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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young_Avestan_period_(c._900–500_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Avestan_period_(c._900–500_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Young Avestan period (c. 900–500 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Avestan_period_(c._900–500_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achaemenid_period_(546–327_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achaemenid_period_(546–327_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Achaemenid period (546–327 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achaemenid_period_(546–327_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_period_(327–145_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_period_(327–145_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Hellenistic period (327–145 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_period_(327–145_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saka_and_Kushan_periods_(146_BC–260_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saka_and_Kushan_periods_(146_BC–260_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Saka and Kushan periods (146 BC–260 AD) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saka_and_Kushan_periods_(146_BC–260_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sasanian_satrapy_(260–479_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sasanian_satrapy_(260–479_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Sasanian satrapy (260–479 AD) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sasanian_satrapy_(260–479_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hephthalite_conquest_of_Sogdiana_(479–557_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hephthalite_conquest_of_Sogdiana_(479–557_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Hephthalite conquest of Sogdiana (479–557 AD) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hephthalite_conquest_of_Sogdiana_(479–557_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkic_Khaganates_(557–742_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkic_Khaganates_(557–742_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Turkic Khaganates (557–742 AD) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkic_Khaganates_(557–742_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_Muslim_conquest_(8th_century_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Muslim_conquest_(8th_century_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Arab Muslim conquest (8th century AD) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Muslim_conquest_(8th_century_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Umayyads_(−750)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umayyads_(−750)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.1 Umayyads (−750) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umayyads_(−750)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbasid_Caliphate_(750–819)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbasid_Caliphate_(750–819)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.2 Abbasid Caliphate (750–819) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbasid_Caliphate_(750–819)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samanids_(819–999)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samanids_(819–999)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.3 Samanids (819–999) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samanids_(819–999)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkic_conquests:_Kara-Khanid_Khanate_(999–1212)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkic_conquests:_Kara-Khanid_Khanate_(999–1212)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Turkic conquests: Kara-Khanid Khanate (999–1212) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkic_conquests:_Kara-Khanid_Khanate_(999–1212)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy and diplomacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy_and_diplomacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy and diplomacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Asia_and_the_Silk_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia_and_the_Silk_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Central Asia and the Silk Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia_and_the_Silk_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_and_diplomacy_with_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_diplomacy_with_the_Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Trade and diplomacy with the Byzantine Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_diplomacy_with_the_Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sogdian_traders_in_the_Tarim_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sogdian_traders_in_the_Tarim_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Sogdian traders in the Tarim Basin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sogdian_traders_in_the_Tarim_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sogdian_merchants,_generals,_and_statesmen_in_Imperial_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sogdian_merchants,_generals,_and_statesmen_in_Imperial_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Sogdian merchants, generals, and statesmen in Imperial China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sogdian_merchants,_generals,_and_statesmen_in_Imperial_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Language and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Language and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Language_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Religious beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Slave trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Modern historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Diaspora areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sogdia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" > 64 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdi%C3%AB" title="Sogdië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sogdië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%BA%D8%AF" title="بلاد الصغد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلاد الصغد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiano" title="Sogdiano – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sogdiano" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqdiana" title="Soqdiana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Soqdiana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sogdiana" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D2%93%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Сөғд батшалығы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сөғд