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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 History in Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Emergence of civilization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4th_millenium_BC_–_6th_century_AD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4th_millenium_BC_–_6th_century_AD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 4th millenium BC – 6th century AD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4th_millenium_BC_–_6th_century_AD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northeast_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeast_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Northeast Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeast_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horn_of_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horn_of_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Horn of Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horn_of_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northwest_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwest_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Northwest Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northwest_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 West Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central,_Eastern,_and_Southern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central,_Eastern,_and_Southern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.5 Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central,_Eastern,_and_Southern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-9th_to_18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9th_to_18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 9th to 18th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-9th_to_18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Height_of_the_slave_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Height_of_the_slave_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Height of the slave trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Height_of_the_slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Colonialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_struggles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_struggles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Independence struggles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_struggles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Post-colonial Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology,_geography,_ecology,_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology,_geography,_ecology,_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geology, geography, ecology, and environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology,_geography,_ecology,_and_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geology, geography, ecology, and environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geology,_geography,_ecology,_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African_plate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_plate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 African plate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_plate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology_and_biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Ecology and biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Environmental issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Water resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 African Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boundary_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundary_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Boundary conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundary_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electricity_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Electricity generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_Estimates_of_African_Population,_1–2018_AD_(in_thousands)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_Estimates_of_African_Population,_1–2018_AD_(in_thousands)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Alternative Estimates of African Population, 1–2018 AD (in thousands) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_Estimates_of_African_Population,_1–2018_AD_(in_thousands)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shares_of_Africa_and_World_Population,_1–2020_AD_(%_of_world_total)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shares_of_Africa_and_World_Population,_1–2020_AD_(%_of_world_total)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Shares of Africa and World Population, 1–2020 AD (% of world total) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shares_of_Africa_and_World_Population,_1–2020_AD_(%_of_world_total)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Visual art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territories_and_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territories_and_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Territories and regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territories_and_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Africa</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 309 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-309" aria-hidden="true" > 309 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Африкэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Африкэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Африкэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Африкэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%89%83" title="አፍሪቃ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አፍሪቃ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrik" title="Afrik – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Afrik" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अफ्रीका – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अफ्रीका" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affrica" title="Affrica – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Affrica" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إفريقيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إفريقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%90" title="ܐܦܪܝܩܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܦܪܝܩܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%83%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A7" title="Ափրիկէ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ափրիկէ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="আফ্ৰিকা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আফ্ৰিকা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica" title="África – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="África" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अफ्रिका – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अफ्रिका" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frika" title="Áfrika – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Áfrika" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrika" title="Aphrika – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aphrika" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="آفریقا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آفریقا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="আফ্রিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আফ্রিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprika" title="Aprika – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Aprika" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui-chiu" title="Hui-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hui-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Афрыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Афрыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Афрыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Афрыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अफिरका – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अफिरका" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprika" title="Aprika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aprika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨ་ཧྥེ་རི་ཁ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨ་ཧྥེ་རི་ཁ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica" title="Àfrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àfrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprika" title="Aprika – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aprika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afilika" title="Afilika – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Afilika" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afurika" title="Afurika – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Afurika" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afilika" title="Afilika – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Afilika" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affrica" title="Affrica – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Affrica" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إفريقيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إفريقيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrihk%C3%A1" title="Afrihká – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Afrihká" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaa" title="Afrikaa – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Afrikaa" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naakaii_%C5%81izhin%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अफ्रिका – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अफ्रिका" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%95%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B" title="ཨཕ་རི་ཀ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨཕ་རི་ཀ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aafrika" title="Aafrika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aafrika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αφρική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αφρική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Африка Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Африка Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica" title="África – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="África" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afriko" title="Afriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Afriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica" title="África – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="África" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="آفریقا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آفریقا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique" title="Afrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Afrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afirik" title="Afirik – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Afirik" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afriche" title="Afriche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Afriche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Afraic" title="An Afraic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Afraic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Affrick" title="Yn Affrick – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Affrick" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraga" title="Afraga – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Afraga" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica" title="África – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="África" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="非洲" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C4%A9rika" title="Abĩrika – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Abĩrika" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7" title="آفريقا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آفريقا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE" title="આફ્રિકા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આફ્રિકા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आफ्रिका खंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="आफ्रिका खंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflika" title="Aflika – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Aflika" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AE-ch%C3%BB" title="Fî-chû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fî-chû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4" title="아프리카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아프리카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afirka" title="Afirka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Afirka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBApelika" title="ʻApelika – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻApelika" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Աֆրիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աֆրիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अफ़्रीका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अफ़्रीका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%E1%BB%8Bka" title="Afrịka – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Afrịka" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprika" title="Aprika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Aprika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="আফ্রিকা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আফ্রিকা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%91%89%E1%95%86%E1%96%84" title="ᐊᑉᕆᖄ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᑉᕆᖄ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprika" title="Aprika – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Aprika" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Африкæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Африкæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Afrika" title="I-Afrika – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Afrika" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAfrika" title="IAfrika – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IAfrika" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%C3%ADka" title="Afríka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Afríka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אפריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%C9%A9ka_t%C9%9Bt%CA%8A_t%C9%94m" title="Afrɩka tɛtʊ tɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Afrɩka tɛtʊ tɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE" title="ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprika" title="Aprika – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Aprika" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="აფრიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აფრიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8E%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%82%D8%A7" title="اَفرٛیٖقا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اَفرٛیٖقا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afurika" title="Afurika – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Afurika" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufirika" title="Bufirika – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Bufirika" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afelika" title="Afelika – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Afelika" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrik" title="Afrik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Afrik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafrik" title="Lafrik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lafrik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%C3%AEka" title="Afrîka – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Afrîka" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2" title="ທະວີບອາຟຣິກາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທະວີບອາຟຣິກາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80frika" title="Āfrika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Āfrika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afil%C3%ADka" title="Afilíka – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Afilíka" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afriekku" title="Afriekku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Afriekku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/frikytu%27a" title="frikytu'a – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="frikytu'a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afirika" title="Afirika – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Afirika" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अफ्रिका – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अफ्रिका" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="ആഫ്രിക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആഫ്രിക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80wherika" title="Āwherika – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Āwherika" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="आफ्रिका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आफ्रिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="აფრიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აფრიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="افريقيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="افريقيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80" title="အာဖရိက – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="အာဖရိက" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="آفریقا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آفریقا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯑꯐꯔꯤꯀꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯐꯔꯤꯀꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebibiman" title="Ebibiman – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Ebibiman" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mfantse</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%AD-ci%C5%AD" title="Hĭ-ciŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hĭ-ciŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica" title="África – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="África" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Африкась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Африкась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Африк – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Африк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80" title="အာဖရိက – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာဖရိက" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aferika" title="Aferika – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Aferika" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अफ्रिका – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अफ्रिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अफ्रिका – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अफ्रिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB" title="アフリカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフリカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%9D%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%9E%DF%8C%DF%AC" title="ߊߝߙߌߞߌ߬ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߝߙߌߞߌ߬" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikoo" title="Afrikoo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Afrikoo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afreka" title="Afreka – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Afreka" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique" title="Afrique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Afrique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ଆଫ୍ରିକା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଫ୍ରିକା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaa" title="Afrikaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Afrikaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="افریقا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="افریقا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80" title="အာဖရိက – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အာဖရိက" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7" title="افريقا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="افريقا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80" title="អាហ្វ្រិក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាហ្វ្រិក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrike" title="Afrike – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Afrike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica" title="Àfrica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Àfrica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprika" title="Aprika – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Aprika" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afryka" title="Afryka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Afryka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CE%BD" title="Αφρικήν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Αφρικήν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica" title="África – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="África" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99Afirita" title="’Afirita – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="’Afirita" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrika" title="Aphrika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aphrika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aferika" title="Aferika – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aferika" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%83" title="आफ्रिकाखण्डः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आफ्रिकाखण्डः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%C3%AEka" title="Afrîka – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Afrîka" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%81" title="افریقہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="افریقہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica" title="Àfrica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Àfrica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africae" title="Africae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Africae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikoa" title="Afrikoa – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Afrikoa" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aferika" title="Aferika – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Aferika" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica" title="Àfrica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Àfrica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="අප්‍රිකාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අප්‍රිකාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="آفريڪا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آفريڪا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D-Afr%C3%ADka" title="Í-Afríka – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Í-Afríka" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%97%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Афрїка – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Афрїка" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="ئەفریقا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەفریقا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrka" title="Afrka – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Afrka" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikka" title="Afrikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Afrikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprika" title="Aprika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aprika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="ஆப்பிரிக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆப்பிரிக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafriqt" title="Tafriqt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tafriqt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafrikt" title="Tafrikt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafrikt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afriche" title="Afriche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Afriche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A2%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%BE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5" title="ဢႃႇၾရိၵ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဢႃႇၾရိၵ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xweco" title="Xweco – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Xweco" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE" title="ఆఫ్రికా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆఫ్రికా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frika" title="Áfrika – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Áfrika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="ทวีปแอฟริกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทวีปแอฟริกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apir%C3%AFka" title="Apirïka – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Apirïka" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%89%83" title="ኣፍሪቃ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኣፍሪቃ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%9B%D0%BE" title="Африқо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Африқо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAfilika" title="ʻAfilika – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAfilika" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AC%E1%8E%BF%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%9B" title="ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27hetaneho%27e" title="Mo'hetaneho'e – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Mo'hetaneho'e" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afurika" title="Afurika – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Afurika" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE" title="ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abibrem" title="Abibrem – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Abibrem" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afi%CC%B1rika" title="Afi̱rika – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Afi̱rika" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="افریقا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افریقا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%82%D8%A7" title="ئافرىقا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئافرىقا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feihcouh" title="Feihcouh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Feihcouh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica" title="Àfrica – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Àfrica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrik" title="Afrik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Afrik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_Phi" title="Châu Phi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Châu Phi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frikop" title="Frikop – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Frikop" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afriga" title="Afriga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Afriga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrike" title="Afrike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Afrike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%BCrika" title="Apürika – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Apürika" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9D%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%B2" title="阿非利加洲 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿非利加洲" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprika" title="Aprika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aprika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrig" title="Afrig – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Afrig" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="非洲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="אפריקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפריקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81fr%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Áfríkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Áfríkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="非洲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%C4%97ka" title="Afrėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Afrėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="非洲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afirika" title="Afirika – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Afirika" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprika" title="Aprika – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Aprika" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprika" title="Aprika – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Aprika" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflika" title="Aflika – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Aflika" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Africa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Africa (disambiguation)">Africa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Africa</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a>Show national borders</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection)_blank.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29_blank.svg/220px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29_blank.svg/330px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29_blank.svg/440px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a>Hide national borders</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">30,370,000 km2 (11,730,000 sq mi)  (<a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of continents by area">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">1,393,676,444<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-2">[2]</a> (2021; <a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of continents by population">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population density</th><td class="infobox-data">46.1/km2 (119.4/sq mi) (2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">$8.05 trillion (2022 est; 4th)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP (nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">$2.96 trillion (2022 est; <a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of continents by GDP (nominal)">5th</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">$2,180 (Nominal; 2022 est; <a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_GDP_(nominal)#GDP_per_capita_(nominal)_by_continents" class="mw-redirect" title="List of continents by GDP (nominal)">6th</a>)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity</a> (49%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam</a> (42%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">Traditional faiths</a> (8%)<a href="#cnote_A">[A]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Others</a> (1%)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">54 recognized states, 2 partially recognized states, 4 dependent territories</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dependencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_dependencies#External_territories" title="List of African dependencies">External</a> (4)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern Territories</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_dependencies#Internal_territories" title="List of African dependencies">Internal</a> (6+1 disputed)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">1250–3000 native languages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zones</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-1">UTC-1</a> to <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B4" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+4">UTC+4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban agglomerations in Africa">Largest urban areas</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></li><li style="white-space:break;"><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align:left; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="#ref_A">^</a> A: African people often <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">combine</a> the practice of their traditional beliefs with the practice of <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MapAfricaSize.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/MapAfricaSize.gif/220px-MapAfricaSize.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/MapAfricaSize.gif/330px-MapAfricaSize.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/MapAfricaSize.gif/440px-MapAfricaSize.gif 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>The size of Africa compared to other continents</figcaption></figure> Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> after <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s land area and 6% of its total surface area.<a href="#cite_note-Sayre-9">[9]</a> With nearly 1.4 billion people as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Human_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population">human population</a>. Africa's population is the youngest among all the continents;<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a> age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Based on 2024 projections, Africa's population will reach 3.8 billion people by 2099.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Africa is the least wealthy inhabited continent <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> and second-least wealthy by total wealth, ahead of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. Scholars have attributed this to different factors including <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Africa" title="Climate of Africa">climate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Africa_Slow-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Africa_Slow-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">colonialism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a>. Despite this low concentration of wealth, recent economic expansion and a large and young population make Africa an important economic market in the broader global context. Africa has a large quantity of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Africa" title="Natural resources of Africa">natural resources</a> and food resources, including <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa beans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Fruits_originating_in_Africa" title="Category:Fruits originating in Africa">tropical fruit</a>. The continent is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> to the northeast, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> to the southeast and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the west. The continent includes <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagos</a>. It contains <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">54 fully recognised sovereign states</a>, eight <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">cities and islands that are part of non-African states</a>, and two de facto independent <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited or no recognition</a>. This count does not include <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, which are geologically part of the African continent. <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> is Africa's largest country by area, and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> is its largest by population. African nations cooperate through the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, which is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>. Africa straddles the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">prime meridian</a>. It is the only continent to stretch from the northern <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> to the southern temperate zones.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The majority of the continent and its countries are in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, with a substantial portion and a number of countries in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, except for a large part of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the northern tip of <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, and the entire territories of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, which in turn are located above the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">tropic of Cancer</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_temperate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern temperate zone">northern temperate zone</a>. In the other extreme of the continent, southern <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, great parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the entire territories of <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> and the southern tips of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and Madagascar are located below the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">tropic of Capricorn</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_temperate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern temperate zone">southern temperate zone</a>. Africa is highly <a href="/wiki/Biodiverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiverse">biodiverse</a>;<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> it is the continent with the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> species, as it was least affected by the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene_extinctions#Introduction" title="Late Pleistocene extinctions">extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna</a>. However, Africa also is <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Africa" title="Environmental issues in Africa">heavily affected by a wide range of environmental issues</a>, including desertification, deforestation, <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>. These entrenched environmental concerns are expected to worsen as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">climate change impacts Africa</a>. The UN <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> has identified Africa as the continent most <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_to_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerable to climate change">vulnerable to climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">history of Africa</a> is long, complex, and varied, and has often been under-appreciated by the global <a href="/wiki/African_historiography" title="African historiography">historical community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples#Africa" title="List of Indigenous peoples">African societies</a> the <a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">oral word</a> is revered, and they have generally recorded their history via <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, which has led <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologists</a> to term them oral civilisations, contrasted with literate civilisations which pride the <a href="/wiki/Written_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Written word">written word</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>: 142–143  During the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Africa" title="Colonial Africa">colonial period</a>, oral sources were deprecated by European historians, which gave them the impression Africa had no recorded history. <a href="/wiki/African_historiography" title="African historiography">African historiography</a> became organized at the academic level in the mid-20th century, and saw a movement towards utilising oral sources in a multidisciplinary approach, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/General_History_of_Africa" title="General History of Africa">General History of Africa</a>, edited by specialists from across the continent. Africa, particularly <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Africa">Eastern Africa</a>, is widely accepted to be the place of origin of humans and the <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a> <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_ape" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape">great apes</a>. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Hominids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominids">hominids</a> and their ancestors have been dated to around 7 million years ago, and <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> (modern human) are believed to have originated in Africa 350,000 to 260,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-29">[a]</a> Africa is also considered by anthropologists to be the most genetically diverse continent as a result of being the longest inhabited.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> In the 4th and 3rd millennia BC <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture">Kerma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Punt</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tichitt_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichitt Tradition">Tichitt Tradition</a> emerged in <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">North</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Africa" title="History of East Africa">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">West Africa</a>, while from 4000 BC until 1000 AD the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a> was substantial in laying the foundations for societies and states in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a> include <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ife_Empire" title="Ife Empire">Ife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin Empire">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asante_Empire" title="Asante Empire">Asante</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayyubids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubids">Ayyubids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mwene_Muji" title="Mwene Muji">Mwene Muji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luba_Empire" title="Luba Empire">Luba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunda_Empire" title="Lunda Empire">Lunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Kitara" title="Empire of Kitara">Kitara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate" title="Kilwa Sultanate">Kilwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakalava_people#History" title="Sakalava people">Sakalava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imerina" class="mw-redirect" title="Imerina">Imerina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Mutapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rozvi_Empire" title="Rozvi Empire">Rozvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mthwakazi" title="Mthwakazi">Mthwakazi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trades</a> created various <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">diasporas</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">in the Americas</a>. From the late 19th century to early 20th century, driven by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a>, most of Africa was <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">rapidly conquered and colonised</a> by <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">European nations</a>, save for <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> European rule had <a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization">significant impacts on Africa's societies</a>, and colonies were maintained for the purpose of economic exploitation and <a href="/wiki/Extractivism" title="Extractivism">extraction</a> of natural resources. Most present states emerged from a <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">process of decolonisation</a> following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and established the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> in 1963, the predecessor to the African Union.<a href="#cite_note-Hargreaves_1996-34">[33]</a> The nascent countries decided to keep their colonial borders, with <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_African_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign African monarchs">traditional power structures</a> used in governance to varying degrees. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AS17-148-22733_(21516723298).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/AS17-148-22733_%2821516723298%29.jpg/220px-AS17-148-22733_%2821516723298%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/AS17-148-22733_%2821516723298%29.jpg/330px-AS17-148-22733_%2821516723298%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/AS17-148-22733_%2821516723298%29.jpg/440px-AS17-148-22733_%2821516723298%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4275" data-file-height="4275" /></a><figcaption> Africa seen by the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> crew in 1972</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Afri" title="Afri">Afri</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name used to refer to the inhabitants of what was then known as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">northern Africa</a>, located west of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> river, and in its widest sense referring to all lands south of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> This name seems to have originally referred to a native Libyan tribe, an ancestor of modern <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Terence#Biography" title="Terence">Terence</a> for discussion. The name had usually been connected with the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> word ʿafar meaning "dust",<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> but a 1981 hypothesis<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> has asserted that it stems from the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> word ifri (plural ifran) meaning "cave", in reference to cave dwellers.