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id="toc-Foundation_and_early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Foundation and early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_French_Second_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_French_Second_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The French Second Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_French_Second_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_World_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_World_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The World Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_World_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_post-war_to_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_post-war_to_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>From post-war to today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_post-war_to_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Locations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Locations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Locations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montagne_Saint-Geneviève_(1805–1976)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montagne_Saint-Geneviève_(1805–1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Montagne Saint-Geneviève (1805–1976)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montagne_Saint-Geneviève_(1805–1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaiseau_(from_1976)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaiseau_(from_1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Palaiseau (from 1976)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaiseau_(from_1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization and administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization_and_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization and administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Specific status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_and_teaching_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_and_teaching_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Activities and teaching staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_and_teaching_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Academic programs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academic_programs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academic programs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_'Polytechnicien_Engineer'_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_'Polytechnicien_Engineer'_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The <i>'Polytechnicien Engineer'</i> program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_'Polytechnicien_Engineer'_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Admission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Admission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Curriculum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_rank_and_career_path" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_rank_and_career_path"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Class rank and career path</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_rank_and_career_path-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuition_and_financial_obligations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuition_and_financial_obligations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Tuition and financial obligations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuition_and_financial_obligations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bachelor_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bachelor_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bachelor program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bachelor_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Master's_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Master's_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Master's program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Master's_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctoral_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctoral_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Doctoral program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctoral_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Research centres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Student life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Rankings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rankings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>General rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Research performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Other rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">École polytechnique</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="École Polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7)" title="المدرسة متعددة التقنيات (فرنسا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المدرسة متعددة التقنيات (فرنسا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa_Politexnik_M%C9%99kt%C9%99bi" title="Fransa Politexnik Məktəbi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransa Politexnik Məktəbi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Екол политекник – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Екол политекник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_(Frankrig)" title="École Polytechnique (Frankrig) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="École Polytechnique (Frankrig)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83" title="پوليطيكنيك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پوليطيكنيك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_(%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Πολυτεχνική Σχολή (Γαλλία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυτεχνική Σχολή (Γαλλία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_Politeknika_Lernejo" title="Franca Politeknika Lernejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franca Politeknika Lernejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مدرسه پلی‌تکنیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدرسه پلی‌تکنیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_(France)" title="École polytechnique (France) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="École polytechnique (France)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%BD%9C_%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%ED%85%8C%ED%81%AC%EB%8B%88%ED%81%AC" title="에콜 폴리테크니크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에콜 폴리테크니크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="इकोल पॉलीतेक्निक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इकोल पॉलीतेक्निक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="École Polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" title="אקול פוליטקניק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקול פוליטקניק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schola_Polytechnica_Francica" title="Schola Polytechnica Francica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Schola Polytechnica Francica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Политехничка школа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Политехничка школа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83" title="ايكول پوليتيكنيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايكول پوليتيكنيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="École Polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="エコール・ポリテクニーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エコール・ポリテクニーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esc%C3%B2la_politecnica_(Fran%C3%A7a)" title="Escòla politecnica (França) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escòla politecnica (França)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80" title="សាលាប៉ូលីតិចនិក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាលាប៉ូលីតិចនិក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="École Polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%B2la_polit%C3%A9cnica" title="Scòla politécnica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Scòla politécnica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_Polit%C3%A9cnica_(Fran%C3%A7a)" title="Escola Politécnica (França) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escola Politécnica (França)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6)" title="Политехническая школа (Париж) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политехническая школа (Париж)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_(Franca)" title="École polytechnique (Franca) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="École polytechnique (Franca)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="École Polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84_%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8E%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئیکۆل پۆلیتێکنیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیکۆل پۆلیتێکنیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="École Polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinml_Tagtiqnit_(Fransa)" title="Tinml Tagtiqnit (Fransa) – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tinml Tagtiqnit (Fransa)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politexnik_m%C3%A4kt%C3%A4p_(Parij)" title="Politexnik mäktäp (Parij) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Politexnik mäktäp (Parij)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="École Polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Політехнічна школа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політехнічна школа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="پولی ٹیکنک اسکول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولی ٹیکنک اسکول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_B%C3%A1ch_khoa_Paris" title="Trường Bách khoa Paris – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trường Bách khoa Paris" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&params=48.7125_N_2.2100_E_type:edu_region:FR"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°42′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°12′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.7125°N 2.2100°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.7125; 2.2100</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_Polytechnique&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Public university in Palaiseau, France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the university in France. For the 2009 film, see <a href="/wiki/Polytechnique_(film)" title="Polytechnique (film)"><i>Polytechnique</i> (film)</a>. 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="Special:EditPage/École polytechnique">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="Talk:École polytechnique">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a 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/></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_(France)" class="extiw" title="fr:École polytechnique (France)">the corresponding article</a> in French</b>.  <i><small>(December 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org"><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">École polytechnique</span></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png/130px-POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png/195px-POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png/260px-POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="2328" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other name</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">l'X</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former name</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">École centrale des Travaux publics</span></span> (Central School of Public Works)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Pour la Patrie, les Sciences et la Gloire</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">For the Homeland, Science, and Glory</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes écoles">Grande école</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1794<span class="noprint">; 230 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1794</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent institution</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Paris" title="Polytechnic Institute of Paris">Polytechnic Institute of Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_des_grandes_%C3%A9coles_(CGE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conférence des grandes écoles (CGE)">CGE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_the_Directors_of_French_Engineering_Schools" title="Conference of the Directors of French Engineering Schools">CDEFI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Chaubard" title="Laura Chaubard">Laura Chaubard</a> (by interim)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Director</th><td class="infobox-data">Laura Chaubard</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">3,370<sup id="cite_ref-WebsiteAbout_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebsiteAbout-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">480<sup id="cite_ref-LaunchBachelorProgram_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaunchBachelorProgram-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000 engineer candidates<br />500 masters<sup id="cite_ref-WebsiteAbout_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebsiteAbout-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctoral students</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">390<sup id="cite_ref-WebsiteAbout_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebsiteAbout-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Palaiseau" title="Palaiseau">Palaiseau</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">France</div><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&params=48.7125_N_2.2100_E_type:edu_region:FR"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°42′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°12′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.7125°N 2.2100°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.7125; 2.2100</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Crimson; color:white;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> Red & yellow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polytechnique.edu/en">polytechnique.edu</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battalion of <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">École polytechnique</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Bataillon de l'École polytechnique</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png/130px-POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png/195px-POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png/260px-POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="2328" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">September 28, 1794</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Pour la Patrie, les Sciences et la Gloire</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_honour" title="Battle honour">Battle honours</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)" title="Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)">Croix de guerre 1914–1918</a> <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre_1939%E2%80%931945" title="Croix de Guerre 1939–1945">Croix de guerre 1939–1945</a> </p> citation to the order of the army</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Commanding Officer</th><td class="infobox-data">Senior General Armament Engineer François Bouchet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Colonel of the Regiment</th><td class="infobox-data">Thibault Capdeville head of corps and director of human and military training</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Arms_of_the_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique.svg/170px-Arms_of_the_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Arms_of_the_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique.svg/255px-Arms_of_the_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Arms_of_the_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique.svg/340px-Arms_of_the_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="143" /></a><figcaption>Emblem of the school</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_X_DSC08329.