батшалығы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сагдыяна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сагдыяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Согдиана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Согдиана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sogdiana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95" title="Сăкăт патшалăхĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăкăт патшалăхĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sogdiana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdien" title="Sogdien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sogdien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Σογδιανή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σογδιανή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiano" title="Sogdiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sogdiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdio" title="Sogdio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sogdio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sogdiana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%BA%D8%AF" title="سغد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سغد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiane" title="Sogdiane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sogdiane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EA%B7%B8%EB%94%94%EC%95%84" title="소그디아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소그디아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Սողդիանա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սողդիանա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="सोग़दा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोग़दा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdijana" title="Sogdijana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sogdijana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sogdia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B4" title="Согъд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Согъд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sogdiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A6%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="სოღდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოღდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Соғдиана – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Соғдиана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sogdia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sogdiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdi%C4%81na" title="Sogdiāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sogdiāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdas" title="Sogdas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sogdas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szogdia" title="Szogdia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szogdia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="സോഗ്ഡിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോഗ്ഡിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sogdia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4" title="Согд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Согд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdi%C3%AB" title="Sogdië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sogdië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सोग्दिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सोग्दिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A" title="ソグディアナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソグディアナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sogdia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sogdiana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CA%BBg%CA%BBd" title="Soʻgʻd – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soʻgʻd" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸੋਗ਼ਦਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਗ਼ਦਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8F%D8%BA%D8%AF" title="سُغد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سُغد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sogdiana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sogdiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sogdiana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Согдиана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Согдиана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sogdiana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdija" title="Sogdija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sogdija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Согдијана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Согдијана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdijana" title="Sogdijana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sogdijana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sogdiana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sogdiana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="சோக்தியானா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோக்தியானா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Согдиана – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Согдиана" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D2%93%D0%B4" title="Суғд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Суғд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%9Fdya" title="Soğdya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soğdya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Согдіана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Согдіана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%BA%D8%AF" title="سغد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سغد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sogdiana" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="粟特" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="粟特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="粟特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sogdia, Sogdiana</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">6th century BC to 11th century AD</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Sogdia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate extent of Sogdia, between the Oxus and the Jaxartes."><img alt="Approximate extent of Sogdia, between the Oxus and the Jaxartes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Map_of_Sogdia.png/300px-Map_of_Sogdia.