<a href="#cite_note-Michell-39">[38]</a> The same word<a href="#cite_note-Michell-39">[38]</a> may be found in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Banu Ifran</a> from <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>, a Berber tribe originally from <a href="/wiki/Yafran" title="Yafran">Yafran</a> (also known as Ifrane) in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> as well as the city of <a href="/wiki/Ifrane" title="Ifrane">Ifrane</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> rule, <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> became the capital of the province then named <a href="/wiki/Africa_Proconsularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Proconsularis">Africa Proconsularis</a>, following its defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a> in 146 BC, which also included the coastal part of modern <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The Latin suffix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ica#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ica">-ica</a> can sometimes be used to denote a land (e.g., in <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Celtica" title="Gallia Celtica">Celtica</a> from <a href="/wiki/Celtae" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtae">Celtae</a>, as used by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>). The later Muslim region of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, following its conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine (Eastern Roman)</a> Empire's <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchatus Africae</a>, also preserved a form of the name. According to the Romans, Africa lies to the west of Egypt, while "Asia" was used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and lands to the east. A definite line was drawn between the two continents by the geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (85–165 CE), indicating <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Meridian" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Meridian">Prime Meridian</a> and making the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> of Suez and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> the boundary between Asia and Africa. As Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of "Africa" expanded with their knowledge. Other etymological hypotheses have been postulated for the ancient name "Africa": <ul><li>The 1st-century Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> (Ant. 1.15) asserted that it was named for <a href="/wiki/Epher" title="Epher">Epher</a>, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Gen.</a> 25:4, whose descendants, he claimed, had invaded Libya.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> in his 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologiae</a> XIV.5.2. suggests "Africa" comes from the Latin aprica, meaning "sunny".</li> <li>Massey, in 1881, stated that Africa is derived from the Egyptian af-rui-ka, meaning "to turn toward the opening of the Ka." The <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_soul#Ka" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian soul">Ka</a> is the energetic double of every person and the "opening of the Ka" refers to a womb or birthplace. Africa would be, for the Egyptians, "the birthplace."<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></li> <li>Michèle Fruyt in 1976 proposed<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> linking the Latin word with africus "south wind", which would be of Umbrian origin and mean originally "rainy wind".</li> <li>Robert R. Stieglitz of <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> in 1984 proposed: "The name Africa, derived from the Latin *Aphir-ic-a, is cognate to Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Ophir" title="Ophir">Ophir</a> ['rich']."<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Ibn Khallikan</a> and some other historians claim that the name of Africa came from a <a href="/wiki/Himyarite" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite">Himyarite</a> king called Afrikin ibn Kais ibn Saifi ("Afrikus son of Abraham") who subdued <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></li> <li>Arabic afrīqā (feminine noun) and ifrīqiyā, now usually pronounced afrīqiyā (feminine) 'Africa', from 'afara [' = 'ain, not 'alif] 'to be dusty' from 'afar 'dust, powder' and 'afir 'dried, dried up by the sun, withered' and 'affara 'to dry in the sun on hot sand' or 'to sprinkle with dust'.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></li> <li>Possibly Phoenician faraqa in the sense of 'colony, separation'.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History of Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">History of North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">History of West Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Africa" title="History of Central Africa">History of Central Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Africa" title="History of East Africa">History of East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Southern_Africa" title="History of Southern Africa">History of Southern Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_Africa_throughout_history" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history">List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/General_History_of_Africa" title="General History of Africa">General History of Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_History_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge History of Africa">Cambridge History of Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_in_Africa">History in Africa</h3></div> In African societies, the historical process is largely a <a href="/wiki/African_communalism" title="African communalism">communal</a> one,<a href="#cite_note-1_19812-50">[49]</a>: 48  with eyewitness accounts, <a href="/wiki/Hearsay" title="Hearsay">hearsay</a>, reminiscences, and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">visions</a>, dreams, and hallucinations, crafted into <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a>: 12  Time is sometimes <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythical</a> and social,<a href="#cite_note-53">[b]</a> and truth generally viewed as <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-1_1981-52">[51]</a>: 43–53  Oral tradition can be <a href="/wiki/Exoteric" title="Exoteric">exoteric</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/esoteric" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:esoteric">esoteric</a>. It speaks to people according to their understanding, unveiling itself in accordance with their aptitudes, and is not always to be taken literally.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a>: 168  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Africa" title="Prehistoric Africa">Prehistoric Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin of modern humans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucy_blackbg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lucy_blackbg.jpg/220px-Lucy_blackbg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="531" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lucy_blackbg.jpg/330px-Lucy_blackbg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lucy_blackbg.jpg/440px-Lucy_blackbg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="2413" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(Australopithecus)" title="Lucy (Australopithecus)">Lucy</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Australopithecus afarensis</a> skeleton discovered in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Afar_Triangle" title="Afar Triangle">Afar Triangle</a> in 1974</figcaption></figure> Africa is considered by most <a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoanthropologists">paleoanthropologists</a> to be the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankind" title="Cradle of Humankind">oldest inhabited territory</a> on Earth, with the Human species originating from the continent.<a href="#cite_note-HerreraGarcia-Bertrand2018-56">[54]</a> During the mid-20th century, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologists</a> discovered many <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> and evidence of human occupation perhaps as early as seven million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">Before present</a>, BP). Fossil remains of several species of early apelike humans thought to have <a href="/wiki/Evolved" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved">evolved</a> into modern humans, such as <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Australopithecus afarensis</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiometrically_dated" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiometrically dated">radiometrically dated</a> to approximately 3.9–3.0 million years BP,<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_boisei" title="Paranthropus boisei">Paranthropus boisei</a> (c. 2.3–1.4 million years BP)<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a> (c. 1.9 million–600,000 years BP) have been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-Sayre-9">[9]</a> After the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> approximately 350,000 to 260,000 years BP in Africa,<a href="#cite_note-Schlebusch2017-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190910-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20190910-27">[27]</a> the continent was mainly populated by groups of <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> These first modern humans left Africa and populated the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">globe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Out_of_Africa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of Africa II">Out of Africa II</a> migration dated to approximately 50,000 years BP, exiting the continent either across <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> in Morocco,<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Suez" title="Isthmus of Suez">Isthmus of Suez</a> in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Other migrations of modern humans within the African continent have been dated to that time, with evidence of early human settlement found in Southern Africa, Southeast Africa, North Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_civilization">Emergence of civilization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization#Ancient_Egypt" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization § Ancient Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mathendous_giraffes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mathendous_giraffes.jpg/220px-Mathendous_giraffes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mathendous_giraffes.jpg/330px-Mathendous_giraffes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mathendous_giraffes.jpg/440px-Mathendous_giraffes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saharan_rock_art" title="Saharan rock art">Saharan rock art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a>, Libya, in December 2004</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Main_Temple_(2346939149).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Abu_Simbel_Main_Temple_%282346939149%29.jpg/220px-Abu_Simbel_Main_Temple_%282346939149%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Abu_Simbel_Main_Temple_%282346939149%29.jpg/330px-Abu_Simbel_Main_Temple_%282346939149%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Abu_Simbel_Main_Temple_%282346939149%29.jpg/440px-Abu_Simbel_Main_Temple_%282346939149%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>Colossal statues of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel</a>, Egypt, dating from around 1250 BC, seen in March 2008</figcaption></figure> The size of the Sahara has historically been extremely variable, with its area rapidly fluctuating and at times disappearing depending on global climatic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice ages</a>, estimated to have been around 10,500 BC, the Sahara had again become a green fertile valley, and its African populations returned from the interior and coastal highlands in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Saharan_rock_art" title="Saharan rock art">rock art paintings</a> depicting a fertile Sahara and large populations discovered in <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili n'Ajjer</a> dating back perhaps 10 millennia.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> However, the warming and drying climate meant that by 5,000 BC, the Sahara region was becoming increasingly dry and hostile. Around 3500 BC, due to a tilt in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>, the Sahara experienced a period of rapid desertification.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> The population trekked out of the Sahara region towards the Nile Valley below the <a href="/wiki/Second_Cataract" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Cataract">Second Cataract</a> where they made permanent or semi-permanent settlements. A major climatic recession occurred, lessening the heavy and persistent rains in Central and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Africa">Eastern Africa</a>. Since this time, dry conditions have prevailed in Eastern Africa and, increasingly during the last 200 years, in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. The domestication of cattle in Africa preceded agriculture and seems to have existed alongside hunter-gatherer cultures. It is speculated that by 6,000 BC, cattle were domesticated in North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> In the Sahara-Nile complex, people domesticated many animals, including the donkey and a small screw-horned goat that was common from Algeria to <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>. Between 10,000 and 9,000 BC, pottery was independently invented in the region of Mali in the savannah of West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Pottery-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-swissinfo-72">[70]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannahs</a> of the Sahara and <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> in Northern West Africa, people possibly ancestral to modern <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandé">Mandé</a> cultures started to collect wild <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> around 8,000 to 6,000 BC. Later, <a href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">gourds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castor_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor bean">castor beans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> were also collected.<a href="#cite_note-Ehret_2002-74">[72]</a>: 64–75  Sorghum was first domesticated in Eastern <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> around 4,000 BC, in one of the earliest instances of agriculture in human history. Its cultivation would gradually spread across Africa, before spreading to India around 2000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> People around modern-day Mauritania started making <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and built stone settlements (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tichitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichitt">Tichitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oualata" title="Oualata">Oualata</a>). Fishing, using bone-tipped <a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoons</a>, became a major activity in the numerous streams and lakes formed from the increased rains.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> In West Africa, the wet phase ushered in an expanding <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> and wooded savanna from <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. Between 9,000 and 5,000 BC, <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo speakers</a> domesticated the <a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">oil palm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">raffia palm</a>. <a href="/wiki/Black-eyed_pea" title="Black-eyed pea">Black-eyed peas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voandzeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Voandzeia">voandzeia</a> (African groundnuts), were domesticated, followed by <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">kola nuts</a>. Since most of the plants grew in the forest, the Niger–Congo speakers invented polished stone axes for clearing forest.<a href="#cite_note-Ehret_2002-74">[72]</a> Around 4,000 BC, the Saharan climate started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace.<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien-78">[76]</a> This climate change caused lakes and rivers to shrink significantly and caused increasing <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>. This, in turn, decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and encouraged migrations of farming communities to the more tropical climate of West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien-78">[76]</a> During the first millennium BC, a reduction in wild grain populations related to changing climate conditions facilitated the expansion of farming communities and the rapid adoption of rice cultivation around the Niger River.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> By the first millennium BC, <a href="/wiki/Ironworking" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironworking">ironworking</a> had been introduced in Northern Africa. Around that time it also became established in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, either through independent invention there or diffusion from the north<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-PB_2014-82">[80]</a> and vanished under unknown circumstances around 500 AD, having lasted approximately 2,000 years,<a href="#cite_note-FB_1969-83">[81]</a> and by 500 BC, metalworking began to become commonplace in West Africa. <a href="/wiki/Ironworking" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironworking">Ironworking</a> was fully established by roughly 500 BC in many areas of East and West Africa, although other regions did not begin ironworking until the early centuries AD. Copper objects from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, North Africa, Nubia, and Ethiopia dating from around 500 BC have been excavated in West Africa, suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">Trans-Saharan trade</a> networks had been established by this date.<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien-78">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="4th_millenium_BC_–_6th_century_AD">4th millenium BC – 6th century AD</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Africa" title="Ancient Africa">Ancient Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa#4th_millenium_BC_–_6th_century_AD" title="History of Africa">History of Africa § 4th millenium BC – 6th century AD</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northeast_Africa">Northeast Africa</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Egypt_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ancient_Egypt_map-en.svg/220px-Ancient_Egypt_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="449" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ancient_Egypt_map-en.svg/330px-Ancient_Egypt_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ancient_Egypt_map-en.svg/440px-Ancient_Egypt_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="3219" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, showing its major cities and sites, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3150 BC to 30 BC</figcaption></figure> From 3500 BC, <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">nomes</a> (ruled by <a href="/wiki/Nomarch" title="Nomarch">nomarchs</a>) coalesced to form the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">northeast Africa</a>. Around 3100 BC <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> to unify <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> under the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">1st dynasty</a>, with the process of consolidation and assimilation completed by the time of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd dynasty">3rd dynasty</a> who formed the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a> in 2686 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Abu_Bakr_1981-84">[82]</a>: 62–63  The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kerma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Kerma">Kingdom of Kerma</a> emerged around this time to become the dominant force in <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, controlling territory as large as Egypt between the 1st and 4th <a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">cataracts of the Nile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/4th_Dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Dynasty of Egypt">4th dynasty</a> oversaw the height of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a>, and constructed many <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">great pyramids</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/6th_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="6th dynasty">6th dynasty</a> power gradually decentralised to the nomarchs, culminating in the disintegration of the kingdom, exacerbated by drought and famine, thus commencing the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Intermediate Period">First Intermediate Period</a> in 2200 BC. This shattered state would last until 2055 BC when the <a href="/wiki/11th_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="11th dynasty">11th dynasty</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>, conquered the others to form the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/12th_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="12th dynasty">12th dynasty</a> expanding into <a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a> at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kerma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Kerma">Kerma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abu_Bakr_1981-84">[82]</a>: 68–71  In 1700 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> fractured in two, ushering in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>, a militaristic people from <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, invaded and conquered Lower Egypt, while <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kerma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Kerma">Kerma</a> coordinated invasions deep into Egypt to reach its greatest extent.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> In 1550 BC, the <a href="/wiki/18th_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="18th dynasty">18th dynasty</a> expelled the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>, and established the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a>. Using the advanced military technology the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> had brought, the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="New Kingdom">New Kingdom</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mittani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittani">Mittani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, and extinguished <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kerma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Kerma">Kerma</a>, incorporating <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> into the empire, and sending the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian empire">Egyptian empire</a> into its golden age.<a href="#cite_note-Abu_Bakr_1981-84">[82]</a>: 73  Internal struggles, drought, famine, and invasions by a <a href="/wiki/Sea_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea peoples">confederation of seafaring peoples</a> contributed to the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="New Kingdom">New Kingdom</a>'s collapse in 1069 BC, commencing the <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abu_Bakr_1981-84">[82]</a>: 76–77  Egypt's collapse liberated the more Egyptianised <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> in Nubia, who manoeuvred into power in Upper Egypt and conquered Lower Egypt in 754 BC to form the <a href="/wiki/Kushite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushite Empire">Kushite Empire</a>. The Kushites ruled for a century and oversaw a <a href="/wiki/Nubian_pyramids" title="Nubian pyramids">revival in pyramid building</a>, until they were <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Assyrian conquest of Egypt">driven out of Egypt by the Assyrians</a> in 663 BC in reprisal for their expansion towards the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Empire">Assyrian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JE66-88">[86]</a> The Assyrians installed a <a href="/wiki/26th_Dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Dynasty of Egypt">puppet dynasty</a> that later gained independence and once more <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">unified Egypt</a>, until they were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> in 525 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Abu_Bakr_1981-84">[82]</a>: 77  Egypt regained independence under the <a href="/wiki/28th_Dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="28th Dynasty of Egypt">28th dynasty</a> in 404 BC but they were reconquered by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a> in 343 BC. The conquest of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid Egypt">Achaemenid Egypt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 332 BC marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic rule</a> and the installation of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Macedonian">Macedonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a> in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a>: 119  The <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaics</a> lost their holdings outside of Africa to the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars" title="Syrian Wars">Syrian Wars</a>, expanded into <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> and subjugated <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a> in the 3rd century BC. In the 1st century BC, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> became entangled in a <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Roman civil war</a>, leading to its conquest by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> in 30 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> freed the Levantine city state of <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">conquered Egypt</a>; their brief rule ended when they were reconquered by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>. In the midst of this, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a> regained independence from Egypt, and they would persist as a major regional power until, having been weakened from internal rebellion amid worsening climatic conditions, invasions by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Noba" title="Noba">Noba</a> caused their disintegration into <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobatia</a> in the 5th century AD. The Romans managed to hold on to Egypt for the rest of the ancient period. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horn_of_Africa">Horn of Africa</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png/220px-The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png/330px-The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png/440px-The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png 2x" data-file-width="17877" data-file-height="20000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> in the 6th century AD, including the present-day <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, there was the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a>, a kingdom on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, likely located in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> or northern <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> The Ancient Egyptians initially traded via middle-men with Punt until in 2350 BC when they established direct relations. They would become close trading partners for over a millennium. Towards the end of the ancient period, northern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> bore the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/D%27mt" class="mw-redirect" title="D'mt">D'mt</a> beginning in 980 BC. In modern-day <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> there was the <a href="/wiki/Macrobians" title="Macrobians">Macrobian Kingdom</a>, with archaeological discoveries indicating the possibility of other unknown sophisticated civilisations at this time.<a href="#cite_note-Nthos-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Titthtw-92">[90]</a> After D'mt's fall in the 5th century BC the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Plateau">Ethiopian Plateau</a> came to be ruled by numerous smaller unknown kingdoms who experienced strong <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">south Arabian influence</a>, until the growth and expansion of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a> in the 1st century BC.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Along the Horn's coast there were many <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Somali_city-states" title="Ancient Somali city-states">ancient Somali city-states</a> that thrived off of the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">wider Red Sea trade</a> and transported their cargo via <a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">beden</a>, exporting <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, with freedom from Roman interference causing Indians to give the cities a lucrative monopoly on <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> from <a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Iron_Age_(c._1800_–_200_BCE)" title="History of India">ancient India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> grew from a <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> into a major power on the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">trade route between Rome and India</a> through conquering its unfortunately unknown neighbours, gaining a monopoly on <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a> in the region. Aksum's rise had them rule over much of the regions from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a> to the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, and they further conquered parts of the ailing <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a>, led campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Noba" title="Noba">Noba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a> peoples, and <a href="/wiki/GDRT" title="GDRT">expanded into South Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org2-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> This led the Persian prophet <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> to consider Aksum as one of the four <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a> of the 3rd century AD alongside <a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> In the 4th century AD <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Aksum's king</a> converted to Christianity and Aksum's population, who had followed <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">syncretic mixes of local beliefs</a>, slowly followed. The end of the 5th century saw Aksum allied with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, who viewed themselves as defenders of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, balanced against the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite Kingdom</a> in Arabia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northwest_Africa">Northwest Africa</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carthage_323_BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carthage_323_BC.png/220px-Carthage_323_BC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carthage_323_BC.png/330px-Carthage_323_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carthage_323_BC.png/440px-Carthage_323_BC.png 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a> in 323 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_depicting_the_Romano-Berber_Kingdoms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_depicting_the_Romano-Berber_Kingdoms.png/220px-Map_depicting_the_Romano-Berber_Kingdoms.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_depicting_the_Romano-Berber_Kingdoms.png/330px-Map_depicting_the_Romano-Berber_Kingdoms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_depicting_the_Romano-Berber_Kingdoms.png/440px-Map_depicting_the_Romano-Berber_Kingdoms.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Romanised-Berber kingdoms: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Altava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ouarsenis" title="Kingdom of Ouarsenis">Ouarsenis</a>, Hodna, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aures" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Aures">Aures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemencha" title="Nemencha">Nemencha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Capsus" title="Kingdom of Capsus">Capsus</a>, Dorsale, and <a href="/wiki/Cabaon" title="Cabaon">Cabaon</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> were mostly cut off from the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradle of civilisation">cradle of civilisation</a> in Egypt by the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan desert">Libyan desert</a>, exacerbated by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_ships" title="Ancient Egyptian royal ships">Egyptian boats</a> being tailored to the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> and not coping well in the open <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. This caused its societies to develop contiguous to those of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>, until <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_settlement_of_North_Africa" title="Phoenician settlement of North Africa">Phoenician settlements</a> came to dominate the most lucrative trading locations in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tunis" title="Gulf of Tunis">Gulf of Tunis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Warmington_1981-99">[97]</a>: 247  Phoenician settlements subsequently grew into <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a> after gaining independence from <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> in the 6th century BC, and they would build an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage#Independence,_expansion_and_hegemony" title="Ancient Carthage">extensive empire</a> and a strict <a href="/wiki/Mercantile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercantile">mercantile</a> network, all secured by one of the largest and most powerful navies in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">ancient Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Warmington_1981-99">[97]</a>: 251–253  Carthage would meet its demise in the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> against the expansionary <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, however momentum in these wars was not linear, with Carthage initially experiencing considerable success in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> following <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>'s infamous <a href="/wiki/Hannibal%27s_crossing_of_the_Alps" title="Hannibal's crossing of the Alps">crossing of the alps</a> into northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Warmington_1981-99">[97]</a>: 256–257  Their defeat and subsequent collapse of their empire would produce two further polities in the Maghreb; <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>, which had assisted the Romans in the Second Punic War, <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mauri" title="Mauri">Mauri</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">tribal kingdom</a> and home of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)#King_of_Mauretania" title="Atlas (mythology)">King Atlas</a>, and various tribes such as <a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musulamii" title="Musulamii">Musulamii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bavares" title="Bavares">Bavares</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a> would result in Carthage's total defeat in 146 BC and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> established the province of <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> assuming control of many of Carthage's African ports. Towards the end of the 2nd century BC <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> fought alongside Numidia's <a href="/wiki/Jugurtha" title="Jugurtha">Jugurtha</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a> against the Romans after he had usurped the Numidian throne from a Roman ally. Together they inflicted heavy casualties that quaked the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>, with the war only ending inconclusively when Mauretania's <a href="/wiki/Bocchus_I" title="Bocchus I">Bocchus I</a> sold out <a href="/wiki/Jugurtha" title="Jugurtha">Jugurtha</a> to the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-Warmington_1981-99">[97]</a>: 258  At the turn of the millennium, they both would face the same fate as Carthage and be conquered by the Romans who established <a href="/wiki/Mauretania#Roman_province(s)" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia</a> as provinces of their empire, while <a href="/wiki/Musulamii" title="Musulamii">Musulamii</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Tacfarinas" title="Tacfarinas">Tacfarinas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a> were eventually defeated in war in the 1st century AD however weren't conquered.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Publishing-100">[98]</a>: 261–262  In the 5th century AD the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_conquest_of_Roman_Africa" title="Vandal conquest of Roman Africa">Vandals conquered north Africa</a> precipitating the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Rome">fall of Rome</a>. Swathes of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">indigenous peoples</a> would regain self-governance in the <a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Mauro-Roman Kingdom</a> and its numerous successor polities in the Maghreb, namely the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ouarsenis" title="Kingdom of Ouarsenis">Ouarsenis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s" title="Kingdom of the Aurès">Aurès</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Altava</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandals</a> ruled <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> for a century until <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">Byzantine reconquest</a> in the early 6th century AD. The Byzantines and the Berber kingdoms fought minor inconsequential conflicts, such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Garmul" title="Garmul">Garmul</a>, however largely coexisted.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Publishing-100">[98]</a>: 284  Further inland to the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, a broad grouping of three groupings of <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">tribal confederations</a>, one of which is the <a href="/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmuda</a> grouping in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, along with the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a>; their composite tribes would later go onto shape much of <a href="/wiki/North_African_history" class="mw-redirect" title="North African history">North African history</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpture_nok-Nigeria_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sculpture_nok-Nigeria_%281%29.jpg/220px-Sculpture_nok-Nigeria_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sculpture_nok-Nigeria_%281%29.jpg/330px-Sculpture_nok-Nigeria_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sculpture_nok-Nigeria_%281%29.jpg/440px-Sculpture_nok-Nigeria_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok</a> sculpture from present-day <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, now housed in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> in Paris</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana_empire_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ghana_empire_map.png/220px-Ghana_empire_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ghana_empire_map.png/330px-Ghana_empire_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ghana_empire_map.png/440px-Ghana_empire_map.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a></figcaption></figure> In the western <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> the rise of settled communities occurred largely as a result of the domestication of <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>. Archaeology points to sizable urban populations in West Africa beginning in the 4th millennium BC, which had crucially developed <a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">iron metallurgy</a> by 1200 BC, in both <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forging</a> for tools and weapons.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Extensive east-west belts of <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">deserts</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">grasslands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest%E2%80%93savanna_mosaic" title="Guinean forest–savanna mosaic">forests</a> from north to south were crucial for the moulding of their respective societies and meant that prior to the accession of <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Saharan trade routes">trans-Saharan trade routes</a>, symbiotic trade relations developed in response to the opportunities afforded by north–south diversity in ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsBurns200779–80-102">[100]</a> Various civilisations prospered in this period. From 4000 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Tichitt_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichitt culture">Tichitt culture</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> was the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Complex_society" title="Complex society">complexly organised society</a> in West Africa, with a four tiered <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> social structure.<a href="#cite_note-Holl_1985_73–115-103">[101]</a> Other civilisations include the <a href="/wiki/Kintampo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintampo culture">Kintampo culture</a> from 2500 BC in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-anquandah1995-104">[102]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok culture</a> from 1500 BC in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Daima" title="Daima">Daima culture</a> around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> from 550 BC, <a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9-Djenno" title="Djenné-Djenno">Djenné-Djenno</a> from 250 BC in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Serer_prehistory" title="Serer prehistory">Serer civilisation</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, which built the <a href="/wiki/Senegambian_stone_circles" title="Senegambian stone circles">Senegambian stone circles</a> from the 3rd century BC. There is also detailed <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Ogiso" title="List of the Ogiso">record</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Igodomigodo" title="Igodomigodo">Igodomigodo</a>, a small kingdom founded presumably in 40 BC, which would later go on to form the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin Empire">Benin Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> Towards the end of the 3rd century AD, a <a href="/wiki/Monsoon#Africa_(West_African_and_Southeast_African)" title="Monsoon">wet period</a> in the Sahel created areas for human habitation and exploitation that had not been habitable for the best part of a millennium, with the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire#Rise_of_the_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Kingdom of Wagadu</a>, the local name of the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a>, rising out of the <a href="/wiki/Tichitt_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichitt culture">Tichitt culture</a>, growing wealthy following the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">camel</a> to the western Sahel, revolutionising the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a> that linked their capital and <a href="/wiki/Aoudaghost" title="Aoudaghost">Aoudaghost</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tahert" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahert">Tahert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a> in North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Gestrich_2019-108">[106]</a> Soninke traditions likely contain content from prehistory, mentioning four previous foundings of <a href="/wiki/Wagadu_(mythology)" title="Wagadu (mythology)">Wagadu</a>, and holds that the final founding of Wagadu occurred after their first king did a deal with Bida, a serpent deity who was guarding a well, to sacrifice one maiden a year in exchange for assurance regarding plenty of rainfall and gold supply.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Wagadu's core traversed modern-day southern <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a> <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">tradition</a> portrays early Ghana as warlike, with horse-mounted warriors key to increasing its territory and population, although details of their expansion are extremely scarce.