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Statue_X_DSC08329.JPG/170px-Statue_X_DSC08329.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Statue_X_DSC08329.JPG/255px-Statue_X_DSC08329.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Statue_X_DSC08329.JPG/340px-Statue_X_DSC08329.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="2403" /></a><figcaption>A statue in the courtyard of the school commemorates the cadets of <i>Polytechnique</i> rushing to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">defence of Paris</a> in 1814. A copy was installed in <a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">École polytechnique</span></span></b> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Polytechnic School</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; also known as <b>Polytechnique</b> or <b>l'X</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[liks]</a></span>) is a <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école">grande école</a></i> located in <a href="/wiki/Palaiseau" title="Palaiseau">Palaiseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. It specializes in science and engineering and is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Paris" title="Polytechnic Institute of Paris">Polytechnic Institute of Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The school was founded in 1794 by mathematician <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was militarized under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> in 1804. It is still supervised by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Armed_Forces_(France)" title="Ministry of Armed Forces (France)">French Ministry of Armed Forces</a>. Originally located in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter,_Paris" title="Latin Quarter, Paris">Latin Quarter</a> in central Paris, the institution moved to Palaiseau in 1976, in the <a href="/wiki/Paris-Saclay" title="Paris-Saclay">Paris-Saclay technology cluster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French engineering students undergo initial military training and have the status of paid <a href="/wiki/Aspirant" title="Aspirant">officer cadets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school has also been awarding doctorates since 1985, masters since 2005 and bachelors since 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Polytechnique engineering graduates go on to become top executives in companies, senior civil servants, military officers, or researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_alumni" title="List of École Polytechnique alumni">Its alumni</a> from the engineering graduate program include three <a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize">Nobel Prize</a> winners,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medalist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three <a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of France">Presidents of France</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many CEOs of French and international companies. The school has produced renowned mathematicians such as <a href="/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy" title="Augustin-Louis Cauchy">Cauchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspard-Gustave_de_Coriolis" title="Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis">Coriolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Schwartz" title="Laurent Schwartz">Laurent Schwartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a>, physicists such as <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Carnot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">Ampère</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel" title="Augustin-Jean Fresnel">Fresnel</a>, and economists <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a>. French <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshals</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joffre" title="Joseph Joffre">Joffre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Foch</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Fayolle" title="Émile Fayolle">Fayolle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel-Joseph_Maunoury" title="Michel-Joseph Maunoury">Maunoury</a> were also notable Polytechnique engineering graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris,_%C3%89cole_polytechnique,_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_(J_David,_1904)_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Paris%2C_%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_%28J_David%2C_1904%29_-_1.jpg/220px-Paris%2C_%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_%28J_David%2C_1904%29_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Paris%2C_%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_%28J_David%2C_1904%29_-_1.jpg/330px-Paris%2C_%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_%28J_David%2C_1904%29_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Paris%2C_%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_%28J_David%2C_1904%29_-_1.jpg/440px-Paris%2C_%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_%28J_David%2C_1904%29_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>The chemistry auditorium in the old building in the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quartier_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartier Latin">Quartier Latin</a></span></span>, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Jules_David_(photographer)" title="Jules David (photographer)">Jules David</a> in 1904</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89cole_polytechnique,_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly,_Paris_5e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly%2C_Paris_5e.jpg/220px-%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly%2C_Paris_5e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly%2C_Paris_5e.jpg/330px-%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly%2C_Paris_5e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly%2C_Paris_5e.jpg/440px-%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly%2C_Paris_5e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5333" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Pediment of historical buildings, rue Descartes in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_early_years">Foundation and early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation and early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Revolution of 1789, the royal engineering schools were closed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-%C3%89lie_Lamblardie" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques-Élie Lamblardie">Jacques-Élie Lamblardie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Carnot</a>, the founding fathers of the School, were charged with organizing a new "<span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">École centrale des travaux publics</span></span>"(Central School of Public Works)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was officially created on 7 <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="Vendémiaire">Vendémiaire</a>, Year III (September 28, 1794) and opened to students on 1 Nivôse, Year III (December 21, 1794).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of the school was to train civil and military engineers. The school quickly welcomed 400 students of different levels. During the first three months, "revolutionary courses" were given in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, after which they took exams to see if they could enter the civil service directly, or if they should continue their studies.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school was renamed "<span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">École polytechnique</span></span>" a year later. The neologism "polytechnique" is composed of "poly" which means "many" and reflects the plurality of techniques taught in the School. The change of name reflects the change of vocation of the school, which now prepares students for other specialized schools such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_du_g%C3%A9nie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="École du génie (page does not exist)">École du génie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mines_Paris_-_PSL" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines Paris - PSL">École des mines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_ponts_ParisTech" title="École des ponts ParisTech">École des ponts et chaussées</a>. The curriculum lasted 3 years, the "regular courses" replaced the "revolutionary courses" and there were only 120 new students each year. The school was placed under the supervision of the Ministries of War and the Interior.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>Journal Polytechnique</i> (former name of "<i>Journal de l'École polytechnique"</i> ) was created in 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1799, the course was reduced from three to two years. </p><p>In 1805, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Bonaparte">Napoléon</a> I transferred the School to <a href="/wiki/Montagne_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve" title="Montagne Sainte-Geneviève">Montagne Sainte-Geneviève</a> in the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quartier_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartier Latin">Quartier Latin</a></span></span> of central Paris to become a <a href="/wiki/Military_academy" title="Military academy">military academy</a> and gave it its motto: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Pour la Patrie, les Sciences et la Gloire</i></span> (For the Nation, Science, and Glory).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1804, after the militarization of the school, its atmosphere changed significantly from a rather free spirit to a meticulous bureaucracy. Militarization was motivated by Napoleon's favorable opinion of the polytechnicians who had contributed to the <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">Egyptian expedition</a> and by his admiration for <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Monge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Militarization was accompanied by a specialization of teaching towards mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-Chappey_223–227_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappey_223–227-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1814, students participated in the fighting to defend Paris against the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">the restoration</a> of 1816, the number of students was reduced to about seventy-five and the 'military arts' course was abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1817, King Louis XVIII demilitarized the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">École polytechnique</span></span> and placed it under the supervision of the Ministry of the Interior. In 1830, fifty students participated in the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various decrees were issued until 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above all, the school came under the administration of the Ministry of War,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus regaining its military status. The republican ideal prevailed at the school, as shown by the active participation of students in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_French_Second_Empire">The French Second Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The French Second Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the tension between revolutionary ideas and the service of the State, the republican ideal gradually disappeared after 1851. The Polytechnicians even found themselves on the side of the Versaillese when the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> was crushed in 1871. During the years 1871–1872, the number of students admitted per year doubled from 140 to 280.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polytechnicians sought above all to strengthen their position in the spheres of power to compensate for their loss of influence in the technical field. While they could have turned to an engineering profession associated with industry, the Polytechnicians instead reinforced their sovereign vocation by joining the "state nobility" of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a>, whose origins, interests and convictions they gradually shared. The years 1860–1870 marked an important evolution since the School became more of a "conservatory of sciences" than a center of research and innovation, while extending its hold on the management of the industrial apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-Chappey_223–227_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappey_223–227-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_World_Wars">The World Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The World Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the students were mobilized and the school building was transformed into a hospital. No national entrance exam was held in 1915. More than eight hundred students died during the war. In 1921, students of foreign nationalities were allowed to take the entrance exam for the first time. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">École polytechnique</span></span> was transferred to Lyon in the free zone, lost its military status, and its Parisian buildings were given to the Red Cross. More than four hundred students died during the war (<a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi camps</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_post-war_to_today">From post-war to today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From post-war to today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1944, the School was again placed under the administration of the Ministry of War.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, the School became a state-sponsored civilian institution under the auspices of the Ministry of Defence.