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aria-controls="toc-Prehistoric_Greece-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prehistoric Greece subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Paleolithic_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Paleolithic_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Paleolithic Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Paleolithic_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleolithic_Period_(c._3.3M_BC_–_13000_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleolithic_Period_(c._3.3M_BC_–_13000_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Paleolithic Period (c. 3.3M BC – 13000 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleolithic_Period_(c._3.3M_BC_–_13000_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesolithic_Period_(13000–7000_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesolithic_Period_(13000–7000_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mesolithic Period (13000–7000 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesolithic_Period_(13000–7000_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neolithic_Period_to_Bronze_Age_(7000–1100_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic_Period_to_Bronze_Age_(7000–1100_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Neolithic Period to Bronze Age (7000–1100 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic_Period_to_Bronze_Age_(7000–1100_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cycladic_and_Minoan_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycladic_and_Minoan_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Cycladic and Minoan civilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycladic_and_Minoan_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mycenaean_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mycenaean_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Mycenaean civilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mycenaean_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece_(1100–146_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece_(1100–146_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ancient Greece (1100–146 BC)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_Greece_(1100–146_BC)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancient Greece (1100–146 BC) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece_(1100–146_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_(1100–800_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_(1100–800_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Iron Age (1100–800 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_(1100–800_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaic_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Archaic Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaic_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Classical Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persian_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Persian Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peloponnesian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peloponnesian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Peloponnesian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peloponnesian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hellenistic Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Greece_(146_BC_–_AD_324)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Greece_(146_BC_–_AD_324)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Roman Greece (146 BC – AD 324)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Greece_(146_BC_–_AD_324)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Middle Ages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_rule_(324–1204)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_rule_(324–1204)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Byzantine rule (324–1204)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_rule_(324–1204)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_prosperity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_prosperity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Economic prosperity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_prosperity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Artistic revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Fourth_Crusade_(1204)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Fourth_Crusade_(1204)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>The Fourth Crusade (1204)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Fourth_Crusade_(1204)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_partial_Byzantine_restoration_to_1453" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_partial_Byzantine_restoration_to_1453"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>From partial Byzantine restoration to 1453</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_partial_Byzantine_restoration_to_1453-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venetian_and_Ottoman_rule_(15th_century_–_1821)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venetian_and_Ottoman_rule_(15th_century_–_1821)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Venetian and Ottoman rule (15th century – 1821)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venetian_and_Ottoman_rule_(15th_century_–_1821)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Greek_nation_state_(1821_–_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Greek_nation_state_(1821_–_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern Greek nation state (1821 – present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_Greek_nation_state_(1821_–_present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern Greek nation state (1821 – present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_Greek_nation_state_(1821_–_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modernization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Modernization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkan_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Balkan Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_Greco-Turkish_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_Greco-Turkish_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>World War I and Greco-Turkish War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_Greco-Turkish_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_to_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_to_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Interwar to World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_to_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_Civil_War_(1944–1949)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_Civil_War_(1944–1949)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Greek Civil War (1944–1949)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_Civil_War_(1944–1949)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_development_and_integration_in_Western_Bloc_(1949–1967)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_development_and_integration_in_Western_Bloc_(1949–1967)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Postwar development and integration in Western Bloc (1949–1967)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_development_and_integration_in_Western_Bloc_(1949–1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_dictatorship_(1967–1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_dictatorship_(1967–1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Military dictatorship (1967–1974)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_dictatorship_(1967–1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Hellenic_Republic_(1974_–_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Hellenic_Republic_(1974_–_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Third Hellenic Republic (1974 – present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Hellenic_Republic_(1974_–_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece_in_the_Eurozone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece_in_the_Eurozone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Greece in the Eurozone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece_in_the_Eurozone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Greece</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاريخ اليونان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ اليونان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Grecia" title="Historia de Grecia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Grecia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="গ্রিসের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রিসের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Греция тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Греция тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Грэцыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Грэцыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Гърция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Гърция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Gr%C4%8Dke" title="Historija Grčke – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Historija Grčke" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Història de Grècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Grècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_%C5%98ecka" title="Dějiny Řecka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Řecka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_Gwlad_Groeg" title="Hanes Gwlad Groeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes Gwlad Groeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6kenlands_historie" title="Grækenlands historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grækenlands historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Griechenlands" title="Geschichte Griechenlands – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Griechenlands" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreeka_ajalugu" title="Kreeka ajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kreeka ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ελληνική ιστορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελληνική ιστορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Grecia" title="Historia de Grecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Grecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_Grekio" title="Historio de Grekio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de Grekio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greziako_historia" title="Greziako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Greziako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاریخ یونان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ یونان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Gr%C3%A8ce" title="Histoire de la Grèce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Grèce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Grecia" title="Historia de Grecia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia de Grecia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="그리스의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հունաստանի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունաստանի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="यूनान का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूनान का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Gr%C4%8Dke" title="Povijest Grčke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Grčke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Grekia" title="Historio di Grekia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Grekia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Yunani" title="Sejarah Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Grecia" title="Historia de Grecia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Historia de Grecia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_Grecia" title="Storia della Grecia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia della Grecia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F" title="היסטוריה של יוון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של יוון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="საბერძნეთის ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საბერძნეთის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Ugiriki" title="Historia ya Ugiriki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Ugiriki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Graeca" title="Historia Graeca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia Graeca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grie%C4%B7ijas_v%C4%93sture" title="Grieķijas vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grieķijas vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graikijos_istorija" title="Graikijos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Graikijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historie_vaan_Griekeland" title="Historie vaan Griekeland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Historie vaan Griekeland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xelso_citri" title="xelso citri – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xelso citri" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%B6gorsz%C3%A1g_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Görögország történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Görögország történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја на Грција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Грција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Yunani" title="Sejarah Yunani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Griekenland" title="Geschiedenis van Griekenland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Griekenland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="ギリシャの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギリシャの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas%E2%80%99_historie" title="Hellas’ historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hellas’ historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresk_historie" title="Gresk historie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gresk historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਯੂਨਾਨ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਨਾਨ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="یونان دی تریخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یونان دی تریخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="د یونان تاریخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د یونان تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Grecji" title="Historia Grecji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Grecji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Gr%C3%A9cia" title="História da Grécia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da Grécia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Greciei" title="Istoria Greciei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Greciei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История Греции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Греции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاریخ یونان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="تاریخ یونان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Greqis%C3%AB" title="Historia e Greqisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Greqisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejiny_Gr%C3%A9cka" title="Dejiny Grécka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dejiny Grécka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_Gr%C4%8Dije" title="Zgodovina Grčije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina Grčije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Историја Грчке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Грчке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Gr%C4%8Dke" title="Historija Grčke – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historija Grčke" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreikan_historia" title="Kreikan historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kreikan historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greklands_historia" title="Greklands historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Greklands 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Greece" title="Category:History of Greece">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Greece</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Greece,_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli;_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000"><img alt="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/250px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/375px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/500px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9411" data-file-height="6605" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Greek Bronze Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic chronology</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100–1000</span> BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100–1100</span> BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenean</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750–1050</span> BC)</small></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a> <small>(1100 BC–750 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a> <small>(800 BC–480 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> <small>(500 BC–323 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a> <small>(323 BC–31 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a> <small>(146 BC–330 AD)</small></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Medieval Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankish and Latin states</a> <small>(1204-1579)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Venetian Crete</a> <small>(1205-1667)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian Islands</a> <small>(1363-1797)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a> <small>(1371-1822)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a> <small>(1800-1807)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a> <small>(1821-1829)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1822-1832)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> <small>(1832-1924, 1935-1973)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a> <small>(1914/15-1917)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1924-1935)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a> <small>(1936-1941)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Collaborationist regime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Political Committee of National Liberation">Free Greece</a>) <small>(1941-1944)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Civil War</a> <small>(1946-1949)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Military Junta</a> <small>(1967-1974)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1974-)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece#History" title="Church of Greece">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Ethnonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greek music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/17px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/26px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/34px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Greece" title="Category:Greece">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture of Greece</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/100px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/150px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/200px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Ancient regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Greek coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Greece" title="Demographic history of Greece">Demographic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_modern_Greece" title="Demographic history of modern Greece">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_name_changes_in_Greece" title="Geographical name changes in Greece">Geographical name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_Greek_countries_and_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic Greek countries and regions">Greek countries and regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Renaissance scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Greek inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Greece" title="Monarchy of Greece">Monarchy</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece" title="List of kings of Greece">Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_royal_family" title="Greek royal family">royal family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange of 1923</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Greece">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Greece" title="Public holidays in Greece">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Origins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Modern Revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerico" title="Aerico">Aerico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_Greece" title="Category:Buddhism in Greece">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosoulites" title="Drosoulites">Drosoulites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> (Timeline: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(33%E2%80%93717)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717)">Antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(717%E2%80%931204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (717–1204)">Early Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1204%E2%80%931453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453)">Late Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1453%E2%80%931821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)">Early Modern Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1821%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1821–1924)">19th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1924%E2%80%931974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1924–1974)">Early 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1974%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1974–2008)">Late 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(from_2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (from 2008)">Contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_fairy_tales" title="Category:Greek fairy tales">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gello" title="Gello">Gello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church">Flag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Calendarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Calendarists">Greek Old Calendarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Greece" title="Hinduism in Greece">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertimos" title="Hypertimos">Hypertimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_in_Greece" title="Category:Judaism in Greece">Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormo" title="Mormo">Mormo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerephon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Greece" title="Protestantism in Greece">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychai" title="Psychai">Psychai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_days_in_Greece" title="Name days in Greece">Name days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrykolakas" title="Vrykolakas">Vrykolakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_shrine" title="Wayside shrine">Wayside shrine</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Greece">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Greece">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient (to 4th century AD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine (4th–15th century)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern (post 11th century)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Greece">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Greece">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Greece" title="Television in Greece">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Greece" title="Sport in Greece">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Greece" title="Baseball in Greece">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Greece" title="Basketball in Greece">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Greece" title="Cricket in Greece">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Greece" title="Football in Greece">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_in_Greece" title="Hockey in Greece">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Greece" title="Ice hockey in Greece">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_at_the_Olympics" title="Greece at the Olympics">Modern Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games" title="1906 Intercalated Games">1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Greece" title="Rugby league in Greece">Rugby league</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Greece">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Greece">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/17px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/26px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/34px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Greece" title="Template:Culture of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Greece" title="Template talk:Culture of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Greece</b> encompasses the history of the territory of the modern nation-state of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> as well as that of the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek people</a> and the areas they inhabited and ruled historically. The scope of Greek habitation and rule has varied throughout the ages and as a result, the history of Greece is similarly elastic in what it includes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, the history of Greece is divided into the following periods: </p> <ul><li>Prehistoric Greece: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, starting circa 3.3 million years ago and ending in 20,000 BC. Significant <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphological</a> and climatic changes occurred in the modern Greek area which were definitive for the development of <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and the survival of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> in the region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> Greece, starting in 13,000 BC and ending around 7,000 BC, was a period of long and slow development of primitive human "proto-communities".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a>, beginning with the establishment of agricultural societies around 7,000 BC and ending <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3,200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3,100</span> BC, was a vital part of the early history of Greece because it was the base for early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> civilizations in the area. The first organized communities developed and basic art became more advanced in Neolithic Greece.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Greece">Bronze Age Greece</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3,200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,100 BC</span>) began with the transition to a metal-based economy during the <a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology#Early_Helladic_(EH)" title="Helladic chronology">Early Helladic</a> period of mainland Greece (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3,200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2,000 BC</span>). Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic culture</a> prospered in the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3,200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,050 BC</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a> around <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3,500</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,100 BC</span>). The Bronze Age ended with the rise and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palace culture (page does not exist)">palace culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,750</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,050 BC</span>), sealed by the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> usually encompasses Greek antiquity, as well as part of the region's late prehistory (Late Bronze Age). It lasted from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,200 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 600</span> and can be subdivided into the following periods: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a> (or Iron Age, <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric</a> Age), 1,100–800 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a>, 800–490 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a>, 490–323 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic period</a>, 323–146 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a>, covering the period of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> conquest of Greece from 146 BC – AD 324</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a> covers the period of Greece under the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, lasting from the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> as the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a> in AD 324 until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankish/Latin Greece</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Stato_da_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Stato da Mar">Venetian possessions</a>) lasted from the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204 to 1797, the year of the disestablishment of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian Republic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a> covers the period of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> occupation of Greece from 1453 until the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revolution_of_1821" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Revolution of 1821">Greek Revolution of 1821</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Greece">Modern Greece</a> covers the period from 1821 to the present.