<a href="#cite_note-Gestrich_2019-108">[106]</a> Wagadu made its profits from maintaining a monopoly on <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> heading north and <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> heading south, despite not controlling the gold fields themselves, located in the <a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest%E2%80%93savanna_mosaic" title="Guinean forest–savanna mosaic">forest regions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> It is probable that Wagadu's dominance on trade allowed for the gradual consolidation of many <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederated state</a>, whose composites stood in varying relations to the core, from fully administered to nominal tribute-paying parity.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Based on <a href="/wiki/Tumulus#Africa" title="Tumulus">large tumuli</a> scattered across West Africa dating to this period, it has been stipulated that relative to Wagadu, there were further simultaneous and preceding kingdoms that have unfortunately been lost to time.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holl_1985_73–115-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central,_Eastern,_and_Southern_Africa">Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Africa">Eastern Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bantu_Phillipson.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bantu_Phillipson.png/220px-Bantu_Phillipson.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="451" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bantu_Phillipson.png/330px-Bantu_Phillipson.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Bantu_Phillipson.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a> 1 = 2000–1500 BC origin 2 = <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 BC first dispersal      2.a = Eastern Bantu      2.b = Western Bantu 3 = 1000–500 BC <a href="/wiki/Urewe" title="Urewe">Urewe</a> nucleus of Eastern Bantu 4–7 = southward advance 9 = 500–1 BC Congo nucleus 10 = AD 1–1000 last phase<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a></figcaption></figure>At the 4th millennium BC the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a> was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Bambenga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambenga">Bambenga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayaka">Bayaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakoya" title="Bakoya">Bakoya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bongo_people_(Gabon)" title="Bongo people (Gabon)">Babongo</a> in the west, the <a href="/wiki/Mbuti_people" title="Mbuti people">Bambuti</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Rainforest" title="Ituri Rainforest">east</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Twa" title="Twa">Batwa</a> who were widely scattered and also present in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes region</a>; together they are grouped as <a href="/wiki/African_Pygmies" title="African Pygmies">Pygmies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> On the later-named <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a> there were <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a>-speaking peoples, and the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a>) in the continent's south. The <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a> constituted a major series of migrations of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a> from central Africa to eastern and southern Africa and was substantial in the settling of the continent.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Commencing in the 2nd millennium BC, the Bantu began to migrate from <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> to central, eastern, and southern Africa, laying the foundations for future states such as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Kitara" title="Empire of Kitara">Empire of Kitara</a> in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Luba_Empire" title="Luba Empire">Luba Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Upemba_Depression" title="Upemba Depression">Upemba Depression</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate" title="Kilwa Sultanate">Kilwa Sultanate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a> by crowding out <a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Rhapta" title="Rhapta">Rhapta</a> being its last stronghold by the 1st century AD,<a href="#cite_note-Fage2526-118">[116]</a> and forming <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swahili_settlements_of_the_East_African_coast" title="List of Swahili settlements of the East African coast">various city states</a> constituting the <a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Swahili civilisation</a>. These migrations also prefaced the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi basin">Zambezi basin</a>. After reaching the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a>, the Bantu continued southward, with eastern groups continuing to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and reaching <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a> in the 2nd century AD. Further to the south, settlements of Bantu peoples who were iron-using agriculturists and herdsmen were well established south of the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a> by the 4th century AD, displacing and absorbing the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Chari_River" title="Chari River">Chari River</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sao_civilisation" title="Sao civilisation">Sao civilisation</a> flourished for over a millennium beginning in the 6th century BC, in territory that later became part of present-day <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>. Sao artifacts show that they were skilled workers in <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fanso2-119">[117]</a>: 19  with finds including bronze sculptures, terracotta statues of human and animal figures, coins, funerary urns, household utensils, jewellery, highly decorated pottery, and spears.<a href="#cite_note-Fanso2-119">[117]</a>: 19 <a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a>: 1051  Nearby, around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ejagham" title="Lake Ejagham">Lake Ejagham</a> in south-west <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people#History" title="Ekoi people">Ekoi civilisation</a> rose circa 2nd century AD, and are most notable for constructing the <a href="/wiki/Ikom_monoliths" title="Ikom monoliths">Ikom monoliths</a> and developing the <a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="9th_to_18th_centuries">9th to 18th centuries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_and_early_modern_Africa" title="Medieval and early modern Africa">Medieval and early modern Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_ornamental_staff_head,_9th_century,_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG/220px-Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG/330px-Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG/440px-Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The intricate 9th century bronzes from <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Igbo-Ukwu" title="Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo-Ukwu</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> displayed a level of technical accomplishment that was notably more advanced than European bronze casting of the same period.<a href="#cite_note-Honour-2005-122">[120]</a></figcaption></figure> Pre-colonial Africa possessed as many as 10,000 different states and polities.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> These included small family groups of hunter-gatherers such as the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a> of southern Africa; larger, more structured groups such as the family clan groupings of the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a> of central, southern, and eastern Africa; heavily structured clan groups in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>; the large <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</a>; and autonomous city-states and kingdoms, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Edo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a> in West Africa; and the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a> coastal trading towns of Southeast Africa. By the 9th century AD, a string of dynastic states, including the earliest <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa</a> states, stretched across the sub-Saharan savannah from the western regions to central Sudan. The most powerful of these states were <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gao_Region" title="Gao Region">Gao</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kanem-Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem-Bornu Empire">Kanem-Bornu Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> declined in the eleventh century, but was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>, which consolidated much of western Sudan in the thirteenth century. Kanem accepted Islam in the eleventh century. In the forested regions of the West African coast, independent kingdoms grew with little influence from the Muslim north. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Kingdom of Nri</a>, which was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Eze_Nri" class="mw-redirect" title="Eze Nri">Eze Nri</a>, was established around the ninth century, making it one of the oldest kingdoms in present-day Nigeri. The Nri kingdom is famous for its elaborate <a href="/wiki/Igbo-Ukwu#Bronzes" title="Igbo-Ukwu">bronzes</a>, found at the town of <a href="/wiki/Igbo-Ukwu" title="Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo-Ukwu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg/220px-Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg/330px-Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg/440px-Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a>, which flourished in the eleventh to fifteenth centuries</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ife">Kingdom of Ife</a>, historically the first of these Yoruba city-states or kingdoms, established government under a priestly <a href="/wiki/Oba_(ruler)" title="Oba (ruler)">oba</a> ('king' or 'ruler' in the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba language</a>), called the Ooni of Ife. Ife was noted as a major religious and cultural centre in West Africa and for its unique naturalistic tradition of bronze sculpture. The Ife model of government was adapted by the <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a>, whose obas, called the Alaafins of Oyo, controlled many other Yoruba and non-Yoruba city-states and kingdoms including the <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a> Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a> were a <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> dynasty from the Sahara that spread over northwestern Africa and the Iberian peninsula during the eleventh century.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ma%27qil" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Ma'qil">Banu Ma'qil</a> were a collection of <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> who migrated westwards via Egypt between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries. Their <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> resulted in the fusion of the Arabs and Berbers, where the locals were <a href="/wiki/Arabized" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabized">Arabized</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> culture absorbed elements of the local culture, under the unifying framework of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Following the breakup of Mali, a local leader named <a href="/wiki/Sonni_Ali" title="Sonni Ali">Sonni Ali</a> (1464–1492) founded the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a> in the region of middle <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and the western <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan</a> and took control of the trans-Saharan trade. Sonni Ali seized <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> in 1468 and <a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9" title="Djenné">Jenne</a> in 1473, building his regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants. His successor <a href="/wiki/Askia_Mohammad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Askia Mohammad I">Askia Mohammad I</a> (1493–1528) made Islam the official religion, built mosques, and brought to Gao Muslim scholars, including al-Maghili (d.1504), the founder of an important tradition of Sudanic African Muslim scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-multiple-128">[126]</a> By the eleventh century, some <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa</a> states – such as <a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jigawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigawa">Jigawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katsina" title="Katsina">Katsina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a> – had developed into walled towns engaging in trade, servicing <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">caravans</a>, and the manufacture of goods. Until the fifteenth century, these small states were on the periphery of the major Sudanic empires of the era, paying tribute to Songhai to the west and Kanem-Borno to the east. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Height_of_the_slave_trade">Height of the slave trade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_slave_Regions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Africa_slave_Regions.svg/220px-Africa_slave_Regions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Africa_slave_Regions.svg/330px-Africa_slave_Regions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Africa_slave_Regions.svg/440px-Africa_slave_Regions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Major slave trading regions of Africa between the 15th and 19th centuries</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> had long been practiced in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Between the 15th and the 19th centuries, the Atlantic slave trade took an estimated 7–12 million slaves to the New World.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> In addition, more than 1 million Europeans were captured by <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> and sold as slaves in North Africa between the 16th and 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> In West Africa, the decline of the Atlantic slave trade in the 1820s caused dramatic economic shifts in local polities. The gradual decline of slave-trading, prompted by a lack of demand for slaves in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, increasing <a href="/wiki/Anti-slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-slavery">anti-slavery</a> legislation in Europe and America, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British Royal Navy's</a> increasing presence off the West African coast, obliged African states to adopt new economies. Between 1808 and 1860, the British <a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">West Africa Squadron</a> seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade, for example against "the usurping King of <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>", deposed in 1851. Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> The largest powers of West Africa (the <a href="/wiki/Asante_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Asante Confederacy">Asante Confederacy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dahomey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dahomey">Kingdom of Dahomey</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a>) adopted different ways of adapting to the shift. Asante and Dahomey concentrated on the development of "legitimate commerce" in the form of <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, timber and gold, forming the bedrock of West Africa's modern export trade. The Oyo Empire, unable to adapt, collapsed into civil wars.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonialism">Colonialism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Africa" title="Colonial Africa">Colonial Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scramble_for_Africa&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[c]</a> was the conquest and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonisation</a> of most of Africa by seven <a href="/wiki/Western_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Western European">Western European</a> powers driven by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> during the era of "<a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a>" (1833–1914): <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. In 1870, 10% of the continent was formally under European control. By 1914, this figure had risen to almost 90%; the only states retaining sovereignty were <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egba_United_Government" title="Egba United Government">Egba</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[d]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senusiyya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mbunda_Kingdom" title="Mbunda Kingdom">Mbunda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Scramble_for_Africa_cheke-142">[138]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dervish_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dervish State">Dervish State</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_people#History" title="Ovambo people">Ovambo kingdoms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Scramble_for_Africa_frieda-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> most of which were later conquered. The 1884 <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> regulated <a href="/wiki/European_colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonisation">European colonisation</a> and trade in Africa, and is seen as emblematic of the "scramble".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrantlinger1985166–203-145">[141]</a> In the last quarter of the 19th century, there were considerable political rivalries between the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">European empires</a>, which provided the impetus for the colonisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonGallagherDenny1961175-146">[142]</a> The later years of the 19th century saw a transition from "<a href="/wiki/Informal_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal imperialism">informal imperialism</a>" – military influence and economic dominance – to direct rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington2005301-147">[143]</a> With the decline of the European colonial empires in the wake of the two world wars, most African colonies <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">gained independence</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and decided to keep their colonial borders in the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> conference of 1964 due to fears of civil wars and regional instability, placing emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">pan-Africanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_struggles">Independence struggles</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_map_1939,_colours.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Africa_map_1939%2C_colours.svg/220px-Africa_map_1939%2C_colours.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Africa_map_1939%2C_colours.svg/330px-Africa_map_1939%2C_colours.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Africa_map_1939%2C_colours.svg/440px-Africa_map_1939%2C_colours.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>European colonial presence in Africa as of 1939</figcaption></figure> Imperial rule by Europeans continued until after the conclusion of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when almost all remaining colonial territories gradually obtained formal independence. <a href="/wiki/African_independence_movements" title="African independence movements">Independence movements in Africa</a> gained momentum following World War II, which left the major European powers weakened. In 1951, Libya, a former Italian colony, gained independence. In 1956, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> won their independence from France.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> followed suit the next year (March 1957),<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> becoming the first of the sub-Saharan colonies to be granted independence. Over the next decade, waves of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> took place across the continent, culminating in the 1960 <a href="/wiki/Year_of_Africa" title="Year of Africa">Year of Africa</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-Hargreaves_1996-34">[33]</a> Portugal's overseas presence in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> (most notably in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a>, Cape Verde, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Guinea-Bissau</a>, and São Tomé and Príncipe) lasted from the 16th century to 1975, after the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a> regime was overthrown in <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">a military coup in Lisbon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> from the United Kingdom in 1965, under the <a href="/wiki/White_minority_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="White minority rule">white minority</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a>, but was not internationally recognized as an independent state (as <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>) until 1980, when black nationalists gained power after a <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">bitter guerrilla war</a>. Although South Africa was one of the first African countries to gain independence, the state remained under the control of the country's white minority, initially through qualified voting rights and from 1956 by a system of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, until 1994. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_Africa">Post-colonial Africa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_Africa" title="Postcolonial Africa">Postcolonial Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_of_forces_agreement" title="Status of forces agreement">Status of forces agreement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></div> Today, Africa contains 54 sovereign countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since independence, African states have frequently been hampered by instability, corruption, violence, and authoritarianism. The vast majority of African states are republics that operate under some form of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a> of rule. However, few of them have been able to sustain democratic governments on a permanent basis—per the criteria laid out by Lührmann et al. (2018), only <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> have been consistently democratic for the entirety of their post-colonial history. Most African countries have experienced several <a href="/wiki/Coups" class="mw-redirect" title="Coups">coups</a> or periods of <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a>. Between 1990 and 2018, though, the continent as a whole has trended towards more democratic governance.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> Upon independence an overwhelming majority of Africans lived in <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme poverty</a>. The continent suffered from the lack of infrastructural or industrial development under <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> rule, along with political instability. With limited financial resources or access to global markets, relatively stable countries such as <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> still experienced only very slow economic development. Only a handful of African countries succeeded in obtaining rapid economic growth prior to 1990. Exceptions include Libya and Equatorial Guinea, both of which possess large oil reserves. Instability throughout the continent after decolonization resulted primarily from <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">marginalization of ethnic groups</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a>. In pursuit of personal <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">political gain</a>, many leaders deliberately promoted ethnic conflicts, some of which had originated during the colonial period, such as from the grouping of multiple unrelated ethnic groups into a single colony, the splitting of a distinct ethnic group between multiple colonies, or existing conflicts being exacerbated by colonial rule (for instance, the preferential treatment given to ethnic <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutus</a> over <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsis</a> in Rwanda during German and Belgian rule). Faced with increasingly frequent and severe violence, military rule was widely accepted by the population of many countries as means to maintain order, and during the 1970s and 1980s a majority of African countries were controlled by <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorships" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorships">military dictatorships</a>. Territorial disputes between nations and rebellions by groups seeking independence were also common in independent African states. The most devastating of these was the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a>, fought between government forces and an <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">separatist republic</a>, which resulted in a famine that killed 1–2 million people. Two <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil wars</a> in Sudan, <a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">the first</a> lasting from 1955 to 1972 and <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">the second</a> from 1983 to 2005, collectively killed around 3 million. Both were fought primarily on ethnic and religious lines. <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> conflicts between the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> also contributed to instability. Both the Soviet Union and the United States offered considerable incentives to African political and military leaders who aligned themselves with the superpowers' foreign policy. As an example, during the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a>, the Soviet and Cuban aligned <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a> and the American aligned <a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a> received the vast majority of their military and political support from these countries. Many African countries became highly dependent on foreign aid. The sudden loss of both Soviet and American aid at the end of the Cold War and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the USSR">fall of the USSR</a> resulted in severe economic and political turmoil in the countries most dependent on foreign support. There was a <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%9385_famine_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="1983–85 famine in Ethiopia">major famine in Ethiopia</a> between 1983 and 1985, killing up to 1.2 million people, which most <a href="/wiki/Historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Historians">historians</a> attribute primarily to the forced relocation of farmworkers and seizure of grain by communist <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> government, further exacerbated by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> In 1994 a <a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide in Rwanda">genocide in Rwanda</a> resulted in up to 800,000 deaths, added to <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">a severe refugee crisis</a> and fueled the rise of militia groups in neighboring countries. This contributed to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">second</a> Congo Wars, which were the most devastating military conflicts in modern Africa, with up to 5.5 million deaths,<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> making it by far the deadliest conflict in modern African history and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll" title="List of wars by death toll">costliest wars in human history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:African_nations_order_of_independence_1950-1993.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="An animated map shows the order of independence of African nations, 1950–2011"><img alt="An animated map shows the order of independence of African nations, 1950–2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/African_nations_order_of_independence_1950-1993.gif/228px-African_nations_order_of_independence_1950-1993.gif" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/African_nations_order_of_independence_1950-1993.gif/342px-African_nations_order_of_independence_1950-1993.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/African_nations_order_of_independence_1950-1993.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An animated map shows the order of <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">independence of African nations</a>, 1950–2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa%E2%80%99s_wars_and_conflicts,_1980%E2%80%9396.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Africa's wars and conflicts, 1980–96   Major Wars/Conflict (>100,000 casualties)   Minor Wars/Conflict   Other Conflicts"><img alt="Africa's wars and conflicts, 1980–96   Major Wars/Conflict (>100,000 casualties)   Minor Wars/Conflict   Other Conflicts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Africa%E2%80%99s_wars_and_conflicts%2C_1980%E2%80%9396.svg/207px-Africa%E2%80%99s_wars_and_conflicts%2C_1980%E2%80%9396.svg.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Africa%E2%80%99s_wars_and_conflicts%2C_1980%E2%80%9396.svg/310px-Africa%E2%80%99s_wars_and_conflicts%2C_1980%E2%80%9396.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Africa%E2%80%99s_wars_and_conflicts%2C_1980%E2%80%9396.svg/413px-Africa%E2%80%99s_wars_and_conflicts%2C_1980%E2%80%9396.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="698" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Africa's wars and conflicts, 1980–96 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Major Wars/Conflict (>100,000 casualties)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Minor Wars/Conflict</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other Conflicts</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Map_of_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Political map of Africa in 2021"><img alt="Political map of Africa in 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Political_Map_of_Africa.svg/148px-Political_Map_of_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Political_Map_of_Africa.svg/222px-Political_Map_of_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Political_Map_of_Africa.svg/297px-Political_Map_of_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="820" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Political map of Africa in 2021</div> </li> </ul> Various conflicts between various insurgent groups and governments continue. Since 2003, there has been an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Darfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict in Darfur">conflict in Darfur</a> (Sudan), which peaked in intensity from 2003 to 2005 with notable spikes in violence in 2007 and 2013–15, killing around 300,000 people total. The <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_Insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Boko Haram Insurgency">Boko Haram Insurgency</a> primarily within Nigeria (with considerable fighting in Niger, Chad, and Cameroon as well) has killed around 350,000 people since 2009. Most African conflicts have been reduced to low-intensity conflicts as of 2022. However, the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray War">Tigray War</a> from 2020 to 2022 killed an estimated 300,000–500,000 people, primarily due to <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_the_Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Famine in the Tigray War">famine</a>. Overall though, violence across Africa has greatly declined in the 21st century, with the end of civil wars in Angola, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algeria</a> in 2002, <a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">Liberia</a> in 2003, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">Burundi</a> in 2005. The Second Congo War, which involved 9 countries and several insurgent groups, ended in 2003. This decline in violence coincided with many countries abandoning communist-style command economies and opening up for market reforms, which over the course of the 1990s and 2000s promoted the establishment of permanent, peaceful trade between neighboring countries (see <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_peace" title="Capitalist peace">Capitalist peace</a>). Improved stability and economic reforms have led to a great increase in foreign investment into many African nations, mainly from China,<a href="#cite_note-Africa-158">[154]</a> which further spurred economic growth. Between 2000 and 2014, annual GDP growth in sub-Saharan Africa averaged 5.02%, doubling its total GDP from $811 billion to $1.63 trillion (constant 2015 <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>).<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> North Africa experienced comparable growth rates.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> A significant part of this growth can also be attributed to the facilitated diffusion of information technologies and specifically the mobile telephone.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> While several individual countries have maintained high growth rates, since 2014 overall growth has considerably slowed, primarily as a result of falling commodity prices, continued lack of <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, and epidemics of <a href="/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology,_geography,_ecology,_and_environment">Geology, geography, ecology, and environment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography of Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topography_of_africa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Topography_of_africa.png/260px-Topography_of_africa.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Topography_of_africa.png/390px-Topography_of_africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Topography_of_africa.png/520px-Topography_of_africa.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Topography of Africa</figcaption></figure> Africa is the largest of the three great southward projections from the largest <a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">landmass</a> of the Earth. Separated from Europe by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, it is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Isthmus of Suez</a> (transected by the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>), 163 km (101 mi) wide.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geopolitically" class="mw-redirect" title="Geopolitically">Geopolitically</a>, Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> east of the Suez Canal is often considered part of Africa as well.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> The coastline is 26,000 km (16,000 mi) long, and the absence of deep indentations of the shore is illustrated by the fact that Europe, which covers only 10,400,000 km2 (4,000,000 sq mi) – about a third of the surface of Africa – has a coastline of 32,000 km (20,000 mi).<a href="#cite_note-MW-166">[162]</a> From the most northerly point, <a href="/wiki/Ras_ben_Sakka" title="Ras ben Sakka">Ras ben Sakka</a> in Tunisia (37°21' N), to the most southerly point, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Agulhas" title="Cape Agulhas">Cape Agulhas</a> in South Africa (34°51'15" S), is a distance of approximately 8,000 km (5,000 mi).<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cap-Vert" title="Cap-Vert">Cape Verde</a>, 17°33'22" W, the westernmost point, is a distance of approximately 7,400 km (4,600 mi) to <a href="/wiki/Ras_Hafun" title="Ras Hafun">Ras Hafun</a>, 51°27'52" E, the most easterly projection that neighbours <a href="/wiki/Cape_Guardafui" title="Cape Guardafui">Cape Guardafui</a>, the tip of the Horn of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-MW-166">[162]</a> Africa's largest country is Algeria, and its smallest country is <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> off the east coast.<a href="#cite_note-Hoare-168">[164]</a> The smallest nation on the continental mainland is <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_plate">African plate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motion_of_Nubia_Plate.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Motion_of_Nubia_Plate.gif/260px-Motion_of_Nubia_Plate.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Motion_of_Nubia_Plate.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Today, the African Plate is moving over Earth's surface at a speed of 0.292° ± 0.007° per million years, relative to the "average" Earth (NNR-MORVEL56).</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/African_plate" title="African plate">African plate</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_plate&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/African_plate" title="African plate">African plate</a>, also known as the Nubian plate, is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Major_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">major tectonic plate</a> that includes much of the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> of Africa (except for its <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">easternmost part</a>) and the adjacent oceanic crust to the west and south. It is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/North_American_plate" title="North American plate">North American plate</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_American_plate" title="South American plate">South American plate</a> to the west (separated by the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian plate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Somali plate</a> to the east; the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian plate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_plate" title="Aegean Sea plate">Aegean Sea plate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian plate">Anatolian plate</a> to the north; and the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_plate" title="Antarctic plate">Antarctic plate</a> to the south. Between <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=60">60</a> million years ago and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=10">10</a> million years ago, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Somali plate</a> began <a href="/wiki/Rift_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rift (geology)">rifting</a> from the African plate along the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> Since the continent of Africa consists of crust from both the African and the Somali plates, some literature refers to the African plate as the Nubian plate to distinguish it from the continent as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Africa" title="Climate of Africa">Climate of Africa</a></div> The climate of Africa ranges from <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a> to <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic</a> on its highest peaks. Its northern half is primarily <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a>, while its central and southern areas contain both <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> plains and dense <a href="/wiki/Jungle" title="Jungle">jungle</a> (rainforest) regions. In between, there is a convergence, where vegetation patterns such as <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">sahel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> dominate. Africa is the hottest continent on Earth and 60% of the entire land surface consists of drylands and deserts.<a href="#cite_note-environmentalatlas-171">[167]</a> The record for the highest-ever recorded temperature, in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> in 1922 (58 °C (136 °F)), was discredited in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-newRecord-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Climate change in Africa</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Africa&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temperature_Bar_Chart_Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Temperature_Bar_Chart_Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png/290px-Temperature_Bar_Chart_Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Temperature_Bar_Chart_Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png/435px-Temperature_Bar_Chart_Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Temperature_Bar_Chart_Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png/580px-Temperature_Bar_Chart_Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>Graph showing <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">temperature change</a> in Africa between 1901 and 2021, with red colour being warmer and blue being colder than average (The average temperature during 1971–2000 is taken as the reference point for these changes.)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Climate change in Africa</a> is an increasingly serious threat as Africa is among the most <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerable</a> continents to the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Africa_Niang-2014-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Africa_Kendon-2019-176">[172]</a> Some sources even classify Africa as "the most vulnerable continent on Earth".<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Africa_Weather_Channel-2022-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate variability</a> will likely reduce <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural production">agricultural production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">water security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Africa_IPCC_4th_assessment_e-179">[175]</a> As a result, there will be negative consequences on people's lives and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Africa_Niang-2014-175">[171]</a> Over the coming decades, warming from climate change is expected across almost all the Earth's surface, and global mean rainfall will increase.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Africa_Global_Warming_of_1.5_°C_—-180">[176]</a> Currently, Africa is warming faster than the rest of the world on average. Large portions of the continent may become uninhabitable as a result of the rapid effects of climate change, which would have disastrous effects on human health, food security, and poverty.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Africa_public.wmo.int-182">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Africa_un.org-183">[179]</a> Regional effects on rainfall in the tropics are expected to be much more spatially variable. The direction of change at any one location is often less certain.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology_and_biodiversity">Ecology and biodiversity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegetation_Africa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vegetation_Africa.png/260px-Vegetation_Africa.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vegetation_Africa.png/390px-Vegetation_Africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vegetation_Africa.png/520px-Vegetation_Africa.png 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="1165" /></a><figcaption>The main biomes in Africa</figcaption></figure> Africa has over 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected areas</a>, with 198 marine protected areas, 50 biosphere reserves, and 80 wetlands reserves. Significant habitat destruction, increases in human population and poaching are reducing Africa's biological diversity and <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>. Human encroachment, civil unrest and the introduction of non-native species threaten biodiversity in Africa. This has been exacerbated by administrative problems, inadequate personnel and funding problems.<a href="#cite_note-environmentalatlas-171">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> is affecting Africa at twice the world rate, according to the United Nations Environment Programme (<a href="/wiki/UNEP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNEP">UNEP</a>).