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first female students were admitted in 1972. One woman, Anne Chopinet, was class <a href="/wiki/Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976, the School moved from the center of Paris to <a href="/wiki/Palaiseau" title="Palaiseau">Palaiseau</a>, in the southern suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, it began awarding doctoral degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, the bicentennial celebration was presided over by President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, a new entrance exam was set up for international students and in 2000, the Ingénieur Polytechnicien was extended from 3 to 4 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG/220px-Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG/330px-Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG/440px-Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2866" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Historical entrance of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">École polytechnique</span></span> Paris campus at the junction of the rue de la Montagne Saint-Genevieve and rue Descartes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campus_Polytechnique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Campus_Polytechnique.svg/220px-Campus_Polytechnique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Campus_Polytechnique.svg/330px-Campus_Polytechnique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Campus_Polytechnique.svg/440px-Campus_Polytechnique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2696" data-file-height="2261" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">École polytechnique</span></span> campus in Palaiseau</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_locations">Early locations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1794, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">École polytechnique</span></span> was first housed in the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon" title="Palais Bourbon">Palais Bourbon</a>. A year later, it moved to the Hôtel de Lassay, a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_particulier" title="Hôtel particulier">hôtel particulier</a></i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="7th arrondissement of Paris">7th arrondissement of Paris</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montagne_Saint-Geneviève_(1805–1976)"><span id="Montagne_Saint-Genevi.C3.A8ve_.281805.E2.80.931976.29"></span>Montagne Saint-Geneviève (1805–1976)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Montagne Saint-Geneviève (1805–1976)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1805, when he placed the School under military administration, Napoleon transferred it to the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quartier_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartier Latin">Quartier Latin</a></span></span>, in the former premises of the colleges of Navarre, Tournai and Boncourt, now the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Higher_Education,_Research_and_Innovation_(France)" title="Minister of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (France)">Ministry of Higher Education and Research</a>. The Paris campus was located near the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>, at 5 rue Descartes,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was nicknamed "Carva" by the students. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaiseau_(from_1976)"><span id="Palaiseau_.28from_1976.29"></span>Palaiseau (from 1976)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Palaiseau (from 1976)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located in the suburbs of Paris, about 14 km (9 miles) from the city center, École polytechnique is a campus-based institution. It offers teaching facilities, student housing, dining and hospitality services, and a range of sports facilities dedicated to the 4,600 people who live on campus. </p><p>The nearest regional train station is <a href="/wiki/Loz%C3%A8re_station" title="Lozère station">Lozère</a> (<a href="/wiki/RER_B" title="RER B">line B</a>, zone 4 of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional" title="Réseau Express Régional">RER network</a>). Several buses also connect École polytechnique to the <a href="/wiki/Massy-Palaiseau_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Massy-Palaiseau station">Massy-Palaiseau</a> RER station and <a href="/wiki/Massy_TGV_station" title="Massy TGV station">Massy TGV</a> station.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campus is close to other scientific institutions in Saclay (<a href="/wiki/Commissariat_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9nergie_atomique_et_aux_%C3%A9nergies_alternatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives">Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives</a>), Orsay (<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Paris-Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Paris-Sud">Université Paris-Sud</a>) and Bures (<a href="/wiki/Institut_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes_scientifiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut des hautes études scientifiques">Institut des hautes études scientifiques</a> and some laboratories of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">Centre national de la recherche scientifique</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_administration">Organization and administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organization and administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_status">Specific status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Specific status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg/220px-0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg/330px-0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg/440px-0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The Polytechnique <a href="/wiki/Colour_guard" title="Colour guard">color guard</a> at the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day_Military_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastille Day Military Parade">Bastille Day Military Parade</a></figcaption></figure> <p>École polytechnique is an institution of higher education<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defense_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defense (France)">French Ministry of Defence</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Armament" class="mw-redirect" title="General Directorate for Armament">General Directorate for Armament</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (administratively speaking, it is a <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_administratif" title="Établissement public à caractère administratif">national public establishment of an administrative character</a>). It has a dual status, being an engineering school that trains civilian engineers and scientists, but also officers for the three French armies. The aim is to provide the French state with a scientific and technical elite. The number of graduates becoming civil servants and officers has weakened since 1950: today, only 10 to 20% of the school's students join the ranks of the administration or the army, while 20% go into research and the rest into engineering or management.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is headed by a general officer (since 2012, by a <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nieur_du_corps_de_l%27armement" class="extiw" title="fr:Ingénieur du corps de l'armement">General engineer of Armament</a>, whereas previous directors were generally army generals), and employs military personnel in leadership, administrative and sport training positions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French undergraduate <i>polytechniciens</i>, both male and female, are <a href="/wiki/Cadet" title="Cadet">cadets</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have to go through a period of military training before beginning their studies.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the military dimension of the school faded over time, with a reduced period of preliminary military training, and fewer and fewer students choosing a career as an officer. <span class="anchor" id="Uniform"></span>On special occasions, such as the military parade on the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a>, the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">polytechniciens</i></span></i> wear the 19th-century-style <i>Grand Uniforme</i>, including a <a href="/wiki/Bicorne" title="Bicorne">bicorne</a>, but students no longer wear uniforms on campus since the abolition of the 'internal uniform' in the mid-1980s. Students also wear the <i>Grand Uniforme</i> for special events on campus, such as conferences and ceremonies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities_and_teaching_staff">Activities and teaching staff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Activities and teaching staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>École polytechnique has a general engineering curriculum at the undergraduate and graduate levels, as well as a doctoral school. In addition to the faculty coming from its local laboratories, it employs many researchers and professors from other institutions, including laboratories such as <a href="/wiki/Centre_National_de_la_Recherche_Scientifique" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique">CNRS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commissariat_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%89nergie_Atomique" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique">CEA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/INRIA" class="mw-redirect" title="INRIA">INRIA</a>, as well as from the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a> and nearby institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27optique" class="mw-redirect" title="École supérieure d'optique">Institut d'Optique</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Paris-Sud_11_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris-Sud 11 University">Université Paris-Sud</a>, thus creating a varied and high-level teaching environment.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to French public universities, the teachers at École polytechnique are <i>not</i> civil servants (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fonctionnaires</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but contract employees. In addition to full-time professors who do research at the École polytechnique in addition to their full teaching duties, there are part-time professors who have only a partial teaching load.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part-time teachers are often recruited from research organizations (CNRS, CEA, INRIA, etc.) which carry out their activities on the School's campus, in the Paris region, or sometimes even in the provinces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_programs">Academic programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Academic programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg/220px-Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg/330px-Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg/440px-Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Mandelbrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Benoît Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a> during his speech at the ceremony when he was made an officer of the Legion of Honour on 11 September 2006, at the École polytechnique</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_'Polytechnicien_Engineer'_program"><span id="The_.27Polytechnicien_Engineer.27_program"></span>The <i>'Polytechnicien Engineer'</i> program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The 'Polytechnicien Engineer' program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The program awards the prestigious <i><a href="/wiki/Dipl%C3%B4me_d%27ing%C3%A9nieur" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplôme d'ingénieur">diplôme d'ingénieur</a></i> degree, and is selective upon entry. The subjects covered often go beyond the student's specialty, and the course is focused on generalized education allowing cross-fertilization between different fields. </p><p>In addition to the 2,000 <i>polytechnicien</i> engineering students (500 students per year), the institution has approximately 439 master's students and 572 doctoral students, for a total of 2,900 enrolled.<sup id="cite_ref-WebsiteAbout_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebsiteAbout-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Admission">Admission</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Admission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg/220px-0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg/330px-0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg/440px-0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Foreign students of the École</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two ways to enter the <i>Polytechnicien Engineer</i> program. The first way is through a very selective competitive examination that requires at least two years of intensive preparation after high school in <i><a href="/wiki/Classes_pr%C3%A9paratoires" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes préparatoires">classes préparatoires</a></i>. The second way is to do undergraduate studies at another university. There is a week of written exams in the spring, followed by oral exams in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 400 French students are admitted to the school each year.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign students who have completed a <i>classe préparatoire</i> can also enter through the same competitive examination. In total, there are about 100 foreign students admitted to this cycle each year. Foreign students from European or American universities can also be admitted as part of an exchange program for a semester or a year.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curriculum">Curriculum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four years of study are required for the engineering degree:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one year of <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a> (for French nationals only) and a scientific "common curriculum" (eight months and four months, respectively), one year of multidisciplinary studies, and one year of specialized studies ("majors"). Since the reform of the curriculum in 2000, students complete a fourth year of study in a partner institution. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg/180px-Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg/270px-Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg/360px-Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Students wearing the uniform of Polytechnique</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>First year</dt></dl> <p>The curriculum begins with eight months of mandatory military service for students of French nationality. In the past, this service lasted 12 months and was compulsory for all French students; the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">draft</a> in France made this requirement of Polytechnique somewhat anachronistic, and the service was reformulated as a period of "human and military training." All French students spend a month together at <a href="/wiki/La_Courtine" title="La Courtine">La Courtine</a> in a military training center. By the end of this month, they are assigned either to a civilian service or to the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">Air Force</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a>. Students who are assigned to military service undergo two months of military training at French officer schools such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">Saint-Cyr</a> or <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Navale" class="mw-redirect" title="École Navale">École Navale</a>. Finally, they are assigned to a wide range of units for a five-month tour of duty in a French military unit (which may include, but is not limited to, infantry and artillery regiments, warships, and air bases).<sup id="cite_ref-pdfguide_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdfguide-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While French students remain under military status during their studies at Polytechnique, and participate in various ceremonies and other military events, such as national ceremonies like Bastille Day or the anniversaries of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistices</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="World War">World Wars</a>, they do not undergo actual military training after completing their first-year service.