</li></ul> <p>At its cultural and geographical peak, Greek civilization spread from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> mountains in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. Since then, Greek minorities have continued to inhabit former Greek territories (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>), and Greek emigrants have assimilated into differing societies across the globe (e.g., North America, Australia, Northern Europe, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>). At present, most Greeks live in the modern states of Greece (independent since 1821) and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoric_Greece">Prehistoric Greece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistoric Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Balkans">Prehistoric Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Cyprus" title="Prehistoric Cyprus">Prehistoric Cyprus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dimini" title="Dimini">Dimini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dispilio" title="Dispilio">Dispilio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theopetra_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Theopetra cave">Theopetra cave</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trachilos_footprints" title="Trachilos footprints">Trachilos footprints</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Paleolithic_Period">Pre-Paleolithic Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Paleolithic Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fossils of one of the earliest pre-humans (<i><a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus_macedoniensis" title="Ouranopithecus macedoniensis">Ouranopithecus macedoniensis</a></i>, 10.6–8.7 million years ago),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of quite possibly the oldest direct ancestor of all humans (<i><a href="/wiki/Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></i>, 7.2 million years ago) were found in Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, 5.7 million year old footprints were found on the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may suggest <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">hominin evolution</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, contrary to current hypotheses.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleolithic_Period_(c._3.3M_BC_–_13000_BC)"><span id="Paleolithic_Period_.28c._3.3M_BC_.E2.80.93_13000_BC.29"></span>Paleolithic Period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3.3M BC – 13000 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Paleolithic Period (c. 3.3M BC – 13000 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic period">Paleolithic period</a> is generally understudied in Greece because research has traditionally focused on the later parts of prehistory (Neolithic, Bronze Age) and the Classical times. Nevertheless, significant advances have been achieved over recent years, and the archaeological record has been enriched with new material, collected mostly in the framework of regional surveys but also through systematic or <a href="/wiki/Rescue_excavation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue excavation">rescue excavations</a>. New caves and <a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">rock shelters</a>, as well as recently discovered and important open-air sites are now being excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest undisputed traces of human habitation in the country, were discovered in <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(regional_unit)" title="Arcadia (regional unit)">Arcadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a> and date back 700,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Apidima_Cave" title="Apidima Cave">Apidima Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani</a>, southern Greece, contains the oldest known remains of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human">anatomically modern humans</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, dated to 210,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently known anthropological and archaeological finds allow the division of the Paleolithic in the Greek area into Lower (700,000–100,000 BP), Middle (100,000–35,000 BP) and Upper Palaeolithic (35,000–11,000 BP).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are, to date, few sites of the Lower Paleolithic, whereas there are more of the Middle and Upper. This is partly due to the intense <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Greece" title="List of earthquakes in Greece">tectonic activity in the Greek area</a> and the rise and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> which destroyed every trace of habitation from some geographical regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paleolithic finds from Greece were first reported in 1867, but the first organized research on the sites was conducted many years later, between 1927 and 1931, by the Austrian archaeologist Adalbert Markovits. The first excavation of a Paleolithic site took place in 1942 at Seidi Cave in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> by the German archaeologist Rudolf Stampfuss. More systematic research, however, was conducted during the 1960s in <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> by English, American and German research groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesolithic_Period_(13000–7000_BC)"><span id="Mesolithic_Period_.2813000.E2.80.937000_BC.29"></span>Mesolithic Period (13000–7000 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mesolithic Period (13000–7000 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> occurred between the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>. Mesolithic sites in Greece were limited, and the majority are located near the coast. <a href="/wiki/Franchthi_Cave" title="Franchthi Cave">Franchthi Cave</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kalamakia_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalamakia Cave">Kalamakia Cave</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Mani (<a href="/wiki/Peloponnese_(region)" title="Peloponnese (region)">Peloponnese</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Asprochaliko_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Asprochaliko Cave">Asprochaliko Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a> (where the first excavation took place in 1960)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Theopetra_Cave" title="Theopetra Cave">Theopetra Cave</a> are among the most important <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> sites in Greece and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were inhabited almost continuously throughout the Paleolithic and the Mesolithic Period.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic_Period_to_Bronze_Age_(7000–1100_BC)"><span id="Neolithic_Period_to_Bronze_Age_.287000.E2.80.931100_BC.29"></span>Neolithic Period to Bronze Age (7000–1100 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neolithic Period to Bronze Age (7000–1100 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png/275px-Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png/413px-Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> linguistic area according to linguist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev" title="Vladimir I. Georgiev">Vladimir I. Georgiev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Helladic period</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Greek">Proto-Greek</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> reached Europe beginning in 7000–6500 BC when agriculturalists from the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> entered the Greek peninsula from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> by island-hopping through the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. The earliest known Neolithic sites with developed agricultural economies in Europe, dated 8500–9000 BP, were found in Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">first Greek-speaking tribes</a>, speaking the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean language</a>, arrived in the Greek mainland sometime in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic period</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3200 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cycladic_and_Minoan_civilization">Cycladic and Minoan civilization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cycladic and Minoan civilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycladic civilization">Cycladic civilization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic culture</a> is a significant Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>, best known for its schematic <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">flat female idols</a> carved out of the islands' pure white marble. </p><p>The Middle Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> lasted from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Waldman-Mason_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldman-Mason-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little specific information is known about the Minoans, including their written system, which was recorded with the undeciphered <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a> script<sup id="cite_ref-Waldman-Mason_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldman-Mason-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan hieroglyphs</a>. Even the name <i>Minoans</i> is a modern appellation, derived from <a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a>, the legendary king of Crete. They were primarily a mercantile people engaged in extensive overseas trade throughout the Mediterranean region.<sup id="cite_ref-Waldman-Mason_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldman-Mason-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minoan civilization was affected by a number of natural cataclysms, such as the volcanic eruption at <a href="/wiki/Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera">Thera</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1628-1627 BC</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Waldman-Mason_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldman-Mason-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1425 BC, all the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_palaces" title="Minoan palaces">Minoan palaces</a> except <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> were devastated by fire, which allowed the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a>, influenced by the Minoans' culture, to expand into Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-Waldman-Mason_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldman-Mason-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remains of the Minoan civilization which preceded the Mycenaean civilization on Crete were first discovered in the modern era by Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> in 1900, when he purchased and began excavating the site at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Pre-Mycenean Helladic period</b> </p><p>Following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> period, the Early and Middle <a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic periods</a> were established on the Greek mainland. The slow transition from the Final Neolithic period took place with the <a href="/wiki/Eutresis_culture" title="Eutresis culture">Eutresis culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2650 BC</span>). Over hundreds of years, agricultural communities transitioned from stone tools to metal ones. Following such materialistic developments, more powerful micro-states and the base of the future <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenean civilization</a> were developed. Early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Greece">Bronze Age</a> settlements saw further development during Helladic III, exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Tiryns_culture" title="Tiryns culture">Tiryns culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>), and the Middle Helladic period before the Mycenean period discussed below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mycenaean_civilization">Mycenaean civilization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mycenaean civilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycenaean_World_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mycenaean_World_en.png/275px-Mycenaean_World_en.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mycenaean_World_en.png/413px-Mycenaean_World_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mycenaean_World_en.png/550px-Mycenaean_World_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Mycenaean Greece, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400–1100 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mycenaean civilization originated and evolved from the society and culture of the Early and Middle <a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic periods</a> in mainland Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It emerged <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span>, when Helladic culture was transformed under influences from <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan Crete</a>, and it lasted until the collapse of the Mycenaean palaces <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100 BC</span>. Mycenaean Greece is the Late Helladic <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Greece">Bronze Age civilization of Ancient Greece</a>, and it formed the historical setting of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek polytheism">religion</a>. The Mycenaean period takes its name from the archaeological site <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> in the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Argolid" class="mw-redirect" title="Argolid">Argolid</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peloponnesos">Peloponnesos</a> of southern Greece. <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebes (Greece)">Thebes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a> also have important Mycenaean sites. </p><p>Mycenaean civilization was dominated by a warrior <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>. Around 1400 BC, the Mycenaeans extended their control to <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, the center of the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a>, and adopted a form of the Minoan script <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a> to write an early form of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>. The Mycenaean-era script is called <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>, which was deciphered in 1952 by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ventris" title="Michael Ventris">Michael Ventris</a>. The Mycenaeans buried their nobles in <a href="/wiki/Beehive_tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Beehive tombs">beehive tombs</a> (<i>tholoi</i>), large circular burial chambers with a high-vaulted roof and straight entry passage lined with stone. They often buried daggers or some other form of military equipment with the deceased. Nobility was also often buried with gold masks, tiaras, armor, and jeweled weapons. Mycenaeans were buried in a sitting position, and some of the nobility underwent <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummification</a>. </p><p>Around 1100–1050 BC, the Mycenaean civilization collapsed. Numerous cities were sacked, and the region entered what historians see as a "<a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">dark age</a>". During this period, Greece experienced a decline in <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>. The Greeks themselves have traditionally blamed this decline on an <a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">invasion</a> by another wave of Greek people, the <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a>, although there is scant archaeological evidence for this view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Greece_(1100–146_BC)"><span id="Ancient_Greece_.281100.E2.80.93146_BC.29"></span>Ancient Greece (1100–146 BC)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece (1100–146 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Cyprus" title="Ancient history of Cyprus">Ancient history of Cyprus</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodona_Theater_-_Gallery_version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dodona_Theater_-_Gallery_version.jpg/240px-Dodona_Theater_-_Gallery_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dodona_Theater_-_Gallery_version.jpg/360px-Dodona_Theater_-_Gallery_version.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dodona_Theater_-_Gallery_version.jpg/480px-Dodona_Theater_-_Gallery_version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>The ancient theatre of <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hephaistos_Temple.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hephaistos_Temple.JPG/220px-Hephaistos_Temple.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hephaistos_Temple.JPG/330px-Hephaistos_Temple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hephaistos_Temple.JPG/440px-Hephaistos_Temple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Temple of Hephaestus</a> in Athens</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> refers to a period of Greek history that lasted from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1050</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 750 BC</span>) to the end of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">antiquity</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 600</span>). In common usage, it can refer to all Greek history before—or including—the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, but historians tend use the term more precisely. Some include the periods of the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mycenaean_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> civilizations, while others argue that these civilizations were so different from later Greek cultures that they should be classed separately. Traditionally, the Ancient Greek period was taken to begin with the date of the first <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> in 776 BC, but most historians now extend the term back to about 1000 BC, toward the beginning of the Greek Dark Ages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Greek Dark Ages are succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a>, which began <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800 BC</span> and lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">second Persian invasion of Greece</a> in 480 BC. It was during this period that the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">early Greek literature</a> developed, as well as the <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">poleis</a></i> ("city-states") of Ancient Greece. With the end of the Dark Ages, <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greeks spread</a> to the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> (the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a> began during the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian wars</a> in the 5th century BC and was marked by increased autonomy from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>, as well as the flourishing of Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Greek_democracy" title="Greek democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">theater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">philosophy</a>. The traditional date for the end of the Classical Greek period is the death of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 323 BC, and the period that follows is termed the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hellenistic_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic</a>, ending with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> at the end of the first millennium BC. Not everyone treats the Classical Greek and Hellenic periods as distinct—some writers treat the Ancient Greek civilization as a continuum running until the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in the 3rd century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ancient Greece is considered by many historians to be the foundational culture of <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western civilization</a>. Greek culture was a powerful influence in the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of Europe. Ancient Greek civilization has been immensely influential on the language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, art, and architecture of the modern world, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> in Western Europe and again during various <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neo-classical</a> revivals in 18th- and 19th-century Europe and the Americas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age_(1100–800_BC)"><span id="Iron_Age_.281100.E2.80.93800_BC.29"></span>Iron Age (1100–800 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Iron Age (1100–800 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Protogeometric art">Protogeometric art</a></div> <p>The Greek Dark Ages (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span> BC) refers to the period of Greek history from the presumed <a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">end of the Mycenaean civilization</a> in the 11th century BC to the rise of the first <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Greek city-states</a> in the 9th century BC and the epics of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and earliest writings in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> in the 8th century BC. </p><p>The collapse of the Mycenaean civilization coincided with the fall of several other large empires in the near east, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a>. The cause is still somewhat mysterious, but has often been attributed to the invasion of hypothesized <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a> wielding iron weapons. A hypothesized <a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a> may have also contributed, as asserted by ancient Greek legend but unsubstantiated by the archaeological record. Legend asserts that <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a> migrated down into Greece equipped with superior iron weapons, colonizing and easily dispersing the already weakened Mycenaeans. The period that follows these events is collectively known as the Greek Dark Ages. </p><p>Kings ruled throughout this period until eventually they were replaced with an <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, then still later, in some areas, an aristocracy within an aristocracy—an elite of the elite. Warfare shifted from a focus on the cavalry to a great emphasis on infantry. Due to its cheapness of production and local availability, iron replaced bronze as the metal of choice in the manufacturing of tools and weapons. Slowly, however, equality grew among the different sects of people, leading to the dethronement of the various kings and the rise of the family.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is meant by "the family"? (January 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the end of this period of stagnation, the Greek civilization was engulfed in a renaissance that spread throughout the Greek world as far as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Writing was relearned from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, eventually spreading north into <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaic_Greece">Archaic Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Archaic Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Orientalizing Period">Orientalizing Period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geometric_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric Art">Geometric Art</a></div> <p>In the 8th century BC, Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization. Literacy had been lost and <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Mycenaean script</a> forgotten, but the Greeks adopted the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>, modifying it to create the Greek alphabet. From about the 9th century BC, written records begin to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greece was divided into many small self-governing communities, a pattern largely dictated by Greek geography, where every island, valley, and plain is cut off from its neighbors by the sea or mountain ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Archaic period can be understood as the <a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing period</a>, when Greece was at the fringe, but not under the sway, of the budding <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>. Greece adopted significant amounts of cultural elements from the Orient, in art as well as in religion and mythology. Archaeologically, Archaic Greece is marked by <a href="/wiki/Geometric_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric pottery">Geometric pottery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Greece">Classical Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Classical Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3393_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Herodotus_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_9_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/3393_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Herodotus_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/220px-3393_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Herodotus_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/3393_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Herodotus_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/330px-3393_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Herodotus_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/3393_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Herodotus_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/440px-3393_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Herodotus_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2486" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stoa_of_Attalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoa of Attalus">Stoa of Attalus</a>, one of the earliest nameable historians whose work survives.