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Map_of_Sogdia.png/450px-Map_of_Sogdia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Map_of_Sogdia.png/600px-Map_of_Sogdia.png 2x" data-file-width="3367" data-file-height="1674" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Approximate extent of Sogdia, between the <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Jaxartes</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Kesh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christianity">Nestorian Christianity</a><a href="#cite_note-Gernet1996-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data">Imitations of <a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Sassanian</a> coins and <a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">Chinese cash coins</a> as well as "hybrids" of both.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian civilization</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a>, and in present-day <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>. Sogdiana was also a province of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, and listed on the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>. Sogdiana was first conquered by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, and then was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonian</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 328 BC. It would continue to change hands under the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_city-states" title="Sogdian city-states">Sogdian city-states</a>, although never politically united, were centered on the city of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian language</a>, is no longer spoken. However, a descendant of one of its dialects, <a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a>, is still spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghnobi people">Yaghnobis</a> of Tajikistan. It was widely spoken in Central Asia as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> and served as one of the <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a>'s court languages for writing documents. Sogdians also lived in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> and rose to prominence in the military and government of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907 AD). Sogdian merchants and diplomats travelled as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. They played an essential part as middlemen in the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> trade route. While initially practicing the faiths of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and, to a lesser extent, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> from <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">gradual conversion to Islam</a> among the Sogdians and their descendants began with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a> in the 8th century. The Sogdian conversion to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was virtually complete by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a> in 999, coinciding with the decline of the Sogdian language, as it was largely supplanted by <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> Sogdiana lay north of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, east of <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezm</a>, and southeast of <a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a> between the Oxus (<a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a>) and the Jaxartes (<a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a>), including the fertile valley of the <a href="/wiki/Zeravshan_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeravshan River">Zeravshan</a> (called the Polytimetus by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a>).<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia_britannica-4">[4]</a> Sogdian territory corresponds to the modern <a href="/wiki/Samarkand_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarkand Region">regions of Samarkand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Region" title="Bukhara Region">Bukhara</a> in modern Uzbekistan, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sughd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sughd">Sughd</a> region of modern Tajikistan. In the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, Sogdian cities included sites stretching towards <a href="/wiki/Issyk_Kul" class="mw-redirect" title="Issyk Kul">Issyk Kul</a>, such as that at the archeological site of <a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Szemer%C3%A9nyi" title="Oswald Szemerényi">Oswald Szemerényi</a> devotes a thorough discussion to the etymologies of ancient ethnic words for the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> in his work Four Old Iranian Ethnic Names: Scythian – Skudra – Sogdian – Saka. In it, the names provided by the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and the names of his title, except <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a>, as well as many other words for "Scythian", such as <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Assyrian</a> Aškuz and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> Skuthēs, descend from *skeud-, an ancient <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> root meaning "propel, shoot" (cf. English shoot).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> *skud- is the zero-grade; that is, a variant in which the -e- is not present. The restored Scythian name is *Skuδa (<a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archer</a>), which among the Pontic or Royal Scythians became *Skula, in which the δ has been regularly replaced by an l. According to Szemerényi, Sogdiana (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: Suguda-; <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>: Sug'd, Sug'diyona; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سغد, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: Soġd; <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: Суғд, سغد, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Tajik" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Tajik">romanized</a>: Suġd; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 粟特; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Σογδιανή, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: Sogdianē) was named from the Skuδa form. Starting from the names of the province given in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> inscriptions, Sugda and Suguda, and the knowledge derived from Middle Sogdian that Old Persian -gd- applied to Sogdian was pronounced as voiced fricatives, -γδ-, Szemerényi arrives at *Suγδa as an Old Sogdian <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Applying sound changes apparent in other Sogdian words and inherent in Indo-European, he traces the development of *Suγδa from Skuδa, "archer", as follows: Skuδa > *Sukuda by <a href="/wiki/Anaptyxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaptyxis">anaptyxis</a> > *Sukuδa > *Sukδa (<a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncope</a>) > *Suγδa (<a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Necklace_Sarazm_NMAT_SZM5-190_1147-365_(cleanup).