<sup id="cite_ref-pdfguide_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdfguide-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They receive at the end of the first year the <a href="#Uniform">full dress uniform</a>, which comprises black trousers with a red stripe (a skirt for females), a coat with <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> buttons and a belt, a <a href="/wiki/Small_sword" title="Small sword">small sword</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cocked_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocked hat">cocked hat</a> (officially called a <i><a href="/wiki/Bicorne" title="Bicorne">bicorne</a></i>). French-speaking foreign students perform civil service. Civil service can, for example, consist of being an assistant in a high school in a disadvantaged French suburb. </p><p>Then begins a four-month period during which all students take the same five courses: Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science and Economics. </p> <dl><dt>Second year</dt></dl> <p>The second year is a year of multidisciplinary studies. The set of disciplines covers most of the scientific fields (mathematics, applied mathematics, mechanics, computer science, biology, physics, chemistry, economics) and some areas of the humanities (foreign languages, general humanities...). Students must choose twelve courses in at least five different disciplines. </p> <dl><dt>Third year</dt></dl> <p>In the third year, students must choose a specialization (<i>programme d'approfondissement</i>), which often focuses on a discipline or sometimes an interdisciplinary subject. This year ends with a research internship (four to six months). Students also earn a Master's degree in engineering, science and technology in their third year. </p> <dl><dt>Fourth year</dt></dl> <p>The fourth year is the beginning of more specialized studies: students who do not enter a State Corps must enter either a Master's degree or a doctorate, a partner college or institute such as the <a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">École des mines de Paris</a> or <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_la_statistique_et_de_l%27administration_%C3%A9conomique" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique">ENSAE</a>, or a specialization institute such as <a href="/wiki/Supa%C3%A9ro" class="mw-redirect" title="Supaéro">Supaéro</a> in Toulouse or <a href="/wiki/IFP_School" title="IFP School">ENSPM</a> in Rueil-Malmaison. The reason for this is that the generic education provided at Polytechnique is more focused on developing thinking skills than on preparing students for the transition to a real engineering career, which requires more advanced technical training. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Class_rank_and_career_path">Class rank and career path</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Class rank and career path"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grades of the second year of the curriculum are used to rank the students. Traditionally, this individual exit ranking was very important for the French students of the École polytechnique, and certain peculiarities in the organization of studies and ranking can be attributed to the need for equity among students. </p><p>For French nationals, this ranking is part of a government recruitment program: a certain number of places in civil or military Corps, including elite civil servant such as the <a href="/wiki/Corps_des_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Corps des Mines">Corps des Mines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Bridges,_Waters_and_Forests" title="Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests">Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests</a>, are open to students each year. These specific corps of civil servants, which provide the senior executives of the public administration, are open only to students of the École polytechnique and to rare students of the <a href="/wiki/Ecole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole Normale Supérieure">Ecole Normale Supérieure</a>. At some point in their studies, students make a list of the corps they wish to enter in order of preference, and they are enrolled in the highest corps according to their ranking. The next step for these French polytechnicians is to join one of the four technical schools of the civil service: <a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">École des mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Ponts_et_Chauss%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées">École des ponts et chaussées</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Télécom ParisTech">Télécom ParisTech</a>, <a href="/wiki/ENSTA_Paris" title="ENSTA Paris">ENSTA Paris</a> or <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_la_statistique_et_de_l%27administration_%C3%A9conomique" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique">ENSAE</a>, thus joining one of the civil service bodies known as <i><a href="/wiki/French_Civil_Service#Great_corps_of_the_State" class="mw-redirect" title="French Civil Service">grands corps techniques de l'État</a></i>. Those who follow this path are called as <a href="/wiki/X-Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="X-Mines">X-Mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-Ponts" class="mw-redirect" title="X-Ponts">X-Ponts</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=X-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9coms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X-Télécoms (page does not exist)">X-Télécoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="X-INSEE">X-INSEE</a> respectively. </p><p>Since the X2000 reform, the importance of rank has diminished. With the exception of the corps curriculum, the universities and schools where <i>polytechniciens</i> complete their training now base their acceptance decisions on the transcripts of all grades. </p><p>Of the 47% of graduates who decide to pursue a professional career in the private sector, the majority (58%) are based in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Greater Paris</a> area, 8% in the rest of France, while 34% are based outside France. Only 12% of the cohort work under a non-French employment contract. École polytechnique students earn an average of €44,000 per year after graduation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tuition_and_financial_obligations">Tuition and financial obligations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tuition and financial obligations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French students admitted to the École polytechnique do not pay tuition fees and receive a salary as officer cadets. Through the student board, they redistribute part of this sum to foreign students. </p><p>There is no particular financial obligation for students who complete the program and then enter an application school or graduate program accredited by the École polytechnique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bachelor_program">Bachelor program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bachelor program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bachelor is a three-year program fully taught in English which opened in 2017. Either French nationals or international students are eligible. Applications are opened to final year high school students. Selection is made through an online application file and an oral interview.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first year of the programme, students follow a pluridisciplinary curriculum based on mathematics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Master's_program"><span id="Master.27s_program"></span>Master's program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Master's program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>École polytechnique organizes various master's programs, more specialized than the polytechnic engineering program, alone or in association with other schools and universities, on a wide variety of subjects. The school offers programs in AI, computer vision, economics, finance, environmental science, energy, and data science. Some degrees in entrepreneurship are delivered in partnership with <a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg/220px-Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg/330px-Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg/440px-Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the École polytechnique campus</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctoral_program">Doctoral program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Doctoral program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The school also has a doctoral program open to students with a master's degree or equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doctoral students generally work in the school's laboratories; they may also work in external institutes or institutions that cannot or will not award a doctorate. </p><p>About 40% of doctoral students come from abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-WebsiteAbout_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebsiteAbout-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_centres">Research centres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Research centres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>École polytechnique has many research laboratories operating in various scientific fields (<a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, mathematics, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, economics, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, etc.), most operated in association with national scientific institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Centre_National_de_la_Recherche_Scientifique" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique">CNRS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commissariat_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%89nergie_Atomique" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique">CEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inserm" title="Inserm">Inserm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Institute_for_Research_in_Computer_Science_and_Automation" title="French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation">Inria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_life">Student life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Student life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Students are represented by a board of 16 students known as "la Kès", elected each November. La Kès manages the relationships with teachers, management, alumni and partners. It publishes a weekly students paper, <i>InfoKès</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sports are an important part of student life, as all students are required to play 6 hours of sports per week. There are competitive and club sports ranging from skydiving and judo to circus and hiking. There are two swimming pools, dojo and fencing rooms, and an equestrian center on campus. The "Jumping de l'X" is an international show jumping competition organized by the school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:294px;max-width:294px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg/146px-Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg/219px-Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg/292px-Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2481" data-file-height="3553" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (X1872), Nobel Prize in Physics 1903</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg/140px-Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg/210px-Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg/280px-Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4191" data-file-height="5600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn" title="André Citroën">André Citroën</a> (X1898), founder of <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_alumni" title="List of École Polytechnique alumni">List of École Polytechnique alumni</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_faculty" title="List of École Polytechnique faculty">List of École Polytechnique faculty</a></div> <p>Many École polytechnique graduates hold important positions in government, industry and research in France. Its alumni include three Nobel prizes winners, three presidents of the French Republic, and several business and industry leaders. Researchers at the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">French National Centre for Scientific Research</a> have found that most business executives in France are traditionally alumni of the École polytechnique.<sup id="cite_ref-lesdirigeants_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesdirigeants-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rankings">Rankings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_rankings">General rankings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: General rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In international rankings, the École polytechnique is ranked as part of the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Paris" title="Polytechnic Institute of Paris">Polytechnic Institute of Paris</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_performance">Research performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Research performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Performance_Ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities" title="Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities">Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities</a> ranked the university at 475th globally with its "Engineering Subjects" placed at 451–500th in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, it is ranked 509th in the world by the <a href="/wiki/University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance" title="University Ranking by Academic Performance">University Ranking by Academic Performance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_rankings">Other rankings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Other rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2015 Times Higher Education Small Universities Rankings, École polytechnique ranks third, after <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>QS Rank (Change)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>41 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>35 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>40 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>53 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>59 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>65 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>60 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>61 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech_:_Professional_Ranking_World_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities">Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities</a>, which looks at the education of the Fortune 500 CEOs, ranks École polytechnique seventh in the world in its 2011 ranking (1st being Harvard University), second among French institutions behind <a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Rank (Change) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>4 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>15 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>14 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>12 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>7 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes écoles">grandes écoles</a></i></span>, including the École polytechnique, are criticized for their "elitism" and therefore their lack of diversity. <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> has found that the children of executives and teachers are more likely to enter the <i>écoles</i> than children from lower-income families.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent report found that children of employees are 50 times more likely to enter the Ecole polytechnique than the children of workers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polytechnique_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Arms of the École polytechnique"><img alt="The Arms of the École polytechnique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polytechnique_logo.png/112px-Polytechnique_logo.