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le%C3%B3nidas_en_las_Term%C3%B3pilas,_por_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Le%C3%B3nidas_en_las_Term%C3%B3pilas%2C_por_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg/220px-Le%C3%B3nidas_en_las_Term%C3%B3pilas%2C_por_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Le%C3%B3nidas_en_las_Term%C3%B3pilas%2C_por_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg/330px-Le%C3%B3nidas_en_las_Term%C3%B3pilas%2C_por_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Le%C3%B3nidas_en_las_Term%C3%B3pilas%2C_por_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg/440px-Le%C3%B3nidas_en_las_Term%C3%B3pilas%2C_por_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4892" data-file-height="3626" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Leonidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonidas">Leonidas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thermopylae" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The basic unit of politics in Ancient Greece was the <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:πόλις">πόλις</a></span>), sometimes translated as "<a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a>". The term lends itself to the modern English word "politics", which literally means "the things of the <i>polis</i>". At least in theory, each <i>polis</i> was politically independent. However, some <i>poleis</i> were subordinate to others (e.g., a colony traditionally deferred to its mother city, and some had governments wholly dependent upon others (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants" title="Thirty Tyrants">Thirty Tyrants</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> was imposed by <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>), but the titularly supreme power in each <i>polis</i> was located within that city. This meant that when Greece went to war (e.g., against the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>), it took the form of an alliance going to war. It also gave ample opportunity for wars within Greece between different <i>poleis</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persian_Wars">Persian Wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Persian Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a></div> <p>Two major wars shaped the Classical Greek world. The first was the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Persian Wars</a> (499–449 BC), recounted in the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_of_Herodotus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Histories of Herodotus">Histories</a></i>. By the late 6th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian Empire</a> ruled over all Greek city-states in <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a> (the western coast of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>) and had made territorial gains in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and Eastern Europe proper as well. In 499 BC, the Greek cities of <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">revolted</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a> and were supported by some mainland cities, including <a href="/wiki/History_of_Athens" title="History of Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a>. After the uprising had been quelled, <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/First_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="First Persian invasion of Greece">first Persian invasion of Greece</a> to exact revenge on the mainland Greeks. In 492 BC, Persian general <a href="/wiki/Mardonius_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardonius (general)">Mardonius</a> led an army (supported by a fleet) across the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a>, re-subjugating <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and adding <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a> as a fully-subjugated client kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, before he could reach Greece proper, his fleet was destroyed in a storm near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>. In 490 BC, Darius sent another fleet directly across the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> (rather than following the land route as Mardonius had done) to subdue Athens. After destroying the city of <a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a>, the fleet landed and faced the Athenian army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Marathon</a>, which ended in a decisive Athenian victory. Darius's successor, <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>, launched the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a> in 480 BC. Despite Greek defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a>, after which the Persians briefly overran northern and central Greece,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Greek city-states once again managed to comprehensively defeat the invaders with naval victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a> and victory on land at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Plataea</a>. </p><p>To prosecute the war and then to defend Greece from further Persian attack, Athens founded the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> in 477 BC. Initially, each city in the League would contribute ships and soldiers to a common army, but in time Athens allowed (and then compelled) the smaller cities to contribute funds so that it could supply their quota of ships. Secession from the League could be punished. Following military reversals against the Persians, the treasury was moved from <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a> to Athens, further strengthening the latter's control over the League. The Delian League was eventually referred to pejoratively as the Athenian Empire. </p><p>In 458 BC, while the Persian Wars were still ongoing, war broke out between the Delian League and the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> and its allies. After some inconclusive fighting, the two sides signed a peace treaty in 447 BC. That peace was stipulated to last thirty years: instead, it held only until 431 BC, with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peloponnesian_War">Peloponnesian War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Peloponnesian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></div> <p>The main sources concerning the Peloponnesian war (431–404 BC) are <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hellenica_(Xenophon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenica (Xenophon)">Hellenica</a></i>. Both historians were also Athenian generals who lived through the war. </p><p>The war began in 431 BC over a dispute between the cities of <a href="/wiki/Corcyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Corcyra">Corcyra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidamnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidamnus">Epidamnus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>, an ally of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a>, intervened on the Epidamnian side. Fearful lest Corinth capture the Corcyran navy (second only to the Athenian in size), Athens intervened. They prevented Corinth from landing on Corcyra at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sybota" title="Battle of Sybota">Battle of Sybota</a>, laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Potidaea" title="Battle of Potidaea">Potidaea</a>, and forbade all commerce with Corinth's closely situated ally, <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Megarian_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Megarian decree">Megarian decree</a>. </p><p>There was disagreement among the Greeks as to which party violated the treaty between the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian</a> and Peloponnesian Leagues, as Athens was technically defending a new ally. The Corinthians turned to Sparta for aid. Fearing the growing might of Athens and witnessing Athens' willingness to use it against the Megarians (the embargo would have ruined them), Sparta declared the treaty violated, and the Peloponnesian War began in earnest. </p><p>The first stage of the war (known as the <a href="/wiki/Archidamian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Archidamian War">Archidamian War</a> for the Spartan king <a href="/wiki/Archidamus_II" title="Archidamus II">Archidamus II</a>) lasted until 421 BC with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Nicias" title="Peace of Nicias">Peace of Nicias</a>. It began with the Athenian general <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a> recommending that his city fight a defensive war, avoiding battle against the superior land forces led by Sparta, and importing everything needful by maintaining its powerful navy. Athens would simply outlast Sparta, whose citizens feared leave their city for long lest the <a href="/wiki/Helots" title="Helots">helots</a>, a subjugated population of Sparta, revolt. </p><p> This strategy required that Athens endure regular <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">sieges</a>, and in 430 BC it was visited with an awful <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Athens" title="Plague of Athens">plague that killed about a quarter of its people</a>, including Pericles. With Pericles gone, less conservative elements gained power in the city and Athens went on the offensive. In 425 BC, it captured 300–400 Spartan <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplites</a> (soldiers) at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pylos" title="Battle of Pylos">Battle of Pylos</a>, a significant fraction of the Spartan fighting force which it could not afford to lose. Meanwhile, Athens suffered humiliating defeats at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delium" title="Battle of Delium">Delium</a> in 424 BC and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amphipolis" title="Battle of Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a> in 422. The Peace of Nicias in 421 concluded the first stage of the war, with Sparta recovering its hoplites and Athens recovering the city of <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a>.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg/350px-Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg/525px-Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg/700px-Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> ("Athenian Empire or Alliance") in 431 BC, just prior to the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>Those who signed the Peace of Nicias in 421 BC swore to uphold it for fifty years, but peace lasted only seven years. The second stage of the Peloponnesian War began in 415 BC when Athens embarked on the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Sicilian Expedition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> to support its ally <a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> against an attack by <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a> (a Spartan ally also in Sicily) and conquer the island. Initially, Sparta was reluctant to help Syracuse, but <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a>, the Athenian general who had argued for the Sicilian Expedition, defected to the Spartan cause after being accused of grossly impious acts. Alcibiades convinced the Spartans that they could not allow Athens to subjugate Syracuse. The campaign ended in disaster for the Athenians. </p><p>After the Athenian defeat in Sicily, Athens' <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionian</a> possessions rebelled with the support of Sparta, as advised by Alcibiades. In 411 BC, an <a href="/wiki/Athenian_coup_of_411_BC" title="Athenian coup of 411 BC">oligarchical revolt</a> in Athens held out the chance for peace, but the Athenian navy, which remained committed to the democracy, refused to accept the change and continued fighting in Athens' name. The navy recalled Alcibiades, who had been forced to abandon the Spartan cause after reputedly seducing the wife of <a href="/wiki/Agis_II" title="Agis II">Agis II</a>, a Spartan king, and made him its head. The oligarchy in Athens collapsed and Alcibiades reconquered what had been lost for Athens. </p><p>In 407 BC, Alcibiades was replaced following a minor naval defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Notium" title="Battle of Notium">Battle of Notium</a>. The Spartan general <a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a>, having fortified his city's naval power, began winning victory after victory. Athens won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Battle of Arginusae</a> in 406 BC but was prevented by bad weather from rescuing many of its sailors, leading the city to execute or exile eight of its top naval commanders. Lysander followed with a crushing blow at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aegospotami" title="Battle of Aegospotami">Battle of Aegospotami</a> in 405 BC which almost destroyed the Athenian fleet. Athens surrendered one year later, ending the Peloponnesian War and beginning a brief of period of <a href="/wiki/Spartan_hegemony" title="Spartan hegemony">Spartan hegemony</a> in Greece. </p><p>The war left devastation in its wake. Discontent with Spartan hegemony from both Athenian and former Spartan allies led to the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a> of 395–387 BC. Backed by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian Empire</a>, Athens, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, Corinth, and <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a> significantly weakened Spartan military power, though unsuccessful in ending Spartan dominance. The war concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Antalcidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Antalcidas">Treaty of Antalcidas</a> in 387 BC, in which Sparta was forced to cede <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>. The Corinthian War and its aftermath further sowed the seeds of discontent in Spartan Greece, inducing the Thebans to attack once more. Their general, <a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a>, crushed Sparta at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuctra" title="Battle of Leuctra">Battle of Leuctra</a> in 371 BC, inaugurating a period of Theban dominance in Greece. </p><p>In 346 BC, unable to prevail in its <a href="/wiki/Third_Sacred_War" title="Third Sacred War">ten-year war</a> with <a href="/wiki/Phocis_(ancient_region)" title="Phocis (ancient region)">Phocis</a>, Thebes called upon <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> for aid. <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a> quickly unified the Greek city-states under Macedonian hegemony into the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> in 338–337 BC. In 336 BC, power was transferred to Philip's son, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, who spent the next ten years conquering the Persian Empire and much of Western Asia and Egypt. By the age of 30, Alexander had created one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest empires</a> in history, stretching from <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> to northwestern <a href="/wiki/Historical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYenne2010159_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYenne2010159-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Alexander's death in 323 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a> disintegrated under <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">widespread civil wars</a>, beginning the Hellenistic Age of Greek history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_Greece">Hellenistic Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hellenistic Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Period">Hellenistic Period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></div> <p>The Hellenistic period of Greek history begins with the death of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 323 BC and ends with the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_War" title="Achaean War">conquest of the Greek peninsula and islands</a> by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a> in 146 BC. Although the establishment of Roman rule did not break the continuity of Hellenistic society and culture, which remained essentially unchanged until the advent of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, it did mark the end of Greek political independence. </p><p>During the Hellenistic period, the importance of "Greece proper" (that is, the territory of modern Greece) within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centres of Hellenistic culture were <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, capitals of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Syria</a>, respectively. (See <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic civilization</a> for the history of Greek culture outside Greece in this period.) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and her allies revolted against <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a> upon hearing that Alexander the Great had died in 323 BC, but were defeated within a year in the <a href="/wiki/Lamian_War" title="Lamian War">Lamian War</a>. Meanwhile, a struggle for power broke out among Alexander's generals, which resulted in the break-up of his empire and the establishment of a number of new kingdoms in the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy</a> was left with <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, and points east. Control of Greece, <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> was contested, but by 298 BC the <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a> had supplanted the <a href="/wiki/Antipatrid_dynasty" title="Antipatrid dynasty">Antipatrid</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stag_hunt_mosaic,_Pella.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg/220px-Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg/330px-Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg/440px-Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stag_Hunt_Mosaic" title="Stag Hunt Mosaic">Stag Hunt Mosaic</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Pella" title="Archaeological Museum of Pella">Archaeological Museum of Pella</a> (3rd century BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>Macedonian control of the city-states was intermittent, with a number of revolts. Athens, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergamum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergamum">Pergamum</a>, and other Greek states retained substantial independence and joined the <a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> as a means of defending it and restoring democracy in their states, as they saw Macedon as a tyrannical kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a>, while nominally subject to the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemies</a>, was in effect independent, and controlled most of southern Greece. Sparta also remained independent, but generally refused to join any league. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diadochen1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Diadochen1.png/300px-Diadochen1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Diadochen1.png/450px-Diadochen1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Diadochen1.png/600px-Diadochen1.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>The major <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> realms included the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadoch kingdoms</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#787CAD; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#50A249; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C38833; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C3B933; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AF3662; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></div> Also shown on the map: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#85AB54; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A361BD; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> (non-Greek)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#70A9BE; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> (non-Greek)</div> The orange areas were often in dispute after 281 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Attalid_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid kingdom">Attalid kingdom</a> occupied some of this area. Not shown: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 267 BC, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy II">Ptolemy II</a> persuaded the Greek cities to revolt against Macedon in what became the <a href="/wiki/Chremonidean_War" title="Chremonidean War">Chremonidean War</a>, named after the Athenian leader <a href="/wiki/Chremonides" title="Chremonides">Chremonides</a>. The cities were defeated and Athens lost her independence and democratic institutions. This marked the end of Athens as a political actor, although it remained the largest, wealthiest, and most cultivated city in Greece. In 225 BC, Macedon defeated the Egyptian fleet at <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Cos</a> and brought the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> islands, except Rhodes, under its rule as well. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> remained hostile to the Achaeans, and in 227 BC it invaded <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaea</a> and seized control of the League. The remaining Achaeans preferred distant Macedon to nearby Sparta and allied with the former. In 222 BC, the Macedonian army defeated the Spartans and annexed their city—the first time Sparta had ever been occupied by a different state. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V of Macedon</a> was the last Greek ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the ever-increasing power of Rome. Under his auspices, the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought conflict between Macedon and the Greek leagues to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes, and Pergamum. </p><p>In 215 BC, however, Philip formed an alliance with Rome's enemy <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>. Rome promptly lured the Achaean cities away from their nominal loyalty to Philip, and formed alliances with Rhodes and Pergamum, now the strongest power in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. The <a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First Macedonian War</a> broke out in 212 BC and ended inconclusively in 205 BC, but Macedon was now marked as an enemy of Rome. </p><p>In 202 BC, Rome defeated Carthage and was free to turn her attention eastwards. In 198 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second Macedonian War</a> broke out because Rome saw Macedon as a potential ally of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, the greatest power in the East. Philip's allies in Greece deserted him, and in 197 BC he was decisively defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynoscephalae" title="Battle of Cynoscephalae">Battle of Cynoscephalae</a> by the Roman <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> <a href="/wiki/Titus_Quinctius_Flaminius" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Quinctius Flaminius">Titus Quinctius Flaminius</a>. </p><p>Luckily for the Greeks, Flaminius was a moderate man and an admirer of Greek culture. Philip had to surrender his fleet and become a Roman ally, but he was otherwise spared. At the <a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian Games</a> in 196 BC, Flaminius declared all the Greek cities free, although Roman garrisons were placed at Corinth and <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a>. But the freedom promised by Rome was an illusion. All the cities except Rhodes were enrolled in a new League which Rome ultimately controlled, and aristocratic constitutions were favored and actively promoted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_Greece_(146_BC_–_AD_324)"><span id="Roman_Greece_.28146_BC_.E2.80.93_AD_324.29"></span>Roman Greece (146 BC – AD 324)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Roman Greece (146 BC – AD 324)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tony_robert-fleury,_l%27ultimo_giorno_di_corinto,_ante_1870.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tony_robert-fleury%2C_l%27ultimo_giorno_di_corinto%2C_ante_1870.JPG/260px-Tony_robert-fleury%2C_l%27ultimo_giorno_di_corinto%2C_ante_1870.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tony_robert-fleury%2C_l%27ultimo_giorno_di_corinto%2C_ante_1870.JPG/390px-Tony_robert-fleury%2C_l%27ultimo_giorno_di_corinto%2C_ante_1870.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tony_robert-fleury%2C_l%27ultimo_giorno_di_corinto%2C_ante_1870.JPG/520px-Tony_robert-fleury%2C_l%27ultimo_giorno_di_corinto%2C_ante_1870.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="2024" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corinth_(146_BC)" title="Battle of Corinth (146 BC)">Battle of Corinth (146 BC)</a> on the last day before Roman legions looted and burned the city of <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>. <i>The last day on Corinth</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Robert-Fleury" title="Tony Robert-Fleury">Tony Robert-Fleury</a>, 1870.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patras_Roman_Odeon_9281478.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Patras_Roman_Odeon_9281478.jpg/220px-Patras_Roman_Odeon_9281478.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Patras_Roman_Odeon_9281478.jpg/330px-Patras_Roman_Odeon_9281478.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Patras_Roman_Odeon_9281478.jpg/440px-Patras_Roman_Odeon_9281478.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>View of the Roman Odeon of <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2nd century BC, Greece was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and came under its control. Still, Greek culture flourished during this period—city-states maintained a level of political autonomy, and Roman society adopted many aspects of Greek culture. For example, <a href="/wiki/Roman_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman poetry">Roman poets</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> retold and adopted many Greek myths of old, folding them into Roman culture. Roman society even claimed to share a cultural lineage with Greece, as exemplified by Virgil's <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>, which details their <a href="/wiki/Founding_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding myth">founding myth</a> of how the Roman people descended from the <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojan</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric</a> lore. </p><p>Although the period of Roman rule in Greece is conventionally dated as starting from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corinth_(146_BC)" title="Battle of Corinth (146 BC)">sacking of Corinth</a> by the Roman <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mummius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Mummius">Lucius Mummius</a> in 146 BC, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a> had already come under Roman control with the defeat of its king, <a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus</a>, by the Roman <a href="/wiki/Aemilius_Paullus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilius Paullus">Aemilius Paullus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pydna" title="Pydna">Pydna</a> in 168 BC. </p><p>The Romans divided the region into four smaller republics, and in 146 BC <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> officially became a province, with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>. The rest of the Greek <a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a> eventually paid homage to Rome, ending their <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> autonomy as well. The Romans left local administration to the Greeks without making any attempt to abolish traditional political patterns. The <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Agora" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Agora">agora in Athens</a> continued to be the center of civic and political life. </p><p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>'s decree in 212 AD, the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">Constitutio Antoniniana</a></i>, extended citizenship outside <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> to all free adult men in the entire Roman Empire, effectively raising provincial populations to equal status with the city of Rome itself. The importance of this decree is historical, not political. It set the basis for <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">integration</a>, where the economic and judicial mechanisms of the state could be applied throughout the Mediterranean as was once done from <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a> into all Italy. In practice, integration did not take place uniformly. Societies already integrated with Rome, such as Greece, were favored by the decree, as opposed to the further away, poorer, or more culturally different provinces like <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Palestine" title="Roman Palestine">Palestine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a>. </p><p>Caracalla's decree did not set in motion the processes that led to the transfer of power from Italy and the West to Greece and the East, but rather accelerated them, setting the foundations for the millennium-long rise of Greece, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, as a major power in Europe and the Mediterranean in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_rule_(324–1204)"><span id="Byzantine_rule_.28324.E2.80.931204.29"></span>Byzantine rule (324–1204)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Byzantine rule (324–1204)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian invasions">Barbarian invasions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Cyprus in the Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_meteora_monasteries.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greece_meteora_monasteries.JPG/220px-Greece_meteora_monasteries.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greece_meteora_monasteries.JPG/330px-Greece_meteora_monasteries.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greece_meteora_monasteries.JPG/440px-Greece_meteora_monasteries.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Byzantine-era <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> monasteries in <a href="/wiki/Meteora" title="Meteora">Meteora</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg/240px-Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg/360px-Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg/480px-Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3013" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a> in <a href="/wiki/John_Skylitzes" title="John Skylitzes">John Skylitzes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></i> (late 11th century).</figcaption></figure> <p>The division of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> into <a href="/wiki/East_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman Empire">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">West</a> and the subsequent collapse of the Western one accentuated the position of Greece in the empire and eventually brought it into the imperial center of power. <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (now modern-day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) became the central city of the empire when <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming the city in his honor. This political change signified the broader eastward migration of <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(Academia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (Academia)">Hellenism</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and it nominally placed the city as the center of <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic Culture">Hellenic culture</a>, a beacon for Greeks that lasted into the modern era. </p><p>The East Roman Empire, now also known as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, was dominated politically by Emperors Constantine the Great and <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a> from 324 to 610. Assimilating the Roman tradition, the emperors sought to build the foundation for later developments and formation of the Empire. The early centuries of the Empire were marked by efforts to secure its borders and restore the Roman territories, as well as the formation and establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a> and several of religious schisms following it. </p><p>In the first period of the middle Byzantine era (610–867), the empire was attacked both by old enemies (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>) as well as by new ones (<a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>). The main characteristic of this period was instability, as enemy attacks tended to extend deep into the Empire's interior, even threatening the capital itself. </p><p>The attacks of the Slavs became less frequent as the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe">Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe</a> ended and permanent Slavic settlements and states began to form. Initially hostile to Constantinople until their <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Christianization</a>, the Byzantines referred to these tribes and states as <i><a href="/wiki/Sclavinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclavinia">Sclavinias</a></i>. </p><p>Changes also occurred in the internal structure of the empire, due to both external and internal conditions. The predominance of small free farmers, the expansion of military estates, and the development of the system of <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_administrative_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (Byzantine administrative unit)">themes</a> brought to completion the developments started by early Byzantine Emperors. Cultural and religious changes occurred as well. Byzantine administration and society became inseparably Greek. Additionally, the restoration of Orthodoxy after the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">iconoclast movements</a> (726–787 and 814–842) allowed the successful resumption of missionary action among neighboring peoples and their placement within the sphere of Byzantine cultural influence. During this period, the Empire was geographically reduced and economically damaged since it lost wealth-producing regions. However, it obtained greater lingual, dogmatic, and cultural homogeneity. </p><p>From the late 8th century, the Empire began to recover from the devastating impact of successive invasions, and the reconquest of the Greek peninsula began. Greeks from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia-Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Minor">Asia Minor</a> were brought in as settlers. Slavs were either driven out to Asia Minor or assimilated, and the <i>Sclavinias</i> were forcibly eradicated. By the middle of the 9th century, the Greek peninsula was under Byzantine control again, and its cities began to recover due to improved security and the restoration of effective central control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_prosperity">Economic prosperity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economic prosperity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallsthess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wallsthess.jpg/220px-Wallsthess.