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Necklace_Sarazm_NMAT_SZM5-190_1147-365_%28cleanup%29.jpg/114px-Necklace_Sarazm_NMAT_SZM5-190_1147-365_%28cleanup%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Necklace_Sarazm_NMAT_SZM5-190_1147-365_%28cleanup%29.jpg/171px-Necklace_Sarazm_NMAT_SZM5-190_1147-365_%28cleanup%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Necklace_Sarazm_NMAT_SZM5-190_1147-365_%28cleanup%29.jpg/228px-Necklace_Sarazm_NMAT_SZM5-190_1147-365_%28cleanup%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="7500" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:12-petalled_flower_MNAT_SZM001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/12-petalled_flower_MNAT_SZM001.jpg/170px-12-petalled_flower_MNAT_SZM001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/12-petalled_flower_MNAT_SZM001.jpg/255px-12-petalled_flower_MNAT_SZM001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/12-petalled_flower_MNAT_SZM001.jpg/340px-12-petalled_flower_MNAT_SZM001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2700" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Bead necklace from the tomb of the so-called “Sarazm princess” in <a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a>, Sogdia, middle 4th millennium BC. Right: 12-petalled flower from the cult structure in <a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a>, Sogdia, early 3rd millennium BC</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups in Chinese history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">Ethnic minorities in China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></div> Sogdiana possessed a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> urban culture: original Bronze Age towns appear in the archaeological record beginning with the settlement at <a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, spanning as far back as the 4th millennium BC, and then at Kök Tepe, near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bulungur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulungur">Bulungur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, from at least the 15th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-Vaissière_Encyclopædia_Iranica-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_Avestan_period_(c._900–500_BC)">Young Avestan period (c. 900–500 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Young Avestan period (c. 900–500 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Avestan_period" title="Avestan period">Avestan period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avestan_geography" title="Avestan geography">Avestan geography</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, namely in the Mihr <a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yasht</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a> of Gava (gava-, gāum) is mentioned as the land of the Sogdians. Gava is, therefore, interpreted as referring to Sogdia during the <a href="/wiki/Avestan_period" title="Avestan period">time of the Avesta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenet200530-9">[9]</a> Although there is no universal consensus on the chronology of the Avesta, most scholars today argue for an early chronology, which would place the composition of <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Young Avestan</a> texts like the Mihr Yasht and the Vendiad in the first half of the first millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervø1995p.166_"The_fact_that_the_oldest_Young_Avestan_texts_apparently_contain_no_reference_to_western_Iran,_including_Media,_would_seem_to_indicate_that_they_were_composed_in_eastern_Iran_before_the_Median_domination_reached_the_area."_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkjaervø1995p.166_"The_fact_that_the_oldest_Young_Avestan_texts_apparently_contain_no_reference_to_western_Iran,_including_Media,_would_seem_to_indicate_that_they_were_composed_in_eastern_Iran_before_the_Median_domination_reached_the_area."-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_avestan_geography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Young_avestan_geography.png/220px-Young_avestan_geography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Young_avestan_geography.png/330px-Young_avestan_geography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Young_avestan_geography.png/440px-Young_avestan_geography.png 2x" data-file-width="2330" data-file-height="1391" /></a><figcaption>Overview over the geographical horizon of the <a href="/wiki/Avestan_period" title="Avestan period">Young Avestan period</a>. Sources for the different localizations are given in the file description.</figcaption></figure> The first mention of Gava is found in the Mihr Yasht, ie., the hymn dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">deity</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>. In verse 10.14 it is described how Mithra reaches <a href="/wiki/Hara_Berezaiti" title="Hara Berezaiti">Mount Hara</a> and looks at the entirety of the Airyoshayan (airiio.shaiianem, 'lands of the <a href="/wiki/Arya_(Iran)" title="Arya (Iran)">Arya</a>'), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> where navigable rivers rush with wide a swell towards Parutian Ishkata, <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Haraivian</a> <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margu</a>, Gava Sogdia (gaom-ca suγδəm), and <a href="/wiki/Chorasmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorasmia">Chorasmia</a>. </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mihr Yasht 10.14 (translated by Ilya Gershovitch).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGershevitch196779–80-11">[11]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The second mention is found in the first chapter of the Vendidad, which consists of a list of the sixteen good <a href="/wiki/Avestan_geography" title="Avestan geography">regions</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> for the Iranians. Gava is the second region mentioned on the list, directly behind <a href="/wiki/Airyanem_Vaejah" title="Airyanem Vaejah">Airyanem Vaejah</a>, the homeland of <a href="/wiki/Zarathustra" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarathustra">Zarathustra</a> and the Iranians, according to Zoroastrian tradition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> The second of the good lands and countries which I, Ahura Mazda, created, was the Gava of the Sogdians (gāum yim suγδō.shaiianəm). Thereupon came <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a>, who is all death, and he counter-created the locust, which brings death unto cattle and plants. </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Vendidad 1.4 (translated by <a href="/wiki/James_Darmesteter" title="James Darmesteter">James Darmesteter</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarmesteter18805–9-12">[12]</a></cite></div></blockquote> While it is widely accepted that Gava referred to the region inhabited by the Sogdians during the Avestan period, its meaning is not clear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavel2017"The_earliest_records_of_the_name_of_Sogdiana_(Soḡd)_are_found_in_the_Avesta_(Vendīdād,_1.4;_Yašt_10.14;_the_by-name_of_Sogdian_lands_in_the_Avesta_is_Gauua[.]"