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polytechnique_logo.png/168px-Polytechnique_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polytechnique_logo.png/224px-Polytechnique_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1007" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Arms of the <i>École polytechnique</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The main hall seen from the lake"><img alt="The main hall seen from the lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG/120px-Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG/180px-Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG/240px-Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The main hall seen from the lake</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cadets of Polytechnique at the Bastille Day Military Parade"><img alt="Cadets of Polytechnique at the Bastille Day Military Parade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg/120px-0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg/180px-0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg/240px-0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cadets of <i>Polytechnique</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day_Military_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastille Day Military Parade">Bastille Day Military Parade</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The bicorne hat of Polytechnique"><img alt="The bicorne hat of Polytechnique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg/120px-Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg/180px-Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg/240px-Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3576" data-file-height="2384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Bicorne" title="Bicorne">bicorne</a></i> hat of <i>Polytechnique</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polytechnique.edu/en/study-at-ecole-polytechnique/">"Study at École polytechnique"</a>. <i>École polytechnique</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%89cole+polytechnique&rft.atitle=Study+at+%C3%89cole+polytechnique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polytechnique.edu%2Fen%2Fstudy-at-ecole-polytechnique%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaunchBachelorProgram-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaunchBachelorProgram_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polytechnique.edu/en/content/applications-bachelor-program-open-november-25th">"Applications for the Bachelor program open on November 25th"</a>. <i>École polytechnique</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%89cole+polytechnique&rft.atitle=Applications+for+the+Bachelor+program+open+on+November+25th&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polytechnique.edu%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fapplications-bachelor-program-open-november-25th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FWAspad%2FUnTexteDeJorf%3Fnumjo%3DESRS2036012A">"Arrêté du 25 février 2021 fixant la liste des écoles accréditées à délivrer un titre d'ingénieur diplômé – Légifrance"</a>. <i>archive.wikiwix.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.wikiwix.com&rft.atitle=Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9+du+25+f%C3%A9vrier+2021+fixant+la+liste+des+%C3%A9coles+accr%C3%A9dit%C3%A9es+%C3%A0+d%C3%A9livrer+un+titre+d%27ing%C3%A9nieur+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+L%C3%A9gifrance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.wikiwix.com%2Fcache%2Findex2.php%3Furl%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%252FWAspad%252FUnTexteDeJorf%253Fnumjo%253DESRS2036012A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bretagne.ens-cachan.fr/version-francaise/l-ecole/histoire/les-ecoles-de-l-an-iii-106752.kjsp?RH=1189690570769">Michel Nusimovici, <i>Les écoles de l'an III</i>, 2010.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polytechnique.edu/en/school/history">"History - École polytechnique"</a>. <i>www.polytechnique.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.polytechnique.edu&rft.atitle=History+-+%C3%89cole+polytechnique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polytechnique.edu%2Fen%2Fschool%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polytechnique.edu/ecole/gouvernance/actes-officiels/textes-officiels/les-eleves">"Les élèves"</a>. <i>École polytechnique, école d'ingénieur</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%89cole+polytechnique%2C+%C3%A9cole+d%27ing%C3%A9nieur&rft.atitle=Les+%C3%A9l%C3%A8ves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polytechnique.edu%2Fecole%2Fgouvernance%2Factes-officiels%2Ftextes-officiels%2Fles-eleves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://programmes.polytechnique.edu/en/bachelor/bachelor-of-science">"Bachelor of Science"</a>. <i>programmes.polytechnique.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=programmes.polytechnique.edu&rft.atitle=Bachelor+of+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprogrammes.polytechnique.edu%2Fen%2Fbachelor%2Fbachelor-of-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://programmes.polytechnique.edu/en/ingenieur-polytechnicien-program/about-the-ingenieur-polytechnicien-program/career-paths">"Career Paths"</a>. <i>programmes.polytechnique.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=programmes.polytechnique.edu&rft.atitle=Career+Paths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprogrammes.polytechnique.edu%2Fen%2Fingenieur-polytechnicien-program%2Fabout-the-ingenieur-polytechnicien-program%2Fcareer-paths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Allais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Tirole</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Yoccoz" title="Jean-Christophe Yoccoz">Jean-Christophe Yoccoz</a> (1994) ; Yoccoz was not a student at Polytechnique because he chose to be educated at <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a> (1975–1979), but he completed his Ph.D. under <a href="/wiki/Michael_Herman_(mathematician)" title="Michael Herman (mathematician)">Michael Herman</a> in 1985 in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_de_math%C3%A9matiques_Laurent_Schwartz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre de mathématiques Laurent Schwartz (page does not exist)">Centre de mathématiques Laurent Schwartz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_de_math%C3%A9matiques_Laurent_Schwartz" class="extiw" title="fr:Centre de mathématiques Laurent Schwartz">fr</a>]</span> of École polytechnique, a research centre which had been created by another Field medalist and a professor at Polytechnique : <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Schwartz" title="Laurent Schwartz">Laurent Schwartz</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sadi_Carnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie François Sadi Carnot">Sadi Carnot</a> (who was the nephew of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Carnot the physicist</a> and the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Carnot the <i>École</i> founder</a>), <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lebrun" title="Albert Lebrun">Lebrun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Giscard</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://programmes.polytechnique.edu/a-propos">"Présentation de l'École"</a>. <i>programmes.polytechnique.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="citation journal cs1">Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (1 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30037440">"The "Ecole Polytechnique", 1794–1850: Differences over Educational Purpose and Teaching Practice"</a>. <i>The American Mathematical Monthly</i>. <b>112</b> (3): 233–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F30037440">10.2307/30037440</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9890">0002-9890</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30037440">30037440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Mathematical+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+%22Ecole+Polytechnique%22%2C+1794%E2%80%931850%3A+Differences+over+Educational+Purpose+and+Teaching+Practice&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=233-250&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft.issn=0002-9890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30037440%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F30037440&rft.aulast=Grattan-Guinness&rft.aufirst=Ivor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F30037440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1889" class="citation journal cs1">Stein, Henri (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27histoire+des+sciences&rft.atitle=La+pr%C3%A9histoire+de+l%27Ecole+polytechnique&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-89&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0151-4105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23632816%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frhs.1991.4174&rft.aulast=Langins&rft.aufirst=Janis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23632816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapecchiRuta2014" class="citation journal cs1">Capecchi, Danilo; Ruta, Giuseppe (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-013-9866-9">"European polytechnic schools in nineteenth century and Karlsruhe's exemplary case"</a>. <i>Meccanica</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 13–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11012-013-9866-9">10.1007/s11012-013-9866-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9648">1572-9648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254798029">254798029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meccanica&rft.atitle=European+polytechnic+schools+in+nineteenth+century+and+Karlsruhe%27s+exemplary+case&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-21&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254798029%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1572-9648&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11012-013-9866-9&rft.aulast=Capecchi&rft.aufirst=Danilo&rft.au=Ruta%2C+Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11012-013-9866-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polytechnique.edu/en/school/history/1794-1804-revolution-and-napoleonic-period">"1794–1804: Revolution and Napoleonic Period"</a>. <i>École polytechnique</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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L'École polytechnique et ses élèves de la Révolution au Second Empire"</a>. <i>Annales historiques de la Révolution française</i> (in French) (337): 223–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fahrf.1564">10.4000/ahrf.1564</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4436">0003-4436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+historiques+de+la+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=La+Formation+d%27une+technocratie.+L%27%C3%89cole+polytechnique+et+ses+%C3%A9l%C3%A8ves+de+la+R%C3%A9volution+au+Second+Empire&rft.issue=337&rft.pages=223-227&rft.date=2004-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fahrf.1564&rft.issn=0003-4436&rft.aulast=Chappey&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fahrf%2F1564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Organisation de l'Ecole Polytechnique. Ordonnance du 13 novembre 1830, Mon. univ. (15 November 1830) 1465–1466; also in Le globe (18 November 1830) 1085–1086 [with editorial remarks]; also in J. gén. civil 10 (1831) 87–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polytechnique.edu/en/school/history/20th-century-wars-lead-new-orientations">"20th century: wars lead to new orientations"</a>. <i>École polytechnique</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%89cole+polytechnique&rft.atitle=20th+century%3A+wars+lead+to+new+orientations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polytechnique.edu%2Fen%2Fschool%2Fhistory%2F20th-century-wars-lead-new-orientations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polytechnique.edu/en/school/history/1958-2018">"From 1958 to 2018"</a>. <i>École polytechnique</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%89cole+polytechnique&rft.atitle=From+1958+to+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polytechnique.edu%2Fen%2Fschool%2Fhistory%2F1958-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/fr/histoire-de-l-ecole-polytechnique-45762">"Histoire de l'École polytechnique"</a>. <i>enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Histoire+de+l%27%C3%89cole+polytechnique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fhistoire-de-l-ecole-polytechnique-45762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polytechnique.edu/accueil/vie-sur-le-campus">École polytechnique – Un cadre unique</a>. Polytechnique.edu. Retrieved on 16 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006525297"><i>Code de l'éducation, L675-1</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexteArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006245718&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006052532"><i>Arrêté du 12 septembre 2005</i></a> <i>relatif à l'exercice de la tutelle du ministre de la défense sur divers organismes publics confiés à la délégation générale pour l'armement, article 1</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexteArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006542786&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000005622333">Décret n°96-1124 du 20 décembre 1996</a> relatif à l'organisation et au régime administratif et financier de l'École polytechnique</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000019478016">Décret n° 2008-960 du 12 septembre 2008</a> fixant certaines dispositions d'ordre statutaire applicables aux élèves français de l'École polytechnique</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polytechnique.edu/page.php?MID=173">First Period : General Education</a>, web site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000591004">Arrêté du 14 août 2001</a> <i>relatif à la formation militaire et à la formation à l'exercice des responsabilités des élèves français de l'École polytechnique prévues à l'article 2 du décret n° 2000-900 du 14 septembre 2000 fixant certaines dispositions d'ordre statutaire applicables aux élèves français de l'École polytechnique</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polytechnique.edu/page.php?MID=30">Partners</a>, official web site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexteArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006369988&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006065849">Décret 87-16 du 14 janvier 1987</a>: by exception to the general rule that staff in public establishments of an administrative character are civil servants, the teaching staff of Polytechnique is hired on contracts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000400226">Décret n°2000-497 du 5 juin 2000</a> fixant les dispositions applicables aux personnels enseignants de l'École polytechnique</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polytechnique.edu/page.php?MID=29">The French 'Grandes Écoles'</a>, École Poytechnique web site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Until 1988, the number of newly admitted French students was around 300 on a yearly basis ; and until 1952, it was between 200 and 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polytechnique.edu/page.php?MID=35">International Exchange Program</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polytechnique.edu/home/curriculum-and-programs/ingenieur-polytechnicien-program/ingenieur-polytechnicien-program-24180.kjsp?RH=1255531167452">Ingénieur Polytechnicien Program</a>, an English-language page from the school's website, describing the engineering degree.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdfguide-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pdfguide_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdfguide_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polymedia.polytechnique.fr/EnLignes/Files/ens_07_08_US.pdf">"Ingenieur Polytechnicien"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ingenieur+Polytechnicien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polymedia.polytechnique.fr%2FEnLignes%2FFiles%2Fens_07_08_US.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5.79 MB)</span> p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://start.lesechos.fr/etudes-formations/universites-grandes-ecoles/top-20-des-ecoles-d-ingenieurs-qui-paient-le-mieux-a-la-sortie-7372.php">"Top 20 des écoles d'ingénieurs qui paient le mieux à la sortie"</a>. <i>Les Echos</i>. 16 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Les+Echos&rft.atitle=Top+20+des+%C3%A9coles+d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs+qui+paient+le+mieux+%C3%A0+la+sortie&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstart.lesechos.fr%2Fetudes-formations%2Funiversites-grandes-ecoles%2Ftop-20-des-ecoles-d-ingenieurs-qui-paient-le-mieux-a-la-sortie-7372.