<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> According to the University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center, 31% of Africa's pasture lands and 19% of its forests and woodlands are classified as degraded, and Africa is losing over four million hectares of forest per year, which is twice the average deforestation rate for the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-environmentalatlas-171">[167]</a> Some sources claim that approximately 90% of the original, virgin forests in West Africa have been destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> Over 90% of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>'s original forests have been destroyed since the arrival of humans 2000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> About 65% of Africa's agricultural land suffers from <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical realm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic realm</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Africa" title="Fauna of Africa">Fauna of Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zebras,_Serengeti_savana_plains,_Tanzania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Zebras%2C_Serengeti_savana_plains%2C_Tanzania.jpg/220px-Zebras%2C_Serengeti_savana_plains%2C_Tanzania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Zebras%2C_Serengeti_savana_plains%2C_Tanzania.jpg/330px-Zebras%2C_Serengeti_savana_plains%2C_Tanzania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Zebras%2C_Serengeti_savana_plains%2C_Tanzania.jpg/440px-Zebras%2C_Serengeti_savana_plains%2C_Tanzania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ngorongoro_Conservation_Area" title="Ngorongoro Conservation Area">Ngorongoro Conservation Area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></figcaption></figure> Africa boasts perhaps the world's largest combination of density and "range of freedom" of <a href="/wiki/Wild_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animal">wild animal</a> populations and diversity, with wild populations of large <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a> (such as lions, <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a>, and cheetahs) and <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">buffalo</a>, elephants, camels, and giraffes) ranging freely on primarily open non-private plains. It is also home to a variety of "jungle" animals including snakes and <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic life">aquatic life</a> such as crocodiles and <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>. In addition, Africa has the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> species, as it was least affected by the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event#The_Pleistocene_or_Ice_Age_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Africa" title="Environmental issues in Africa">Environmental issues in Africa</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Africa&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Africa" title="Environmental issues in Africa">African environmental problems</a> are problems caused by the direct and indirect <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human impacts on the natural environment</a> and affect humans and nearly all forms of life in Africa. Issues include <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Africa">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_retrogression_and_degradation" title="Soil retrogression and degradation">soil degradation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, water pollution, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a>, garbage pollution, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_Africa" title="Water scarcity in Africa">water scarcity</a> (resulting in problems with access to safe <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa">water supply and sanitation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> These issues result in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">environmental conflict</a> and are connected to broader social struggles for <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> The scarcity of climate adaptation techniques in Africa makes it the least resilient continent to climate change.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_resources">Water resources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_Africa" title="Water scarcity in Africa">Water scarcity in Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa">Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa</a></div> Water development and <a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">management</a> are complex in Africa due to the multiplicity of trans-boundary water resources (<a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Water_2016-190">[186]</a> Around 75% of sub-Saharan Africa falls within 53 international <a href="/wiki/River_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="River basin">river basin</a> catchments that traverse multiple borders.<a href="#cite_note-Coop_Water-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Water_2016-190">[186]</a> This particular constraint can also be converted into an opportunity if the potential for trans-boundary cooperation is harnessed in the development of the area's water resources.<a href="#cite_note-Water_2016-190">[186]</a> A multi-sectoral analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi River</a>, for example, shows that <a href="/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">riparian</a> cooperation could lead to a 23% increase in firm energy production without any additional investments.<a href="#cite_note-Coop_Water-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Water_2016-190">[186]</a> A number of institutional and legal frameworks for transboundary cooperation exist, such as the Zambezi River Authority, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC) Protocol, <a href="/wiki/Volta_River_Authority" title="Volta River Authority">Volta River Authority</a> and the Nile Basin Commission.<a href="#cite_note-Water_2016-190">[186]</a> However, additional efforts are required to further develop political will, as well as the financial capacities and institutional frameworks needed for win-win multilateral cooperative actions and optimal solutions for all riparians.<a href="#cite_note-Water_2016-190">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Africa_by_country" title="List of political parties in Africa by country">List of political parties in Africa by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_Union">African Union</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regions_of_the_African_Union.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Regions_of_the_African_Union.png/220px-Regions_of_the_African_Union.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Regions_of_the_African_Union.png/330px-Regions_of_the_African_Union.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Regions_of_the_African_Union.png/440px-Regions_of_the_African_Union.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions of the African Union</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Northern Region , <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Southern Region , <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Eastern Region , <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Western Regions A and B , <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Central Region </figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU) is a <a href="/wiki/Continental_union" title="Continental union">continental union</a> consisting of 55 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">member states</a>. The union was formed, with <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia, as its headquarters, on 26 June 2001. The union was officially established on 9 July 2002<a href="#cite_note-African_Union_2002-192">[188]</a> as a successor to the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> (OAU). In July 2004, the African Union's <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a> (PAP) was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Midrand" title="Midrand">Midrand</a>, in South Africa, but the <a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> remained in Addis Ababa. The African Union, not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">AU Commission</a>, is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Constitutive Act of the African Union</a>, which aims to transform the <a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a>, a federated commonwealth, into a state under established international conventions. The African Union has a parliamentary government, known as the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="African Union Government">African Union Government</a>, consisting of legislative, judicial and executive organs. It is led by the African Union President and Head of State, who is also the President of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a>. A person becomes AU President by being elected to the PAP, and subsequently gaining majority support in the PAP. The powers and authority of the President of the African Parliament derive from the Constitutive Act and the <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Protocol of the Pan-African Parliament</a>, as well as the inheritance of presidential authority stipulated by African treaties and by international treaties, including those subordinating the Secretary General of the <a href="/wiki/OAU" class="mw-redirect" title="OAU">OAU</a> Secretariat (AU Commission) to the PAP. The government of the AU consists of all-union, regional, state, and municipal authorities, as well as hundreds of institutions, that together manage the day-to-day affairs of the institution. Extensive <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Africa" title="Human rights in Africa">human rights abuses</a> still occur in several parts of Africa, often under the oversight of the state. Most of such violations occur for political reasons, often as a side effect of civil war. Countries where major human rights violations have been reported in recent times include the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundary_conflicts">Boundary conflicts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Berlin_Conference_of_1884%E2%80%931885" class="mw-redirect" title="The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885">The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">List of conflicts in Africa</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Africa#Post-colonial" title="Military history of Africa">Military history of Africa § Post-colonial</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Africa&action=edit#Post-colonial">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> African nations have made great efforts to respect international borders as inviolate for a long time. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a> (OAU), which was established in 1963 and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> in 2002, set the respect for the territorial integrity of each country as one of its principles in OAU Charter.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> Indeed, compared with the formation of European countries, there have been fewer international conflicts in Africa for changing the borders, which has influenced country formation there and has enabled some countries to survive that might have been defeated and absorbed by others.<a href="#cite_note-Military_history_of_Africa_Herbst-194">[190]</a> Yet international conflicts have played out by support for proxy armies or rebel movements. Many states have experienced civil wars: including Rwanda, Sudan, Angola, Sierra Leone, Congo, Liberia, Ethiopia and Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">List of African countries by GDP (nominal)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of African countries by GDP (PPP)">List of African countries by GDP (PPP)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy of the African Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RECs_of_the_AEC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/RECs_of_the_AEC.svg/220px-RECs_of_the_AEC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/RECs_of_the_AEC.svg/330px-RECs_of_the_AEC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/RECs_of_the_AEC.svg/440px-RECs_of_the_AEC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/CEN-SAD" class="mw-redirect" title="CEN-SAD">CEN-SAD</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/COMESA" class="mw-redirect" title="COMESA">COMESA</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">EAC</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/ECCAS" class="mw-redirect" title="ECCAS">ECCAS</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">ECOWAS</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/IGAD" class="mw-redirect" title="IGAD">IGAD</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">SADC</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">UMA</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita_in_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/African_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2020.png/220px-African_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/African_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2020.png/330px-African_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/African_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2020.png/440px-African_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="4795" /></a><figcaption>African countries by <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (PPP) per capita in 2020</figcaption></figure> Although it has abundant <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a>, Africa remains the world's poorest and <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">least-developed</a> continent (other than <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>), the result of a variety of causes that may include <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">corrupt governments</a> that have often committed serious <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">human rights violations</a>, failed <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">central planning</a>, high levels of <a href="/wiki/Illiteracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiteracy">illiteracy</a>, low self-esteem, lack of access to foreign capital, legacies of colonialism, the <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slave</a> trade, and the Cold War, and frequent tribal and military conflict (ranging from <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> to <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>).<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> Its total nominal GDP remains behind that of the United States, China, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, India and France. According to the United Nations' Human Development Report in 2003, the bottom 24 ranked nations (151st to 175th) were all African.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Africa" title="Poverty in Africa">Poverty</a>, illiteracy, <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, inadequate <a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">water supply and sanitation</a>, and poor health affect a large proportion of the people who reside on the African continent. In August 2008, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> announced revised global poverty estimates based on a new international poverty line of $1.25 per day (versus the previous measure of $1.00). Eighty-one percent of the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan African</a> population was living on less than $2.50 (PPP) per day in 2005, compared with 86% for India.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> Sub-Saharan Africa is the least successful region of the world in reducing poverty ($1.25 per day); some 50% of <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Africa" title="Poverty in Africa">the population living in poverty</a> in 1981 (200 million people), a figure that rose to 58% in 1996 before dropping to 50% in 2005 (380 million people). The average poor person in sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to live on only 70 cents per day, and was poorer in 2003 than in 1973,<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> indicating increasing poverty in some areas. Some of it is attributed to unsuccessful economic liberalization programmes spearheaded by foreign companies and governments, but other studies have cited bad domestic government policies more than external factors.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> Africa is now at risk of being in debt once again, particularly in sub-Saharan African countries. The last debt <a href="/wiki/Crisis" title="Crisis">crisis</a> in 2005 was resolved with help from the heavily indebted poor countries scheme (HIPC). The HIPC resulted in some positive and negative effects on the economy in Africa. About ten years after the 2005 debt crisis in sub-Saharan Africa was resolved, Zambia fell back into debt. A small reason was due to the fall in copper prices in 2011, but the bigger reason was that a large amount of the money Zambia borrowed was wasted or pocketed by the elite.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> From 1995 to 2005, Africa's rate of economic growth increased, averaging 5% in 2005. Some countries experienced still higher growth rates, notably <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, all of which had recently begun extracting their petroleum reserves or had expanded their <a href="/wiki/Oil_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil extraction">oil extraction</a> capacity. In a recently published analysis based on <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a> data, the Austrian political scientist Arno Tausch maintained that several African countries, most notably <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, perform quite well on scales of mass support for democracy and the <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> The following table is projection(s) as of 2024 in terms of the peak level of GDP (<a href="/wiki/Nominal_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">nominal</a>) and (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_Power_Parity" class="mw-redirect" title="Purchasing Power Parity">Purchasing Power Parity</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a><a href="#cite_note-IMF_Data-205">[201]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float:left; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:10px auto 10px auto"> <tbody><tr style="background:#dbdbdb;"> <th>Rank </th> <th>Country </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_IMF_ranked_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IMF ranked countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)">GDP</a> (nominal, Peak Year) millions of <a href="/wiki/International_dollar" title="International dollar">USD</a> </th> <th>Peak Year </th></tr> <tr> <td>—</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></td> <td>3,001,207</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a></td> <td>574,184</td> <td>2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a></td> <td>476,748</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>458,708</td> <td>2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> <td>260,134</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></td> <td>164,448</td> <td>2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a></td> <td>163,698</td> <td>2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td>157,087</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td>116,321</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a></td> <td>92,542</td> <td>2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a></td> <td>86,993</td> <td>2024 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float:right; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:10px"> <tbody><tr style="background:#dbdbdb;"> <th>Rank </th> <th>Country </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)">GDP</a> (PPP, Peak Year) millions of <a href="/wiki/International_dollar" title="International dollar">USD</a> </th> <th>Peak Year </th></tr> <tr> <td>—</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></td> <td>10,155,027</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td>2,231,822</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>1,489,832</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>993,745</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> <td>826,136</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td> <td>434,441</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td>396,685</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td>375,356</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></td> <td>374,937</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td> <td>269,672</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td>269,105</td> <td>2024 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tausch's global value comparison based on the <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a> derived the following factor analytical scales: 1. The non-violent and law-abiding society 2. Democracy movement 3. Climate of personal non-violence 4. Trust in institutions 5. Happiness, good health 6. No redistributive religious fundamentalism 7. Accepting the market 8. Feminism 9. Involvement in politics 10. Optimism and engagement 11. No welfare mentality, acceptancy of the Calvinist work ethics. The spread in the performance of African countries with complete data, Tausch concluded "is really amazing". While one should be especially hopeful about the development of future democracy and the market economy in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, the article suggests pessimistic tendencies for <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and especially for Africa's leading economy, South Africa. High human inequality, as measured by the <a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Report" title="Human Development Report">Human Development Report</a>'s Index of Human Inequality, impairs the development of <a href="/wiki/Human_security" title="Human security">human security</a>. Tausch also maintains that the certain recent optimism, corresponding to economic and human rights data, emerging from Africa, is reflected in the development of a <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>. The continent is believed to hold 90% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, 90% of its <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, 50% of its gold, 98% of its <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, 70% of its <a href="/wiki/Tantalite" title="Tantalite">tantalite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> 64% of its <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> and one-third of its <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC) has 70% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</a>, a mineral used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Tantalum_capacitor" title="Tantalum capacitor">tantalum capacitors</a> for electronic devices such as cell phones. The DRC also has more than 30% of the world's diamond reserves.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> is the world's largest exporter of <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> As the growth in Africa has been driven mainly by services and not manufacturing or agriculture, it has been growth without jobs and without reduction in poverty levels. In fact, the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_world_food_price_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2007–08 world food price crisis">food security crisis of 2008</a>, which took place on the heels of the global financial crisis, pushed 100 million people into food insecurity.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> has built increasingly stronger ties with African nations and is Africa's largest trading partner. In 2007, Chinese companies invested a total of US$1 billion in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Africa-158">[154]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> study led by professor <a href="/wiki/Calestous_Juma" title="Calestous Juma">Calestous Juma</a> showed that Africa could feed itself by making the transition from importer to self-sufficiency. "African agriculture is at the crossroads; we have come to the end of a century of policies that favoured Africa's export of raw materials and importation of food. Africa is starting to focus on agricultural innovation as its new engine for regional trade and prosperity."<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity_generation">Electricity generation</h3></div> The main source of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> is <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>, which contributes significantly to the current installed capacity for energy.<a href="#cite_note-Water_2016-190">[186]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kainji_Dam" title="Kainji Dam">Kainji Dam</a> is a typical hydropower resource generating electricity for all the large cities in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> as well as their neighbouring country, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> Hence, the continuous investment in the last decade, which has increased the amount of power generated.<a href="#cite_note-Water_2016-190">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Africa" title="Genetic history of Africa">Genetic history of Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage#Africa" title="Child marriage">Child marriage in Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">List of African countries by population</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African countries by life expectancy">List of African countries by life expectancy</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:46.013780245594px 88.784751097867px 0 0; border-top-color:#A45"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#A45"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:26.387304996537px 96.45574184578px 0 0; border-top-color:#FE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FE3"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:5.4636492604599px 99.850631128494px 0 0; border-top-color:#E72"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E72"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 522.43475077176px 100px 0; border-right-color:#E33"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#E33"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 196.87225848326px 100px 0; border-right-color:#928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 106.08774085197px 100px 0; border-right-color:#CC5"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#CC5"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 42.529898085737px 100px 0; border-right-color:#6A5"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#6A5"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:0.3082666266872px; border-width:0 0 99.691733373313px 7.8459095727845px; border-bottom-color:#1A9"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:17.718090360442px; border-width:0 0 82.281909639558px 56.830338254032px; border-bottom-color:#36A"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">Proportion of total African population by country</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Nigeria (15.38%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Ethiopia (8.37%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Egypt (7.65%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Democratic Republic of the Congo (6.57%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Tanzania (4.55%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  South Africa (4.47%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Kenya (3.88%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Uganda (3.38%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Algeria (3.36%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (42.39%)</div> </div> </div></div> Africa's population has rapidly increased over the last 40 years, and is consequently relatively young. In some African states, more than half the population is under 25 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> The total number of people in Africa increased from 229 million in 1950 to 630 million in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> As of 2021, the population of Africa is estimated at 1.4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-2">[2]</a> Africa's total population surpassing other continents is fairly recent; African population surpassed Europe in the 1990s, while the Americas was overtaken sometime around the year 2000.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> This increase in number of babies born in Africa compared to the rest of the world is expected to reach approximately 37% in the year 2050; while in 1990 sub-Saharan Africa accounted for only 16% of the world's births.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (children per woman) for Sub-Saharan Africa is 4.7 as of 2018, the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">TFRs</a> (average number of children) above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27.1% of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">global</a> livebirths.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> In 2021, sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 29% of global births.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> Speakers of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger–Congo">Niger–Congo</a> family) are the majority in southern, central and southeast Africa. The Bantu-speaking peoples from <a href="/wiki/The_Sahel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sahel">the Sahel</a> progressively expanded over most of sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> But there are also several <a href="/wiki/Nilotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic">Nilotic</a> groups in <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> and East Africa, the mixed <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili people</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili Coast</a>, and a few remaining <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">indigenous</a> Khoisan ("<a href="/wiki/Bushmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushmen">San"</a> or "Bushmen") and <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_peoples" title="Pygmy peoples">Pygmy peoples</a> in Southern and Central Africa, respectively. Bantu-speaking Africans also predominate in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, and are found in parts of southern Cameroon. In the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a> of Southern Africa, the distinct people known as the Bushmen (also "San", closely related to, but distinct from "<a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Hottentots</a>") have long been present. The San are physically distinct from other Africans and are the indigenous people of southern Africa.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of central Africa.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> The peoples of West Africa primarily speak <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo languages</a>, belonging mostly to its non-Bantu branches, though some <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</a> and Afro-Asiatic speaking groups are also found. The Niger–Congo-speaking <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani">Fulani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a> ethnic groups are the largest and most influential. In the central Sahara, <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a> groups are most significant. Chadic-speaking groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, are found in more northerly parts of the region nearest to the Sahara, and Nilo-Saharan communities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a>, are found in the eastern parts of West Africa bordering Central Africa. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_countries_by_HDI_(2019).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/African_countries_by_HDI_%282019%29.png/260px-African_countries_by_HDI_%282019%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/African_countries_by_HDI_%282019%29.png/390px-African_countries_by_HDI_%282019%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/African_countries_by_HDI_%282019%29.png/520px-African_countries_by_HDI_%282019%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4665" data-file-height="4670" /></a><figcaption> <table width="100%" style="background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Map of Africa indicating <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (2018). </td></tr> <tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.800–0.849</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.750–0.799</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.700–0.749</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.650–0.699</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.600–0.649</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.550–0.599</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.500–0.549</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.450–0.499</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.400–0.449</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  ≤ 0.399</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No data</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> The peoples of North Africa consist of three main indigenous groups: Berbers in the northwest, Egyptians in the northeast, and Nilo-Saharan-speaking peoples in the east. The Arabs who arrived in the 7th century AD introduced the Arabic language and Islam to North Africa. The Semitic <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> (who founded <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>, the Indo-Iranian <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, the Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>, Romans, and <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> settled in North Africa as well. Significant Berber communities remain within <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> in the 21st century, while, to a lesser extent, Berber speakers are also present in some regions of Tunisia and Libya.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> The Berber-speaking <a href="/wiki/Tuareg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg">Tuareg</a> and other often-<a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> peoples are the principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa. In Mauritania, there is a small but near-extinct Berber community in the north and Niger–Congo-speaking peoples in the south, though in both regions Arabic and Arab culture predominates. In Sudan, although Arabic and Arab culture predominate, it is mostly inhabited by groups that originally spoke Nilo-Saharan, such as the Nubians, Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa, who, over the centuries, have variously intermixed with migrants from the Arabian peninsula. Small communities of Afro-Asiatic-speaking Beja nomads can also be found in Egypt and Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, some Ethiopian and Eritrean groups (like the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayans</a>, collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Habesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Habesha">Habesha</a>) speak languages from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic">Afro-Asiatic</a> language family, while the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> speak languages from the <a href="/wiki/Cushitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic">Cushitic</a> branch of Afro-Asiatic. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> movements of the post-World War II era, <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a> were represented in every part of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> Decolonization during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of white settlers—especially from Algeria and Morocco (1.6 million <a href="/wiki/Pieds-noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieds-noir">pieds-noirs</a> in North Africa),<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> Kenya, Congo,<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> Between 1975 and 1977, over a million colonials returned to Portugal alone.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/White_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="White Africans">white Africans</a> remain an important minority in many African states, particularly <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> The country with the largest white African population is South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diasporas</a> represent the largest communities of European ancestry on the continent today.<a href="#cite_note-World-235">[231]</a> European colonization also brought <a href="/wiki/Asian_diaspora" title="Asian diaspora">sizable groups</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Asians">Asians</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">from</a> the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, to British colonies. Large <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian communities</a> are found in South Africa, and smaller ones are present in Kenya, Tanzania, and some other southern and southeast African countries. The large <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Uganda" title="Indians in Uganda">Indian community in Uganda</a> was <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Asians_from_Uganda" title="Expulsion of Asians from Uganda">expelled</a> by the dictator <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a> in 1972, though many have since returned. The islands in the Indian Ocean are also populated primarily by people of Asian origin, often mixed with Africans and Europeans. The <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy people</a> of Madagascar are an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian people</a>, but those along the coast are generally mixed with Bantu, Arab, Indian and European origins. Malay and Indian ancestries are also important components in the group of people known in South Africa as <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> (people with origins in two or more races and continents). During the 20th century, small but economically important communities of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon#Diaspora" title="Demographics of Lebanon">Lebanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a><a href="#cite_note-Africa-158">[154]</a> have also developed in the larger coastal cities of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a> and East Africa, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_Estimates_of_African_Population,_1–2018_AD_(in_thousands)">Alternative Estimates of African Population, 1–2018 AD (in thousands)</h3></div> Source: Maddison and others. (University of Groningen).<a href="#cite_note-ggdc.net-237">[233]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year<a href="#cite_note-ggdc.net-237">[233]</a> </th> <th scope="col">1 </th> <th scope="col">1000 </th> <th scope="col">1500 </th> <th scope="col">1600 </th> <th scope="col">1700 </th> <th scope="col">1820 </th> <th scope="col">1870 </th> <th scope="col">1913 </th> <th scope="col">1950 </th> <th scope="col">1973 </th> <th scope="col">1998 </th> <th scope="col">2018 </th> <th scope="col">2100 (projected) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Africa </td> <td>16 500 </td> <td>33 000 </td> <td>46 000 </td> <td>55 000 </td> <td>61 000 </td> <td>74 208 </td> <td>90 466 </td> <td>124 697 </td> <td>228 342 </td> <td>387 645 </td> <td>759 954 </td> <td>1 321 000<a href="#cite_note-worldometers-238">[234]</a> </td> <td>3 924 421<a href="#cite_note-:6-239">[235]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>World </td> <td>230 820 </td> <td>268 273 </td> <td>437 818 </td> <td>555 828 </td> <td>603 410 </td> <td>1 041 092 </td> <td>1 270 014 </td> <td>1 791 020 </td> <td>2 524 531 </td> <td>3 913 482 </td> <td>5 907 680 </td> <td>7 500 000<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> </td> <td>10 349 323<a href="#cite_note-:6-239">[235]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shares_of_Africa_and_World_Population,_1–2020_AD_(%_of_world_total)">Shares of Africa and World Population, 1–2020 AD (% of world total)</h3></div> Source: Maddison and others (University of Groningen).<a href="#cite_note-ggdc.net-237">[233]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year<a href="#cite_note-ggdc.net-237">[233]</a> </th> <th scope="col">1 </th> <th scope="col">1000 </th> <th scope="col">1500 </th> <th scope="col">1600 </th> <th scope="col">1700 </th> <th scope="col">1820 </th> <th scope="col">1870 </th> <th scope="col">1913 </th> <th scope="col">1950 </th> <th scope="col">1973 </th> <th scope="col">1998 </th> <th scope="col">2020 </th> <th scope="col">2100 (projected) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Africa </td> <td>7.1 </td> <td>12.3 </td> <td>10.5 </td> <td>9.9 </td> <td>10.1 </td> <td>7.1 </td> <td>7.1 </td> <td>7.0 </td> <td>9.0 </td> <td>9.9 </td> <td>12.9 </td> <td>18.2<a href="#cite_note-worldometers-238">[234]</a> </td> <td>39.4<a href="#cite_note-www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank-241">[237]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/African_divination" title="African divination">African divination</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religion_distribution_Africa_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Religion_distribution_Africa_crop.png/240px-Religion_distribution_Africa_crop.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Religion_distribution_Africa_crop.png/360px-Religion_distribution_Africa_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Religion_distribution_Africa_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>A map showing religious distribution in Africa</figcaption></figure> While Africans profess a wide variety of religious beliefs, the majority of the people respect African religions or parts of them. However, in formal surveys or census, most people will identify with major religions that came from outside the continent, mainly through colonisation. There are several reasons for this, the main one being the colonial idea that African religious beliefs and practices are not good enough. Religious beliefs and statistics on religious affiliation are difficult to come by since they are often a sensitive topic for governments with mixed religious populations.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford-242">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-243">[239]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia" title="World Book Encyclopedia">World Book Encyclopedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity</a> are the two largest religions in Africa. Islam is most prevalent in Northern Africa, and is the state religion of many North African countries, such as Algeria, where 99% of the population practices Islam.<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> The majority of people in most governments in Southern, Southeast, and Central Africa, as well as in a sizable portion of the Horn of Africa and West Africa, identify as <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Christians">Coptic Christians</a> constitute a sizable minority in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a> is the largest church in Ethiopia, with 36 million and 51 million adherents.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, 45% of the population are Christians, 40% are Muslims, and 10% follow <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional religions</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A small number of Africans are <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianist" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucianist">Confucianist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí">Baháʼí</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Africa">Jewish</a>. There is also a minority of people in Africa who are <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Africa" title="Irreligion in Africa">irreligious</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Africa#Indigenous_writing_systems" title="Writing systems of Africa">Writing systems of Africa § Indigenous writing systems</a></div> By most estimates, well over a thousand <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> has estimated around two thousand) are spoken in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> Most are of African origin, though some are of European or Asian origin. Africa is the most <a href="/wiki/Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multilingual</a> continent in the world, and it is not rare for individuals to fluently speak not only multiple African languages, but one or more European ones as well.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] There are four major groups indigenous to Africa: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_African_language_families.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Map_of_African_language_families.svg/260px-Map_of_African_language_families.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Map_of_African_language_families.svg/390px-Map_of_African_language_families.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Map_of_African_language_families.svg/520px-Map_of_African_language_families.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>A simplistic view of language families spoken in Africa</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> languages are a language family of about 240 languages and 285 million people widespread throughout the Horn of Africa, North Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, and Southwest Asia.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> languages consist of a group of several possibly related <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">families</a>,<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> spoken by 30 million people between 100 languages. Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken by ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a> language family covers much of sub-Saharan Africa. In terms of number of languages, it is the largest language family in Africa and perhaps one of the largest in the world.