_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavel2017"The_earliest_records_of_the_name_of_Sogdiana_(Soḡd)_are_found_in_the_Avesta_(Vendīdād,_1.4;_Yašt_10.14;_the_by-name_of_Sogdian_lands_in_the_Avesta_is_Gauua[.]"-13">[13]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Willem_Vogelsang" title="Willem Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a> connects it with Gabae, a Sogdian stronghold in western Sogdia and speculates that during the time of the Avesta, the center of Sogdia may have been closer to <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogelsang200051-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achaemenid_period_(546–327_BC)">Achaemenid period (546–327 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Achaemenid period (546–327 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artaxerxes_III_Sogdian_soldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Artaxerxes_III_Sogdian_soldier.jpg/110px-Artaxerxes_III_Sogdian_soldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Artaxerxes_III_Sogdian_soldier.jpg/165px-Artaxerxes_III_Sogdian_soldier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Artaxerxes_III_Sogdian_soldier.jpg/220px-Artaxerxes_III_Sogdian_soldier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>Sogdian soldier circa 338 BCE, tomb of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a>.</figcaption></figure> Achaemenid ruler <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> conquered Sogdiana while <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Cyrus_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars of Cyrus the Great">campaigning in Central Asia</a> in 546–539 BC,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> a fact mentioned by the ancient Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-simonin_2012_sogdiana-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic writing system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_coinage" title="Achaemenid coinage">coin currency</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, in addition to incorporating Sogdians into his <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> as regular soldiers and cavalrymen.<a href="#cite_note-baumer_2012_pp202-203-17">[17]</a> Sogdia was also listed on the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> of Darius.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-dresden_2003_p1216-20">[20]</a> A contingent of Sogdian soldiers fought in the main army of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> during his second, ultimately-failed <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">invasion of Greece</a> in 480 BC.<a href="#cite_note-dresden_2003_p1216-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-dresden_1981_p3-21">[21]</a> A Persian inscription from <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> claims that the palace there was adorned with <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a> originating from Sogdiana.<a href="#cite_note-dresden_2003_p1216-20">[20]</a> During this period of Persian rule, the western half of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> was part of the Greek civilization. As the Achaemenids conquered it, they met persistent resistance and revolt. One of their solutions was to ethnically cleanse rebelling regions, relocating those who survived to the far side of the empire. Thus Sogdiana came to have a significant Greek population. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sogdian_Tribute_Bearers_on_the_Apadana_Staircase_16_(Best_Viewed_Size_%22Large%22)_(4689076272).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sogdian_Tribute_Bearers_on_the_Apadana_Staircase_16_%28Best_Viewed_Size_%22Large%22%29_%284689076272%29.jpg/300px-Sogdian_Tribute_Bearers_on_the_Apadana_Staircase_16_%28Best_Viewed_Size_%22Large%22%29_%284689076272%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sogdian_Tribute_Bearers_on_the_Apadana_Staircase_16_%28Best_Viewed_Size_%22Large%22%29_%284689076272%29.jpg/450px-Sogdian_Tribute_Bearers_on_the_Apadana_Staircase_16_%28Best_Viewed_Size_%22Large%22%29_%284689076272%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sogdian_Tribute_Bearers_on_the_Apadana_Staircase_16_%28Best_Viewed_Size_%22Large%22%29_%284689076272%29.jpg/600px-Sogdian_Tribute_Bearers_on_the_Apadana_Staircase_16_%28Best_Viewed_Size_%22Large%22%29_%284689076272%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4180" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>Sogdians on an <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> Persian <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, offering tributary gifts to the Persian king <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>, 5th century BC</figcaption></figure> Given the absence of any named <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satraps</a> (i.e. Achaemenid provincial governors) for Sogdiana in historical records, modern scholarship has concluded that Sogdiana was governed from the satrapy of nearby <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The satraps were often relatives of the ruling Persian kings, especially sons who were not designated as the <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-simonin_2012_sogdiana-16">[16]</a> Sogdiana likely remained under Persian control until roughly 400 BC, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-baumer_2012_p207-23">[23]</a> Rebellious states of the Persian Empire took advantage of the weak Artaxerxes II, and some, such as <a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Egypt</a>, were able to regain their independence. Persia's massive loss of Central Asian territory is widely attributed to the ruler's lack of control. However, unlike Egypt, which was quickly recaptured by the Persian Empire, Sogdiana remained independent until it was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. When the latter <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">invaded the Persian Empire</a>, Pharasmanes, an already independent king of <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezm</a>, allied with the Macedonians and sent troops to Alexander in 329 BC for his war against the <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> region (even though this anticipated campaign never materialized).