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wallsthess.jpg/330px-Wallsthess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wallsthess.jpg/440px-Wallsthess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Part of the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the Byzantine Empire was <a href="/wiki/Komnenian_restoration" title="Komnenian restoration">rescued from a period of crisis</a> through the resolute leadership of the three <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenoi</a> emperors <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel</a> in the 12th century, Greece prospered. Recent research has revealed that this period was a time of significant growth in the rural economy, with rising population levels and extensive tracts of new agricultural land being brought into production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="What recent research? (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The widespread construction of new rural churches around this time is a strong indication that prosperity was being generated even in remote areas. </p><p>A steady increase in population led to a higher <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a>, and there is good evidence that the demographic increase was accompanied by the revival of towns. According to Alan Harvey's <i>Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire 900–1200</i>, towns expanded significantly in the twelfth century. Archaeological evidence shows an increase in the size of urban settlements, together with a "notable upsurge" in new towns. It also indicates that many medieval towns, including <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>, experienced a period of rapid and sustained growth, starting in the 11th century and continuing until the end of the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The growth of the towns attracted trade with the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian Republic</a> in nearby Italy, and this interest in trade appears to have further increased economic prosperity in Greece. The Venetians and others were active traders in the ports of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, and they made a living out of shipping goods between the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader</a> Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Outremer" class="mw-redirect" title="Outremer">Outremer</a> and the West while also trading extensively with Byzantium and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artistic_revival">Artistic revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Artistic revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20090803_hosiosloukas36.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/20090803_hosiosloukas36.jpg/180px-20090803_hosiosloukas36.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/20090803_hosiosloukas36.jpg/270px-20090803_hosiosloukas36.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/20090803_hosiosloukas36.jpg/360px-20090803_hosiosloukas36.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Exterior view of <a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a> monastery, artistic example of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A renaissance of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a> began in the 10th century. Many of the most important <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_churches_(buildings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine churches (buildings)">Byzantine churches</a> in and around Athens, for example, were built around this time. This artistic revival reflects the <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> of Greece during this period. There was also a revival in <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic art</a>, with artists showing great interest in depicting natural landscapes with wild animals and scenes from the hunt. Mosaics became more realistic and vivid, with an increased emphasis on depicting three-dimensional forms. With its love of luxury and passion for color, the art of this age delighted in the production of masterpieces that spread the fame of Byzantium throughout the Christian world. </p><p>Beautiful <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silks from the workshops of Constantinople</a> portrayed animals in dazzling color, such as lions, elephants, eagles, and griffins confronting each other, or Emperors gorgeously arrayed on horseback or engaged in the chase. The eyes of many patrons were attracted and the economy of Greece grew. In the provinces, regional schools of architecture began producing many distinctive styles that drew on a range of cultural influences. All this suggests that there was an increased demand for art, with more people having access to the necessary wealth to commission and pay for such work. </p><p>Yet the marvelous expansion of Byzantine art during this period, one of the most remarkable facts in the history of the empire, did not stop there. From the 10th to the 12th century, Byzantium was the main source of artistic inspiration for the West. For example, the mosaics of <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St. Mark's Basilica</a> the <a href="/wiki/Torcello_Cathedral" title="Torcello Cathedral">Torcello Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> clearly show Byzantine influence in their style, arrangement, and iconography. Similarly in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, the mosaics of the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Chapel,_Palermo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine Chapel, Palermo">Palatine Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martorana" class="mw-redirect" title="Martorana">Martorana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monreale_Cathedral" title="Monreale Cathedral">Monreale Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9_Cathedral" title="Cefalù Cathedral">Cefalù Cathedral</a>, show the influence of Byzantine art on <a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman Sicily</a> in the 12th century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-andalus#Art_and_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-andalus">Andalusian art</a> in Western Europe was also influenced by Byzantium. <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque art</a>, too, contains many Byzantine elements, including its decorative forms and the plans of some of its buildings (e.g., the domed churches of south-western France). <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Kiev" title="Grand Prince of Kiev">Princes of Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">Venetian Doges</a>, abbots of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a>, merchants of <a href="/wiki/Amalfi" title="Amalfi">Amalfi</a>, and the Norman kings of Sicily all drew from Byzantine culture in their art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Fourth_Crusade_(1204)"><span id="The_Fourth_Crusade_.281204.29"></span>The Fourth Crusade (1204)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The Fourth Crusade (1204)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LatinEmpire2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LatinEmpire2.png/350px-LatinEmpire2.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LatinEmpire2.png/525px-LatinEmpire2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LatinEmpire2.png/700px-LatinEmpire2.png 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>The division of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The year 1204 marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Late-Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-Byzantine">Late Byzantine</a> period, when Constantinople and a number of Byzantine territories were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Latins" title="Latins">Latins</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>. During this period, a number of Byzantine Greek successor states emerged. The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> each claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine Empire. Meanwhile, the Latin and <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frank</a> Crusaders founded the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>, known to the Byzantines as <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia"><i>Frankokratia</i> or <i>Latinokratia</i></a>, with Constantinople as its capital. Among its <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal states</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Principality of Achaea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Duchy of Athens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Archipelago" title="Duchy of the Archipelago">Duchy of the Archipelago</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Thessalonica" title="Kingdom of Thessalonica">Kingdom of Thessalonica</a>. Under the Latin Empire, elements of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> entered medieval Greek life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_partial_Byzantine_restoration_to_1453">From partial Byzantine restoration to 1453</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: From partial Byzantine restoration to 1453"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin Empire, lasted only 57 years, and in 1261 <a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Constantinople" title="Reconquest of Constantinople">Constantinople was reclaimed</a> by the Nicaean Empire and <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration of the Byzantine Empire">the Byzantine Empire was restored</a>. However, in mainland Greece and the Greek islands, various Latin and Venetian possessions continued to exist. From 1261 onwards, Byzantium underwent a gradual weakening of its internal structures and the reduction of its territories from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> invasions, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> on May 29, 1453. The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople resulted in the official end of both the Eastern Roman Empire and the Byzantine period of Greek history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Venetian_and_Ottoman_rule_(15th_century_–_1821)"><span id="Venetian_and_Ottoman_rule_.2815th_century_.E2.80.93_1821.29"></span>Venetian and Ottoman rule (15th century – 1821)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Venetian and Ottoman rule (15th century – 1821)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></div> <p>The Greeks held out in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> until 1460, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> clung to some of the islands, but by the early 16th century all of mainland Greece and most of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a> were <a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">conquered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, excluding several port cities still held by the Venetians (<a href="/wiki/Nafplio" title="Nafplio">Nafplio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monemvasia" title="Monemvasia">Monemvasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parga" title="Parga">Parga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methoni,_Messenia" title="Methoni, Messenia">Methone</a> the most important of them). The <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>, in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, were officially annexed by the Ottomans in 1579, although they were under vassal status since the 1530s. <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> fell in 1571, and the Venetians retained <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> until 1669. The <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> were never ruled by the Ottomans, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Kefalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefalonia">Kefalonia</a> (from 1479 to 1481 and from 1485 to 1500), and they remained under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>. It was in the Ionian Islands where modern Greek statehood was born, with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Republic of the Seven Islands</a> in 1800. </p><p>When the Ottomans arrived, two Greek migrations occurred. In the first, the Greek <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> migrated to Western Europe, influencing the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">European Renaissance</a>. In the second, Greeks left the plains of the Greek peninsula and resettled in the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Multiethnic_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiethnic society">multiethnic society</a>, but in a way very different from the modern Western notion of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greeks were given some privileges and freedom by the Empire, but they were exposed to tyranny deriving from malpractices of regional administrative personnel, over which the central government had only remote and incomplete control.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Millet_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Millet system">millet system</a> contributed to the ethnic cohesion of Orthodox Greeks by segregating the various peoples within the Ottoman Empire based on religion. Greeks living in the plains during Ottoman rule were either Christians or <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Christians">crypto-Christians</a>, Greek "Muslims" who were secret practitioners of the Greek Orthodox faith. Some Greeks became crypto-Christians to avoid heavy taxes while retaining their religious identity and ties to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>. Greeks who converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and were not crypto-Christians were deemed "Turks" in the eyes of Orthodox Greeks even if they did not adopt the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>, evidence of the ethnic and religious tensions in Greece under Ottoman rule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Ottomans ruled most of Greece until the early 19th century. The first self-governed Hellenic state since the Middle Ages was established on the Ionian islands during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> in 1800, 21 years before the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek revolution</a> in mainland Greece. It was called the <a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Ἑπτάνησος Πολιτεία</span></span>), or Republic of the Seven United Islands, and it used <a href="/wiki/Corfu_(city)" title="Corfu (city)">Corfu</a> as its capital. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Greek_nation_state_(1821_–_present)"><span id="Modern_Greek_nation_state_.281821_.E2.80.93_present.29"></span>Modern Greek nation state (1821 – present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Modern Greek nation state (1821 – present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">History of modern Greece</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navarino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/220px-Navarino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/330px-Navarino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/440px-Navarino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a>, in October 1827, marked the effective end of Ottoman rule in Greece.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nafplion_view_from_Palamidi_castle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nafplion_view_from_Palamidi_castle.JPG/220px-Nafplion_view_from_Palamidi_castle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nafplion_view_from_Palamidi_castle.JPG/330px-Nafplion_view_from_Palamidi_castle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nafplion_view_from_Palamidi_castle.JPG/440px-Nafplion_view_from_Palamidi_castle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nafplio" title="Nafplio">Nafplio</a>, the first capital of independent Greece during the governance of <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early months of 1821, the Greeks <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">declared their independence</a>, but did not achieve it until 1829. The Great Powers first shared the same view concerning the necessity of preserving the <i>status quo</i> of the Ottoman Empire, but soon changed their stance. Scores of non-Greeks <a href="/wiki/Philhellenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Philhellenes">philhellenes</a> volunteered to fight for the cause, including <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>. </p><p>On October 20, 1827, a combined British, French and Russian naval force destroyed the Ottoman and Egyptian armada. The Russian minister of foreign affairs, <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a>, himself a <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Septinsular Greek</a>, returned home as Governor of the <a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Republic</a> and with his diplomatic handling, managed to secure the Greek independence and the military dominination in <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a>. The first capital of the independent Greece was temporarily <a href="/wiki/Aigina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aigina">Aigina</a> (1828–1829) and later officially <a href="/wiki/Nafplion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafplion">Nafplion</a> (1828–1834). After his assassination, the European powers turned Greece into a monarchy; the first King, <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto</a>, came from <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and the second, <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. In 1834, King Otto transferred the capital to Athens. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif/340px-Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif" decoding="async" width="340" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif/510px-Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif/680px-Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>The territorial evolution of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> until 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Greece sought to enlarge its boundaries to include the ethnic Greek population of the Ottoman Empire. Greece played a peripheral role in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1853, Greek leaders saw an opportunity to expand North and South into Ottoman areas that had a Christian majority. However, Greece did not coordinate its plans with Russia, did not declare war, and received no outside military or financial support. The French and British seized its major port and effectively neutralized the Greek army. Greek efforts to cause insurrections failed as they were easily crushed by Ottoman forces. Greece was not invited to the peace conference and made no gains out of the war. The frustrated Greek leadership blamed the King for failing to take advantage of the situation; his popularity plunged and he was later forced to abdicate. The <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> were given by Britain upon the arrival of the new King <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a> in 1863 and <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> was ceded by the Ottomans in 1880. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernization">Modernization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Modernization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_of_Hellenes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/King_George_of_Hellenes.jpg/180px-King_George_of_Hellenes.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/King_George_of_Hellenes.jpg/270px-King_George_of_Hellenes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/King_George_of_Hellenes.jpg/360px-King_George_of_Hellenes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a> was King of the Hellenes from 1862 to 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 19th century, modernization transformed the social structure of Greece. The population grew rapidly, putting heavy pressure on the system of small farms with low productivity. Overall, population density more than doubled from 41 persons per square mile in 1829 to 114 in 1912 (16 to 44 per km<sup>2</sup>). One response was emigration to the United States, with a quarter million people leaving between 1906 and 1914. Entrepreneurs found numerous business opportunities in the retail and restaurant sectors of American cities; some sent money back to their families, others returned with hundreds of dollars, enough to purchase a farm or a small business in the old village. The urban population tripled from 8% in 1853 to 24% in 1907. Athens grew from a village of 6000 people in 1834, when it became the capital, to 63,000 in 1879, 111,000 in 1896, and 167,000 in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Athens and other cities, men arriving from rural areas set up workshops and stores, creating a middle class. They joined with bankers, professional men, university students, and military officers, to demand reform and modernization of the political and economic system. Athens became the center of the merchant marine, which quadrupled from 250,000 tons in 1875 to more than 1,000,000 tons in 1915. As the cities modernized, businessmen adopted the latest styles of Western European architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkan_Wars">Balkan Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Balkan Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi coup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Greece in the Balkan Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasileios_Hatzis_-_Landing_of_Greek_troops_at_Kavala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vasileios_Hatzis_-_Landing_of_Greek_troops_at_Kavala.jpg/220px-Vasileios_Hatzis_-_Landing_of_Greek_troops_at_Kavala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vasileios_Hatzis_-_Landing_of_Greek_troops_at_Kavala.jpg/330px-Vasileios_Hatzis_-_Landing_of_Greek_troops_at_Kavala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vasileios_Hatzis_-_Landing_of_Greek_troops_at_Kavala.jpg/440px-Vasileios_Hatzis_-_Landing_of_Greek_troops_at_Kavala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>The landing of Greek troops in <a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Kavala</a> during the Balkan Wars</figcaption></figure> <p>The participation of Greece in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> of 1912–1913 is one of the most important episodes in modern Greek history, as it allowed the Greek state to almost double its size and achieve most of its present territorial size. As a result of the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, most of <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a>, Crete and the northern <a href="/wiki/Aegean_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean islands">Aegean islands</a> were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_Greco-Turkish_War">World War I and Greco-Turkish War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: World War I and Greco-Turkish War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greece_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece in World War I">Greece in World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Defence" title="Provisional Government of National Defence">Provisional Government of National Defence</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Salonique,_le_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_du_premier_bataillon_grec_volontaire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_Salonique%2C_le_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_du_premier_bataillon_grec_volontaire.jpg/200px-A_Salonique%2C_le_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_du_premier_bataillon_grec_volontaire.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_Salonique%2C_le_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_du_premier_bataillon_grec_volontaire.jpg/300px-A_Salonique%2C_le_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_du_premier_bataillon_grec_volontaire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_Salonique%2C_le_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_du_premier_bataillon_grec_volontaire.jpg/400px-A_Salonique%2C_le_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_du_premier_bataillon_grec_volontaire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="5090" /></a><figcaption>The I Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of National Defence">Army of National Defence</a> marches on its way to the front, 1916. Greece joined united with the Allies side in summer 1917.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Great_Greece_(Megali_Hellas)_Venizelos_c1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Map_of_Great_Greece_%28Megali_Hellas%29_Venizelos_c1920.jpg/200px-Map_of_Great_Greece_%28Megali_Hellas%29_Venizelos_c1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Map_of_Great_Greece_%28Megali_Hellas%29_Venizelos_c1920.jpg/300px-Map_of_Great_Greece_%28Megali_Hellas%29_Venizelos_c1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Map_of_Great_Greece_%28Megali_Hellas%29_Venizelos_c1920.jpg/400px-Map_of_Great_Greece_%28Megali_Hellas%29_Venizelos_c1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3528" data-file-height="2455" /></a><figcaption>A map of Greater Greece after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, when the <i><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></i> seemed close to fulfillment, featuring <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Cavalry_Asia_Minor_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Greek_Cavalry_Asia_Minor_1921.jpg/250px-Greek_Cavalry_Asia_Minor_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Greek_Cavalry_Asia_Minor_1921.jpg/330px-Greek_Cavalry_Asia_Minor_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Greek_Cavalry_Asia_Minor_1921.jpg/500px-Greek_Cavalry_Asia_Minor_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>Greek cavalry attacking during the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914 produced a split in Greek politics, with <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">King Constantine I</a>, an admirer of Germany, calling for neutrality while Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a> pushed for Greece to join the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-Clogg_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clogg-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict between the monarchists and the Venizelists sometimes resulted in open warfare and became known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a>. In 1917, the Allies forced Constantine to abdicate in favor of his son Alexander and Venizelos returned as premier. At the end of the war, the Great Powers agreed that the Ottoman city of <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>) and its hinterland, both of which had large Greek populations, be handed over to Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Clogg_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clogg-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">Greek troops occupied Smyrna</a> in 1919, and in 1920 the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> was signed by the Ottoman government; the treaty stipulated that in five years time a plebiscite would be held in Smyrna on whether the region would join Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Clogg_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clogg-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish nationalists</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, overthrew the Ottoman government and organised a military campaign against the Greek troops, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</a>. A major Greek offensive ground to a halt in 1921, and by 1922 Greek troops were in retreat. The Turkish forces recaptured Smyrna on 9 September 1922, and then <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Smyrna" title="Burning of Smyrna">a fire broke out in the city</a>. It is debatable who is responsible for the fire. The fire resulted in the deaths of Armenians and Greeks in Smyrna.