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a> languages form a group of three unrelated<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> families and two <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a> and number about fifty in total. They are mainly spoken in Southern Africa by approximately 400,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> Many of the Khoisan languages are <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Khoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoi">Khoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bushmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushmen">San</a> peoples are considered the original inhabitants of this part of Africa.</li></ul> Following the end of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, nearly all African countries adopted <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> that originated outside the continent, although several countries also granted legal recognition to indigenous languages (such as <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>). In numerous countries, English and French (see <a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African French</a>) are used for communication in the public sphere such as government, commerce, education and the media. Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> and Spanish are examples of languages that trace their origin to outside of Africa, and that are used by millions of Africans today, both in the public and private spheres. Italian is spoken by some in former <a href="/wiki/Italian_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian colonies">Italian colonies</a> in Africa. German is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, as it was a former German protectorate. In total, at least a fifth of Africans speak the former colonial languages.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV_in_Africa_2011.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HIV_in_Africa_2011.svg/240px-HIV_in_Africa_2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HIV_in_Africa_2011.svg/360px-HIV_in_Africa_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HIV_in_Africa_2011.svg/480px-HIV_in_Africa_2011.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa, total (% of population ages 15–49), in 2011 (<a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>) <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  over 15%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5–15%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2–5%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1–2%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.5–1%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.1–0.5%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  not available</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> More than 85% of individuals in Africa use traditional medicine as an alternative to often expensive allopathic medical health care and costly pharmaceutical products. The <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a> (OAU) Heads of State and Government declared the 2000s decade as the African Decade on <a href="/wiki/African_traditional_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional medicine">African traditional medicine</a> in an effort to promote The WHO African Region's adopted resolution for institutionalizing traditional medicine in health care systems across the continent.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> Public policy makers in the region are challenged with consideration of the importance of traditional/indigenous health systems and whether their coexistence with the modern medical and health sub-sector would improve the equitability and accessibility of health care distribution, the health status of populations, and the social-economic development of nations within sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">AIDS in post-colonial Africa</a> is a prevalent issue. Although the continent is home to about 15.2 percent of the world's population,<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> more than two-thirds of the total infected worldwide—some 35 million people—were Africans, of whom 15 million have already died.<a href="#cite_note-Enc_p8-257">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> alone accounted for an estimated 69 percent of all people living with HIV<a href="#cite_note-2012_Facts-258">[253]</a> and 70 percent of all AIDS deaths in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-dUNAIDSi_ck_2012-259">[254]</a> In the countries of sub-Saharan Africa most affected, AIDS has raised death rates and lowered life expectancy among adults between the ages of 20 and 49 by about twenty years.<a href="#cite_note-Enc_p8-257">[252]</a> Furthermore, the life expectancy in many parts of Africa has declined, largely as a result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic with life-expectancy in some countries reaching as low as thirty-four years.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">Culture of Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wassu_Stone_Circle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Wassu_Stone_Circle.jpg/220px-Wassu_Stone_Circle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Wassu_Stone_Circle.jpg/330px-Wassu_Stone_Circle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Wassu_Stone_Circle.jpg/440px-Wassu_Stone_Circle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Senegambian_stone_circles" title="Senegambian stone circles">Senegambian stone circles</a>, lying in The <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, are a <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> Some aspects of traditional African cultures have become less practised in recent years as a result of neglect and suppression by colonial and post-colonial regimes. For example, African customs were discouraged, and African languages were prohibited in mission schools.<a href="#cite_note-pearsonhighered.com-261">[256]</a> Leopold II of Belgium attempted to "civilize" Africans by discouraging polygamy and witchcraft.<a href="#cite_note-pearsonhighered.com-261">[256]</a> Obidoh Freeborn posits that colonialism is one element that has created the character of modern African art.<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> According to authors Douglas Fraser and Herbert M. Cole, "The precipitous alterations in the power structure wrought by colonialism were quickly followed by drastic iconographic changes in the art."<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-263">[258]</a> Fraser and Cole assert that, in Igboland, some art objects "lack the vigor and careful craftsmanship of the earlier art objects that served traditional functions."<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-263">[258]</a> Author Chika Okeke-Agulu states that "the racist infrastructure of British imperial enterprise forced upon the political and cultural guardians of empire a denial and suppression of an emergent sovereign Africa and modernist art."<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> Editors F. Abiola Irele and Simon Gikandi comment that the current identity of African literature had its genesis in the "traumatic encounter between Africa and Europe."<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> On the other hand, Mhoze Chikowero believes that Africans deployed music, dance, spirituality, and other performative cultures to (re)assert themselves as active agents and indigenous intellectuals, to unmake their colonial marginalization and reshape their own destinies.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> There is now a resurgence in the attempts to rediscover and revalue African traditional cultures, under such movements as the <a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a>, led by a group of scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Molefi_Asante" class="mw-redirect" title="Molefi Asante">Molefi Asante</a>, as well as the increasing recognition of traditional spiritualism through decriminalization of <a href="/wiki/West_African_Vodun" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Vodun">Vodou</a> and other forms of spirituality. As of March 2023, 98 African properties are listed by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. Among these proprieties, 54 are cultural sites, 39 are natural sites and 5 are mixed sites. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">List Of World Heritage in Danger</a> includes 15 African sites.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg/150px-Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg/225px-Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg/300px-Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok</a> figure, Nigeria (5th century BCE–5th century CE)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laas_Geel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Laas_Geel.jpg/220px-Laas_Geel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Laas_Geel.jpg/330px-Laas_Geel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Laas_Geel.jpg/440px-Laas_Geel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Rock art at the <a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a> complex in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, 3,500–2,500 BCE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin_Bronze_(26501223765).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benin_Bronze_%2826501223765%29.jpg/220px-Benin_Bronze_%2826501223765%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benin_Bronze_%2826501223765%29.jpg/330px-Benin_Bronze_%2826501223765%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benin_Bronze_%2826501223765%29.jpg/440px-Benin_Bronze_%2826501223765%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="3431" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Benin_bronze" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin bronze">Benin bronzes</a> from the 18th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">African art</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_art&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">African art</a> describes modern and historical paintings, sculptures, installations, and other <a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">visual culture</a> from native or indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">Africans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_continent" class="mw-redirect" title="African continent">African continent</a>. The definition may also include the art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diasporas</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> or art in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> societies inspired by African traditions. Despite these diversities, there are unifying artistic themes that is present when considering the totality of the visual culture from the continent of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pottery#Africa" title="Pottery">Pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalwork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile art">textile art</a>, and fiber art are important visual art forms across Africa and may be included in the study of African art. The term "African Art" does not usually include the art of the <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> areas along the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coast, because that part of Africa is known to have been part of different traditions. For more than a millennium, the art of such areas had formed part of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>, however, with many particular local characteristics. <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian art</a>, with a long <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Christian tradition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a> is also different from that of most of African regions where <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">Traditional African religion</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the north) was dominant until the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-African_art_nytimes-270">[265]</a> African art includes <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient</a> art, the Islamic art of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, and the traditional <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> of these, and other regions. Many <a href="/wiki/African_sculpture" title="African sculpture">African sculptures</a> were historically made of wood and other natural materials that have not survived from earlier than a few centuries ago; although rare older pottery and metal figures can be found in some areas.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> Some of the earliest decorative objects, such as shell beads and evidence of paint, have been discovered in Africa, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-African_art_Mitchell_2013_p._375-272">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-African_art_Henshilwood_et_al._2011-273">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-African_art_McBrearty_Brooks_2000-274">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_masks" title="Traditional African masks">Masks</a> are important elements in the art of many people, along with human figures, and are often highly stylised. There is a vast variety of styles, often varying within the same context of origin and depending on the use of the object, but wide regional trends are apparent. Sculpture is most common among "groups of settled cultivators in the areas drained by the <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo</a> rivers" in West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-African_art_Honour_&_Fleming,_557-275">[270]</a> Direct images of deities are relatively infrequent, but masks in particular are or were often made for ritual ceremonies. Since the late 19th century, there has been an increasing amount of <a href="/wiki/African_art_in_Western_collections" title="African art in Western collections">African art in Western collections</a>, the finest pieces of which are displayed as part of the history of colonisation. African art had an important influence on European <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernist</a> art,<a href="#cite_note-African_art_African_Influences_in_Modern_Art-276">[271]</a> which was inspired by their interest in abstract depiction. It was this appreciation of African sculpture that has been attributed to the very concept of "African art", as seen by European and American artists and art historians.<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> West African cultures developed bronze casting for reliefs, like the famous <a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a>, to decorate palaces and for highly <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">naturalistic</a> royal heads from around the <a href="/wiki/Edo_people" title="Edo people">Bini</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Benin_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin Empire">Benin City, Edo State</a>, as well as in terracotta or metal, from the 12th–14th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Akan_goldweights" title="Akan goldweights">Akan gold weights</a> are a form of small metal sculptures produced over the period 1400–1900; some represent <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a>, contributing a narrative element rare in African sculpture; and royal regalia included gold sculptured elements.<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a> Many West African figures are used in religious rituals, and are often coated with materials placed on them for ceremonial offerings. The <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mande</a>-speaking peoples of the same region make pieces from wood with broad, flat surfaces and arms and legs shaped like cylinders. In <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, however, the main distinguishing characteristics include heart-shaped faces that are curved inward and display patterns of circles and dots.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">Architecture of Africa</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Africa&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/250px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/375px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/500px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Great Pyramids of Giza</a> are regarded as one of the greatest architectural feats of all time and are one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>. </figcaption></figure> Like other aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">culture of Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">architecture of Africa</a> is exceptionally diverse. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">history of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="African people">Africans</a> have developed their own local <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architectural</a> traditions. In some cases, broader regional styles can be identified, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian architecture</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. A common theme in traditional African architecture is the use of <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractal</a> scaling: small parts of the structure tend to look similar to larger parts, such as a circular village made of circular houses.<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> African architecture in some areas has been influenced by external cultures for centuries, according to available evidence. Western architecture has influenced coastal areas since the late 15th century and is now an important source of inspiration for many larger buildings, particularly in major cities. African architecture uses a wide range of materials, including thatch, stick/wood, mud, <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a>, and stone. These material preferences vary by region: North Africa for stone and rammed earth, the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> for stone and mortar, West Africa for mud/adobe, Central Africa for thatch/wood and more perishable materials, Southeast and Southern Africa for stone and thatch/wood.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Cinema of Africa</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Africa&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_met_filmposter_Tunis_TMnr_20013070.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_met_filmposter_Tunis_TMnr_20013070.jpg/240px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_met_filmposter_Tunis_TMnr_20013070.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_met_filmposter_Tunis_TMnr_20013070.jpg/360px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_met_filmposter_Tunis_TMnr_20013070.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_met_filmposter_Tunis_TMnr_20013070.jpg/480px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_met_filmposter_Tunis_TMnr_20013070.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Cinematic street poster in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> for the Egyptian film <a href="/wiki/Saladin_the_Victorious" title="Saladin the Victorious">Saladin the Victorious</a> (1963, Arabic: الناصر صلاح الدين, Al Nasser Salah Ad-Din) directed by <a href="/wiki/Youssef_Chahine" title="Youssef Chahine">Youssef Chahine</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mazhar" title="Ahmed Mazhar">Ahmed Mazhar</a> as Saladin, <a href="/wiki/Salah_Zulfikar" title="Salah Zulfikar">Salah Zulfikar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Lutfi" title="Nadia Lutfi">Nadia Lutfi</a> and others</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Cinema of Africa</a> covers both the <a href="/wiki/History_of_film" title="History of film">history</a> and present of the <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">making</a> or screening of films on the African continent, and also refers to the persons involved in this form of <a href="/wiki/Audiovisual" title="Audiovisual">audiovisual</a> culture. It dates back to the early 20th century, when film reels were the primary cinematic technology in use. As there are more than 50 countries with audiovisual traditions, there is no one single 'African cinema'. Both historically and culturally, there are major regional differences between <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan</a> cinemas, and between the cinemas of different countries.<a href="#cite_note-Cinema_of_Africa_Hayward,_Susan_2006._p._426-442-280">[275]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music of Africa</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Africa">editing it</a>. (April 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Given the vastness of the African continent, its music is diverse, with <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Africa">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African countries">nations</a> having many distinct <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">musical</a> traditions. African music includes the genres makwaya, <a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">highlife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mbube_(genre)" title="Mbube (genre)">mbube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Township_music" title="Township music">township music</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music" title="Jùjú music">jùjú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuji_music" title="Fuji music">fuji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaiva" title="Jaiva">jaiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">afrobeat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro_fusion" title="Afro fusion">afrofusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">mbalax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congolese_rumba" title="Congolese rumba">Congolese rumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">soukous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ndombolo" title="Ndombolo">ndombolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makossa" title="Makossa">makossa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kizomba" title="Kizomba">kizomba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taarab" title="Taarab">taarab</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-Music_of_Africa_:0-281">[276]</a> African music also uses a large variety of instruments from all across the continent. The music and dance of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>, formed to varying degrees on African musical traditions, include <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">American music</a> like <a href="/wiki/Dixieland_jazz" title="Dixieland jazz">Dixieland jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean music">Caribbean</a> genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Kaiso" title="Kaiso">kaiso</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca</a>. <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American music">Latin American music</a> genres such as <a href="/wiki/Cumbia" title="Cumbia">cumbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Son_cubano" title="Son cubano">son cubano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_rumba" title="Cuban rumba">rumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conga_(music)" title="Conga (music)">conga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Bomba (Puerto Rico)">bomba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">samba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouk (musical movement)">zouk</a> were founded on the music of <a href="/wiki/Trans-Atlantic_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Atlantic slave trade">enslaved Africans</a>, and have in turn influenced <a href="/wiki/African_popular_music" title="African popular music">African popular music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Music_of_Africa_:0-281">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-Music_of_Africa_Columbia_University-282">[277]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/African_dance" title="African dance">African dance</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_dance&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/African_dance" title="African dance">African dance</a> (also Afro dance, Afrodance and Afro-dance)<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> refers to the various dance styles of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>. These dances are closely connected with the traditional <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Rhythm in Sub-Saharan Africa">rhythms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_music_traditions" title="Sub-Saharan African music traditions">music traditions</a> of the region. Music and dancing is an integral part of many traditional African societies. Songs and dances facilitate teaching and promoting social values, celebrating special events and major life milestones, performing <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">oral history</a> and other recitations, and spiritual experiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone19969-288">[283]</a> African dance uses the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythm</a> and total body articulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsh-Asante200928-289">[284]</a> African dances are a collective activity performed in large groups, with significant interaction between dancers and onlookers in the majority of styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsh-Asante200935-290">[285]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Sport in Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_cup_african_countries_best_results_and_hosts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/World_cup_african_countries_best_results_and_hosts.png/220px-World_cup_african_countries_best_results_and_hosts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/World_cup_african_countries_best_results_and_hosts.png/330px-World_cup_african_countries_best_results_and_hosts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/World_cup_african_countries_best_results_and_hosts.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Best results of African men's national football teams at the FIFA World Cup</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shikabala_the_captain_of_zamalek_sc_holds_CAF_Confederation_Cup_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shikabala the captain of zamalek sc holds CAF Confederation Cup 2024" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Shikabala_the_captain_of_zamalek_sc_holds_CAF_Confederation_Cup_2024.jpg/220px-Shikabala_the_captain_of_zamalek_sc_holds_CAF_Confederation_Cup_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Shikabala_the_captain_of_zamalek_sc_holds_CAF_Confederation_Cup_2024.jpg/330px-Shikabala_the_captain_of_zamalek_sc_holds_CAF_Confederation_Cup_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Shikabala_the_captain_of_zamalek_sc_holds_CAF_Confederation_Cup_2024.jpg/440px-Shikabala_the_captain_of_zamalek_sc_holds_CAF_Confederation_Cup_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Confederation_of_African_Football" title="List of presidents of the Confederation of African Football">CAF President</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Motsepe" title="Patrice Motsepe">Patrice Motsepe</a> handing the <a href="/wiki/CAF_Confederation_Cup" title="CAF Confederation Cup">CAF Confederation Cup</a> trophy to <a href="/wiki/Zamalek_SC" title="Zamalek SC">Zamalek's</a> captain <a href="/wiki/Shikabala" title="Shikabala">Shikabala</a> in 2024</figcaption></figure> Fifty-four African countries have <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> teams in the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</a>. Egypt has won the African Cup seven times, and a record-making three times in a row. Cameroon, Nigeria, Morocco, Senegal, Ghana, and Algeria have advanced to the knockout stage of recent <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cups</a>. Morocco, at the <a href="/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2022 FIFA World Cup">2022 World Cup in Qatar</a> was the first African nation to reach the semi-finals of the FIFA Men's World Cup. South Africa hosted the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 World Cup tournament</a>, becoming the first African country to do so. The top clubs in each African football league play the <a href="/wiki/CAF_Champions_League" title="CAF Champions League">CAF Champions League</a>, while lower-ranked clubs compete in <a href="/wiki/CAF_Confederation_Cup" title="CAF Confederation Cup">CAF Confederation Cup</a>. In recent years, the continent has progressed in terms of state-of-the-art <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> facilities, which have been built in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rades" class="mw-redirect" title="Rades">Rades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> The number of African basketball players who drafted into the U.S. <a href="/wiki/NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a> has experienced growth in the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is popular in some African nations. <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team" title="South Africa national cricket team">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_cricket_team" title="Zimbabwe national cricket team">Zimbabwe</a> have <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test</a> status, while <a href="/wiki/Kenya_national_cricket_team" title="Kenya national cricket team">Kenya</a> is the leading non-test team and previously had <a href="/wiki/One_Day_International" title="One Day International">One-Day International cricket</a> (ODI) status (from <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Cup_1997-98" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Cup 1997-98">10 October 1997</a>, until <a href="/wiki/2014_Cricket_World_Cup_Qualifier#Super_Six" title="2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier">30 January 2014</a>). The three countries jointly hosted the <a href="/wiki/2003_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2003 Cricket World Cup">2003 Cricket World Cup</a>. <a href="/wiki/Namibia_national_cricket_team" title="Namibia national cricket team">Namibia</a> is the other African country to have played in a World Cup. <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, in northern Africa, hosted the <a href="/wiki/2002_Morocco_Cup" title="2002 Morocco Cup">2002 Morocco Cup</a>, but the national team has never qualified for a major tournament. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby</a> is popular in several southern African nations. <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> have appeared on multiple occasions at the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>, while South Africa is the most successful national team at the Rugby World Cup, having won the tournament on four occasions, in 1995, 2007, 2019, and 2023.<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_sports_and_games" title="Traditional sports and games">Traditional sports</a> were strictly marginalised during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Africa" title="Colonial Africa">colonial era</a>, and many are dying or have gone extinct under the pressure of <a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">modernisation</a>, however lots remain popular despite not having formal governmental recognition or support.<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a>: 193–194  Some examples are <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_wrestling" title="Senegalese wrestling">Senegalese wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nguni_stick-fighting" title="Nguni stick-fighting">Nguni stick-fighting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Savika" title="Savika">Savika</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territories_and_regions">Territories and regions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Africa" title="List of regions of Africa">List of regions of Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa</a></div> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 500px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; padding: 11px; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_Map-Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Blank_Map-Africa.svg/500px-Blank_Map-Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="513" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Blank_Map-Africa.svg/750px-Blank_Map-Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Blank_Map-Africa.svg/1000px-Blank_Map-Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1230" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; left:159px; top:74.5px"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:156px; top:225px"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:166.5px; top:202px"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:442px"><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:201.5px; top:254.5px"><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:259.5px; top:238px"><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Cent Afr Rep</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:265.5px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:276.5px; top:292px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:434px; top:194.5px"><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:333px; top:86px"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:119px; top:269.5px"><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:409px; top:164.5px"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:404px; top:222px"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:-1px; top:122px"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape* Verde</a></div><div style="position:absolute; left:252.75px; top:87px"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:136.5px; top:149.5px"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:134px; top:242px"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:220.5px"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:94px; top:218px"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:119px; top:182px"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:59px; top:135.5px"><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:89px; top:47px"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:124px; top:289.5px"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe*</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:214px; top:287px"><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:234px; top:422px"><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:206.5px; top:157px"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:191.5px; top:217.5px"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></div><div style="position:absolute; left:254px; top:274.5px"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:461.5px; top:253.5px"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:434px; top:205px"><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:265.25px; top:491.5px"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:332.75px; top:178.25px"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:332.75px; top:228.25px"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:214px; top:37px"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:87px"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:24px; top:164.5px"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:181.75px"><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:14px; top:195px"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea- Bissau</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:64px; top:202px"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:399px; top:282px"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:56.5px; top:244.5px"><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></div><div style="position:absolute; left:439px; top:429.5px"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:382.5px; top:377px"><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:371px; top:444.5px"><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:356.5px; top:307.5px"><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:351.5px; top:293.5px"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:354px; top:267px"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:366.5px; top:329px"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:254px; top:367px"><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:36.5px; top:369.5px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena (UK)*</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:336.5px; top:487px"><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:364px; top:469.5px"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:314px; top:382px"><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:334px; top:414.5px"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></div><div style="position:absolute; left:470.25px; top:392px"><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius*</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:459px; top:410.75px"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion*</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:429px; top:339.5px"><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">*Comoros</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:445.25px; top:320.75px"><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:-1px; top:14.5px"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:75.25px; top:310.75px"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:470.25px; top:280.75px"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:71.5px; top:17px"><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:231.5px; top:4.5px"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:389px; top:97px"><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red   Sea</a></div> </div> The countries in this table are categorized according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa" title="United Nations geoscheme for Africa">scheme for geographic subregions</a> used by the United Nations, and data included are per sources in cross-referenced articles. Where they differ, provisos are clearly indicated. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:1px solid #aaa;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ececec;"> <th class="unsortable" style="width:20px"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Arms</a> </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width:20px"><a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">Flag</a> </th> <th>Name of region<a href="#cite_note-296">[f]</a> and territory, with <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flag</a> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">Area</a> (km2) </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">Population</a><a href="#cite_note-uscen-297">[291]</a> </th> <th>Year </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">Density</a> (per km2) </th> <th>Capital </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Name(s) in official language(s)</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-3" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-3">ISO 3166-1</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td colspan="10" style="text-align:center;">North Africa </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Emblem_of_Algeria.svg/20px-Emblem_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Emblem_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Emblem_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Emblem_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Emblem_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1124" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,381,740 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,731,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2022 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> </td> <td>الجزائر (al-Jazāʾir)/Algérie </td> <td>DZA </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands"><img alt="Canary Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Arms_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Arms_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Arms_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="923" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands"><img alt="Canary Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> (Spain)<a href="#cite_note-298">[g]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,492 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,154,905 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2017 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">226 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Palmas de Gran Canaria">Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a> </td> <td>Canarias </td> <td>IC </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/20px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/30px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/40px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="808" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a> (Italy) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,556 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2019 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">247 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a> </td> <td>Pelagie/Isole Pelagie/Ìsuli Pilaggî </td> <td>ITA </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta"><img alt="Ceuta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arms_of_Ceuta.svg/20px-Arms_of_Ceuta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arms_of_Ceuta.svg/30px-Arms_of_Ceuta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arms_of_Ceuta.svg/40px-Arms_of_Ceuta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="740" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta"><img alt="Ceuta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Ceuta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ceuta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Ceuta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ceuta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Ceuta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ceuta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> (Spain)<a href="#cite_note-299">[h]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85,107 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2017 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,575 </td> <td>— </td> <td>Ceuta/Sebta/سَبْتَة (Sabtah) </td> <td>EA </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Insigne_Aegyptium.svg/20px-Insigne_Aegyptium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Insigne_Aegyptium.svg/30px-Insigne_Aegyptium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Insigne_Aegyptium.svg/40px-Insigne_Aegyptium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="353" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[i]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,001,450 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">82,868,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2012 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">83 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> </td> <td>مِصر (Miṣr) </td> <td>EGY </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Seal_of_the_Government_of_National_Unity_%28Libya%29.svg/20px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_National_Unity_%28Libya%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Seal_of_the_Government_of_National_Unity_%28Libya%29.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_National_Unity_%28Libya%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Seal_of_the_Government_of_National_Unity_%28Libya%29.svg/40px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_National_Unity_%28Libya%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,759,540 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,310,434 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> </td> <td>ليبيا (Lībiyā) </td> <td>LBY </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira"><img alt="Madeira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Insigne_Insularum_Materiae.svg/20px-Insigne_Insularum_Materiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Insigne_Insularum_Materiae.svg/30px-Insigne_Insularum_Materiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Insigne_Insularum_Materiae.svg/40px-Insigne_Insularum_Materiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="480" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira"><img alt="Madeira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Madeira.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madeira.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Madeira.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madeira.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Madeira.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madeira.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> (Portugal)<a href="#cite_note-301">[j]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">797 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">245,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2001 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">307 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a> </td> <td>Madeira </td> <td>PRT-30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla"><img alt="Melilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Arms_of_Melilla.svg/20px-Arms_of_Melilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Arms_of_Melilla.svg/30px-Arms_of_Melilla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Arms_of_Melilla.svg/40px-Arms_of_Melilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="923" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla"><img alt="Melilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Melilla.svg/23px-Flag_of_Melilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Melilla.svg/35px-Flag_of_Melilla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Melilla.svg/45px-Flag_of_Melilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> (Spain)<a href="#cite_note-302">[k]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85,116 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2017 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,534 </td> <td>— </td> <td>Melilla/Mlilt/مليلية </td> <td>EA </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Insigne_Maroci.svg/20px-Insigne_Maroci.