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portail.polytechnique.edu/bachelor/en/admissions/interview">"Admissions Criteria and Procedures"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Admissions+Criteria+and+Procedures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportail.polytechnique.edu%2Fbachelor%2Fen%2Fadmissions%2Finterview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etudiant.lefigaro.fr/annuaire/712-msc-x-hec-entrepreneurs-admission-inscription-prix/">MSc X-HEC Entrepreneurs : admission, inscription, prix...</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polytechnique.edu/page.php?MID=21">Admission</a> École polytechnique web site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lesdirigeants-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lesdirigeants_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoly2012" class="citation journal cs1">Joly, Hervé (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fvin.114.0016">"Les dirigeants des grandes entreprises industrielles françaises au 20e siècle"</a>. <i>Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire</i>. <b>2</b> (114): 16–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fvin.114.0016">10.3917/vin.114.0016</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vingti%C3%A8me+Si%C3%A8cle.+Revue+d%27histoire&rft.atitle=Les+dirigeants+des+grandes+entreprises+industrielles+fran%C3%A7aises+au+20e+si%C3%A8cle&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=114&rft.pages=16-32&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fvin.114.0016&rft.aulast=Joly&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Fvin.114.0016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nturanking.csti.tw/ranking/bySchoolName/Ecole%20Polytechnique">"Ecole polytechnique"</a>. <i>nturanking.csti.tw</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nturanking.csti.tw&rft.atitle=Ecole+polytechnique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnturanking.csti.tw%2Franking%2FbySchoolName%2FEcole%2520Polytechnique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urapcenter.org/Rankings/2019-2020/World_Ranking_2019-2020">"URAP – University Ranking by Academic Academic Performance"</a>. <i>www.urapcenter.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.urapcenter.org&rft.atitle=URAP+%E2%80%93+University+Ranking+by+Academic+Academic+Performance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urapcenter.org%2FRankings%2F2019-2020%2FWorld_Ranking_2019-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/worlds-best-small-universities-2016">The world's best small universities 2016</a>, 25 January 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/ecole-polytechnique#wurs">"QS Top Universities 2021: Ecole polytechnique"</a>. <i>QS Top Universities</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inegalites&rft.atitle=Des+classes+pr%C3%A9paratoires+et+des+grandes+%C3%A9coles+toujours+aussi+ferm%C3%A9es&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegalites.fr%2FDes-classes-preparatoires-et-des-grandes-ecoles-toujours-aussi-fermees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1993" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Burton R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o_bnKr1RDcgC&q=The+Research+Foundations+of+Graduate+Education:+Germany,+Britain,+France,+United+States,+Japan,"><i>The Research Foundations of Graduate Education: Germany, Britain, France, United States, Japan</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07997-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07997-7"><bdi>978-0-520-07997-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Research+Foundations+of+Graduate+Education%3A+Germany%2C+Britain%2C+France%2C+United+States%2C+Japan&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07997-7&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Burton+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do_bnKr1RDcgC%26q%3DThe%2BResearch%2BFoundations%2Bof%2BGraduate%2BEducation%3A%2BGermany%2C%2BBritain%2C%2BFrance%2C%2BUnited%2BStates%2C%2BJapan%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillispie2004" class="citation book cs1">Gillispie, Charles C. (2004). <i>Science and Polity in France, the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Years</i>. Princeton Universitv Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11541-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11541-2"><bdi>978-0-691-11541-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Polity+in+France%2C+the+Revolutionary+and+Napoleonic+Years&rft.pub=Princeton+Universitv+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11541-2&rft.aulast=Gillispie&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrattan-Guinness2005" class="citation news cs1">Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (March 2005). "The "Ecole Polytechnique", 1794–1850: Differences over Educational Purpose and Teaching Practice". <i>The American Mathematical Monthly</i>. Vol. 112, no. 3. Published by: Mathematical Association of America. pp. 233–250. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30037440">30037440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Mathematical+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+%22Ecole+Polytechnique%22%2C+1794%E2%80%931850%3A+Differences+over+Educational+Purpose+and+Teaching+Practice&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=233-250&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30037440%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grattan-Guinness&rft.aufirst=Ivor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/business/worldbusiness/17france.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=polytechnique&st=nyt&oref=slogin">"In France, the Heads No Longer Roll"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, Sunday, 17 February 2008</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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d'Albi-Carmaux">Albi-Carmaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Mines_de_Douai" title="École des Mines de Douai">Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Nancy" title="École nationale supérieure des mines de Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_mines_de_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="École des mines de Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">Mines ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_l%27aviation_civile" title="École nationale de l'aviation civile">ENAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_du_g%C3%A9nie_de_l%27eau_et_de_l%27environnement_de_Strasbourg" title="École nationale du génie de l'eau et de l'environnement de Strasbourg">ENGEES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Brest" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Brest">ENIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Metz" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Metz">ENIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Saint-Etienne" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Etienne">ENISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_des_techniques_des_industries_agro-alimentaires" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs des techniques des industries agro-alimentaires">ENITIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENSAE_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSAE ParisTech">ENSAE ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_la_statistique_et_de_l%27analyse_de_l%27information" title="École nationale de la statistique et de l'analyse de l'information">ENSAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27agronomie_et_des_industries_alimentaires" title="École nationale supérieure d'agronomie et des industries alimentaires">ENSAIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENSAIT" title="ENSAIT">ENSAIT</a></li> <li>ENSC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Lille" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Montpellier" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Mulhouse" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Rennes" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Rennes">Rennes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie,_de_biologie_et_de_physique" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie, de biologie et de physique">ENSCBP Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_l%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_de_ses_applications_(Cergy-Pontoise)" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure de l'électronique et de ses applications (Cergy-Pontoise)">ENSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectronique,_informatique,_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications,_math%C3%A9matique_et_m%C3%A9canique_de_Bordeaux" title="École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématique et mécanique de Bordeaux">ENSEIRB-MATMECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9_et_de_m%C3%A9canique_de_Nancy" title="École nationale supérieure d'électricité et de mécanique de Nancy">ENSEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_G%C3%A9ologie" title="École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie">ENSG-Géologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_des_sciences_g%C3%A9ographiques" title="École nationale des sciences géographiques">ENSG-Géomatique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_en_g%C3%A9nie_des_syst%C3%A8mes_et_de_l%27innovation" title="École nationale supérieure en génie des systèmes et de l'innovation">ENSGSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_industries_chimiques_(ENSIC,_Nancy)" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des industries chimiques (ENSIC, Nancy)">ENSIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Caen" title="École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Caen">ENSICAEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27informatique_pour_l%27industrie_et_l%27entreprise" title="École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise">ENSIIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_Sud-Alsace" title="École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs Sud-Alsace">ENSISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_et_de_technologie_de_Lannion" title="École nationale supérieure des sciences appliquées et de technologie de Lannion">ENSSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENSTA_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSTA ParisTech">ENSTA ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_technologies_et_industries_du_bois" title="École nationale supérieure des technologies et industries du bois">ENSTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_des_travaux_publics_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="École nationale des travaux publics de l'État">ENTPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_pour_l%27informatique_et_les_techniques_avanc%C3%A9es" title="École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées">EPITA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPF_School_of_Engineering" title="EPF School of Engineering">EPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAM-EPMI" title="ECAM-EPMI">EPMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27agricultures_d%27Angers" title="École supérieure d'agricultures d'Angers">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_angevine_en_informatique_et_productique" title="École supérieure angevine en informatique et productique">ESAIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_du_bois" title="École supérieure du bois">ESB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_organique_et_min%C3%A9rale" title="École supérieure de chimie organique et minérale">ESCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_de_l%27Ouest" title="École supérieure d'électronique de l'Ouest">ESEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIEA_(university)" title="ESIEA (university)">ESIEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIEE_Amiens" title="ESIEE Amiens">ESIEE Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIEE_Paris" title="ESIEE Paris">ESIEE Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIGELEC" title="ESIGELEC">ESIGELEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_des_travaux_de_la_construction_de_Caen" title="École supérieure d'ingénieurs des travaux de la construction de Caen">ESITC Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESME-Sudria" title="ESME-Sudria">ESME-Sudria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPCI_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="ESPCI ParisTech">ESPCI ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_techniques_a%C3%A9ronautiques_et_de_construction_automobile" title="École supérieure des techniques aéronautiques et de construction automobile">ESTACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESTIA_Institute_of_Technology" title="ESTIA Institute of Technology">ESTIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_des_Travaux_Publics" title="École Spéciale des Travaux Publics">ESTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Institute_of_Technology" title="Grenoble Institute of Technology">Grenoble INP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_l%27%C3%A9nergie,_l%27eau_et_l%27environnement" title="École nationale supérieure de l'énergie, l'eau et l'environnement">ENSE<sup>3</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27informatique_et_de_math%C3%A9matiques_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Grenoble" title="École nationale supérieure d'informatique et de mathématiques appliquées de Grenoble">ENSIMAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_g%C3%A9nie_industriel" title="École nationale supérieure de génie industriel">ENSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_internationale_du_papier,_de_la_communication_imprim%C3%A9e_et_des_biomat%C3%A9riaux" title="École internationale du papier, de la communication imprimée et des biomatériaux">PAGORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_physique,_%C3%A9lectronique_et_mat%C3%A9riaux" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure de physique, électronique et matériaux">PHELMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_des_syst%C3%A8mes_avanc%C3%A9s_et_r%C3%A9seaux" title="École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs des systèmes avancés et réseaux">ESISAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hautes_%C3%A9tudes_d%27ing%C3%A9nieur" title="Hautes études d'ingénieur">HEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_catholique_d%27arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Institut catholique d'arts et métiers">ICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFP_School" title="IFP School">IFP School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Toulouse" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse">INP Toulouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ENSEEIHT" title="ENSEEIHT">ENSEEIHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_ing%C3%A9nieurs_en_arts_chimiques_et_technologiques" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques">ENSIACET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Tarbes" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes">ENIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_la_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie" title="École nationale de la météorologie">ENM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_Agronomique_de_Toulouse" title="École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse">ENSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Purpan" title="École d'ingénieurs de Purpan">EIP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées">INSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Centre_Val_de_Loire" title="INSA Centre Val de