<sup id="cite_ref-Clogg_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clogg-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war was concluded by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lausanne (1923)">Treaty of Lausanne (1923)</a>, according to which there was to be a <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a> on the basis of religion. Over one million Orthodox Christians left Turkey in exchange for 400,000 Muslims from Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Clogg_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clogg-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The events of 1919–1922 are regarded in Greece as a particularly calamitous period of history. Between 1914 and 1923, an estimated 750,000<sup id="cite_ref-Jones150-151_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones150-151-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 900,000<sup id="cite_ref-Jones166_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones166-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeks died at the hands of the Ottoman Turks, in what many scholars have termed a <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones171–172_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones171–172-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_to_World_War_II">Interwar to World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Interwar to World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece_(1923%E2%80%931940)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greece (1923–1940)">History of Greece (1923–1940)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece in World War II">Greece in World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Greece" title="Hyperinflation in Greece">Hyperinflation in Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greek Resistance</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_for_the_declaration_of_the_Greek_Republic_-_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Demonstration_for_the_declaration_of_the_Greek_Republic_-_1924.jpg/200px-Demonstration_for_the_declaration_of_the_Greek_Republic_-_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Demonstration_for_the_declaration_of_the_Greek_Republic_-_1924.jpg/300px-Demonstration_for_the_declaration_of_the_Greek_Republic_-_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Demonstration_for_the_declaration_of_the_Greek_Republic_-_1924.jpg/400px-Demonstration_for_the_declaration_of_the_Greek_Republic_-_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption>Proclamation of the Second Hellenic Republic in 1924. Crowds holding placards depicting <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Papanastasiou" title="Alexandros Papanastasiou">Alexandros Papanastasiou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Kondylis" title="Georgios Kondylis">Georgios Kondylis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Hatzikyriakos" title="Alexandros Hatzikyriakos">Alexandros Hatzikyriakos</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metaxas-regime-greek-fascism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Metaxas-regime-greek-fascism.png/200px-Metaxas-regime-greek-fascism.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Metaxas-regime-greek-fascism.png/300px-Metaxas-regime-greek-fascism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Metaxas-regime-greek-fascism.png/400px-Metaxas-regime-greek-fascism.png 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Organisation_of_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="National Organisation of Youth">National Organisation of Youth</a> (EON) salute in presence of dictator <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a> (1938)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnatoliaCollege-SurrenderofGreece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AnatoliaCollege-SurrenderofGreece.jpg/200px-AnatoliaCollege-SurrenderofGreece.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AnatoliaCollege-SurrenderofGreece.jpg/300px-AnatoliaCollege-SurrenderofGreece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AnatoliaCollege-SurrenderofGreece.jpg/400px-AnatoliaCollege-SurrenderofGreece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Tsolakoglou" title="Georgios Tsolakoglou">Georgios Tsolakoglou</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> officers arrives at Macedonia Hall of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia_College" title="Anatolia College">Anatolia College</a> in Thessaloniki, to sign the surrender (April 1941)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vojski_vo_Grcija_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vojski_vo_Grcija_1.jpg/200px-Vojski_vo_Grcija_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vojski_vo_Grcija_1.jpg/300px-Vojski_vo_Grcija_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vojski_vo_Grcija_1.jpg/400px-Vojski_vo_Grcija_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greek Resistance</a> cavalry during the Axis occupation</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a> was proclaimed in 1924 only to be disestablished in 1935 with the return of <a href="/wiki/King_George_II_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="King George II of Greece">King George II of Greece</a>. In August 1936, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a>, with the agreement of the king, suspended the parliament and established the quasi-fascist <a href="/wiki/Metaxas_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaxas regime">Metaxas regime</a>. </p><p>Despite the country's numerically small and ill-equipped armed forces, Greece made a decisive contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> efforts in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. At the start of the war, Greece sided with the Allies and refused to give in to Italian demands. Italy invaded Greece by way of Albania on 28 October 1940, but Greek troops repelled the invaders after a bitter struggle (see <a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Greco-Italian War</a>). This marked the first Allied victory in the war. </p><p>Primarily to secure his strategic southern flank, German dictator <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> reluctantly stepped in and launched the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">Battle of Greece</a> in April 1941. Axis units from Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy successfully invaded Greece, through Yugoslavia, forcing out the Greek defenders. The Greek government eventually decided to stop the fighting and thus stopped sending ammunition and supplies to the northern front and the defenders were easily overrun. The Greek government then proceeded, as the Nazi forces came towards the capital of Athens, to leave for Crete and then Cairo, Egypt. </p><p>On 20 May 1941, the Germans attempted to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">seize Crete</a> with a large attack by <a href="/wiki/Paratroop" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratroop">paratroopers</a>, with the aim of reducing the threat of a counter-offensive by Allied forces in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, but faced heavy resistance. The Greek campaign might have delayed German military plans against the Soviet Union, and it is argued that had the German invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> started on 20 May 1941 instead of 22 June 1941, the Nazi assault against the Soviet Union might have succeeded. The heavy losses of German paratroopers led the Germans to launch no further large-scale air-invasions. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation of Greece</a>, thousands of Greeks died in direct combat, in concentration camps, or of starvation. The occupiers murdered the greater part of the <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Greece">Jewish community</a> despite efforts by Christian Greeks to shelter the Jews. The economy was devastated, and the currency suffered one of the worst <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflations</a> ever recorded. </p><p>When the Soviet Army began its drive across <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> in August 1944, the German Army in Greece began withdrawing north and northwestward from Greece into <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> to avoid being cut off in Greece. Hence, the German occupation of Greece ended in October 1944. The Resistance group <a href="/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek People's Liberation Army">ELAS</a> seized control of Athens on 12 October 1944. British troops had already landed on 4 October in <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a>, and entered Athens on 14 October 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christina Goulter summarizes the devastation done to Greece during the war:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>"Between 1941 and 1945, over 8% of the Greek population had died; some 2000 villages and small towns had been razed to the ground; starvation was widespread due to the destruction of crops and worsened in many parts of Greece after liberation when agricultural labourers migrated to urban centres to escape politically inspired violence in the countryside; trade either internally or externally had all but ceased; most of Greece's merchant marine lay at the bottom of the sea; and motorized transport had been confiscated by the axis occupiers."</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_Civil_War_(1944–1949)"><span id="Greek_Civil_War_.281944.E2.80.931949.29"></span>Greek Civil War (1944–1949)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Greek Civil War (1944–1949)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil war">Greek civil war</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Greece_1945_NA21427.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_British_Army_in_Greece_1945_NA21427.jpg/250px-The_British_Army_in_Greece_1945_NA21427.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_British_Army_in_Greece_1945_NA21427.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_Greece_1945_NA21427.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_British_Army_in_Greece_1945_NA21427.jpg/500px-The_British_Army_in_Greece_1945_NA21427.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Clashes in Athens during the <i><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></i> events</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Eμφύλιος πόλεμος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Emfílios pólemos</i></span>) was the first major confrontation of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was fought between 1944 and 1949 in Greece between the nationalist/non-Marxist forces of Greece (financially supported by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> at first, and later by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Army_of_Greece" title="Democratic Army of Greece">Democratic Army of Greece</a> (ELAS), which was the military branch of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a> (KKE). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gde.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gde.svg/220px-Gde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gde.svg/330px-Gde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gde.svg/440px-Gde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Organization and military bases of the Communist led "<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Army_of_Greece" title="Democratic Army of Greece">Democratic Army</a>", as well as entry routes to Greece.</figcaption></figure> <p>The conflict resulted in a victory for the British — and later U.S.-supported government forces, which led to Greece receiving American funds through the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, as well as becoming a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, which helped to define the ideological balance of power in the Aegean for the entire Cold War. </p><p>The first phase of the civil war occurred in 1943–1944. Marxist and non-Marxist resistance groups fought each other in a fratricidal conflict to establish the leadership of the Greek resistance movement. In the second phase (December 1944), the ascendant communists, in military control of most of Greece, confronted the returning Greek <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government in exile</a>, which had been formed under the auspices of the Western Allies in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and originally included six KKE-affiliated ministers. In the third phase (called by some the "Third Round"), guerrilla forces controlled by the KKE fought against the internationally recognized Greek government which was formed after elections were boycotted by the KKE. Although the involvement of the KKE in the uprisings was universally known, the party remained legal until 1948, continuing to coordinate attacks from its Athens offices until <a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">proscription</a>. </p><p>The war, which lasted from 1946 to 1949, was characterised by guerilla warfare between the KKE forces and Greek governmental forces mainly in the mountain ranges of northern Greece. The war ended with the NATO bombing of Mount Grammos and the final defeat of the KKE forces. The civil war left Greece with a legacy of political polarization. As a result, Greece also entered into an alliance with the United States and joined NATO, while relationships with its communist northern neighbours, both pro-Soviet and neutral, became strained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_development_and_integration_in_Western_Bloc_(1949–1967)"><span id="Postwar_development_and_integration_in_Western_Bloc_.281949.E2.80.931967.29"></span>Postwar development and integration in Western Bloc (1949–1967)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Postwar development and integration in Western Bloc (1949–1967)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s and 1960s, Greece developed rapidly, initially with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>'s grants and loans, also to decrease the communist influence. In 1952, by joining NATO, Greece clearly became part of the Western Bloc of the Cold War. But in Greek society, the deep divide between the leftist and rightist sections continued. </p><p>The Greek economy advanced further through growth in the tourism sector. New attention was given to <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, and in 1952 <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">suffrage for women</a> was guaranteed in the Constitution, full Constitutional equality following, and <a href="/wiki/Lina_Tsaldari" title="Lina Tsaldari">Lina Tsaldari</a> becoming the first female minister that decade. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a> is the period of sustained <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, generally from 1950 to 1973. During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek economy">Greek economy</a> grew by an average of 7.7%, second in the world only to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Angus_Maddison_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angus_Maddison-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AllisonNicolaïdis1997_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllisonNicolaïdis1997-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_dictatorship_(1967–1974)"><span id="Military_dictatorship_.281967.E2.80.931974.29"></span>Military dictatorship (1967–1974)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Military dictatorship (1967–1974)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Greek military junta of 1967–1974</a> and <a href="/wiki/1974_Cypriot_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Cypriot coup d'état">1974 Cypriot coup d'état</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0503-0204-005,_Stuttgart,_Maikundgebung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0503-0204-005%2C_Stuttgart%2C_Maikundgebung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0503-0204-005%2C_Stuttgart%2C_Maikundgebung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0503-0204-005%2C_Stuttgart%2C_Maikundgebung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0503-0204-005%2C_Stuttgart%2C_Maikundgebung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0503-0204-005%2C_Stuttgart%2C_Maikundgebung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0503-0204-005%2C_Stuttgart%2C_Maikundgebung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Protest against the junta by Greek political exiles in Germany, 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1967, the Greek military seized power in a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, overthrowing the centre right government of <a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Kanellopoulos" title="Panagiotis Kanellopoulos">Panagiotis Kanellopoulos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It established the <a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek military junta of 1967–1974</a> which became known as the <i>Régime of the Colonels</i>. The junta government's accession to power led to an isolation of Greece from European affairs and froze Greece's entry to the European Union. In 1973, the régime abolished the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Greece">Greek monarchy</a> and in 1974, dictator <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Papadopoulos</a> denied help to the United States. After a second coup that year, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Ioannides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitrios Ioannides">Ioannides</a> was appointed as the new head-of-state. </p><p>Ioannides was responsible for the 1974 coup against President <a href="/wiki/Makarios_III" title="Makarios III">Makarios</a> of Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coup became the pretext for the first wave of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a> in 1974 (see <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish relations">Greco-Turkish relations</a>). The Cyprus events and the outcry following a bloody suppression of <a href="/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising" title="Athens Polytechnic uprising">Athens Polytechnic uprising</a> in Athens led to the implosion of the military régime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Hellenic_Republic_(1974_–_present)"><span id="Third_Hellenic_Republic_.281974_.E2.80.93_present.29"></span>Third Hellenic Republic (1974 – present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Third Hellenic Republic (1974 – present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a></div> <p>After the end of the military régime, democracy was restored. </p><p>The fall of the junta was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">metapolitefsi</a>. Metapolitefsi was initiated when <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a> returned from self-exile in Paris at the invitation of the junta, to become interim prime minister on July 23, 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-NATO_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NATO-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later gained re-election for two further terms at the head of the conservative <a href="/wiki/Nea_Dimokratia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nea Dimokratia">New Democracy Party</a>. In August 1974, Greek forces withdrew from the integrated military structure of NATO in protest at the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, a referendum voted 69%–31% to confirm the deposition of King <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Greece" title="Constantine II of Greece">Constantine II</a>. A democratic republican constitution came into force.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another previously exiled politician, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Andreas Papandreou</a> also returned and founded the <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> PASOK Party (<a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Socialist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhellenic Socialist Movement">Panhellenic Socialist Movement</a>), which won the 1981 election and dominated Greek politics for almost two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persconferentie_van_Andreas_Papandreaou_in_Poort_van_Cleve_te_Amsterdam,_Bestanddeelnr_921-2803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Persconferentie_van_Andreas_Papandreaou_in_Poort_van_Cleve_te_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-2803.jpg/120px-Persconferentie_van_Andreas_Papandreaou_in_Poort_van_Cleve_te_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-2803.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Persconferentie_van_Andreas_Papandreaou_in_Poort_van_Cleve_te_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-2803.jpg/180px-Persconferentie_van_Andreas_Papandreaou_in_Poort_van_Cleve_te_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-2803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Persconferentie_van_Andreas_Papandreaou_in_Poort_van_Cleve_te_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-2803.jpg/240px-Persconferentie_van_Andreas_Papandreaou_in_Poort_van_Cleve_te_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-2803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2425" data-file-height="3696" /></a><figcaption>The socialist prime minister <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Andreas Papandreou</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the restoration of democracy, Greece's stability and economic prosperity improved significantly. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980, joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) in 1981 and adopted the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> as its currency in 2001. New infrastructure funds from the EU and growing revenues from tourism, shipping, services, light industry and the telecommunications industry have brought Greeks an unprecedented standard of living. Tensions continue to exist between Greece and Turkey over Cyprus and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">delimitation of borders</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> but relations have considerably thawed following successive earthquakes, first in Turkey and then in Greece, and an outpouring of sympathy and generous assistance by ordinary Greeks and Turks (see <a href="/wiki/Greek-Turkish_earthquake_diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek-Turkish earthquake diplomacy">Earthquake Diplomacy</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece_in_the_Eurozone">Greece in the Eurozone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Greece in the Eurozone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a></div> <p>The 2008 global economic recession impacted Greece, as well as the <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European debt crisis">rest of the countries in the eurozone</a>. From late 2009, fears developed in investment markets of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign debt crisis">sovereign debt crisis</a> concerning Greece's ability to pay its debts, in view of the large increase in the country's <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">government debt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This crisis of confidence was indicated by a widening of <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bond</a> <a href="/wiki/Yield_spread" title="Yield spread">yield spreads</a> and risk insurance on <a href="/wiki/Credit_default_swap" title="Credit default swap">credit default swaps</a> compared to other countries, most importantly Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downgrading of Greek government debt to <a href="/wiki/Junk_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Junk bond">junk bond</a> status created alarm in financial markets. On 2 May 2010, the Eurozone countries and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> agreed on a <span class="nowrap">€110 billion</span> loan for Greece, conditional on the implementation of harsh austerity measures. </p><p>In October 2011, Eurozone leaders also agreed on a proposal to write off 50% of Greek debt owed to private creditors, increasing the <a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility</a> amount to about €1 trillion, and requiring European banks to achieve 9% capitalization to reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Financial_contagion" title="Financial contagion">contagion</a> to other countries. These austerity measures were extremely unpopular with the Greek public, precipitating demonstrations and civil unrest. This period corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a>, that changed dramatically the political stage. Early in the period, PASOK were able to capitalise on a loss of support for ND. However, by the early 2010s, PASOK were also attracting blame for their handling of the crisis, and the radical party <a href="/wiki/SYRIZA" class="mw-redirect" title="SYRIZA">SYRIZA</a> became the largest party on the left. The position of the far-right was also strengthened in this period. </p><p>SYRIZA has since overtaken PASOK as the main party of the centre-left.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Tsipras" title="Alexis Tsipras">Alexis Tsipras</a> led SYRIZA to victory in the general election held on 25 January 2015, falling short of an outright majority in Parliament by just two seats.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following morning, Tsipras reached an agreement with Independent Greeks party to form a coalition, and he was sworn in as Prime Minister of Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsipras called snap elections in August 2015, resigning from his post, which led to a month-long caretaker administration headed by judge <a href="/wiki/Vassiliki_Thanou-Christophilou" title="Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou">Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou</a>, Greece's first female prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the September 2015 general election, Alexis Tsipras led SYRIZA to another victory, winning 145 out of 300 seats<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and re-forming the coalition with the Independent Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was defeated in the July 2019 general <a href="/wiki/2019_Greek_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Greek legislative election">election</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis" title="Kyriakos Mitsotakis">Kyriakos Mitsotakis</a> who leads New Democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 July 2019, Kyriakos Mitsotakis was sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Greece. He formed a centre-right government after the landslide victory of his New Democracy party.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2020, Greece's parliament elected a non-partisan candidate, <a href="/wiki/Katerina_Sakellaropoulou" title="Katerina Sakellaropoulou">Katerina Sakellaropoulou</a>, as the first female <a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President of Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2023, conservative New Democracy party won the legislative <a href="/wiki/June_2023_Greek_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="June 2023 Greek legislative election">election</a>, meaning another four-year term as prime minister for Kyriakos Mitsotakis.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, the Greek economy is forecast to grow nearly 3%, meaning it approaches its pre-crisis size of 2009 and far outpacing the euro zone average economic growth of 0.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 August 2024, Greece declared a state of emergency in Volos after more than 100 metric tons of dead fish were recovered from the port of Volos.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crete" title="History of Crete">History of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">History of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cyclades" title="History of the Cyclades">History of the Cyclades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thessaly" title="History of Thessaly">History of Thessaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Athens" title="History of Athens">History of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macedonia" title="History of Macedonia">History of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Greek language">History of the Greek language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Ancient Greece">Timeline of Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_Greek_history" title="Timeline of modern Greek history">Timeline of modern Greek history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li></ul> <p><b>Lists:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">List of ancient Greek cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece" title="List of kings of Greece">List of kings of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of Greece">List of presidents of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Greece" title="List of prime ministers of Greece">List of prime ministers of Greece</a></li></ul> <p><b>General</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Asia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Region" title="Intermediate Region">Intermediate Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMerceron2005" class="citation journal cs1">Merceron, G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=The+Palaeolithic+record+of+Greece%3A+A+synthesis+of+the+evidence+and+a+research+agenda+for+the+future&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Tourloukis&rft.aufirst=Vangelis&rft.au=Harvati%2C+Katerina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F316750974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKillgrove2023" class="citation web cs1">Killgrove, Kristina (8 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/oldest-evidence-of-humans-in-greece-is-700000-years-old-a-quarter-of-a-million-years-older-than-previously-thought">"Oldest evidence of humans in Greece is 700,000 years old, a quarter of a million years older than previous record"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Oldest+evidence+of+humans+in+Greece+is+700%2C000+years+old%2C+a+quarter+of+a+million+years+older+than+previous+record&rft.date=2023-06-08&rft.aulast=Killgrove&rft.aufirst=Kristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Farchaeology%2Foldest-evidence-of-humans-in-greece-is-700000-years-old-a-quarter-of-a-million-years-older-than-previously-thought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarvatiRödingBosmanKarakostis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Harvati, Katerina; Röding, Carolin; Bosman, Abel M.; Karakostis, Fotios A.; Grün, Rainer; Stringer, Chris; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Thompson, Nicholas C.; Koutoulidis, Vassilis; Moulopoulos, Lia A.; Gorgoulis, Vassilis G. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1376-z">"Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>571</b> (7766): <span class="nowrap">500–</span>504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1376-z">10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31292546">31292546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195873640">195873640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Apidima+Cave+fossils+provide+earliest+evidence+of+Homo+sapiens+in+Eurasia&rft.volume=571&rft.issue=7766&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E500-%3C%2Fspan%3E504&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195873640%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31292546&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1376-z&rft.aulast=Harvati&rft.aufirst=Katerina&rft.au=R%C3%B6ding%2C+Carolin&rft.au=Bosman%2C+Abel+M.&rft.au=Karakostis%2C+Fotios+A.&rft.au=Gr%C3%BCn%2C+Rainer&rft.au=Stringer%2C+Chris&rft.au=Karkanas%2C+Panagiotis&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Nicholas+C.&rft.au=Koutoulidis%2C+Vassilis&rft.au=Moulopoulos%2C+Lia+A.&rft.au=Gorgoulis%2C+Vassilis+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-019-1376-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zimmer" title="Carl Zimmer">Zimmer, Carl</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/10/science/skull-neanderthal-human-europe-greece.html">"A Skull Bone Discovered in Greece May Alter the Story of Human Prehistory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=%27Oldest+remains%27+outside+Africa+reset+human+migration+clock&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2019-07-oldest-africa-reset-human-migration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ime.gr/chronos/01/en/pl/housing/index.html">"Paleolithic habitation in Greece"</a>. <i>Foundation of the Hellenic World (Ίδρυμα Μείζονος Ελληνισμού)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+of+the+Hellenic+World+%28%CE%8A%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%29&rft.atitle=Paleolithic+habitation+in+Greece&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ime.gr%2Fchronos%2F01%2Fen%2Fpl%2Fhousing%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKolendrianouLigkovanlisManiakasTzortzi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kolendrianou, Maria; Ligkovanlis, Stefanos; Maniakas, Ioannis; Tzortzi, Marianthi; Iliopoulos, George (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7253483">"The Palaeolithic cave of Kalamakia"</a>. <i>Heliyon</i>. <b>6</b> (5): e03958. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2020.e03958">10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03958</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7253483">7253483</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32490227">32490227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heliyon&rft.atitle=The+Palaeolithic+cave+of+Kalamakia&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e03958&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7253483%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32490227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2020.e03958&rft.aulast=Kolendrianou&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Ligkovanlis%2C+Stefanos&rft.au=Maniakas%2C+Ioannis&rft.au=Tzortzi%2C+Marianthi&rft.au=Iliopoulos%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7253483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in2greece.com/english/historymyth/ancient_hist_and_myth.htm">"Greek history"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.in2greece.com%2Fenglish%2Fhistorymyth%2Fancient_hist_and_myth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerles2003" class="citation book cs1">Perles, Catherine (2003). <i>The Mesolithic at Franchth</i>. The British school at Athens.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mesolithic+at+Franchth&rft.pub=The+British+school+at+Athens&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Perles&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ime.gr/chronos/01/en/pl/housing/index.html">"Palaeolithic habitation in Greece"</a>. <i>Foundation of the Hellenic World (Ίδρυμα Μείζονος Ελληνισμού)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+of+the+Hellenic+World+%28%CE%8A%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%29&rft.atitle=Palaeolithic+habitation+in+Greece&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ime.gr%2Fchronos%2F01%2Fen%2Fpl%2Fhousing%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgiev1981">Georgiev 1981</a>, pp. 156, 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPashouDrineasYannaki2014">Pashou, Drineas & Yannaki 2014</a>, p. 5: "The earliest Neolithic sites with developed agricultural economies in Europe dated 8500–9000 BPE are found in Greece. The general features of the material culture of the Greek Neolithic and the genetic features of the preserved crops and associated weeds of the earliest Greek Neolithic sites point to Near Eastern origins. How these Near Eastern migrants reached Greece is a matter of speculation...Our data support the Anatolian rather than the Levantine route because they consistently show the Aegean islands to be connected to the Near East through Anatolia. Archaeological evidence from Greek and Near Eastern and Anatolian Neolithic sites suggest that multiple waves of Neolithic migrants reached Greece and Southern Europe. Most likely multiple routes were used in these migrations but, as our data show, the maritime route and island hopping was prominent."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A comprehensive overview in J.T. Hooker's <i>Mycenaean Greece</i> (<a href="#CITEREFHooker1976">Hooker 1976</a>, Chapter 2: "Before the Mycenaean Age", pp. 11–33 and passim); for a different hypothesis excluding massive migrations and favoring an autochthonous scenario, see Colin Renfrew's "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin" (<a href="#CITEREFRenfrew1973">Renfrew 1973</a>, pp. 263–276, especially p. 267) in <i>Bronze Age Migrations</i> by R.A. Crossland and A. Birchall, eds. (1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2000">Coleman 2000</a>, pp. 101–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waldman-Mason-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waldman-Mason_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waldman-Mason_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waldman-Mason_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waldman-Mason_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waldman-Mason_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaldmanMason2006">Waldman & Mason 2006</a>, "Minoans", pp. 521–526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastleden1993">Castleden 1993</a>, pp. 1–2; <a href="#CITEREFWaldmanMason2006">Waldman & Mason 2006</a>, "Minoans", pp. 521–526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickinson1977">Dickinson 1977</a>, pp. 32, 53, 107–108; <a href="#CITEREFDickinson1999">Dickinson 1999</a>, pp. 97–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2014">Hall 2014</a>, 3: The End of the Mycenaean World and Its Aftermath (The Loss and Recovery of Writing).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSealey1976">Sealey 1976</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2011">Olbrycht 2011</a>, pp. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhodes2007">Rhodes 2007</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009) <i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Mosul to Zirid, Volume 3</i>. (Oxford University Press Incorporated, 2009), 385; "[Khojand, Tajikistan]; As the easternmost outpost of the empire of Alexander the Great, the city was renamed Alexandria Eschate ("furthest Alexandria") in 329 BCE."<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Golden, Peter B. <i>Central Asia in World History</i> (Oxford University Press, 2011), 25;"[...] his campaigns in Central Asia brought Khwarazm, Sogdia and Bactria under Graeco-Macedonian rule. As elsewhere, Alexander founded or renamed a number of cities, such as Alexandria Eschate ("Outernmost Alexandria", near modern Khojent in Tajikistan)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYenne2010159-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYenne2010159_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYenne2010">Yenne 2010</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/summary/Alexander-the-Greats-Achievements">"Alexander the Great's Achievements"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210702234248/https://www.britannica.com/summary/Alexander-the-Greats-Achievements">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+the+Great%27s+Achievements&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsummary%2FAlexander-the-Greats-Achievements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span> "Alexander the Great was one of the greatest military strategists and leaders in world history."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1990" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Alan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/economic-expansion-in-the-byzantine-empire-9001200/D9F35883AC7AD37EF9A33BC7E8625BB2"><i>Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511562433">10.1017/cbo9780511562433</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37151-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37151-3"><bdi>978-0-521-37151-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Expansion+in+the+Byzantine+Empire%2C+900%E2%80%931200&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511562433&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37151-3&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Feconomic-expansion-in-the-byzantine-empire-9001200%2FD9F35883AC7AD37EF9A33BC7E8625BB2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVacalopoulos1976">Vacalopoulos 1976</a>, p. 45: "The Greeks never lost their desire to escape from the heavy hand of the Turks, bad government, the impressment of their children, the increasingly heavy taxation, and the sundry caprices of the conqueror. Indeed, anyone studying the last two centuries of Byzantine rule cannot help being struck by the propensity of the Greeks to flee misfortune. The routes they chiefly took were: first, to the predominantly Greek territories, which were either still free or Frankish-controlled (that is to say, the Venetian fortresses in the Despotate of Morea, as well as in the Aegean and Ionian Islands) or else to Italy and the West generally; second, to remote mountain districts in the interior where the conqueror's yoke was not yet felt."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReinkowski1999" class="citation journal cs1">Reinkowski, Maurus (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/4403">"FreiDok plus - Ottoman "multiculturalism"? : the example of the confessional system in Lebanon; a lecture"</a>. <i>freidok.uni-freiburg.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=freidok.uni-freiburg.de&rft.atitle=FreiDok+plus+-+Ottoman+%22multiculturalism%22%3F+%3A+the+example+of+the+confessional+system+in+Lebanon%3B+a+lecture&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Reinkowski&rft.aufirst=Maurus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreidok.uni-freiburg.de%2Fdata%2F4403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDakin1973" class="citation book cs1">Dakin, Douglas (September 26, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk1iVvOr6RUC"><i>The Greek Struggle for Independence, 1821-1833</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520023420" title="Special:BookSources/9780520023420"><bdi>9780520023420</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Struggle+for+Independence%2C+1821-1833&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973-09-26&rft.isbn=9780520023420&rft.aulast=Dakin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRk1iVvOr6RUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyrsiadesMyrsiades1992">Myrsiades & Myrsiades 1992</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirēsKardamitsē-Adamē2004">Birēs & Kardamitsē-Adamē 2004</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clogg-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clogg_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clogg_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clogg_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clogg_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clogg_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClogg2002">Clogg 2002</a>, pp. 86–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones150-151-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones150-151_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>, pp. 150–151: "By the beginning of the First World War, a majority of the region's ethnic Greeks still lived in present-day Turkey, mostly in Thrace (the only remaining Ottoman territory in Europe, abutting the Greek border), and along the Aegean and Black Sea coasts. They would be targeted both prior to and alongside the Armenians of Anatolia and Assyrians of Anatolia and Mesopotamia...The major populations of "Anatolian Greeks" include those along the Aegean coast and in Cappadocia (central Anatolia), but not the Greeks of the Thrace region west of the Bosphorus...A "Christian genocide" framing acknowledges the historic claims of Assyrian and Greek peoples, and the movements now stirring for recognition and restitution among Greek and Assyrian diasporas. It also brings to light the quite staggering cumulative death toll among the various Christian groups targeted...of the 1.5 million Greeks of Asia minor – Ionians, Pontians, and Cappadocians – approximately 750,000 were massacred and 750,000 exiled. Pontian deaths alone totaled 353,000."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones166-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones166_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>, p. 166: "An estimate of the Pontian Greek death toll at all stages of the anti-Christian genocide is about 350,000; for all the Greeks of the Ottoman realm taken together, the toll surely exceeded half a million, and may approach the 900,000 killed that a team of US researchers found in the early postwar period. Most surviving Greeks were expelled to Greece as part of the tumultuous "population exchanges" that set the seal on a heavily "Turkified" state."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones171–172-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones171–172_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>, pp. 171–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2008">Schaller & Zimmerer 2008</a>, pp. 7–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Association_of_Genocide_Scholars" class="citation web cs1">International Association of Genocide Scholars. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080428051032/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf">"Resolution on Genocides Committed by the Ottoman Empire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-04-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+on+Genocides+Committed+by+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.au=International+Association+of+Genocide+Scholars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenocidescholars.org%2Fimages%2FResolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html">"Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text"</a>. Armenia News – News.am. 15 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genocide+Resolution+approved+by+Swedish+Parliament+%E2%80%94+full+text&rft.pub=Armenia+News+%E2%80%93+News.am&rft.date=2010-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.am%2Feng%2Fnews%2F16644.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurchill2010">Churchill 2010</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoulter2014">Goulter 2014</a>, pp. 1023–1025.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShrader1999">Shrader 1999</a>, p. 266: "As the first major confrontation of the Cold War, the Greek civil war was a testing ground for the tactics and techniques of insurgent-counterinsurgent warfare, which would mark military affairs for the ensuing four decades."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarantzidisAntoniou2004">Marantzidis & Antoniou 2004</a>, pp. 223–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angus_Maddison-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Angus_Maddison_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Angus Maddison</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/Monitoring.shtml">"Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180902194706/http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/Monitoring.shtml">Archived</a> 2018-09-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, OECD (1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllisonNicolaïdis1997-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AllisonNicolaïdis1997_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraham_T._AllisonKalypso_Nicolaïdis1997" class="citation book cs1">Graham T. Allison; Kalypso Nicolaïdis (January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l4cON14zCgQC&pg=PA43"><i>The Greek Paradox: Promise Vs. Performance</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51092-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51092-9"><bdi>978-0-262-51092-9</bdi></a>. <q>phase of 1960 to 1973 (the period hailed by many as the "Greek economic miracle"), gross domestic product grew at an average annual rate of 7.7 percent, but exports of goods and services grew at the much higher average rate of 12.6</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Paradox%3A+Promise+Vs.+Performance&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1997-01&rft.isbn=978-0-262-51092-9&rft.au=Graham+T.+Allison&rft.au=Kalypso+Nicola%C3%AFdis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl4cON14zCgQC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClogg2002">Clogg 2002</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBahcheliBartmannSrebrnik2004">Bahcheli, Bartmann & Srebrnik 2004</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NATO-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NATO_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/docu/update/70-79/1974e.htm">"NATO Update 1974"</a>. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 26 October 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATO+Update+1974&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Treaty+Organization&rft.date=2001-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fdocu%2Fupdate%2F70-79%2F1974e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoustakis2003">Moustakis 2003</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeatherstone1990">Featherstone 1990</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoccossisPsycharis2008">Coccossis & Psycharis 2008</a>, pp. 44–45 (including "Table 1: Periods of the Post-dictatorial Greek Governments").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatlock2010" class="citation news cs1">Matlock, George (16 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE61F0W720100216">"Peripheral euro zone government bond spreads widen"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Peripheral+euro+zone+government+bond+spreads+widen&rft.date=2010-02-16&rft.aulast=Matlock&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSLDE61F0W720100216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/16009099">"Acropolis now"</a>. The Economist. 29 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Acropolis+now&rft.date=2010-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F16009099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatlock2010" class="citation web cs1">Matlock, George (28 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/markets-bonds-greece-idUSLDE63R0WU20100428">"Greek/German bond yield spread more than 1,000 bps"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Greek%2FGerman+bond+yield+spread+more+than+1%2C000+bps&rft.date=2010-04-28&rft.aulast=Matlock&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fmarkets-bonds-greece-idUSLDE63R0WU20100428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOakleyHope2010" class="citation web cs1">Oakley, David; Hope, Kerin (18 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7d25573c-1ccc-11df-8d8e-00144feab49a.html">"Gilt yields rise amid UK debt concerns"</a>. Financial Times. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7d25573c-1ccc-11df-8d8e-00144feab49a.html">the original</a></span> on 2022-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gilt+yields+rise+amid+UK+debt+concerns&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Hope%2C+Kerin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F7d25573c-1ccc-11df-8d8e-00144feab49a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatsourides2016" class="citation book cs1">Katsourides, Yiannos (22 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYQgDQAAQBAJ&q=syriza%2520pasok%2520centre-left&pg=PA94"><i>Radical Left Parties in Government: The Cases of SYRIZA and AKEL</i></a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greece+swears+in+first+female+president&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F3%2F13%2Fgreeces-first-female-president-sworn-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/25/greece-votes-in-parliamentary-polls-for-second-time-in-five-weeks">"New Democracy party wins landslide victory in Greek elections"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=New+Democracy+party+wins+landslide+victory+in+Greek+elections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F6%2F25%2Fgreece-votes-in-parliamentary-polls-for-second-time-in-five-weeks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/greek-economy-surges-after-decade-pain-2024-04-18/">"Greek economy surges after decade of pain"</a>. <i>reuters.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reuters.com&rft.atitle=Greek+economy+surges+after+decade+of+pain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fmarkets%2Feurope%2Fgreek-economy-surges-after-decade-pain-2024-04-18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/greece-declares-state-of-emergency-over-flood-of-dead-fish/a-70099461">"Greece declares state of emergency over flood of dead fish"</a>. <i>DW News</i>. 31 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DW+News&rft.atitle=Greece+declares+state+of+emergency+over+flood+of+dead+fish&rft.date=2024-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgreece-declares-state-of-emergency-over-flood-of-dead-fish%2Fa-70099461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBahcheliBartmannSrebrnik2004" class="citation book cs1">Bahcheli, Tozun; Bartmann, Barry; Srebrnik, Henry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uIbah-giC0EC"><i>De Facto States: The Quest For Sovereignty</i></a>. London: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-20-348576-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-20-348576-7"><bdi>978-0-20-348576-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Facto+States%3A+The+Quest+For+Sovereignty&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%28Taylor+%26+Francis%29&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-20-348576-7&rft.aulast=Bahcheli&rft.aufirst=Tozun&rft.au=Bartmann%2C+Barry&rft.au=Srebrnik%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuIbah-giC0EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBirēsKardamitsē-Adamē2004" class="citation book cs1">Birēs, Manos G.; Kardamitsē-Adamē, Marō (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2eY2DSay5KkC"><i>Neoclassical Architecture in Greece</i></a>. 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Leipzig and Berlin: Verlag und Druck von B. G. Teubner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staat+und+Gesellschaft+der+Griechen+und+R%C3%B6mer+bis+Ausgang+des+Mittelalters+%28Volume+2%2C+Part+4%29&rft.place=Leipzig+and+Berlin&rft.pub=Verlag+und+Druck+von+B.+G.+Teubner&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Heisenberg&rft.aufirst=August&rft.au=Kromayer%2C+Johannes&rft.au=von+Wilamowitz-Moellendorff%2C+Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWc3rmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHooker1976" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, J.T. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s0YbAAAAYAAJ"><i>Mycenaean Greece</i></a>. 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London and New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-20-384696-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-20-384696-4"><bdi>978-0-20-384696-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge+%28Taylor+%26+Francis%29&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-20-384696-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqdVudSuTRIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarantzidisAntoniou2004" class="citation journal cs1">Marantzidis, Nikos; Antoniou, Giorgios (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jpr.sagepub.com/content/41/2/223.abstract">"The Axis Occupation and Civil War: Changing Trends in Greek Historiography, 1941–2002"</a>. <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>. <b>41</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">223–</span>241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343304041779">10.1177/0022343304041779</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144037807">144037807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=The+Axis+Occupation+and+Civil+War%3A+Changing+Trends+in+Greek+Historiography%2C+1941%E2%80%932002&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022343304041779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144037807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marantzidis&rft.aufirst=Nikos&rft.au=Antoniou%2C+Giorgios&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjpr.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F41%2F2%2F223.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoustakis2003" class="citation book cs1">Moustakis, Fotos (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=io6RAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Greek-Turkish Relationship and NATO</i></a>. London and Portland: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-20-300966-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-20-300966-6"><bdi>978-0-20-300966-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek-Turkish+Relationship+and+NATO&rft.place=London+and+Portland&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-20-300966-6&rft.aulast=Moustakis&rft.aufirst=Fotos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dio6RAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMyrsiadesMyrsiades1992" class="citation book cs1">Myrsiades, Linda S.; Myrsiades, Kostas (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m26U5xFFiTQC"><i>Karagiozis: Culture & Comedy in Greek Puppet Theater</i></a>. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813133106" title="Special:BookSources/0813133106"><bdi>0813133106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karagiozis%3A+Culture+%26+Comedy+in+Greek+Puppet+Theater&rft.place=Lexington%2C+KY&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0813133106&rft.aulast=Myrsiades&rft.aufirst=Linda+S.&rft.au=Myrsiades%2C+Kostas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm26U5xFFiTQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2011" class="citation book cs1">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC">"17. 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John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">342–</span>370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7"><bdi>978-1-4443-5163-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17.+Macedonia+and+Persia&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E342-%3C%2Fspan%3E370&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5163-7&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsJ183uUDkMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPullen2008" class="citation book cs1">Pullen, Daniel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dF40qLIJlAkC">"The Early Bronze Age in Greece"</a>. 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London: Gerald Duckworth and Company Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">263–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-0580-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-0580-6"><bdi>978-0-7156-0580-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Problems+in+the+General+Correlation+of+Archaeological+and+Linguistic+Strata+in+Prehistoric+Greece%3A+The+Model+of+Autochthonous+Origin&rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+Migrations+in+the+Aegean%3B+Archaeological+and+Linguistic+Problems+in+Greek+Prehistory%3A+Proceedings+of+the+first+International+Colloquium+on+Aegean+Prehistory%2C+Sheffield&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.pub=Gerald+Duckworth+and+Company+Limited&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-0580-6&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUkbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2007" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, P.J. 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Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22667-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22667-3"><bdi>978-0-631-22667-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Greek+City-States%2C+ca.+700%E2%80%93338+B.C.&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22667-3&rft.aulast=Sealey&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgreekci00raph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShrader1999" class="citation book cs1">Shrader, Charles R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu2i13Yq60QC"><i>The Withered Vine: Logistics and the Communist Insurgency in Greece, 1945–1949</i></a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-27-596544-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-27-596544-0"><bdi>978-0-27-596544-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Withered+Vine%3A+Logistics+and+the+Communist+Insurgency+in+Greece%2C+1945%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-27-596544-0&rft.aulast=Shrader&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVu2i13Yq60QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVacalopoulos1976" class="citation book cs1">Vacalopoulos, Apostolis (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RYUcAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Greek Nation, 1453–1669</i></a>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813508108" title="Special:BookSources/9780813508108"><bdi>9780813508108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Nation%2C+1453%E2%80%931669&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780813508108&rft.aulast=Vacalopoulos&rft.aufirst=Apostolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRYUcAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_AndelsRunnels1988" class="citation journal cs1">van Andels, Tjeerd H.; Runnels, Curtis N. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131014172504/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/062/Ant0620234.htm">"An Essay on the 'Emergence of Civilization' in the Aegean World"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>62</b> (235): <span class="nowrap">234–</span>247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00073968">10.1017/s0003598x00073968</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163438965">163438965</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/062/Ant0620234.htm">the original</a> on 2013-10-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=An+Essay+on+the+%27Emergence+of+Civilization%27+in+the+Aegean+World&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=235&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00073968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163438965%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=van+Andels&rft.aufirst=Tjeerd+H.&rft.au=Runnels%2C+Curtis+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquity.ac.uk%2Fant%2F062%2FAnt0620234.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanMason2006" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC"><i>Encyclopedia of European Peoples</i></a>. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing (Facts on File, Inc.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-43-812918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-43-812918-1"><bdi>978-1-43-812918-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing+%28Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-43-812918-1&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Mason%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinnifrithMurray1983" class="citation book cs1">Winnifrith, Tom; Murray, Penelope (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1JgcAAAAMAAJ"><i>Greece Old and New</i></a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27836-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27836-9"><bdi>978-0-333-27836-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+Old+and+New&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-333-27836-9&rft.aulast=Winnifrith&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Murray%2C+Penelope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1JgcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYenne2010" class="citation book cs1">Yenne, Bill (2010). <i>Alexander the Great: Lessons From History's Undefeated General</i>. Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61915-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61915-9"><bdi>978-0-230-61915-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+Lessons+From+History%27s+Undefeated+General&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61915-9&rft.aulast=Yenne&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoardmanGriffinMurray1991" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn (1991) [1986]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofg00boar"><i>The Oxford History of Greece & the Hellenistic World</i></a></span>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285247-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285247-2"><bdi>978-0-19-285247-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Greece+%26+the+Hellenistic+World&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285247-2&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Griffin%2C+Jasper&rft.au=Murray%2C+Oswyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofg00boar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrewer2010" class="citation book cs1">Brewer, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k5v3AgAAQBAJ"><i>Greece, The Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule from the Fall of Constantinople to Greek Independence</i></a>. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85-773004-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85-773004-6"><bdi>978-0-85-773004-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece%2C+The+Hidden+Centuries%3A+Turkish+Rule+from+the+Fall+of+Constantinople+to+Greek+Independence&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85-773004-6&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk5v3AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurn1990" class="citation book cs1">Burn, Andrew Robert (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguinhistoryof00burn"><i>The Penguin History of Greece</i></a></span>. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013751-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013751-4"><bdi>978-0-14-013751-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+Greece&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013751-4&rft.aulast=Burn&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpenguinhistoryof00burn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCartledge2002" class="citation book cs1">Cartledge, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G91mQgAACAAJ"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of Ancient Greece</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-152100-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-152100-0"><bdi>978-0-52-152100-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-52-152100-0&rft.aulast=Cartledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG91mQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Chadwick" title="John Chadwick">Chadwick, John</a> (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mycenaeanworld00chad"><i>The Mycenaean World</i></a></span>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29037-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29037-1"><bdi>978-0-521-29037-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mycenaean+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29037-1&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmycenaeanworld00chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDemand2006" class="citation book cs1">Demand, Nancy H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpKgAAAAMAAJ"><i>A History of Ancient Greece in Its Mediterranean Context</i></a>. Cornwall-on-Hudson, NY: Sloan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59-738003-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59-738003-4"><bdi>978-1-59-738003-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Greece+in+Its+Mediterranean+Context&rft.place=Cornwall-on-Hudson%2C+NY&rft.pub=Sloan+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59-738003-4&rft.aulast=Demand&rft.aufirst=Nancy+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpKgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant1992" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofg00gran"><i>A Social History of Greece and Rome</i></a></span>. New York: Scribner (Maxwell Macmillan International). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-68-419309-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-68-419309-0"><bdi>978-0-68-419309-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner+%28Maxwell+Macmillan+International%29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-68-419309-0&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialhistoryofg00gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoliopoulosVeremis2010" class="citation book cs1">Koliopoulos, John S.; Veremis, Thanos M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qumwwKbI0TQC"><i>Modern Greece: A History since 1821</i></a>. Chichester and Malden: John Wile & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44-431483-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44-431483-0"><bdi>978-1-44-431483-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Greece%3A+A+History+since+1821&rft.place=Chichester+and+Malden&rft.pub=John+Wile+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-44-431483-0&rft.aulast=Koliopoulos&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Veremis%2C+Thanos+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqumwwKbI0TQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLatacz1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Latacz" title="Joachim Latacz">Latacz, Joachim</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGEXAQAAIAAJ">"Between Troy and Homer. The So-Called Dark Ages in Greece"</a>. <i>Storia, Poesia e Pensiero nel Mondo Antico. Studi in Onore di Marcello Gigante</i>. Naples: Bibliopolis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-87-088285-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-87-088285-8"><bdi>978-8-87-088285-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Troy+and+Homer.+The+So-Called+Dark+Ages+in+Greece&rft.btitle=Storia%2C+Poesia+e+Pensiero+nel+Mondo+Antico.+Studi+in+Onore+di+Marcello+Gigante&rft.place=Naples&rft.pub=Bibliopolis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-8-87-088285-8&rft.aulast=Latacz&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGEXAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaran1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maran, Joseph (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jvERAQAAMAAJ"><i>Kulturwandel auf dem griechischen Festland und den Kykladen im späten 3. Jahrtausend v. Chr</i></a> (in German). Bonn: Habelt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-77-492870-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-77-492870-1"><bdi>978-3-77-492870-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kulturwandel+auf+dem+griechischen+Festland+und+den+Kykladen+im+sp%C3%A4ten+3.+Jahrtausend+v.+Chr.&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pub=Habelt&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-77-492870-1&rft.aulast=Maran&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjvERAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMylonas1966" class="citation book cs1">Mylonas, George Emmanuel (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wozpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691035239" title="Special:BookSources/9780691035239"><bdi>9780691035239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycenae+and+the+Mycenaean+Age&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780691035239&rft.aulast=Mylonas&rft.aufirst=George+Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwozpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPodzuweit1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Podzuweit, Christian (1982). "Die mykenische Welt und Troja". In Hänsel, B. (ed.). <i>Südosteuropa zwischen 1600 und 1000 v. Chr</i> (in German). Berlin: Prahistorische Archäologie in Sudosteuropa. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+mykenische+Welt+und+Troja&rft.btitle=S%C3%BCdosteuropa+zwischen+1600+und+1000+v.+Chr.&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Prahistorische+Arch%C3%A4ologie+in+Sudosteuropa&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Podzuweit&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRunnelsMurray2001" class="citation book cs1">Runnels, Curtis Neil; Murray, Priscilla (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rg4rTjo0OCQC"><i>Greece before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide</i></a>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4050-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-4050-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+before+History%3A+An+Archaeological+Companion+and+Guide&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4050-0&rft.aulast=Runnels&rft.aufirst=Curtis+Neil&rft.au=Murray%2C+Priscilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drg4rTjo0OCQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPomeroyBursteinDonlanRoberts2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_B._Pomeroy" title="Sarah B. Pomeroy">Pomeroy, Sarah B.</a>; Burstein, Stanley M.; Donlan, Walter; Roberts, Jennifer Tolbert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NMrAQAAIAAJ"><i>A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society and Culture</i></a>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537235-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537235-9"><bdi>978-0-19-537235-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Ancient+Greece%3A+Politics%2C+Society+and+Culture&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537235-9&rft.aulast=Pomeroy&rft.aufirst=Sarah+B.&rft.au=Burstein%2C+Stanley+M.&rft.au=Donlan%2C+Walter&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Jennifer+Tolbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6NMrAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylour1990" class="citation book cs1">Taylour, Lord William (1990) [1964]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mycenaeans00tayl"><i>The Mycenaeans</i></a></span>. London: Thames & Hudson, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-50-027586-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-50-027586-3"><bdi>978-0-50-027586-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mycenaeans&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson%2C+Limited&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-50-027586-3&rft.aulast=Taylour&rft.aufirst=Lord+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmycenaeans00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodhouse1991" class="citation book cs1">Woodhouse, Christopher Montague (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oF6dQgAACAAJ"><i>Modern Greece: A Short History</i></a>. London and Boston: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-57-116122-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-57-116122-5"><bdi>978-0-57-116122-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Greece%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=London+and+Boston&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-57-116122-5&rft.aulast=Woodhouse&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Montague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoF6dQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boletsi, M. "The futurity of things past: Thinking Greece beyond crisis." <i>Inaugural Speech as Marilena Laskaridis Chair of Modern Greek Studies, Amsterdam, Netherlands</i> 21 (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328085132/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9475/f627487c489fd8450d2fee6216e46ef6f3c4.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Tziovas, Dimitris. "The study of modern Greece in a changing world: fading allure or potential for reinvention?." <i>Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies</i> 40.1 (2016): 114–125. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55056689/download_file?st=MTU4NTM4NTgyNiw5OC4xMjcuMzUuMTI4LDQ1Njg5ODk%3D&s=profile">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greece&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Greece" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of Greece">History of Greece</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellenism.net/greek_history.html">A Visual Illustrated Timeline of the History of Greece</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150312195604/http://www.hellenism.net/greek_history.html">Archived</a> 2015-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101104332/http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/classics/history/bronze_age/index.html">The Prehistoric Archaeology of the Aegean</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Greece:_Primary_Documents">History of Greece: Primary Documents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahistoryofgreece.com/">A Short History of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_Williams" title="Henry Smith Williams">Williams, Henry Smith (Ed.)</a> 1904, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55195">The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 03: Greece to the Peloponnesian War</a>, Press of J. 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title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries159" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries159" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greece_topics325" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greece_topics" title="Template:Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greece_topics325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Greece" title="Outline of Greece">Basic topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Greece-related_articles" title="Index of Greece-related articles">Alphabetical index of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pre-1100 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse#Greece" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Antiquity</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1100 BC-330 AD)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Greek_migrations" title="Iron Age Greek migrations">Iron Age migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Greek_wars" title="Roman–Greek wars">Roman–Greek wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople#Foundation_of_Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Foundation of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Middle Ages</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330–1453)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Migration period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern<br />and <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(post-1453)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Kingdom of Candia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece_(1923%E2%80%931940)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greece (1923–1940)">History of Greece (1923–1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Military junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Ancient regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Greek coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Greece" title="Demographic history of Greece">Demographic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_modern_Greece" title="Demographic history of modern Greece">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_name_changes_in_Greece" title="Geographical name changes in Greece">Geographical name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_Greek_countries_and_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic Greek countries and regions">Greek countries and regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Renaissance scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Greek inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Greece" title="Monarchy of Greece">Monarchy</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece" title="List of kings of Greece">Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_royal_family" title="Greek royal family">royal family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Greece" title="Category:Borders of Greece">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Greece">Cities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">co-capital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Greece">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_regions_of_Greece" title="Geographic regions of Greece">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia-Acarnania" title="Aetolia-Acarnania">Aetolia-Acarnania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acarnania" title="Acarnania">Acarnania</a>), <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evrytania" title="Evrytania">Evrytania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthiotis" title="Phthiotis">Phthiotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saronic_Islands" title="Saronic Islands">Saronic Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chania_(regional_unit)" title="Chania (regional unit)">Chania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraklion_(regional_unit)" title="Heraklion (regional unit)">Heraklion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rethymno_(regional_unit)" title="Rethymno (regional unit)">Rethymno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasithi" title="Lasithi">Lasithi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kea_(island)" title="Kea (island)">Kea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythnos" title="Kythnos">Kythnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykonos" title="Mykonos">Mykonos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syros" title="Syros">Syros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinos" title="Tinos">Tinos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agathonisi" title="Agathonisi">Agathonisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astypalaia" title="Astypalaia">Astypalaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalki" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalki">Chalki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalymnos" title="Kalymnos">Kalymnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karpathos" title="Karpathos">Karpathos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasos" title="Kasos">Kasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipsoi" title="Leipsoi">Leipsoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leros" title="Leros">Leros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisyros" title="Nisyros">Nisyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symi" title="Symi">Symi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilos" title="Tilos">Tilos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arta_(regional_unit)" title="Arta (regional unit)">Arta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioannina_(regional_unit)" title="Ioannina (regional unit)">Ioannina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preveza_(regional_unit)" title="Preveza (regional unit)">Preveza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefalonia">Kefalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Kythira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Lefkada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_(regional_unit)" title="Drama (regional unit)">Drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florina_(regional_unit)" title="Florina (regional unit)">Florina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grevena_(regional_unit)" title="Grevena (regional unit)">Grevena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imathia" title="Imathia">Imathia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastoria_(regional_unit)" title="Kastoria (regional unit)">Kastoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavala_(regional_unit)" title="Kavala (regional unit)">Kavala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilkis_(regional_unit)" title="Kilkis (regional unit)">Kilkis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozani_(regional_unit)" title="Kozani (regional unit)">Kozani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pella_(regional_unit)" title="Pella (regional unit)">Pella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serres_(regional_unit)" title="Serres (regional unit)">Serres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_(regional_unit)" title="Thessaloniki (regional unit)">Thessaloniki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Aegean_islands" title="North Aegean islands">North Aegean islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikaria" title="Ikaria">Ikaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(regional_unit)" title="Arcadia (regional unit)">Arcadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argolis" title="Argolis">Argolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinthia" title="Corinthia">Corinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elis_(regional_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elis (regional unit)">Elis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karditsa_(regional_unit)" title="Karditsa (regional unit)">Karditsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larissa_(regional_unit)" title="Larissa (regional unit)">Larissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)" title="Magnesia (regional unit)">Magnesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trikala_(regional_unit)" title="Trikala (regional unit)">Trikala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporades" title="Sporades">Sporades</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Thrace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evros_(regional_unit)" title="Evros (regional unit)">Evros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(regional_unit)" title="Rhodope (regional unit)">Rhodope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanthi_(regional_unit)" title="Xanthi (regional unit)">Xanthi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_Greece" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of Greece">Canyons and gorges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Greece" title="List of caves in Greece">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Greece" title="Geology of Greece">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Greece" title="List of mountains in Greece">Mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodopes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_Greece" title="Category:Peninsulas of Greece">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plains_of_Greece" title="Category:Plains of Greece">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Greece" title="List of volcanoes in Greece">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coasts_of_Greece" title="Category:Coasts of Greece">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Greece" title="List of lakes of Greece">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Greece" title="List of rivers of Greece">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Environment" title="Geography of Greece">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Greece" title="Climate of Greece">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_disasters_in_Greece" title="Category:Natural disasters in Greece">Natural disasters</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Greece" title="List of earthquakes in Greece">earthquakes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Greece" title="List of ecoregions in Greece">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Greece" title="Environmental issues in Greece">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Greece" title="Category:Forests of Greece">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Greece" title="List of mammals of Greece">Mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Greece" title="List of birds of Greece">birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Greece" title="National parks of Greece">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Greece" title="Category:Protected areas of Greece">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Constitutional amendments (<a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_1986" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2001" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2001">2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2008" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2008">2008</a>, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitutions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1822" title="Greek Constitution of 1822">1822</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1827" title="Greek Constitution of 1827">1827</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844" title="Greek Constitution of 1844">1844</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1864" title="Greek Constitution of 1864">1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1911" title="Greek Constitution of 1911">1911</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Special_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Special Court">Supreme Special Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Greece" title="Cabinet of Greece">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greece" title="Government of Greece">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)" title="Government Gazette (Greece)">Government Gazette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Mansion,_Athens" title="Presidential Mansion, Athens">Presidential Mansion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maximos_Mansion" title="Maximos Mansion">Maximos Mansion</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_(Greece)" title="Conference of Presidents (Greece)">Conference of Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament">Speaker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Committees_(Greece)" title="Parliamentary Committees (Greece)">Parliamentary Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidium of the Hellenic Parliament">Presidium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationality_law" title="Greek nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parataxis" title="Parataxis">Parataxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_of_Greece" title="List of parliamentary constituencies of Greece">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasokification" title="Pasokification">Pasokification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Greece" title="List of political parties in Greece">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Greece">Judicial system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)" title="Council of State (Greece)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(Greece)" title="Court of Audit (Greece)">Court of Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Civil_and_Criminal_Court_of_Greece" title="Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Police" title="Hellenic Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Greece" title="Capital punishment in Greece">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Greece" title="Crime in Greece">Crime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_mafia" title="Greek mafia">Greek mafia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Greece" title="Life imprisonment in Greece">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Greece" title="Terrorism in Greece">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Coast_Guard" title="Hellenic Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Greece" title="Foreign relations of Greece">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_European_Union" title="Category:Greece and