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Insigne_Maroci.svg/30px-Insigne_Maroci.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Insigne_Maroci.svg/40px-Insigne_Maroci.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="420" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">446,550 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,740,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2017 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">78 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> </td> <td>المغرب (al-maḡrib)/ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (lmeɣrib)/Maroc </td> <td>MAR </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan"><img alt="Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Insigne_Sudaniae.svg/20px-Insigne_Sudaniae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Insigne_Sudaniae.svg/30px-Insigne_Sudaniae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Insigne_Sudaniae.svg/40px-Insigne_Sudaniae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan"><img alt="Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,861,484 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,894,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2008 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> </td> <td>Sudan/السودان (as-Sūdān) </td> <td>SDN </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Insigne_Tunesiae.svg/20px-Insigne_Tunesiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Insigne_Tunesiae.svg/30px-Insigne_Tunesiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Insigne_Tunesiae.svg/40px-Insigne_Tunesiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="389" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">163,610 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,486,339 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">64 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> </td> <td>تونس (Tūnis)/Tunest/Tunisie </td> <td>TUN </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="664" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara"><img alt="Western Sahara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a><a href="#cite_note-Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic-303">[l]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">266,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">405,210 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Aai%C3%BAn" class="mw-redirect" title="El Aaiún">El Aaiún</a> </td> <td>الصحراء الغربية (aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbiyyah)/Taneẓroft Tutrimt/Sáhara Occidental </td> <td>ESH </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td colspan="10" style="text-align:center;">East Africa </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi"><img alt="Burundi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Insigne_Burundiae.svg/20px-Insigne_Burundiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Insigne_Burundiae.svg/30px-Insigne_Burundiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Insigne_Burundiae.svg/40px-Insigne_Burundiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="326" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi"><img alt="Burundi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27,830 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,988,091 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">323 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a> </td> <td>Uburundi/Burundi/Burundi </td> <td>BDI </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Seal_of_the_Comoros.svg/20px-Seal_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Seal_of_the_Comoros.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Seal_of_the_Comoros.svg/40px-Seal_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="699" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros"><img alt="Comoros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,170 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">752,438 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">347 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a> </td> <td>Komori/Comores/جزر القمر (Juzur al-Qumur) </td> <td>COM </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti"><img alt="Djibouti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Insigne_Gibuti.svg/20px-Insigne_Gibuti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Insigne_Gibuti.svg/30px-Insigne_Gibuti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Insigne_Gibuti.svg/40px-Insigne_Gibuti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="302" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti"><img alt="Djibouti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">828,324 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2015 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a> </td> <td>Yibuuti/جيبوتي (Jībūtī)/Djibouti/Jabuuti </td> <td>DJI </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea"><img alt="Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Insigne_Erythraeae.svg/20px-Insigne_Erythraeae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Insigne_Erythraeae.svg/30px-Insigne_Erythraeae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Insigne_Erythraeae.svg/40px-Insigne_Erythraeae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="305" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea"><img alt="Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">121,320 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,647,168 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">47 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> </td> <td>Eritrea </td> <td>ERI </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Emblem_of_Ethiopia.svg/20px-Emblem_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Emblem_of_Ethiopia.svg/30px-Emblem_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Emblem_of_Ethiopia.svg/40px-Emblem_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,127,127 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84,320,987 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2012 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">75 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> </td> <td>ኢትዮጵያ (Ītyōṗṗyā)/Itiyoophiyaa/ኢትዮጵያ/Itoophiyaa/Itoobiya/ኢትዮጵያ </td> <td>ETH </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:BlasonTAAF.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BlasonTAAF.svg/25px-BlasonTAAF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BlasonTAAF.svg/38px-BlasonTAAF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BlasonTAAF.svg/50px-BlasonTAAF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="934" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands"><img alt="French Southern and Antarctic Lands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="French Southern Territories">French Southern Territories</a> (France) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">439,781 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2019 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Pierre, Réunion">Saint Pierre</a> </td> <td>Terres australes et antarctiques françaises </td> <td>FRA-TF </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Insigne_Keniae.svg/20px-Insigne_Keniae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Insigne_Keniae.svg/30px-Insigne_Keniae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Insigne_Keniae.svg/40px-Insigne_Keniae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="611" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">582,650 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">39,002,772 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">66 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> </td> <td>Kenya </td> <td>KEN </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_Madagascar.svg/20px-Seal_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_Madagascar.svg/30px-Seal_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_Madagascar.svg/40px-Seal_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar"><img alt="Madagascar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">587,040 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,653,556 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a> </td> <td>Madagasikara/Madagascar </td> <td>MDG </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi"><img alt="Malawi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Arms_of_Malawi.svg/20px-Arms_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Arms_of_Malawi.svg/30px-Arms_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Arms_of_Malawi.svg/40px-Arms_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="307" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi"><img alt="Malawi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">118,480 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,268,711 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a> </td> <td>Malaŵi/Malaŵi </td> <td>MWI </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius"><img alt="Mauritius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Insigne_Mauritiae.svg/20px-Insigne_Mauritiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Insigne_Mauritiae.svg/30px-Insigne_Mauritiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Insigne_Mauritiae.svg/40px-Insigne_Mauritiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="450" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius"><img alt="Mauritius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,040 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,284,264 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">630 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a> </td> <td>Mauritius/Maurice/Moris </td> <td>MUS </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte"><img alt="Mayotte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BlasonMayotte.svg/20px-BlasonMayotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BlasonMayotte.svg/30px-BlasonMayotte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BlasonMayotte.svg/40px-BlasonMayotte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="537" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte"><img alt="Mayotte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> (France) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">374 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">223,765 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">490 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mamoudzou" title="Mamoudzou">Mamoudzou</a> </td> <td>Mayotte/Maore/Maiôty </td> <td>MYT </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg/20px-Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg/30px-Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg/40px-Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique"><img alt="Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">801,590 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,669,278 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a> </td> <td>Moçambique/Mozambiki/Msumbiji/Muzambhiki </td> <td>MOZ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion"><img alt="Réunion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BlasonR%C3%A9union.svg/20px-BlasonR%C3%A9union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BlasonR%C3%A9union.svg/30px-BlasonR%C3%A9union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BlasonR%C3%A9union.svg/40px-BlasonR%C3%A9union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="747" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion"><img alt="Réunion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> (France) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,512 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">743,981 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2002 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">296 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Denis, Réunion">Saint Denis</a> </td> <td>La Réunion </td> <td>FRA-RE </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="732" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,338 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,473,282 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">398 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a> </td> <td>Rwanda </td> <td>RWA </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles"><img alt="Seychelles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Insigne_Insularum_Seisellensium.svg/20px-Insigne_Insularum_Seisellensium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Insigne_Insularum_Seisellensium.svg/30px-Insigne_Insularum_Seisellensium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Insigne_Insularum_Seisellensium.svg/40px-Insigne_Insularum_Seisellensium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="313" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles"><img alt="Seychelles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">455 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">87,476 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">192 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a> </td> <td>Seychelles/Sesel </td> <td>SYC </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Insigne_Somaliae.svg/20px-Insigne_Somaliae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Insigne_Somaliae.svg/30px-Insigne_Somaliae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Insigne_Somaliae.svg/40px-Insigne_Somaliae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="461" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">637,657 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,832,017 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> </td> <td>𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖 (Soomaaliya) /الصومال (aṣ-Ṣūmāl) </td> <td>SOM </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/20px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/30px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/40px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland"><img alt="Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">176,120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,708,180 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2021 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a> </td> <td>Soomaaliland/صوماليلاند (Ṣūmālīlānd) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan"><img alt="South Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Blason_imaginaire_de_Guiron_le_Courtois.svg/20px-Blason_imaginaire_de_Guiron_le_Courtois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Blason_imaginaire_de_Guiron_le_Courtois.svg/30px-Blason_imaginaire_de_Guiron_le_Courtois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Blason_imaginaire_de_Guiron_le_Courtois.svg/40px-Blason_imaginaire_de_Guiron_le_Courtois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan"><img alt="South Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">619,745 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,260,490 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2008 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a> </td> <td>South Sudan </td> <td>SSD </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Insigne_Tanzaniae.svg/20px-Insigne_Tanzaniae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Insigne_Tanzaniae.svg/30px-Insigne_Tanzaniae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Insigne_Tanzaniae.svg/40px-Insigne_Tanzaniae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="728" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">945,087 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,929,002 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a> </td> <td>Tanzania/Tanzania </td> <td>TZA </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Insigne_Ugandae.svg/20px-Insigne_Ugandae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Insigne_Ugandae.svg/30px-Insigne_Ugandae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Insigne_Ugandae.svg/40px-Insigne_Ugandae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="564" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">236,040 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32,369,558 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">137 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a> </td> <td>Uganda/Yuganda </td> <td>UGA </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia"><img alt="Zambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Insigne_Zambiae.svg/20px-Insigne_Zambiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Insigne_Zambiae.svg/30px-Insigne_Zambiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Insigne_Zambiae.svg/40px-Insigne_Zambiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia"><img alt="Zambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">752,614 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,862,740 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> </td> <td>Zambia </td> <td>ZMB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Insigne_Zimbabuae.svg/20px-Insigne_Zimbabuae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Insigne_Zimbabuae.svg/30px-Insigne_Zimbabuae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Insigne_Zimbabuae.svg/40px-Insigne_Zimbabuae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="360" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">390,580 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,392,629 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a> </td> <td>Zimbabwe </td> <td>ZWE </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;">Central Africa </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Emblem_of_Angola.svg/20px-Emblem_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Emblem_of_Angola.svg/30px-Emblem_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Emblem_of_Angola.svg/40px-Emblem_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="390" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola"><img alt="Angola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,246,700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,799,293 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> </td> <td>Angola </td> <td>AGO </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon"><img alt="Cameroon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Insigne_Cammaruniae.svg/20px-Insigne_Cammaruniae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Insigne_Cammaruniae.svg/30px-Insigne_Cammaruniae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Insigne_Cammaruniae.svg/40px-Insigne_Cammaruniae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="306" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon"><img alt="Cameroon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">475,440 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,879,301 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a> </td> <td>Cameroun/Kamerun </td> <td>CMR </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic"><img alt="Central African Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Insigne_rei_publicae_Africae_Mediae.svg/20px-Insigne_rei_publicae_Africae_Mediae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Insigne_rei_publicae_Africae_Mediae.svg/30px-Insigne_rei_publicae_Africae_Mediae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Insigne_rei_publicae_Africae_Mediae.svg/40px-Insigne_rei_publicae_Africae_Mediae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="345" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic"><img alt="Central African Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">622,984 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,511,488 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangui" title="Bangui">Bangui</a> </td> <td>Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka/République centrafricaine </td> <td>CAF </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad"><img alt="Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Insigne_Tzadiae.svg/20px-Insigne_Tzadiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Insigne_Tzadiae.svg/30px-Insigne_Tzadiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Insigne_Tzadiae.svg/40px-Insigne_Tzadiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="347" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad"><img alt="Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,284,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,329,208 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a> </td> <td>تشاد (Tšād)/Tchad </td> <td>TCD </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insigne_rei_publicae_Congensis.svg/20px-Insigne_rei_publicae_Congensis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insigne_rei_publicae_Congensis.svg/30px-Insigne_rei_publicae_Congensis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insigne_rei_publicae_Congensis.svg/40px-Insigne_rei_publicae_Congensis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="362" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">342,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,012,809 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a> </td> <td>Congo/Kôngo/Kongó </td> <td>COG </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28grey_spear%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28grey_spear%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28grey_spear%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28grey_spear%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28grey_spear%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28grey_spear%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="550" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,345,410 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">69,575,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2012 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> </td> <td>République démocratique du Congo </td> <td>COD </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea"><img alt="Equatorial Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Insigne_Guineae_Aequinoctialis.svg/20px-Insigne_Guineae_Aequinoctialis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Insigne_Guineae_Aequinoctialis.svg/30px-Insigne_Guineae_Aequinoctialis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Insigne_Guineae_Aequinoctialis.svg/40px-Insigne_Guineae_Aequinoctialis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="397" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea"><img alt="Equatorial Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28,051 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">633,441 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a> </td> <td>Guinea Ecuatorial/Guinée Équatoriale/Guiné Equatorial </td> <td>GNQ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon"><img alt="Gabon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Insigne_Gabonis.svg/20px-Insigne_Gabonis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Insigne_Gabonis.svg/30px-Insigne_Gabonis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Insigne_Gabonis.svg/40px-Insigne_Gabonis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="371" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon"><img alt="Gabon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">267,667 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,514,993 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a> </td> <td>Gabon </td> <td>GAB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Insigne_Insularum_Sancti_Thomae_et_Principis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Insigne_Insularum_Sancti_Thomae_et_Principis.png/25px-Insigne_Insularum_Sancti_Thomae_et_Principis.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Insigne_Insularum_Sancti_Thomae_et_Principis.png/38px-Insigne_Insularum_Sancti_Thomae_et_Principis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Insigne_Insularum_Sancti_Thomae_et_Principis.png/50px-Insigne_Insularum_Sancti_Thomae_et_Principis.png 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="181" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe"><img alt="São Tomé and Príncipe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,001 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">212,679 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">212 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a> </td> <td>São Tomé e Príncipe </td> <td>STP </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td colspan="10" style="text-align:center;">Southern Africa </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana"><img alt="Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Insigne_Botswanae.svg/20px-Insigne_Botswanae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Insigne_Botswanae.svg/30px-Insigne_Botswanae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Insigne_Botswanae.svg/40px-Insigne_Botswanae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="520" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana"><img alt="Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">600,370 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,990,876 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a> </td> <td>Botswana/Botswana </td> <td>BWA </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini"><img alt="Eswatini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Insigne_Swaziae.svg/20px-Insigne_Swaziae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Insigne_Swaziae.svg/30px-Insigne_Swaziae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Insigne_Swaziae.svg/40px-Insigne_Swaziae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="415" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini"><img alt="Eswatini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,363 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,123,913 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">65 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mbabane" title="Mbabane">Mbabane</a> </td> <td>eSwatini/Eswatini </td> <td>SWZ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho"><img alt="Lesotho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Insigne_Lesothi.svg/20px-Insigne_Lesothi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Insigne_Lesothi.svg/30px-Insigne_Lesothi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Insigne_Lesothi.svg/40px-Insigne_Lesothi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="320" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho"><img alt="Lesotho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,355 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,130,819 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maseru" title="Maseru">Maseru</a> </td> <td>Lesotho/Lesotho </td> <td>LSO </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia"><img alt="Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Insigne_Namibiae.svg/20px-Insigne_Namibiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Insigne_Namibiae.svg/30px-Insigne_Namibiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Insigne_Namibiae.svg/40px-Insigne_Namibiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="380" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia"><img alt="Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">825,418 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,108,665 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a> </td> <td>Namibia </td> <td>NAM </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1432" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,219,912 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,770,560 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2011 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[m]</a> </td> <td>yaseNingizimu Afrika/yoMzantsi-Afrika/Suid-Afrika/Afrika-Borwa/Aforika Borwa/Afrika Borwa/Afrika Dzonga/yeNingizimu Afrika/Afurika Tshipembe/yeSewula Afrika </td> <td>ZAF </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td colspan="10" style="text-align:center;">West Africa </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Insigne_Benini.svg/20px-Insigne_Benini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Insigne_Benini.svg/30px-Insigne_Benini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Insigne_Benini.svg/40px-Insigne_Benini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="374" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">112,620 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,791,832 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">78 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a> </td> <td>Bénin </td> <td>BEN </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><img alt="Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><img alt="Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">274,200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,746,232 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">57 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a> </td> <td>Burkina Faso </td> <td>BFA </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coat_of_arms_of_Cape_Verde.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coat_of_arms_of_Cape_Verde.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coat_of_arms_of_Cape_Verde.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="602" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde"><img alt="Cape Verde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,033 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">429,474 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">107 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praia" title="Praia">Praia</a> </td> <td>Cabo Verde/Kabu Verdi </td> <td>CPV </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia"><img alt="The Gambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Insigne_Gambiae.svg/20px-Insigne_Gambiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Insigne_Gambiae.svg/30px-Insigne_Gambiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Insigne_Gambiae.svg/40px-Insigne_Gambiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="345" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia"><img alt="The Gambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,300 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,782,893 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">158 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Banjul</a> </td> <td>The Gambia </td> <td>GMB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Insigne_Ganae.svg/20px-Insigne_Ganae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Insigne_Ganae.svg/30px-Insigne_Ganae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Insigne_Ganae.svg/40px-Insigne_Ganae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">239,460 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,832,495 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a> </td> <td>Ghana </td> <td>GHA </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Insigne_rei_publicae_Guineae.svg/20px-Insigne_rei_publicae_Guineae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Insigne_rei_publicae_Guineae.svg/30px-Insigne_rei_publicae_Guineae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Insigne_rei_publicae_Guineae.svg/40px-Insigne_rei_publicae_Guineae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="361" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">245,857 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,057,975 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a> </td> <td>Guinée </td> <td>GIN </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Emblem_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/20px-Emblem_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Emblem_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/30px-Emblem_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Emblem_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/40px-Emblem_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="423" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,533,964 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a> </td> <td>Guiné-Bissau </td> <td>GNB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Insigne_Litoris_Eburnei.svg/20px-Insigne_Litoris_Eburnei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Insigne_Litoris_Eburnei.svg/30px-Insigne_Litoris_Eburnei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Insigne_Litoris_Eburnei.svg/40px-Insigne_Litoris_Eburnei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="395" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">322,460 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,617,068 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">64 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-305">[n]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</a> </td> <td>Côte d'Ivoire </td> <td>CIV </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Insigne_Liberiae.svg/20px-Insigne_Liberiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Insigne_Liberiae.svg/30px-Insigne_Liberiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Insigne_Liberiae.svg/40px-Insigne_Liberiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="345" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">111,370 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,441,790 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a> </td> <td>Liberia </td> <td>LBR </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,240,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,666,987 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a> </td> <td>Mali/Maali/مالي (Mālī)/𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Maali)/ߡߊߟߌ (Mali) </td> <td>MLI </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/National_Seal_of_Mauritania.svg/20px-National_Seal_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/National_Seal_of_Mauritania.svg/30px-National_Seal_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/National_Seal_of_Mauritania.svg/40px-National_Seal_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania"><img alt="Mauritania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,030,700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,129,486 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a> </td> <td>موريتانيا (Mūrītānyā) </td> <td>MRT </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Insigne_Nigritanum.svg/20px-Insigne_Nigritanum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Insigne_Nigritanum.svg/30px-Insigne_Nigritanum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Insigne_Nigritanum.svg/40px-Insigne_Nigritanum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="380" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,267,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,306,252 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a> </td> <td>Niger </td> <td>NER </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insigne_Nigeriae.svg/20px-Insigne_Nigeriae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insigne_Nigeriae.svg/30px-Insigne_Nigeriae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insigne_Nigeriae.svg/40px-Insigne_Nigeriae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">923,768 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">166,629,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2012 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">180 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a> </td> <td>Nigeria </td> <td>NGA </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"><img alt="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">420 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,728 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2012 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a> </td> <td>Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha </td> <td>SHN </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Insigne_Senegaliae.svg/20px-Insigne_Senegaliae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Insigne_Senegaliae.svg/30px-Insigne_Senegaliae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Insigne_Senegaliae.svg/40px-Insigne_Senegaliae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="361" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">196,190 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,711,597 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> </td> <td>Sénégal </td> <td>SEN </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Insigne_Montis_Leonini.svg/20px-Insigne_Montis_Leonini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Insigne_Montis_Leonini.svg/30px-Insigne_Montis_Leonini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Insigne_Montis_Leonini.svg/40px-Insigne_Montis_Leonini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="353" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">71,740 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,440,053 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">90 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a> </td> <td>Sierra Leone </td> <td>SLE </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoiries_du_Togo.svg/20px-Armoiries_du_Togo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoiries_du_Togo.svg/30px-Armoiries_du_Togo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoiries_du_Togo.svg/40px-Armoiries_du_Togo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1080" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">56,785 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,019,877 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">106 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a> </td> <td>Togo </td> <td>TGO </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight:bold; background:#eee;"> <td colspan="3">Africa Total </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,368,609 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,001,320,281 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33 </td> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Africa-related_articles" title="Index of Africa-related articles">Index of Africa-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_historiography" title="African historiography">African historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Africa" title="Outline of Africa">Outline of Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schlebusch2017-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190910-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20190910-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vidal22-28">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> In these cases, time's duration is not as it affects the fate of the individual, but the pulse of the social group. It is not a river flowing in one direction from a known source to a known outlet. Generally, traditional African time involves <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternity</a> in both directions, unlike <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> who consider eternity to operate in one direction. In African <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, time is an arena where both the group and the individual struggle for their <a href="/wiki/Vitality" title="Vitality">vitality</a>. The goal is to improve their situation, thus being dynamic. <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor veneration">Bygone generations</a> remain contemporary, and as influential as they were during their lifetime, if not more so. In these circumstances causality operates in a forward direction from past to present and from present to future, however direct intervention can operate in any direction.<a href="#cite_note-1_1981-52">[51]</a>: 44, 49  </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Also known as the Partition of Africa, the Conquest of Africa, or the Rape of Africa. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Egba_United_Government" title="Egba United Government">Egba United Government</a>, a government of the <a href="/wiki/Egba_people" title="Egba people">Egba people</a>, was legally recognised by the British as independent until being annexed into the <a href="/wiki/Colony_and_Protectorate_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria">Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria</a> in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-Scramble_for_Africa_daly-139">[136]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> The previous three references show that there a total of 130 million English speakers, 120 million French speakers, and over 30 million Portuguese speakers in Africa, making them about 20% of Africa's 2022 population of 1.4 billion people. </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Continental regions as per <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa" title="United Nations geoscheme for Africa">UN categorizations/map</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Palmas de Gran Canaria">Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</a> are <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a> are co-capitals, are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>; population and area figures are for 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> is generally considered a <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental country">transcontinental country</a> in Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area figures are for African portion only, west of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> The Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Madeira_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeira Islands">Madeira Islands</a> are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco; population and area figures are for 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic-303"><a href="#cite_ref-Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_303-0">^</a> The territory of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> is claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. The <a href="/wiki/SADR" class="mw-redirect" title="SADR">SADR</a> is recognized as a sovereign state by the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> claims the entirety of the country as its <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a>. Morocco administers 4/5 of the territory while the SADR controls 1/5. Morocco's annexation of this territory has not been recognized internationally. </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> is the judicial capital of South Africa, while <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> is its legislative seat, and <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> is the country's administrative seat. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</a> is the official capital of <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a> is the de facto seat. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD">"GDP PPP, current prices"</a>. International Monetary Fund. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001107/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+PPP%2C+current+prices&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FPPPGDP%40WEO%2FOEMDC%2FADVEC%2FWEOWORLD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD">"GDP Nominal, current prices"</a>. International Monetary Fund. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225211431/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+Nominal%2C+current+prices&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FNGDPD%40WEO%2FOEMDC%2FADVEC%2FWEOWORLD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD">"Nominal GDP per capita"</a>. International Monetary Fund. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111084550/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nominal+GDP+per+capita&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FNGDPDPC%40WEO%2FOEMDC%2FADVEC%2FWEOWORLD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gordonconwell.edu/blog/african-christianity-101/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=a1d4c1d931e6c38110d5c3f059ae64bb66bafafa-1590463375-0-AezHrWRbV9jUadPbMq1KCYOzXRnMTcuigdG5X7oahVbSoI1-HbOZFVzICpNQM3DD6h-V4OowV97KMQvA_Z5xrEIueURh3cAjh_JOwgzb_0xJ8ApebiYm1YKfWINm1tpYbvki0LdD6UCp1tdLlxQ9SRwtdKFDMRidCaiTEuKpAgqahxqDYDT9efnF_jaiIEUQu0uIx-pJ0jUDCQtArMqdHTN8eI_S59hxJlvlxrSqBFOFsKFbiRy66EYOzblYbhaniwzQPIxiovSOAM7Yj6fu-5jMYVAPJtBJplpKoRDBlTtl44pnDC6wJInEyJbLw46dPuXcViyFEB57ebEfmUnpcYoJDlysExw35Ay28x7nvUDx3aIEa6ZhJsxwn62dv-R57g">"Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary, African Christianity, 2020"</a>. 18 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503132003/https://www.gordonconwell.edu/blog/african-christianity-101/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=a1d4c1d931e6c38110d5c3f059ae64bb66bafafa-1590463375-0-AezHrWRbV9jUadPbMq1KCYOzXRnMTcuigdG5X7oahVbSoI1-HbOZFVzICpNQM3DD6h-V4OowV97KMQvA_Z5xrEIueURh3cAjh_JOwgzb_0xJ8ApebiYm1YKfWINm1tpYbvki0LdD6UCp1tdLlxQ9SRwtdKFDMRidCaiTEuKpAgqahxqDYDT9efnF_jaiIEUQu0uIx-pJ0jUDCQtArMqdHTN8eI_S59hxJlvlxrSqBFOFsKFbiRy66EYOzblYbhaniwzQPIxiovSOAM7Yj6fu-5jMYVAPJtBJplpKoRDBlTtl44pnDC6wJInEyJbLw46dPuXcViyFEB57ebEfmUnpcYoJDlysExw35Ay28x7nvUDx3aIEa6ZhJsxwn62dv-R57g">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gordon+Conwell+Theological+Seminary%2C+African+Christianity%2C+2020&rft.date=2020-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordonconwell.edu%2Fblog%2Fafrican-christianity-101%2F%3F__cf_chl_jschl_tk__%3Da1d4c1d931e6c38110d5c3f059ae64bb66bafafa-1590463375-0-AezHrWRbV9jUadPbMq1KCYOzXRnMTcuigdG5X7oahVbSoI1-HbOZFVzICpNQM3DD6h-V4OowV97KMQvA_Z5xrEIueURh3cAjh_JOwgzb_0xJ8ApebiYm1YKfWINm1tpYbvki0LdD6UCp1tdLlxQ9SRwtdKFDMRidCaiTEuKpAgqahxqDYDT9efnF_jaiIEUQu0uIx-pJ0jUDCQtArMqdHTN8eI_S59hxJlvlxrSqBFOFsKFbiRy66EYOzblYbhaniwzQPIxiovSOAM7Yj6fu-5jMYVAPJtBJplpKoRDBlTtl44pnDC6wJInEyJbLw46dPuXcViyFEB57ebEfmUnpcYoJDlysExw35Ay28x7nvUDx3aIEa6ZhJsxwn62dv-R57g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMbiti1992" class="citation book cs1">Mbiti, John S (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wL0y9fUEB8C&q=%22often+mix%22&pg=PA15">Introduction to African religion</a>. East African Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435940027" title="Special:BookSources/9780435940027"><bdi>9780435940027</bdi></a>. <q>When Africans are converted to other religions, they often mix their traditional religion with the one to which they are converted. In this way they are not losing something valuable, but are gaining something from both religious customs</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+African+religion&rft.pub=East+African+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780435940027&rft.aulast=Mbiti&rft.aufirst=John+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4wL0y9fUEB8C%26q%3D%2522often%2Bmix%2522%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggs2006" class="citation book cs1">Riggs, Thomas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uTMOAQAAMAAJ&q=%22many+African+Christians%22">Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices: Religions and denominations</a>. Thomson Gale. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787666125" title="Special:BookSources/9780787666125"><bdi>9780787666125</bdi></a>. <q>Although a large proportion of Africans have converted to Islam an Christianity, these two world religions have been assimilated into African culture, and many African Christians and Muslims maintain traditional spiritual beliefs</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Practices%3A+Religions+and+denominations&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780787666125&rft.aulast=Riggs&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuTMOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522many%2BAfrican%2BChristians%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sayre-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sayre_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sayre_9-1">b</a> Sayre, April Pulley (1999), Africa, Twenty-First Century Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7613-1367-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7613-1367-2">0-7613-1367-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson2015" class="citation news cs1">Swanson, Ana (17 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/17/5-ways-the-world-will-look-dramatically-different-in-2100/">"5 ways the world will look dramatically different in 2100"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926194109/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/17/5-ways-the-world-will-look-dramatically-different-in-2100/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=5+ways+the+world+will+look+dramatically+different+in+2100&rft.date=2015-08-17&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonk%2Fwp%2F2015%2F08%2F17%2F5-ways-the-world-will-look-dramatically-different-in-2100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Njideka_Harry" title="Njideka Harry">Harry</a>, Njideka U. (11 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.html">"African Youth, Innovation and the Changing Society"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=African+Youth%2C+Innovation+and+the+Changing+Society&rft.date=2013-09-11&rft.aulast=Harry&rft.aufirst=Njideka+U.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fnjideka-u-harry%2Fafrican-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanneh,_Abdoulie2012" class="citation web cs1">Janneh, Abdoulie (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/population/cpd/cpd2012/Agenda%20item%204/UN%20system%20statements/ECA_Item4.pdf">"item, 4 of the provisional agenda – General debate on national experience in population matters: adolescents and youth"</a> (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110111359/http://www.un.org/esa/population/cpd/cpd2012/Agenda%20item%204/UN%20system%20statements/ECA_Item4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=item%2C+4+of+the+provisional+agenda+%E2%80%93+General+debate+on+national+experience+in+population+matters%3A+adolescents+and+youth&rft.pub=United+Nations+Economic+Commission+for+Africa&rft.date=2012-04&rft.au=Janneh%2C+Abdoulie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fcpd%2Fcpd2012%2FAgenda%2520item%25204%2FUN%2520system%2520statements%2FECA_Item4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-regions-with-projections">"Population by world region"</a>. Our World in Data. 11 July 2024. 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Journal of Economic Perspectives. 13 (3): 3–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.13.3.3">10.1257/jep.13.3.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0895-3309">0895-3309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Why+Has+Africa+Grown+Slowly%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3-22&rft.date=1999-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.13.3.3&rft.issn=0895-3309&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Gunning%2C+Jan+Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Fjep.13.3.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlemazung2010" class="citation journal cs1">Alemazung, Joy Asongazoh (1 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol3no10/3.10Post-Colonial.pdf">"Post-colonial colonialism: an analysis of international factors and actors marring African socio-economic and political development"</a> (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. 3 (10): 62–85. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140806396">140806396</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA306596751">A306596751</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127024827/http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol3no10/3.10Post-Colonial.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2021. 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And it claims to pinpoint our center of origin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023511/https://ksj.mit.edu/tracker-archive/new-study-confirms-africans-are-most-gen/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+study+confirms+that+Africans+are+the+most+genetically+diverse+people+on+Earth.+And+it+claims+to+pinpoint+our+center+of+origin.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fksj.mit.edu%2Ftracker-archive%2Fnew-study-confirms-africans-are-most-gen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_91054">"Africa is most genetically diverse continent, DNA study shows"</a>. 9 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023512/https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_91054">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Africa+is+most+genetically+diverse+continent%2C+DNA+study+shows&rft.date=2009-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bionews.org.uk%2Fpage_91054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Egba_United_Government" title="Egba United Government">Egba United Government</a>, a government of the <a href="/wiki/Egba_people" title="Egba people">Egba people</a>, was legally recognized by the British as independent until being annexed into the <a href="/wiki/Colony_and_Protectorate_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria">Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria</a> in 1914: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2019" class="citation journal cs1">Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (4 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833">"From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940"</a>. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 47 (3): 474–489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2019.1576833">10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-6534">0308-6534</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159124664">159124664</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407145030/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=From+Crime+to+Coercion%3A+Policing+Dissent+in+Abeokuta%2C+Nigeria%2C+1900%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=474-489&rft.date=2019-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159124664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0308-6534&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2019.1576833&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Fury+Childs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2019.1576833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hargreaves_1996-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hargreaves_1996_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hargreaves_1996_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargreaves1996" class="citation book cs1">Hargreaves, John D. (1996). Decolonization in Africa (2nd ed.). London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-24917-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-24917-1"><bdi>0-582-24917-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33131573">33131573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonization+in+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33131573&rft.isbn=0-582-24917-1&rft.aulast=Hargreaves&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorges1913–1918" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116044500/http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644">"Afri"</a>. In Georges, Heinrich (ed.). Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch (in German) (8th ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644">the original</a> on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afri&rft.btitle=Ausf%C3%BChrliches+lateinisch-deutsches+Handw%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.edition=8th&rft.date=1913%2F1918&rft.aulast=Georges&rft.aufirst=Karl+Ernst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatin_german.deacademic.com%2F1644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisShort1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DAfer">"Afer"</a>. A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116044500/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DAfer">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afer&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Charlton+T.&rft.au=Short%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0059%253Aentry%253DAfer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Venter & Neuland, NEPAD and the African Renaissance (2005), p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesfayes2011" class="citation web cs1">Desfayes, Michel (25 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190627022921/http://michel-desfayes.org/namesofcountries.html">"The Names of Countries"</a>. michel-desfayes.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michel-desfayes.org/namesofcountries.html">the original</a> on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019. <q>Africa. From the name of an ancient tribe in Tunisia, the Afri (adjective: Afer). The name is still extant today as Ifira and Ifri-n-Dellal in Greater Kabylia (Algeria). A Berber tribe was called Beni-Ifren in the Middle Ages and Ifurace was the name of a Tripolitan people in the 6th century. The name is from the Berber language ifri 'cave'. Troglodytism was frequent in northern Africa and still occurs today in southern Tunisia. Herodote wrote that the Garamantes, a North African people, used to live in caves. The Ancient Greek called troglodytēs an African people who lived in caves. Africa was coined by the Romans and 'Ifriqiyeh' is the arabized Latin name. (Most details from Decret & Fantar, 1981).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=michel-desfayes.org&rft.atitle=The+Names+of+Countries&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft.aulast=Desfayes&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichel-desfayes.org%2Fnamesofcountries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michell-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michell_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michell_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabington_Michell1903" class="citation journal cs1">Babington Michell, Geo (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1782363">"The Berbers"</a>. Journal of the Royal African Society. 2 (6): 161–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a093193">10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093193</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/714549">714549</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230012624/https://zenodo.org/record/1782363">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+African+Society&rft.atitle=The+Berbers&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=161-194&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a093193&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F714549%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Babington+Michell&rft.aufirst=Geo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1782363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&pg=PA200">Edward Lipinski, Itineraria Phoenicia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116044459/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&pg=PA200">Archived</a> 16 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Peeters Publishers, 2004, p. 200. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1344-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1344-4">90-429-1344-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consultsos.com/pandora/africa.htm">"Africa African Africanus Africus"</a>. Consultos.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129111458/http://www.consultsos.com/pandora/africa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consultos.com&rft.atitle=Africa+African+Africanus+Africus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consultsos.com%2Fpandora%2Fafrica.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100130200159/http://gerald-massey.org.uk/massey/cmc_nile_genesis.htm">"Nile Genesis: the opus of Gerald Massey"</a>. Gerald-massey.org.uk. 29 October 1907. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gerald-massey.org.uk/massey/cmc_nile_genesis.htm">the original</a> on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gerald-massey.org.uk&rft.atitle=Nile+Genesis%3A+the+opus+of+Gerald+Massey&rft.date=1907-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgerald-massey.org.uk%2Fmassey%2Fcmc_nile_genesis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFruyt,_M.1976" class="citation journal cs1">Fruyt, M. (1976). "D'Africus ventus a Africa terrain". Revue de Philologie. 50: 221–238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+Philologie&rft.atitle=D%27Africus+ventus+a+Africa+terrain&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=221-238&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Fruyt%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStieglitz1984" class="citation journal cs1">Stieglitz, Robert R. (1984). "Long-Distance Seafaring in the Ancient Near East". The Biblical Archaeologist. 47 (3): 134–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3209914">10.2307/3209914</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209914">3209914</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130072563">130072563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Long-Distance+Seafaring+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=134-142&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130072563%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3209914%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3209914&rft.aulast=Stieglitz&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallikan1842" class="citation book cs1">Hallikan, 'Abu-l-'Abbas Sams-al-din 'Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ibn (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3cdLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35">Kitab Wafayat Ala'yan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Transl. by (Guillaume) B(aro)n Mac-Guckin de Slane</a>. Benjamin Duprat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231636/https://books.google.com/books?id=3cdLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitab+Wafayat+Ala%27yan.+Ibn+Khallikan%27s+Biographical+Dictionary+Transl.+by+%28Guillaume%29+B%28aro%29n+Mac-Guckin+de+Slane&rft.pub=Benjamin+Duprat&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Hallikan&rft.aufirst=%27Abu-l-%27Abbas+Sams-al-din+%27Ahmad+ibn+Muhammad+Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3cdLAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Andalusi2010" class="citation book cs1">al-Andalusi, Sa'id (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mcN7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">Science in the Medieval World</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292792319" title="Special:BookSources/978-0292792319"><bdi>978-0292792319</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231632/https://books.google.com/books?id=mcN7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+the+Medieval+World&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0292792319&rft.aulast=al-Andalusi&rft.aufirst=Sa%27id&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmcN7AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton1881" class="citation book cs1">Upton, Roger D. (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pbo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113">Travels in the Arabian Desert: With Special Reference to the Arabian Horse and Its Pedigree</a>. C.K. Paul & Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231639/https://books.google.com/books?id=pbo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2019. 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"The place of history in African society". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000042225">General History of Africa: Volume 1</a>. 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Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10214-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10214-2"><bdi>978-0-299-10214-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+tradition+as+history&rft.pub=Madison%2C+Wis.+%3A+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-299-10214-2&rft.aulast=Vansina&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foraltraditionash0000vans_g5z0%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1_1981-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1_1981_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1_1981_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamaKi-Zerbo1981" class="citation book cs1">Hama, Boubou; Ki-Zerbo, Joseph (1981). "The place of history in African society". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000042225">General History of Africa: Volume 1</a>. 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UNESCO Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+living+tradition&rft.btitle=General+History+of+Africa%3A+Volume+1&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=B%C3%A2&rft.aufirst=Amadou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000042225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HerreraGarcia-Bertrand2018-56"><a href="#cite_ref-HerreraGarcia-Bertrand2018_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerreraGarcia-Bertrand2018" class="citation book cs1">Herrera, Rene J.; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF1gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">Ancestral DNA, Human Origins, and Migrations</a>. Elsevier Science. pp. 61–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804128-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804128-4"><bdi>978-0-12-804128-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032459/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF1gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021. 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(1990) UNESCO <a href="/wiki/General_History_of_Africa" title="General History of Africa">General History of Africa</a>, Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa, University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85255-092-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85255-092-8">0-85255-092-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Eyma, A. K. and C. J. Bennett. (2003) Delts-Man in Yebu: Occasional Volume of the Egyptologists' Electronic Forum No. 1, Universal Publishers. p. 210. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58112-564-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58112-564-X">1-58112-564-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Wells, Spencer (December 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1212_021213_journeyofman.html">The Journey of Man</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427020944/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1212_021213_journeyofman.html">Archived</a> 27 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Strait of Gibraltar, Atlantic Ocean/Mediterranean Sea"</a>. lpi.usra.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126205023/https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/slidesets/humanimprints/slide_15.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. 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(26 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042094">"Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (26): 6774–6779. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115.6774F">2018PNAS..115.6774F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1800851115">10.1073/pnas.1800851115</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042094">6042094</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29895688">29895688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ancient+genomes+from+North+Africa+evidence+prehistoric+migrations+to+the+Maghreb+from+both+the+Levant+and+Europe&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=6774-6779&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6042094%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29895688&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1800851115&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PNAS..115.6774F&rft.aulast=Fregel&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft.au=M%C3%A9ndez%2C+Fernando+L.&rft.au=Bokbot%2C+Youssef&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn-Socas%2C+Dimas&rft.au=Camalich-Massieu%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+D.&rft.au=Santana%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Morales%2C+Jacob&rft.au=%C3%81vila-Arcos%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+C.&rft.au=Underhill%2C+Peter+A.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Beth&rft.au=Wojcik%2C+Genevieve&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Morten&rft.au=Soares%2C+Andr%C3%A9+E.+R.&rft.au=Kapp%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Sockell%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Santos%2C+Francisco+J.&rft.au=Mikdad%2C+Abdeslam&rft.au=Trujillo-Mederos%2C+Aioze&rft.au=Bustamante%2C+Carlos+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6042094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerricourt2005" class="citation journal cs1">Derricourt, Robin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/arheo/ska/tekstovi/out_of_africa.pdf">"Getting "Out of Africa": Sea Crossings, Land Crossings and Culture in the Hominin Migrations"</a> (PDF). Journal of World Prehistory. 19 (2): 119–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10963-006-9002-z">10.1007/s10963-006-9002-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28059849">28059849</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222031934/http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/arheo/ska/tekstovi/out_of_africa.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=Getting+%22Out+of+Africa%22%3A+Sea+Crossings%2C+Land+Crossings+and+Culture+in+the+Hominin+Migrations&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-132&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-006-9002-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28059849%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Derricourt&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ffzg.unizg.hr%2Farheo%2Fska%2Ftekstovi%2Fout_of_africa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoucher,_CandiceWalton,_Linda2013" class="citation book cs1">Goucher, Candice; Walton, Linda (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gY7cAAAAQBAJ">World History: Journeys from Past to Present</a>. Routledge. pp. 2–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72354-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72354-6"><bdi>978-1-134-72354-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044204/https://books.google.com/books?id=gY7cAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+Journeys+from+Past+to+Present&rft.pages=2-20&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-72354-6&rft.au=Goucher%2C+Candice&rft.au=Walton%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgY7cAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeenan,_Jeremy2013" class="citation book cs1">Keenan, Jeremy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KUKPAQAAQBAJ">The Sahara: Past, Present and Future</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-97001-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-97001-9"><bdi>978-1-317-97001-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228175639/https://books.google.com/books?id=KUKPAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sahara%3A+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-97001-9&rft.au=Keenan%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKUKPAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercier2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mercier, Norbert; et al. (2012). "OSL dating of quaternary deposits associated with the parietal art of the Tassili-n-Ajjer plateau (Central Sahara)". Quaternary Geochronology. 10: 367–373. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012QuGeo..10..367M">2012QuGeo..10..367M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quageo.2011.11.010">10.1016/j.quageo.2011.11.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Geochronology&rft.atitle=OSL+dating+of+quaternary+deposits+associated+with+the+parietal+art+of+the+Tassili-n-Ajjer+plateau+%28Central+Sahara%29&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=367-373&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quageo.2011.11.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012QuGeo..10..367M&rft.aulast=Mercier&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/07/990712080500.htm">"Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit, Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307060153/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/07/990712080500.htm">Archived</a> 7 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Science Daily. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Diamond, Jared. (1999) Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: Norton, p. 167. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813498027" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813498027">978-0813498027</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pottery-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Pottery_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesse2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jesse, Friederike (2010). "Early Pottery in Northern Africa – An Overview". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_African_Archaeology" title="Journal of African Archaeology">Journal of African Archaeology</a>. 8 (2): 219–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3213%2F1612-1651-10171">10.3213/1612-1651-10171</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135518">43135518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Early+Pottery+in+Northern+Africa+%E2%80%93+An+Overview&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-238&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3213%2F1612-1651-10171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43135518%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jesse&rft.aufirst=Friederike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-swissinfo-72"><a href="#cite_ref-swissinfo_72-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Swiss_archaeologist_digs_up_West_Africas_past.html?cid=5675736">Simon Bradley, A Swiss-led team of archaeologists has discovered pieces of the oldest African pottery in central Mali, dating back to at least 9,400BC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002155/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Swiss_archaeologist_digs_up_West_Africas_past.html?cid=5675736">Archived</a> 6 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, SWI swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), 18 January 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeldadosManzoMurphyStevens2018" class="citation book cs1">Beldados, Alemseged; Manzo, Andrea; Murphy, Charlene; Stevens, Chris J.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-89839-1_22">"Evidence of Sorghum Cultivation and Possible Pearl Millet in the Second Millennium BC at Kassala, Eastern Sudan"</a>. Plants and People in the African Past. pp. 503–528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-89839-1_22">10.1007/978-3-319-89839-1_22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-89838-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-89838-4"><bdi>978-3-319-89838-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520170752/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-89839-1_22">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2022. 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(2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/693898?journalCode=ca">"Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group"</a>. Current Anthropology. 58 (5): 673–683. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F693898">10.1086/693898</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149402650">149402650</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520170745/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/693898?journalCode=ca">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+Sorghum+Domestication+in+Fourth+Millennium+BC+Eastern+Sudan%3A+Spikelet+Morphology+from+Ceramic+Impressions+of+the+Butana+Group&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=673-683&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F693898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149402650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Winchell&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Chris+J.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Charlene&rft.au=Champion%2C+Louis&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Dorianq.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F693898%3FjournalCode%3Dca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sci.news/archaeology/earliest-evidence-domesticated-sorghum-05271.html">"Earliest Evidence of Domesticated Sorghum Discovered"</a>. Sci.News. 28 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209081124/https://www.sci.news/archaeology/earliest-evidence-domesticated-sorghum-05271.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sci.News&rft.atitle=Earliest+Evidence+of+Domesticated+Sorghum+Discovered&rft.date=2017-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci.news%2Farchaeology%2Fearliest-evidence-domesticated-sorghum-05271.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/getting-food/katanda-bone-harpoon-point">"Katanda Bone Harpoon Point"</a>. The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 22 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814055506/https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/getting-food/katanda-bone-harpoon-point">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katanda+Bone+Harpoon+Point&rft.pub=The+Smithsonian+Institution%27s+Human+Origins+Program&rft.date=2010-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanorigins.si.edu%2Fevidence%2Fbehavior%2Fgetting-food%2Fkatanda-bone-harpoon-point&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Brien-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Brien_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Brien_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Brien_78-2">c</a> O'Brien, Patrick K. ed. (2005) Oxford Atlas of World History. 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Current Biology. 28 (14): 2274–2282.e6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CBio...28E2274C">2018CBio...28E2274C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2018.05.066">10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.066</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29983312">29983312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51600014">51600014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+African+Rice+Cultivation+Revealed+by+Analysis+of+246+New+Genomes&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2274-2282.e6&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2018.05.066&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51600014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29983312&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018CBio...28E2274C&rft.aulast=Cubry&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Tranchant-Dubreuil%2C+Christine&rft.au=Thuillet%2C+Anne-C%C3%A9line&rft.au=Monat%2C+C%C3%A9cile&rft.au=Ndjiondjop%2C+Marie-Noelle&rft.au=Labadie%2C+Karine&rft.au=Cruaud%2C+Corinne&rft.au=Engelen%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Scarcelli%2C+Nora&rft.au=Rhon%C3%A9%2C+B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dicte&rft.au=Burgarella%2C+Concetta&rft.au=Dupuy%2C+Christian&rft.au=Larmande%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Wincker%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Sabot%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Vigouroux%2C+Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2018.05.066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2004" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, Shawn Sabrina (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265663363">"Searching for the Origins of African Rice Domestication"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a> (78) – via researchgate.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Searching+for+the+Origins+of+African+Rice+Domestication&rft.issue=78&rft.date=2004-01&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Shawn+Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F265663363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://princetonol.com/groups/iad/lessons/middle/history1.htm#Irontechnology">Martin and O'Meara, "Africa, 3rd Ed."</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011083356/http://princetonol.com/groups/iad/lessons/middle/history1.htm">Archived</a> 11 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-PB_2014-82"><a href="#cite_ref-PB_2014_82-0">^</a> Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FB_1969-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FB_1969_83-0">^</a> Fagg, Bernard. 1969. Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture. World Archaeology 1(1): 41–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu_Bakr_1981-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Bakr_1981_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Bakr_1981_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Bakr_1981_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Bakr_1981_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Bakr_1981_84-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Bakr1981" class="citation book cs1">Abu Bakr, Abdel (1981). "Pharoanic Egypt". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134375">General History of Africa: Volume 2</a>. UNESCO Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pharoanic+Egypt&rft.btitle=General+History+of+Africa%3A+Volume+2&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Abu+Bakr&rft.aufirst=Abdel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000134375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2012" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, J. R. (2012). "Kerma". The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah15224">10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444338386" title="Special:BookSources/9781444338386"><bdi>9781444338386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kerma&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History&rft.pub=The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah15224&rft.isbn=9781444338386&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> She states, "To date, Kerma-culture has been found from the region of the First Cataract to upstream of the Fourth Cataract." </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzon2011" class="citation web cs1">Buzon, Michele (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=anthpubs">"Nubian identity in the Bronze Age. Patterns of cultural and biological variation"</a>. Retrieved 30 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nubian+identity+in+the+Bronze+Age.+Patterns+of+cultural+and+biological+variation&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Buzon&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.lib.purdue.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1001%26context%3Danthpubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105214410/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-7-2003_pg9_1">"Tomb Reveals Ancient Egypt's Humiliating Secrets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)" title="Daily Times (Pakistan)">Daily Times</a>. 29 July 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-7-2003_pg9_1">the original</a> on 5 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Tomb+Reveals+Ancient+Egypt%27s+Humiliating+Secrets&rft.date=2003-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3Dstory_29-7-2003_pg9_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE66-88"><a href="#cite_ref-JE66_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElayi2018" class="citation book cs1">Elayi, Josette (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVNtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">Sennacherib, King of Assyria</a>. SBL Press. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-318-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-318-5"><bdi>978-0-88414-318-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sennacherib%2C+King+of+Assyria&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-88414-318-5&rft.aulast=Elayi&rft.aufirst=Josette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOVNtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiad1981" class="citation book cs1">Riad, Henry (1981). "Egypt in the Hellenistic era". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134375">General History of Africa: Volume 2</a>. UNESCO Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Egypt+in+the+Hellenistic+era&rft.btitle=General+History+of+Africa%3A+Volume+2&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Riad&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000134375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25634170-800-we-have-finally-found-the-land-of-punt-where-pharaohs-got-their-gifts/">"We have finally found the land of Punt, where pharaohs got their gifts"</a>. New Scientist. 14 December 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=We+have+finally+found+the+land+of+Punt%2C+where+pharaohs+got+their+gifts&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg25634170-800-we-have-finally-found-the-land-of-punt-where-pharaohs-got-their-gifts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nthos-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Nthos_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNjoku2013" class="citation book cs1">Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C">The History of Somalia</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 29–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313378577" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313378577"><bdi>978-0313378577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Somalia&rft.pages=29-31&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0313378577&rft.aulast=Njoku&rft.aufirst=Raphael+Chijioke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFlL2vE_qRQ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Titthtw-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Titthtw_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2011" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RO4kS1IR71sC">The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1448847976" title="Special:BookSources/978-1448847976"><bdi>978-1448847976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Timeline+of+the+History+of+the+World&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1448847976&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRO4kS1IR71sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Pankhurst, Richard K. P. Addis Tribune, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060109162335/http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2003/01/17-01-03/Let.htm">Let's Look Across the Red Sea I</a>", January 17, 2003 (archive.org mirror copy). </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Eric Herbert Warmington, The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> George Hatke, Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa, (New York University Press, 2013), pp. 44. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0106-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0106-6">0-7486-0106-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-dx.doi.org2-96"><a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org2_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christiantopogra00cosmuoft">"The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes"</a>. Nature. 84 (2127): 133–134. August 1910. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1910Natur..84..133.">1910Natur..84..133.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F084133a0">10.1038/084133a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fcoo1.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft07w6zm1b">2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t07w6zm1b</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3942233">3942233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Topography+of+Cosmas+Indicopleustes&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2127&rft.pages=133-134&rft.date=1910-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fcoo1.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft07w6zm1b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3942233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1910Natur..84..133.&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F084133a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristiantopogra00cosmuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhlig" class="citation book cs1">Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A–C. p. 175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Aethiopica%3A+A%E2%80%93C&rft.pages=175&rft.aulast=Uhlig&rft.aufirst=Siegbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro-Hay1991" class="citation book cs1">Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748601066" title="Special:BookSources/0748601066"><bdi>0748601066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aksum%3A+An+African+Civilisation+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0748601066&rft.aulast=Munro-Hay&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warmington_1981-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warmington_1981_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warmington_1981_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warmington_1981_99-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warmington_1981_99-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarmington1981" class="citation book cs1">Warmington, Brian (1981). "The Carthaginian Period". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134375">General History of Africa: Volume 2</a>. UNESCO Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Carthaginian+Period&rft.btitle=General+History+of+Africa%3A+Volume+2&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Warmington&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000134375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO_Publishing-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_Publishing_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_Publishing_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahjoubiSalama1981" class="citation book cs1">Mahjoubi, Ammar; Salama, Pierre (1981). "The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134375">General History of Africa: Volume 2</a>. UNESCO Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Roman+and+post-Roman+period+in+North+Africa&rft.btitle=General+History+of+Africa%3A+Volume+2&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Mahjoubi&rft.aufirst=Ammar&rft.au=Salama%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000134375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Duncan E. Miller and N. J. Van Der Merwe, 'Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa' Journal of African History 35 (1994), pp. 1–36; Minze Stuiver and N. J. Van Der Merwe, 'Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa' Current Anthropology 1968. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsBurns200779–80-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsBurns200779–80_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollinsBurns2007">Collins & Burns (2007)</a>, pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-Holl_1985_73–115-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holl_1985_73–115_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holl_1985_73–115_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoll1985" class="citation journal cs1">Holl, Augustine (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0278416585900054">"Background to the Ghana empire: Archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (mauritania)"</a>. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 4 (2): 73–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0278-4165%2885%2990005-4">10.1016/0278-4165(85)90005-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Background+to+the+Ghana+empire%3A+Archaeological+investigations+on+the+transition+to+statehood+in+the+Dhar+Tichitt+region+%28mauritania%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73-115&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0278-4165%2885%2990005-4&rft.aulast=Holl&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2F0278416585900054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-anquandah1995-104"><a href="#cite_ref-anquandah1995_104-0">^</a> Anquandah, James (1995). 