Loire">CVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Hauts-de-France" title="INSA Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Lyon" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rennes" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rouen" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Rouen">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Strasbourg" title="INSA Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Toulouse" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27optique" class="mw-redirect" title="École supérieure d'optique">Institut d'optique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_polytechnique_des_sciences_avanc%C3%A9es" title="Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées">IPSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISA_Lille" title="ISA Lille">ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27a%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27espace" title="Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace">ISAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27automobile_et_des_transports" title="Institut supérieur de l'automobile et des transports">ISAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27agriculture_Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Institut supérieur d'agriculture Rhône-Alpes">ISARA Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_du_num%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique et du numérique">ISEN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_du_num%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique et du numérique">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_du_num%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique et du numérique">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_du_num%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique et du numérique">Toulon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_de_Paris" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique de Paris">ISEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27informatique_d%27Auvergne" title="Institut d'informatique d'Auvergne">ISIMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_des_mat%C3%A9riaux_du_Mans" title="Institut supérieur des matériaux du Mans">ISMANS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_textile_et_chimique_de_Lyon" title="Institut textile et chimique de Lyon">ITECH Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SupAgro" class="mw-redirect" title="SupAgro">SupAgro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polym%C3%A9ca" title="Polyméca">Polyméca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_ENSIL-ENSCI" title="École d'ingénieurs ENSIL-ENSCI">ENSCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_techniques_avanc%C3%A9es_Bretagne" title="École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne">ENSTA Bretagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_m%C3%A9canique_et_d%27a%C3%A9rotechnique" title="École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique">ENSMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supm%C3%A9ca" title="Supméca">Supméca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supmicrotech" title="Supmicrotech">Supmicrotech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytech_Group_(France)" title="Polytech Group (France)">Polytech Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Savoie_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_de_Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Savoie de l'Université de Chambéry">Annecy-Chambéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_d%27Angers" title="École polytechnique de l'université d'Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Clermont-Auvergne" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Clermont-Auvergne">Clermont-Ferrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Grenoble-Alpes" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Grenoble-Alpes">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Lille" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_Lyon-I" title="École polytechnique universitaire de l'université Lyon-I">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_d%27Aix-Marseille" title="École polytechnique universitaire d'Aix-Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Montpellier" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_de_Lorraine" title="École Polytechnique de l'Université de Lorraine">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_de_Nantes" title="École Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytech_Nice_Sophia" title="Polytech Nice Sophia">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecole_Polytechnique_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université d'Orléans">Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Paris-Saclay" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Paris-Saclay">Paris-Saclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Sorbonne_Universit%C3%A9" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Sorbonne Université">Sorbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_de_Tours" title="École polytechnique de l'université de Tours">Tours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGMA_Clermont" title="SIGMA Clermont">SIGMA Clermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Mines-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com" title="Institut Mines-Télécom">Institut Mines-Télécom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications_de_Bretagne" title="École nationale supérieure des télécommunications de Bretagne">Bretagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_SudParis" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom SudParis">Évry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TELECOM_Lille_1" title="TELECOM Lille 1">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Paris" title="Télécom Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci_Engineering_School" title="Leonardo da Vinci Engineering School">ESILV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Physique_Strasbourg" title="Télécom Physique Strasbourg">Télécom Physique Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilasalle" title="Unilasalle">Unilasalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_technologie_de_Belfort-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Université de technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard">UTBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="University of Technology of Compiègne">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Troyes" title="University of Technology of Troyes">UTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VetAgro_Sup" title="VetAgro Sup">VetAgro Sup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audencia_Business_School" title="Audencia Business School">Audencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundy_School_of_Business" title="Burgundy School of Business">BSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDC_Paris_Business_School" title="EDC Paris Business School">EDC Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDHEC_Business_School_(Ecole_des_Hautes_Etudes_Commerciales_du_Nord)" class="mw-redirect" title="EDHEC Business School (Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales du Nord)">EDHEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emlyon_Business_School" title="Emlyon Business School">Emlyon Business School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecole_de_Management_L%C3%A9onard_De_Vinci" title="Ecole de Management Léonard De Vinci">EMLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_management_de_Normandie" title="École de management de Normandie">EM Normandie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM_Strasbourg_Business_School" title="EM Strasbourg Business School">EM Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESC_Bretagne_Brest" class="mw-redirect" title="ESC Bretagne Brest">ESC Bretagne Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excelia_Group" title="Excelia Group">La Rochelle BS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESC_Clermont_Business_School" title="ESC Clermont Business School">ESC Clermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_commerce_de_Pau" title="École supérieure de commerce de Pau">ESC Pau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESC_Rennes_School_of_Business" title="ESC Rennes School of Business">ESC Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_commerce_et_management" title="École supérieure de commerce et management">ESCEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESCP_Business_School" title="ESCP Business School">ESCP Business School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESDES_School_of_Business_and_Management" title="ESDES School of Business and Management">ESDES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_commerciales_d%27Angers" title="École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers">ESSCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESSEC_Business_School" title="ESSEC Business School">ESSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Business_School_Paris" title="European Business School Paris">European Business School Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_School_of_Management" title="Grenoble School of Management">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_commerce_de_Troyes" title="Groupe École supérieure de commerce de Troyes">ESC Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_international_du_commerce_et_du_d%C3%A9veloppement" title="Institut international du commerce et du développement">ICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICN_Graduate_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="ICN Graduate Business School">ICN Graduate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IESEG_School_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="IESEG School of Management">IESEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSEAD" title="INSEAD">INSEAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSEEC_Business_School" title="INSEEC Business School">INSEEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPAG_Business_School" title="IPAG Business School">IPAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_du_commerce_de_Paris" title="Institut supérieur du commerce de Paris">ISC Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISG_Business_School" title="ISG Business School">ISG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KEDGE_Business_School" title="KEDGE Business School">KEDGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpellier_Business_School" title="Montpellier Business School">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEOMA_Business_School" title="NEOMA Business School">NEOMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_School_of_Business" title="Paris School of Business">PSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skema_Business_School" title="Skema Business School">Skema </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Business_School" title="Telecom Business School">Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse Business School">Toulouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CELSA_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="CELSA Paris">CELSA Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_de_formation_des_journalistes_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre de formation des journalistes de Paris">CFJ Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHESP" title="EHESP">EHESP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">ENA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENAC_Alumni" title="ENAC Alumni">ENAC Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_formation_de_l%27enseignement_agricole" title="École nationale supérieure de formation de l'enseignement agricole">ENSFEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">ENS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Paris-Saclay" title="École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay">ENS Paris-Saclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_lettres_et_sciences_humaines" title="École normale supérieure de lettres et sciences humaines">ENS LSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Lyon" title="École normale supérieure de Lyon">ENS Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Rennes" title="École normale supérieure de Rennes">ENS Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_architecture_of_Nancy" title="School of architecture of Nancy">ENSA Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts">ENSBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_cr%C3%A9ation_industrielle" title="École nationale supérieure de création industrielle">ENSCI–Les Ateliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire_d%27Alfort" title="École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort">ENV Alfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_officiers_de_la_gendarmerie_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="École des officiers de la gendarmerie nationale">EOGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_d%27Architecture" title="École Spéciale d'Architecture">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">ESM Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_sant%C3%A9_des_arm%C3%A9es" title="École de santé des armées">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Alumni" title="HEC Alumni">HEC Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_la_Mode" title="Institut Français de la Mode">IFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire_de_Toulouse" title="École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse">INP-ENVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Intercultural_Management_and_Communication" title="Institute of Intercultural Management and Communication">ISIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_design_Nantes_Atlantique" title="École de design Nantes Atlantique">École de design Nantes Atlantique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Institute_of_Political_Studies" title="Grenoble Institute of Political Studies">Sciences Po Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Dauphine_University" title="Paris Dauphine University">Université Paris-Dauphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes-Atlantic_National_College_of_Veterinary_Medicine,_Food_Science_and_Engineering" title="Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering">Oniris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_des_industries_et_m%C3%A9tiers_de_la_m%C3%A9tallurgie" title="Union des industries et métiers de la métallurgie">Union des industries et métiers de la métallurgie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities abroad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Fondation 2ie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Hassania_des_travaux_publics" class="mw-redirect" title="École Hassania des travaux publics">École Hassania des travaux publics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_of_Mineral_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="National School of Mineral Industry">National School of Mineral Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvain_School_of_Engineering" title="Louvain School of Engineering">Louvain School of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gembloux_Agro-Bio_Tech" title="Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech">Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Lausanne" title="HEC Lausanne">HEC Lausanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Montr%C3%A9al" title="HEC Montréal">HEC Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Management_School_%E2%80%93_University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="HEC Management School – University of Liège">HEC Management School – University of Liège</a></li> <li>Institut national des postes et télécommunications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnique_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Polytechnique Montréal">Polytechnique Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvay_Brussels_School_of_Economics_and_Management" title="Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management">Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_School_of_Communication_of_Tunis" title="Higher School of Communication of