxkQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+de+Vitoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrice-Hutchinson1952" class="citation book cs1">Grice-Hutchinson, Marjorie (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.mises.org/The%20School%20of%20Salamanca_3.pdf"><i>The School of Salamanca: Readings in Spanish Monetary Theory, 1544-1605</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mises Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+School+of+Salamanca%3A+Readings+in+Spanish+Monetary+Theory%2C+1544-1605&rft.pub=Mises+Institute&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Grice-Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.mises.org%2FThe%2520School%2520of%2520Salamanca_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+de+Vitoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvesMoreira2013" class="citation book cs1">Alves, Andre Azevedo; Moreira, Jose (2013-03-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gCxAgAAQBAJ&dq=Francisco+de+Vitoria+born%E2%80%891483+in+Burgos&pg=PT21"><i>The Salamanca School</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62356-185-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62356-185-7"><bdi>978-1-62356-185-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Salamanca+School&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.isbn=978-1-62356-185-7&rft.aulast=Alves&rft.aufirst=Andre+Azevedo&rft.au=Moreira%2C+Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7gCxAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DFrancisco%2Bde%2BVitoria%2Bborn%25E2%2580%25891483%2Bin%2BBurgos%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+de+Vitoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hernandez-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hernandez_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hernandez_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1325&context=ilj">Hernandez O.P., Ramon. "The Internationalization of Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto", translated by Jay J. Aragones, <i>Fordham International Law Journal</i>, Vol. 15, Issue 4, 1991</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlos G. Noreña, <i>Studies in Spanish Renaissance Thought</i>, Springer Science & Business Media (2012), p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schroeder-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schroeder_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06232a.htm">Schroeder, Henry Joseph. "Francis of Vittoria." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 10 Sept. 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco de Vitoria, “The Law of War,” in War and Christian Ethics, ed. Author F. Holmes (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1975), 118-119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.college.columbia.edu/core/content/francisco-de-vitoria">"Francisco de Vitoria", Columbia University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pagden-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pagden_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagden1991" class="citation book cs1">Pagden, Anthony (1991). <i>Vitoria: Political Writings (Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought)</i>. UK: Cambridge University Press. p. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36714-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36714-X"><bdi>0-521-36714-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vitoria%3A+Political+Writings+%28Cambridge+Texts+in+the+History+of+Political+Thought%29&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-521-36714-X&rft.aulast=Pagden&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+de+Vitoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco de Vitoria, “On the Evangelization of Unbelievers,” 1534-35, in <i>Colonial Latin America : A Documentary History</i>. Denver: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002, 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Mills et al., <i>Colonial Latin America : A Documentary History.</i> Denver: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002, 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Mills et al., <i>Colonial Latin America : A Documentary History.</i> Denver: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002, 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Mills et al., <i>Colonial Latin America : A Documentary History.</i> Denver: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002, 75-76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salas-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salas_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salas_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.avemarialaw.edu/lr/assets/articles/AMLR.v.10i2.salas.pdf">Salas Jr., Victor M., "Francisco de Vitoria on the <i>Ius Gentium</i> and the American Indios", <i>Ave Maria Law Review</i>, 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001651/http://legacy.avemarialaw.edu/lr/assets/articles/AMLR.v.10i2.salas.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-09-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woods_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2005" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Thomas E. (Jr.) (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howcatholicchurc0000wood"><i>How The Catholic Church Built Western Civilization</i></a></span>. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-038-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-038-7"><bdi>0-89526-038-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+The+Catholic+Church+Built+Western+Civilization&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-89526-038-7&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.+%28Jr.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowcatholicchurc0000wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+de+Vitoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentancor2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bentancor, Orlando (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/pc/12322227.0005.002">"Francisco de Vitoria, Carl Schmitt, and Originary Technicity"</a>. <i>Política Común</i>. <b>5</b> (20200129). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fpc.12322227.0005.002">10.3998/pc.12322227.0005.002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.12322227.0005.002">2027/spo.12322227.0005.002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2007-5227">2007-5227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pol%C3%ADtica+Com%C3%BAn&rft.atitle=Francisco+de+Vitoria%2C+Carl+Schmitt%2C+and+Originary+Technicity&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=20200129&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.12322227.0005.002&rft.issn=2007-5227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fpc.12322227.0005.002&rft.aulast=Bentancor&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fp%2Fpc%2F12322227.0005.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+de+Vitoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorschberg2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Borschberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Borschberg (page does not exist)">Borschberg, Peter</a> (2011). <i>Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade in the East Indies</i>. Singapore and Leiden: NUS Press and KITLV Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-467-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-467-8"><bdi>978-9971-69-467-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Grotius%2C+the+Portuguese+and+Free+Trade+in+the+East+Indies&rft.place=Singapore+and+Leiden&rft.pub=NUS+Press+and+KITLV+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-467-8&rft.aulast=Borschberg&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+de+Vitoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernest Nys, introduction to Francisco de Vitoria, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/victoria/victoria.txt">De Indis et Ivre Belli</a>, English translation of a substantial portion of <i>Relectiones XII Theologicae</i>, available online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coujou, Jean-Paul, & Zorroza, María Idoya. <i>Bibliografía Vitoriana</i>. Pamplona: Publicaciones Universidad de Navarra, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dadun.unav.edu/bitstream/10171/37937/4/CPE%20052%20%282014%29.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco Castilla Urbano, <i>El pensamiento de Francisco de Vitoria. Filosofía, política e indio Americano</i> (Barcelona, Anthropos, 1992) note 5, 317-323]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoskenniemi2009" class="citation web cs1">Koskenniemi, Martti (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216020252/http://www.helsinki.fi:80/eci/Publications/Koskenniemi/Zaragoza-10final.pdf">"Colonization of the 'Indies' – the Origin of International Law?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Helsinki. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/eci/Publications/Koskenniemi/Zaragoza-10final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on Dec 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonization+of+the+%27Indies%27+%E2%80%93+the+Origin+of+International+Law%3F&rft.pub=University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2009-12&rft.aulast=Koskenniemi&rft.aufirst=Martti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Feci%2FPublications%2FKoskenniemi%2FZaragoza-10final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+de+Vitoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Vitoria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Johannes Thumfart: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3067339/Die_Begru_ndung_der_globalpolitischen_Philosophie_Francisco_de_Vitorias_Vorlesun%20g_u_ber_die_Entdeckung_Amerikas_im_ideengeschichtlichen_Kontext">Die Begründung der globalpolitischen Philosophie. Zu Francisco de Vitorias "relectio de indis recenter inventis" von 1539</a>.</i> Berlin 2009. (256 pp.)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Francisco_de_Vitoria" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Vitoria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theahi.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Francisco-de-Vitoria-on-War.pdf">Francisco de Vitoria, <i>De Indis</i> (1532)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000458750058">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/265993805">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/107965/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/435539/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwmVMPhxVc7QTVFqKYMfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vitoria, Francisco de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118768735">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83011385">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vitoria, Francisco de (1483?-1546)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119285624">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vitoria, Francisco de (1483?-1546)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119285624">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00476647">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Francisco : de Vitoria"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV050200">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35334885">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup20030000107568&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX891721">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/413848">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068381409">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90567165">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000030016">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq468mpb1x9bg4k">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810549399805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/609">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007273964405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/915799">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Francisco de Vitoria"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118768735.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Victoria, Franciscus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11768239X.html?language=en">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118768735">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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