the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language_naming_dispute" title="Macedonian language naming dispute">Language naming dispute</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_NATO" title="Category:Greece and NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_passport" title="Greek passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Greece" title="Category:Treaties of Greece">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Greece and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Greece">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_alliances_involving_Greece" title="Category:Military alliances involving Greece">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_ranks" title="Greek military ranks">Military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Guard_(Greece)" title="Presidential Guard (Greece)">Presidential Guard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Greece)" title="National Guard (Greece)">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Athens)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Athens)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Greece" title="Cannabis in Greece">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece" title="List of universities in Greece">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Greece">Healthcare</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Greece" title="List of hospitals in Greece">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Greece" title="Obesity in Greece">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Greece" title="Smoking in Greece">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Greece" title="Human rights in Greece">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Greece" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Greece">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Greece">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Greece" title="Prostitution in Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_scandals_in_Greece" title="Category:Political scandals in Greece">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe#Greece" title="Racism in Europe">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchism_in_Greece" title="Category:Monarchism in Greece">Monarchism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism_in_Greece" title="Category:Fascism in Greece">Fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Republicanism_in_Greece" title="Category:Republicanism in Greece">Republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenocentrism" title="Hellenocentrism">Hellenocentrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Social_Movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New Social Movements">New Social Movements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Environmentalism_in_Greece" title="Category:Environmentalism in Greece">Environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Greece" title="Category:Pacifism in Greece">Pacifism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laocracy" title="Laocracy">Laocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Trotskyism_in_Greece" title="Category:Trotskyism in Greece">Trotskyism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Greece" title="Administrative divisions of Greece">Administrative divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Municipalities and communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative regions of Greece">Administrative regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece" title="Regional units of Greece">Regional units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_administrations_of_Greece" title="Decentralized administrations of Greece">Decentralized administrations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Greece" title="Agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Greece" title="List of airports in Greece">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Stock_Exchange" title="Athens Stock Exchange">Athens Stock Exchange</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_listed_on_the_Athens_Stock_Exchange" title="List of companies listed on the Athens Stock Exchange">companies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Greece" title="Banking in Greece">Banking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_brands" title="Category:Greek brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Greece" title="List of companies of Greece">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_power_companies_in_Greece" title="List of electric power companies in Greece">electric power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Debt crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Greek withdrawal from the eurozone">Grexit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Drachma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Energy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">renewable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Greece">nuclear</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins">Euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Greece and the International Monetary Fund">Greece and the International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiki_agora" title="Laiki agora">Laiki agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Greece" title="List of ports in Greece">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_pensions_in_Greece" title="Public pensions in Greece">Public pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Greece" title="Rail transport in Greece">Railways</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Greece" title="History of rail transport in Greece">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Greece" title="International rankings of Greece">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Greece">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">Shipping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Merchant_Marine" title="Greek Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of Greek subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Greece" title="Taxation in Greece">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_International_Fair" title="Thessaloniki International Fair">Thessaloniki International Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Greece" title="Trade unions in Greece">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greece" title="Transport in Greece">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rio%E2%80%93Antirrio_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio–Antirrio bridge">Rio–Antirrio bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens_Metro" title="Athens Metro">Athens Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_Metro" title="Thessaloniki Metro">Thessaloniki Metro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greece" title="Demographics of Greece">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Greece" title="Name of Greece">names of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">the Greeks</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Greece" title="Immigration to Greece">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Greece" title="Minorities in Greece">Minorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_minority_of_Greece" title="Muslim minority of Greece">Muslim minority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Greece">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Greece" title="Aromanians in Greece">Aromanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aromanian_question" title="Aromanian question">Aromanian question</a>), <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Roma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Greek regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastenaria" title="Anastenaria">Anastenaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">Caryatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Concept of kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dress" title="Greek dress">Dress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exomis" title="Exomis">Exomis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap" title="Mariner's cap">Mariner's cap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">Peplos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perizoma_(loincloth)" title="Perizoma (loincloth)">Perizoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsarouchi" title="Tsarouchi">Tsarouchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">Vraka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Party" title="Eastern Party">Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_festival" title="Greek festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_folklore" title="Modern Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greektown" title="Greektown">Greektown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Hospitality</a></li> <li>Carols (<a href="/wiki/Kalanta_Christougenon" title="Kalanta Christougenon">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_New_Year" title="Kalanta of the New Year">New Year's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_Theophany" title="Kalanta of the Theophany">Theophany's</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas" title="Mangas">Mangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountza" title="Mountza">Mountza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Naming customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Hellenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_smashing" title="Plate smashing">Plate smashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Greece" title="Public holidays in Greece">Public holidays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celebration_of_the_Greek_Revolution" title="Celebration of the Greek Revolution">Independence Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">Ohi Day</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouketopolemos" title="Rouketopolemos">Rouketopolemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotic_songs" title="Souliotic songs">Souliotic songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiknopempti" title="Tsiknopempti">Tsiknopempti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry_beads" title="Worry beads">Worry beads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Greece" title="List of castles in Greece">Castles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heptanese_school_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_art" title="Modern Greek art">Modern art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">19th century</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Theatre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Ancient</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Religious art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Breads (<a href="/wiki/Daktyla" title="Daktyla">Daktyla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kritsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Kritsini">Kritsini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagana_(bread)" title="Lagana (bread)">Lagana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paximadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paximadi">Paximadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsoureki" title="Tsoureki">Tsoureki</a>)</li> <li>Desserts (<a href="/wiki/Diples" title="Diples">Diples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koulourakia" title="Koulourakia">Koulourakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kourabiedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kourabiedes">Kourabiedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loukoumades" class="mw-redirect" title="Loukoumades">Loukoumades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melomakarona" class="mw-redirect" title="Melomakarona">Melomakarona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasteli" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteli">Pasteli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoon_sweets" title="Spoon sweets">Spoon sweets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasilopita" title="Vasilopita">Vasilopita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_dishes" title="List of Greek dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li>Drinks (<a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakomelo" title="Rakomelo">Rakomelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sideritis" title="Sideritis">Sideritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappé coffee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Protected_Designations_of_Origin_cheeses" title="List of Greek Protected Designations of Origin cheeses">Cheeses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anthotyros" title="Anthotyros">Anthotyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graviera" title="Graviera">Graviera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasseri" title="Kasseri">Kasseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalotyri" title="Kefalotyri">Kefalotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladotyri_Mytilinis" title="Ladotyri Mytilinis">Ladotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manouri" title="Manouri">Manouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovone" title="Metsovone">Metsovone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizithra" title="Mizithra">Mizithra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filo" title="Filo">Filo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amygdalopita" title="Amygdalopita">Amygdalopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougatsa" title="Bougatsa">Bougatsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaktoboureko" title="Galaktoboureko">Galaktoboureko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karydopita" title="Karydopita">Karydopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanakopita" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanakopita">Spanakopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiropita" title="Tiropita">Tiropita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dakos" title="Dakos">Dakos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></li> <li>Pasta (<a href="/wiki/Gogges" title="Gogges">Gogges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flomaria" title="Flomaria">Flomaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilopites" title="Hilopites">Hilopites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_restaurant" title="Greek restaurant">Restaurants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kafenio" title="Kafenio">Kafenio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzeri" title="Ouzeri">Ouzeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taverna" title="Taverna">Taverna</a>)</li> <li>Sauces (<a href="/wiki/Skordalia" title="Skordalia">Skordalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taramosalata" class="mw-redirect" title="Taramosalata">Taramosalata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirokafteri" title="Tirokafteri">Tirokafteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Tzatziki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvlaki" title="Souvlaki">Souvlaki</a></li> <li>Varieties (<a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Ionian islands">Heptanesean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian cuisine (Greek)">Macedonian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Wine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agiorgitiko" title="Agiorgitiko">Agiorgitiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aidini" title="Aidini">Aidini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrtiko" title="Assyrtiko">Assyrtiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athiri" title="Athiri">Athiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotsifali" title="Kotsifali">Kotsifali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian wine">Lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limnio" title="Limnio">Limnio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mavrodafni" title="Mavrodafni">Mavrodafni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandilaria" title="Mandilaria">Mandilaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagousia" title="Malagousia">Malagousia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvasia" title="Malvasia">Malvasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moschofilero" title="Moschofilero">Moschofilero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">Retsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robola" title="Robola">Robola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savatiano" title="Savatiano">Savatiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilana" title="Vilana">Vilana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinomavro" title="Xinomavro">Xinomavro</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece#Minority_languages" title="Languages of Greece">Minority languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Words for love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Greece" title="Internet in Greece">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Greece" title="List of newspapers in Greece">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Greece" title="Television in Greece">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Dances</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ai_Georgis" title="Ai Georgis">Ai Georgis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angaliastos" title="Angaliastos">Angaliastos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antikristos" title="Antikristos">Antikristos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballos" title="Ballos">Ballos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiakos" title="Dionysiakos">Dionysiakos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisounis" title="Fisounis">Fisounis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaitanaki" title="Gaitanaki">Gaitanaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Geranos">Geranos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasapiko" title="Hasapiko">Hasapiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikariotikos" title="Ikariotikos">Ikariotikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalamatianos" title="Kalamatianos">Kalamatianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangeli" title="Kangeli">Kangeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastorianos" title="Kastorianos">Kastorianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerkiraikos" title="Kerkiraikos">Kerkiraikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koftos" title="Koftos">Koftos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pidikhtos" title="Pidikhtos">Pidikhtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leventikos" title="Leventikos">Leventikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniatikos" title="Maniatikos">Maniatikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovitikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metsovitikos">Metsovitikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ntames" title="Ntames">Ntames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palamakia" title="Palamakia">Palamakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partalos" title="Partalos">Partalos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentozali" title="Pentozali">Pentozali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proskinitos" title="Proskinitos">Proskinitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhichios" title="Pyrrhichios">Pyrrhichios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rougatsiarikos" title="Rougatsiarikos">Rougatsiarikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirtaki" title="Sirtaki">Sirtaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sousta" title="Sousta">Sousta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrtos" title="Syrtos">Syrtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trata_(dance)" title="Trata (dance)">Trata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonikos" title="Tsakonikos">Tsakonikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsamikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsamikos">Tsamikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeibekiko" title="Zeibekiko">Zeibekiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zervos" title="Zervos">Zervos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ntekhno" title="Éntekhno">Éntekhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Folk music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Crete" title="Music of Crete">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Epirus">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Heptanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Heptanese">Heptanesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Music of Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Peloponnese" title="Music of the Peloponnese">Peloponnesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks#Music" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thessaly" title="Music of Thessaly">Thessalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thrace" title="Music of Thrace">Thracian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek hip hop">Hip Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (music)">Ionian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFko" title="Laïko">Laïko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skyladiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyladiko">Skyladiko</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_musical_instruments" title="Greek musical instruments">Musical instruments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Askomandoura" title="Askomandoura">Askomandoura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_lyra" title="Macedonian lyra">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politiki_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Politiki lyra">Politiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontian_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontian lyra">Pontic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crotala" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotala">Crotala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">Gaida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">Salpinx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Santouri">Santouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigono" title="Trigono">Trigono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">Tsampouna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilia" title="Zilia">Zilia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek rock">Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Punk</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Religion</a> and lore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Origins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Modern Revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerico" title="Aerico">Aerico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_Greece" title="Category:Buddhism in Greece">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosoulites" title="Drosoulites">Drosoulites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> (Timeline: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(33%E2%80%93717)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717)">Antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(717%E2%80%931204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (717–1204)">Early Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1204%E2%80%931453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453)">Late Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1453%E2%80%931821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)">Early Modern Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1821%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1821–1924)">19th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1924%E2%80%931974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1924–1974)">Early 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1974%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1974–2008)">Late 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(from_2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (from 2008)">Contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_fairy_tales" title="Category:Greek fairy tales">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gello" title="Gello">Gello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church">Flag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Calendarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Calendarists">Greek Old Calendarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Greece" title="Hinduism in Greece">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertimos" 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href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerephon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Greece" title="Protestantism in Greece">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychai" title="Psychai">Psychai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_days_in_Greece" title="Name days in Greece">Name days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrykolakas" title="Vrykolakas">Vrykolakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_shrine" title="Wayside shrine">Wayside shrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Greece" title="Sport in Greece">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Greece" title="Baseball in Greece">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Greece" title="Basketball in Greece">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Greece" title="Cricket in Greece">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Greece" title="Football in Greece">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_in_Greece" title="Hockey in Greece">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Greece" title="Ice hockey in Greece">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_at_the_Olympics" title="Greece at the Olympics">Modern Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games" title="1906 Intercalated Games">1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Greece" title="Rugby league in Greece">Rugby league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Greece" title="National colours of 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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Template:European_history_by_country"," 7.00% 124.164 1 Template:Europe_topic"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.126","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18762551,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBahcheliBartmannSrebrnik2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirēsKardamitsē-Adamē2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoardmanGriffinMurray1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurn1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartledge2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaskey1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaskey1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastleden1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchill2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClogg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoccossisPsycharis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDakin1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemand2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeatherstone1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsén1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFussSpassovBegunBöhme2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgiev1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGierlińskiNiedźwiedzkiLockleyAthanassiou2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoulter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham_T._AllisonKalypso_Nicolaïdis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayAtkinson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvatiRödingBosmanKarakostis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeisenbergKromayervon_Wilamowitz-Moellendorff1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooker1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Association_of_Genocide_Scholars\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatsourides2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillgrove2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolendrianouLigkovanlisManiakasTzortzi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoliopoulosVeremis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatacz1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaran1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarantzidisAntoniou2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatlock2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMerceron2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoustakis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMylonas1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyrsiadesMyrsiades1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOakleyHope2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlbrycht2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPashouDrineasYannaki2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerles2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodzuweit1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomeroyBursteinDonlanRoberts2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinkowski1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenfrew1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunnelsMurray2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSealey1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrader1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylour1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTourloukisHarvati2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTran_(Now)2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVacalopoulos1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldmanMason2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinnifrithMurray1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodhouse1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYenne2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_AndelsRunnels1988\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 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