Tunis">École supérieure des communications de Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Madrid" title="Technical University of Madrid">Technical University of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lisbon" title="University of Lisbon">University of Lisbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accredited degrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilan_d%27aptitude_d%C3%A9livr%C3%A9_par_les_grandes_%C3%A9coles" title="Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles">Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast%C3%A8re_sp%C3%A9cialis%C3%A9" title="Mastère spécialisé">Mastère spécialisé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast%C3%A8re_en_sciences" title="Mastère en sciences">MSc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Établissement_public_à_caractère_administratif" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_administratif" title="Template:Établissement public à caractère administratif"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_administratif" title="Template talk:Établissement public à caractère administratif"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_administratif" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Établissement public à caractère administratif"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Établissement_public_à_caractère_administratif" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_administratif" title="Établissement public à caractère administratif">Établissement public à caractère administratif</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Armed_Forces_(France)" title="Ministry of Armed Forces (France)">Ministry of Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27A%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27Espace" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace">Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENSTA_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSTA ParisTech">ENSTA ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_techniques_avanc%C3%A9es_Bretagne" title="École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne">École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Hydrographic_and_Oceanographic_Service" title="Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service">Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service</a></li> <li>Établissement de communication et de production audiovisuelle de la Défense</li> <li>Établissement public d'insertion de la défense</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Armée">Musée de l'Armée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_de_la_Marine" title="Musée national de la Marine">Musée national de la Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Air">Musée de l'Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_Marine" title="Académie de Marine">Académie de Marine</a></li> <li>Etablissement public national des fonds de prévoyance militaire et de l'aéronautique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Office_for_Veterans_and_Victims_of_War" title="National Office for Veterans and Victims of War">National Office for Veterans and Victims of War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Ministry of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of Asylum in France</a></li> <li>Conseil national des activités privées de sécurité</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour,_Employment_and_Economic_Inclusion_(France)" title="Minister of Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion (France)">Ministry of Labour, Employment<br />and Economic Inclusion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agence Nationale pour l'Amélioration des Conditions de Travail</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Finance_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy and Finance (France)">Ministry of Economy and Finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">Mines ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Mines_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne">École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Mines_de_Douai" title="École des Mines de Douai">École des Mines de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_mines_d%27Al%C3%A8s" title="École des mines d'Alès">École des mines d'Alès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_mines_de_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="École des mines de Nantes">École des mines de Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_mines_d%27Albi-Carmaux" title="École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux">École des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Higher_Education,_Research_and_Innovation_(France)" title="Minister of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (France)">Ministry of Higher Education,<br />Research and Innovation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Groupe Concours Polytechniques</li> <li>3 of the 4 <a href="/wiki/Groupe_des_%C3%A9coles_nationales_d%E2%80%99ing%C3%A9nieurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe des écoles nationales d’ingénieurs">Groupe des écoles nationales d’ingénieurs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Brest" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Brest">École nationale d'ingénieurs de Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Metz" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Metz">École nationale d'ingénieurs de Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Tarbes" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes">École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes</a></li></ul></li> <li>7 of the 9 <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'études politiques">Institut d'études politiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_l%27%C3%89lectronique_et_de_ses_Applications" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure de l'Électronique et de ses Applications">École Nationale Supérieure de l'Électronique et de ses Applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27informatique_pour_l%27industrie_et_l%27entreprise" title="École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise">École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise</a></li> <li>École nationale supérieure de la nature et du paysage</li> <li>École nationale supérieure des arts et techniques du théâtre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Louis-Lumi%C3%A8re" title="École nationale supérieure Louis-Lumière">École nationale supérieure Louis-Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur_Observatory" title="Côte d'Azur Observatory">Côte d'Azur Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion_University_Center_for_Teaching_and_Research" title="Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research">Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research</a></li> <li>Institut national supérieur de formation et de recherche pour l'éducation des jeunes handicapés et les enseignements adaptés</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Computer_Center_for_Higher_Education_(France)" title="National Computer Center for Higher Education (France)">National Computer Center for Higher Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(France)" title="Ministry of National Education (France)">Ministry of National Education,<br />Youth and Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Centre international d'études pédagogiques</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Distance_Education" title="National Centre for Distance Education">National Centre for Distance Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_of_the_Nation" title="Ward of the Nation">Ward of the Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(France)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (France)">Ministry of Agriculture and Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Établissement national des produits de l'agriculture et de la mer</li> <li>Agence de services et de paiement</li> <li>Institut français du cheval et de l'équitation</li> <li>Inventaire Forestier National</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ecological_Transition_(France)" title="Ministry of Ecological Transition (France)">Ministry of Ecological Transition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agence nationale de l'habitat</li> <li>Agence de l'eau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Ponts_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="École des Ponts ParisTech">École des Ponts ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_l%27aviation_civile" title="École nationale de l'aviation civile">École nationale de l'aviation civile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_G%C3%A9ographique_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Géographique National">Institut Géographique National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France" title="Météo-France">Météo-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Office_for_Biodiversity" title="French Office for Biodiversity">French Office for Biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">Ministry of Europe and<br />Foreign Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_French_Teaching_Abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency for French Teaching Abroad">Agency for French Teaching Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)" title="Ministry of Culture (France)">Ministry of Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a></li> <li>Bibliothèque publique d'information</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_des_monuments_nationaux" title="Centre des monuments nationaux">Centre des monuments nationaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Georges Pompidou">Centre Georges Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_national_des_arts_plastiques" title="Centre national des arts plastiques">Centre national des arts plastiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_of_Cinematography_and_the_moving_image" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center of Cinematography and the moving image">National Center of Cinematography and the moving image</a></li> <li>Centre national du livre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_nationale_de_l%27histoire_de_l%27immigration" title="Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration">Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27art_dramatique" title="Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique">CNSAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris" title="Conservatoire de Paris">Conservatoire de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_musique_et_de_danse_de_Lyon" title="Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Lyon">Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_du_Louvre" title="École du Louvre">École du Louvre</a></li> <li>Écoles nationales supérieure d'architecture</li> <li>École nationale supérieure d'arts de Cergy-Pontoise</li> <li>École nationale supérieure de la photographie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_arts_d%C3%A9coratifs" title="École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs">École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts">École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts</a></li> <li>Établissement public des musées <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">d'Orsay</a> et <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Orangerie" title="Musée de l'Orangerie">de l'Orangerie</a> - Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</li> <li>Opérateur du patrimoine et des projets immobiliers de la culture</li> <li>Institut national du patrimoine</li> <li>Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Guimet Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_Jean-Jacques_Henner" title="Musée national Jean-Jacques Henner">Musée national Jean-Jacques Henner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_%E2%80%93_Cit%C3%A9_de_la_c%C3%A9ramique" title="Sèvres – Cité de la céramique">Sèvres – Cité de la céramique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_Gustave_Moreau" title="Musée national Gustave Moreau">Musée national Gustave Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso" title="Musée Picasso">Musée Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin" title="Musée Rodin">Musée Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Establishment_of_the_Palace,_Museum_and_National_Estate_of_Versailles" title="Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles">Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(France)" title="Minister of Health (France)">Ministry of Solidarity<br />and Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>École nationale supérieure de sécurité sociale</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Territorial_Development_(France)" title="Minister of Territorial Development (France)">Ministry of Territorial Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_%C3%A9tudes_territoriales" title="Institut national des études territoriales">Institut national des études territoriales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not classified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IAE_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="IAE Paris">IAE Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes_de_d%C3%A9fense_nationale" title="Institut des hautes études de défense nationale">Institut des hautes études de défense nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Technologies" title="French Academy of Technologies">French Academy of Technologies</a></li> <li>Agence centrale des organismes de sécurité sociale</li> <li>Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_Nationale_de_la_Recherche" class="mw-redirect" title="Agence Nationale de la Recherche">Agence Nationale de la Recherche</a></li> <li>AD Isère Drac Romanche</li> <li>Centre d'études et de recherches sur les qualifications</li> <li>Institut national supérieur de formation et de recherche pour l'éducation des jeunes handicapés et les enseignements adaptés</li> <li>Centre national des œuvres universitaires et scolaires</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_r%C3%A9gional_des_%C5%93uvres_universitaires_et_scolaires" title="Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires">Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires</a></li> <li>Caisse nationale de solidarité pour l'autonomie</li> <li>Centre de ressources, d'expertise et de performance sportives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Chamber of commerce">Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li>Service départemental d'incendie et de secours</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_Mobilit%C3%A9s" title="Île-de-France Mobilités">Île-de-France Mobilités</a></li> <li>Association syndicale autorisée</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273626#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273626#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273626#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130890647">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/16023907-2">Germany</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/36349-2">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80152864">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863505r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863505r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35267389">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ecole polytechnique (Francie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ntk20211101746&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90273792">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000726373&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810638332205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260743105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515055306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07788908?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="École polytechnique (Palaiseau, Essonne)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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