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Brill Academic Publishers, p. 37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004147713" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004147713">978-9004147713</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/mauritania/8.htm">"Mauritania – Arab Invasions"</a>. countrystudies.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623125418/http://countrystudies.us/mauritania/8.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=countrystudies.us&rft.atitle=Mauritania+%E2%80%93+Arab+Invasions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fmauritania%2F8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNebel2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nebel, A; et al. (1 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC379148">"Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa"</a>. American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (6): 1594–1596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F340669">10.1086/340669</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC379148">379148</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11992266">11992266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+Evidence+for+the+Expansion+of+Arabian+Tribes+into+the+Southern+Levant+and+North+Africa&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1594-1596&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC379148%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11992266&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F340669&rft.aulast=Nebel&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC379148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiple-128"><a href="#cite_ref-multiple_128-0">^</a> Lapidus, Ira M. (1988) A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157">Historical survey: Slave societies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230184609/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157">Archived</a> 30 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html">Swahili Coast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071206102932/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html">Archived</a> 6 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, National Geographic </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156">Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223090720/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156">Archived</a> 23 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm">"Focus on the slave trade"</a>. BBC News. 3 September 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728134034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Focus+on+the+slave+trade&rft.date=2001-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F1523100.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovejoy,_Paul_E.2000" class="citation book cs1">Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love">Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78430-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78430-6"><bdi>978-0-521-78430-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformations+in+Slavery%3A+A+History+of+Slavery+in+Africa&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78430-6&rft.au=Lovejoy%2C+Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransformationsi0000love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Rees Davies, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml">"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425235016/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml">Archived</a> 25 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 1 July 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml">Jo Loosemore, Sailing against slavery</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081103004954/https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml">Archived</a> 3 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdavis.nl/Background.htm#WAS">"The West African Squadron and slave trade"</a>. Pdavis.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610030306/http://www.pdavis.nl/Background.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+West+African+Squadron+and+slave+trade&rft.pub=Pdavis.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdavis.nl%2FBackground.htm%23WAS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Simon, Julian L. (1995) State of Humanity, Blackwell Publishing. p. 175. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55786-585-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55786-585-X">1-55786-585-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Scramble_for_Africa_daly-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Scramble_for_Africa_daly_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2019" class="citation journal cs1">Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (4 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833">"From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940"</a>. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 47 (3): 474–489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2019.1576833">10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-6534">0308-6534</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159124664">159124664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=From+Crime+to+Coercion%3A+Policing+Dissent+in+Abeokuta%2C+Nigeria%2C+1900%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=474-489&rft.date=2019-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159124664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0308-6534&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2019.1576833&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Fury+Childs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2019.1576833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadaway2014" class="citation book cs1">Hadaway, Stuart (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yFGpBAAAQBAJ&dq=senussi+campaign&pg=PA15">Pyramids and Fleshpots: The Egyptian, Senussi and Eastern Mediterranean Campaigns (1914-1916)</a>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5808-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5808-0"><bdi>978-0-7509-5808-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyramids+and+Fleshpots%3A+The+Egyptian%2C+Senussi+and+Eastern+Mediterranean+Campaigns+%281914-1916%29&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-5808-0&rft.aulast=Hadaway&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyFGpBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsenussi%2Bcampaign%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scramble_for_Africa_cheke-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Scramble_for_Africa_cheke_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociation1994" class="citation book cs1">Association, Cheke Cultural Writers (1994). 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Retrieved 13 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Alberta&rft.atitle=African+Popular+Music&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Professor+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.ualberta.ca%2F~michaelf%2FAfrican%2520Music_Site%2FAfricanPopularMusicCollins.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Music_of_Africa_Columbia_University-282"><a href="#cite_ref-Music_of_Africa_Columbia_University_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colum.edu/cbmr/Resources/style-genre-definitions.html">"Definitions of Styles and Genres: Traditional and Contemporary African Music"</a>. CBMR. Columbia University. 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Modern Ghana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225071734/https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/58235/ghana-celebrates-world-dance-day-with-azonto-afrodance.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Ghana&rft.atitle=Ghana+Celebrates+World+Dance+Day+With+Azonto+Afrodance&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft.aulast=Klah+Mensah&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernghana.com%2Fentertainment%2F58235%2Fghana-celebrates-world-dance-day-with-azonto-afrodance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawalik2023" class="citation web cs1">Kawalik, Tracy (23 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redbull.com/int-en/nigerian-dancers-need-to-know">"Get to know the pioneers at the forefront of Nigeria's Afro Dance scene"</a>. 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Dublin Inquirer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605064617/https://dublininquirer.com/2023/05/03/in-the-north-inner-city-two-dancers-gear-up-for-a-new-afro-dance-camp/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2023. 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Retrieved 6 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+London+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Shadwell+dancer+Patience+J+on+taking+Afro-dance+into+the+mainstream&rft.date=2022-03-22&rft.aulast=Moss-McNeill&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk%2Fnews%2F20950477.shadwell-dancer-patience-j-taking-afro-dance-mainstream%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone19969-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalone19969_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalone1996">Malone 1996</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsh-Asante200928-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelsh-Asante200928_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWelsh-Asante2009">Welsh-Asante 2009</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsh-Asante200935-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelsh-Asante200935_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWelsh-Asante2009">Welsh-Asante 2009</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas">"Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIBA" title="FIBA">FIBA</a>. 2 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107193242/https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Getting+to+know+Africa%27s+flashy+basketball+arenas&rft.date=2019-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiba.basketball%2Fnews%2Fgetting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNxumalo2020" class="citation news cs1">Nxumalo, Lee (20 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/">"Basketball's next frontier is Africa"</a>. New Frame. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116062357/https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Frame&rft.atitle=Basketball%27s+next+frontier+is+Africa&rft.date=2020-12-20&rft.aulast=Nxumalo&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newframe.com%2Fbasketballs-next-frontier-is-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/608463/rwc-2023-spotlight-south-africa">"RWC 2023 Spotlight: South Africa"</a>. Rugby World Cup 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213126/https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/608463/rwc-2023-spotlight-south-africa">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rugby+World+Cup+2023&rft.atitle=RWC+2023+Spotlight%3A+South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugbyworldcup.com%2F2023%2Fnews%2F608463%2Frwc-2023-spotlight-south-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCora2018" class="citation book cs1">Cora, Burnett (2018). "Traditional sports and games in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351212755-8/traditional-sports-games-eastern-central-southern-africa-cora-burnett?context=ubx&refId=d1726eed-4b8b-4b16-8b4c-15a204db9be9">Sport in the African World</a>. Routledge. pp. 121–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781351212755-8">10.4324/9781351212755-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-21275-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-21275-5"><bdi>978-1-351-21275-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Traditional+sports+and+games+in+Eastern%2C+Central+and+Southern+Africa&rft.btitle=Sport+in+the+African+World&rft.pages=121-145&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781351212755-8&rft.isbn=978-1-351-21275-5&rft.aulast=Cora&rft.aufirst=Burnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781351212755-8%2Ftraditional-sports-games-eastern-central-southern-africa-cora-burnett%3Fcontext%3Dubx%26refId%3Dd1726eed-4b8b-4b16-8b4c-15a204db9be9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeimConing2014" class="citation book cs1">Keim, Marion; Coning, Christo de (26 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jsrAwAAQBAJ&dq=traditional+sport+in+africa&pg=PA7">Sport and Development Policy in Africa: Results of a Collaborative Study of Selected Country Cases</a>. AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920689-20-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920689-20-9"><bdi>978-1-920689-20-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+and+Development+Policy+in+Africa%3A+Results+of+a+Collaborative+Study+of+Selected+Country+Cases&rft.pub=AFRICAN+SUN+MeDIA&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft.isbn=978-1-920689-20-9&rft.aulast=Keim&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft.au=Coning%2C+Christo+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jsrAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtraditional%2Bsport%2Bin%2Bafrica%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uscen-297"><a href="#cite_ref-uscen_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991128111024/http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/idbrank.pl">"IDB: Countries Ranked by Population"</a>. 28 November 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/idbrank.pl">the original</a> on 28 November 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IDB%3A+Countries+Ranked+by+Population&rft.date=1999-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fipc%2Fidbrank.pl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrantlinger1985" class="citation journal cs1">Brantlinger, Patrick (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwf.edu/dearle/imperialadventure/imperial%20adventure/documents/brantlinger%20victorians%20and%20africans.pdf">"Victorians and Africans: The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent"</a> (PDF). 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Collins">Collins, Robert O.</a>; Burns, James M. (2007). A History of Sub-Saharan Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68708-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68708-9"><bdi>978-0-521-68708-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68708-9&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rft.au=Burns%2C+James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone1996" class="citation book cs1">Malone, Jacqui (1996). Steppin' on the Blues: the Visible Rhythms of African American Dance. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/891842452">891842452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steppin%27+on+the+Blues%3A+the+Visible+Rhythms+of+African+American+Dance&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F891842452&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Jacqui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonGallagherDenny1961" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Ronald; Gallagher, John; Denny, Alice (1961). Africa and the Victorians: The official mind of imperialism (2 ed.). Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333310069" title="Special:BookSources/9780333310069"><bdi>9780333310069</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL17989466M">17989466M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+Victorians%3A+The+official+mind+of+imperialism&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL17989466M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780333310069&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+John&rft.au=Denny%2C+Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillington2005" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, Kevin (2005). History of Africa. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-59957-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-59957-0"><bdi>978-0-333-59957-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Africa&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-333-59957-0&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthallMelber2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henning_Melber" title="Henning Melber">Southall, Roger</a>; Melber, Henning (2009). A New Scramble For Africa?: Imperialism, Investment and Development. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Scramble+For+Africa%3F%3A+Imperialism%2C+Investment+and+Development&rft.pub=University+of+KwaZulu-Natal+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Southall&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Melber%2C+Henning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelsh-Asante2009" class="citation book cs1">Welsh-Asante, Kariamu (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbrTfSO3fwC">African Dance</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2427-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2427-8"><bdi>978-1-4381-2427-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Dance&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2427-8&rft.aulast=Welsh-Asante&rft.aufirst=Kariamu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWrbrTfSO3fwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Africa_Bibliography" title="Africa Bibliography">Africa Bibliography</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsante2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Molefi_Asante" class="mw-redirect" title="Molefi Asante">Asante, Molefi</a> (2007). The History of Africa. US: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77139-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77139-9"><bdi>978-0-415-77139-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Africa&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77139-9&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Desmond_Clark" title="J. Desmond Clark">Clark, J. Desmond</a> (1970). The Prehistory of Africa. London, England: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02069-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02069-2"><bdi>978-0-500-02069-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Africa&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-500-02069-2&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=J.+Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowder1978" class="citation book cs1">Crowder, Michael (1978). The Story of Nigeria. London, England: Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-04947-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-04947-9"><bdi>978-0-571-04947-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Nigeria&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Faber&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-571-04947-9&rft.aulast=Crowder&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Davidson" title="Basil Davidson">Davidson, Basil</a> (1966). The African Past: Chronicles from Antiquity to Modern Times. Harmondsworth: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2016817">2016817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+Past%3A+Chronicles+from+Antiquity+to+Modern+Times&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2016817&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonGordon1996" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, April A.; Gordon, Donald L. (1996). Understanding Contemporary Africa. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-547-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-547-3"><bdi>978-1-55587-547-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Contemporary+Africa&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-547-3&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=April+A.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhapoya1998" class="citation book cs1">Khapoya, Vincent B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanexperienc00khap">The African experience: an introduction</a>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-745852-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-745852-3"><bdi>978-0-13-745852-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+experience%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-13-745852-3&rft.aulast=Khapoya&rft.aufirst=Vincent+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanexperienc00khap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Moore, Clark D., and Ann Dunbar (1968). Africa Yesterday and Today, in series, The George School Readings on Developing Lands. New York: Praeger Publishers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">Naipaul, V.S.</a> The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief. Picador, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-47205-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-47205-0">978-0-330-47205-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wade, Lizzie (2015). "Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places". Science. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaa7864">10.1126/science.aaa7864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Drones+and+satellites+spot+lost+civilizations+in+unlikely+places&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaa7864&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Africa at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Africa" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Africa">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Africa" class="extiw" title="c:Africa">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Africa" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Africa">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Africa" class="extiw" title="q:Africa">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Africa" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Africa">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pinyin/Africa" class="extiw" title="b:Pinyin/Africa">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Africa" class="extiw" title="v:Africa">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Africa" class="extiw" title="voy:Africa">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> General information <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=Africa">Africa</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7924">Africa</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/africa-human-geography/">Africa: Human Geography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/">African & Middle Eastern Reading Room</a> from the United States <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/">Africa South of the Sahara</a> from <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aluka.org/">Aluka</a> digital library of scholarly resources from and about Africa</li></ul> History <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section10.shtml">The Story of Africa</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Africa">"Africa" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 320–358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Africa&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=320-358&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrica" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topics" title="Template:Africa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topics" title="Template talk:Africa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Africa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Africa-related_articles" title="Index of Africa-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Africa">Antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">North Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">Pre-colonial kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">Empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">European colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Africa" title="Economic history of Africa">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">Empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Africa#Historiography_of_Africa" title="Talk:History of Africa">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Africa" title="Military history of Africa">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Africa" title="History of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Africa" title="History of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southern_Africa" title="History of Southern Africa">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_African_countries" title="List of highest points of African countries">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_craters_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of impact craters in Africa">Impact craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_Africa" title="Natural history of Africa">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Africa" title="List of regions of Africa">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Africa" title="List of rivers of Africa">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Politics">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Africa" title="Elections in Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government_in_Africa" title="Category:Heads of government in Africa">Heads of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_in_Africa" title="Category:Heads of state in Africa">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Africa" title="Human rights in Africa">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Africa_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Africa by country">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_linguistic_rights_in_African_constitutions" title="List of linguistic rights in African constitutions">Linguistic rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Africa#More_Women_Rights" title="Women in Africa">Women's rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">feminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organisations_in_Africa" title="International organisations in Africa">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Africa">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Africa" title="Category:Political parties in Africa">parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Central banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">Countries by GDP (nominal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of African countries by GDP (PPP)">Countries by GDP (PPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of African countries by Human Development Index">Countries by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Africans_by_net_worth" title="List of Africans by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_in_Africa" title="Infrastructure in Africa">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Africa" title="Internet in Africa">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Africa" title="Natural resources of Africa">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Africa" title="Poverty in Africa">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_stock_exchanges" title="List of African stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Africa" title="Abortion in Africa">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_Africa" title="Birth control in Africa">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Caste systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Africa" title="Etiquette in Africa">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_Africa" title="Category:Health in Africa">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Africa">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Cricket_Association" title="Africa Cricket Association">Africa Cricket Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asian_Games" title="Afro-Asian Games">Afro-Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_Africa" title="Australian rules football in Africa">Australian-rules football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIBA_Africa" title="FIBA Africa">FIBA Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Africa" title="Rugby Africa">Rugby Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of African stadiums by capacity">Stadiums by capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_d%27Afrique" title="Tour d'Afrique">Tour d'Afrique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">Countries by population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population_density" title="List of African countries by population density">density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Africa" title="Emigration from Africa">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_Africa" title="Urbanization in Africa">Urbanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Africa" title="Lists of cities in Africa">cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Africa_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Africa by population">urban areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Africa" title="Youth in Africa">Youth in Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_in_Africa" title="Category:Years in Africa">By year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Africa" title="2005 in Africa">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Africa" title="2006 in Africa">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Africa" title="2007 in Africa">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in Africa (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 in Africa (page does not exist)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 in Africa (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 in Africa (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 in Africa (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 in Africa (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 in Africa (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 in Africa (page does not exist)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Africa" title="2016 in Africa">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2017_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017 in Africa (page does not exist)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2018_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2018 in Africa (page does not exist)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 in Africa (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2020_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2020 in Africa (page does not exist)">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Africa" title="Outline of Africa">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Africa-related_articles" title="Index of Africa-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regional_economic_communities_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_trade_agreements" title="Template:African trade agreements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_trade_agreements" title="Template talk:African trade agreements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_trade_agreements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African trade agreements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regional_economic_communities_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional economic communities in Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organization of African Unity (OAU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community (AEC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN / SAD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS / EEAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community (SADC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union (SACU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Arab_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Arab Free Trade Area">Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community (EAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Monetary_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Monetary Zone">West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Community_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa">Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continents_of_Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Continents of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continents of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continents_of_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Africa</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/75px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/113px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/75px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/113px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/150px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/75px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/113px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/150px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:35%;"><div> <ul><li>Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinents</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(supercontinent)" title="Columbia (supercontinent)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenorland" title="Kenorland">Kenorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nena_(supercontinent)" title="Nena (supercontinent)">Nena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(continent)" title="Ur (continent)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaalbara" title="Vaalbara">Vaalbara</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:65%;"><div> <ul><li>Other prehistoric continents <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Craton" title="Amazonian Craton">Amazonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctica" title="Arctica">Arctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiamerica">Asiamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantica" title="Atlantica">Atlantica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenia" title="Chilenia">Chilenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyania" title="Cuyania">Cuyania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">East Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia#Euramerica/Laurussia" title="Laurasia">Euramerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Craton" title="Kalahari Craton">Kalaharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laramidia" title="Laramidia">Laramidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampia" title="Pampia">Pampia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Craton" title="South China Craton">South China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;;border-bottom:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">Submerged continent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">lands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">microcontinents</a> <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathaysia" title="Cathaysia">Cathaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen_Microcontinent" title="Jan Mayen Microcontinent">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritia_(microcontinent)" title="Mauritia (microcontinent)">Mauritia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul_Shelf" title="Sahul Shelf">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Seychelles Microcontinent">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li>Possible future supercontinents <a href="/wiki/Amasia_(supercontinent)" title="Amasia (supercontinent)">Amasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurica_(supercontinent)" title="Aurica (supercontinent)">Aurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopangaea" title="Novopangaea">Novopangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea_Proxima" title="Pangaea Proxima">Pangaea Proxima</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Mythical</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_lands" title="List of lost lands">lost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phantom_island" title="Phantom island">hypothesised</a> continents <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">Kumari Kandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuria" title="Lemuria">Lemuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meropis" title="Meropis">Meropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(mythical_lost_continent)" title="Mu (mythical lost continent)">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:30%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continent#Subcontinents" title="Continent">Subcontinents</a> <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Eastern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Eastern Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world">Regions of the world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">Continental fragment</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Continents" title="Category:Continents">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_continents" title="Chronology of continents">Chronology of continents</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of 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title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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5.45% 232.139 1 Template:Infobox_Continent"," 5.34% 227.500 1 Template:Infobox"," 4.78% 203.561 65 Template:Flagicon"," 3.60% 153.077 1 Template:Sfnp"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.529","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21689792,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbbou2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbu_Bakr1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlemazung2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppiahGates2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAryeetey,_ErnestHarrigan,_JaneMachiko2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsante2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabbel.comGmbH\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabington_Michell1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayeh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeldadosManzoMurphyStevens2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlench2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrantlinger1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuzon2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBâ1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBély,_Lucien2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChikowero2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCilluffoRuiz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollierGunning1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinsBurns2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConradFisher1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCora2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowder1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCubryTranchant-DubreuilThuilletMonat2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaly2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerricourt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesfayes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunlop1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEggert2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhret2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl_Fadli2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElayi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFage2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanso1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankemaVan_Waijenburg2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraserCole2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeborn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFregelMéndezBokbotMartín-Socas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFruyt,_M.1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorges1913–1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGestrich2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGikandi2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGladstone2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordonGordon1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoucher,_CandiceWalton,_Linda2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGüldemann2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallikan1842\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamaKi-Zerbo1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHargreaves1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarry2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerreraGarcia-Bertrand2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoll1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolm1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonourFleming2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudgensTrillo1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanneh,_Abdoulie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJesse2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeenan,_Jeremy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeimConing2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhapoya1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKofi-Tsekpo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisShort1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovejoy,_Paul_E.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLührmannGrahnMorganPillai2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddison2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahjoubiSalama1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalone1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMbeki,_Thabo2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMbiti1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntosh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMercier2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeredith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMounierLahr2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunro-Hay1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNebel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNjoku2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNxumalo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkeke-Agulu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOluwole2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnishi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnyishiSolomon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeavy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosnansky1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiad1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiggs2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinsonGallagherDenny1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSample2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlebuschMalmströmGüntherSjödin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShillington2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthallMelber2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStearns2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein-Smith2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStieglitz1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStudies\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTausch2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUhlig\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations._Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpton1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVansina1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVansina1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVidalLaneAsfawrossen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarmington1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelsh-Asante2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinchellStevensMurphyChampion2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiredu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoldemeskel1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Andalusi2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 8,\n [\"Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"Africa Labelled Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Africa topics\"] = 1,\n [\"African Trade Agreements\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 64,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 69,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Coat of arms\"] = 52,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"Color box\"] = 5,\n [\"Continents of the world\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 8,\n [\"Cref\"] = 1,\n [\"Decomma\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 12,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 10,\n [\"Explain\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 32,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 65,\n [\"Formatnum:{{UN_Population\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Gale\"] = 1,\n [\"GovPubs\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 20,\n [\"Infobox Continent\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 29,\n [\"Main\"] = 20,\n [\"NatGeo ecoregion\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 42,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Percent\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Pop density\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Regions of the world\"] = 1,\n [\"Replace\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 23,\n [\"See also\"] = 14,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"UN Population\"] = 3,\n [\"UN_Population\"] = 9,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 35,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","380","15.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","260","10.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","9.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","220","8.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","7.1"],["recursiveClone 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