<a href="#cite_note-baumer_2012_p207-23">[23]</a> During the Achaemenid period (550–330 BC), the Sogdians lived as a <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> people much like the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">spoke Bactrian</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian language</a> closely related to Sogdian,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and were already engaging in overland trade. Some of them had also gradually settled the land to engage in agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-liu_2010_p67-25">[25]</a> Similar to how the Yuezhi offered tributary gifts of <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperors of China</a>, the Sogdians are recorded in Persian records as submitting precious gifts of <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>, the Persian <a href="/wiki/King_of_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="King of kings">king of kings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-liu_2010_p67-25">[25]</a> Although the Sogdians were at times independent and living outside the boundaries of large empires, they never formed a great empire of their own like the Yuezhi, who established the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> (30–375 AD) of Central and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-liu_2010_p67-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_period_(327–145_BC)">Hellenistic period (327–145 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hellenistic period (327–145 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_expedition_of_Alexander_the_Great_into_Asia" title="Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia">Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic civilization</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:303px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_Bactrian_ruler_(Satrap),_Temple_of_the_Oxus,_Takht-i-Sangin,_3rd-2nd_century_BCE_(left_side).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Head_of_Bactrian_ruler_%28Satrap%29%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i-Sangin%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE_%28left_side%29.jpg/238px-Head_of_Bactrian_ruler_%28Satrap%29%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i-Sangin%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE_%28left_side%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Head_of_Bactrian_ruler_%28Satrap%29%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i-Sangin%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE_%28left_side%29.jpg/357px-Head_of_Bactrian_ruler_%28Satrap%29%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i-Sangin%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE_%28left_side%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Head_of_Bactrian_ruler_%28Satrap%29%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i-Sangin%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE_%28left_side%29.jpg/476px-Head_of_Bactrian_ruler_%28Satrap%29%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i-Sangin%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE_%28left_side%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="2182" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sogdian_barbaric_copy_of_a_coin_of_Euthydemus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sogdian_barbaric_copy_of_a_coin_of_Euthydemus.jpg/238px-Sogdian_barbaric_copy_of_a_coin_of_Euthydemus.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sogdian_barbaric_copy_of_a_coin_of_Euthydemus.jpg/357px-Sogdian_barbaric_copy_of_a_coin_of_Euthydemus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sogdian_barbaric_copy_of_a_coin_of_Euthydemus.jpg/476px-Sogdian_barbaric_copy_of_a_coin_of_Euthydemus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="757" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Top: painted clay and <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> head of a <a href="/wiki/Mobad" title="Mobad">Zoroastrian priest</a> wearing a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a>-style headdress, <a href="/wiki/Takhti-Sangin" class="mw-redirect" title="Takhti-Sangin">Takhti-Sangin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, 3rd–2nd century BC. Bottom: a <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbaric</a> copy of a coin of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a>, from the region of Sogdiana; the legend on <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">the reverse</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> script.</div></div></div></div> A now-independent and warlike Sogdiana formed a border region insulating the Achaemenid Persians from the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> to the north and east.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> It was led at first by <a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Bessus</a>, the Achaemenid <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>. After assassinating <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> in his flight from the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Greek</a> army,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> he became claimant to the Achaemenid throne. The <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdian Rock">Sogdian Rock</a> or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress in Sogdiana, was captured in 327 BC by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a> of Macedonian Greece, and conqueror of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxyartes" title="Oxyartes">Oxyartes</a>, a Sogdian nobleman of Bactria, had hoped to keep his daughter <a href="/wiki/Roxana" title="Roxana">Roxana</a> safe at the fortress of the Sogdian Rock, yet after its fall Roxana was soon wed to Alexander as one of his several wives.<a href="#cite_note-ahmed_2004_p61-30">[30]</a> Roxana, a Sogdian whose name Roshanak means "little star",<a href="#cite_note-livius_roxane-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-strachan_2008_p87-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> was the mother of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV of Macedon</a>, who inherited his late father's throne in 323 BC (although the empire was soon divided in the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> After an extended campaign putting down Sogdian resistance and founding military outposts manned by his Macedonian veterans, Alexander united Sogdiana with Bactria into one satrapy. The Sogdian nobleman and warlord <a href="/wiki/Spitamenes" title="Spitamenes">Spitamenes</a> (370–328 BC), allied with Scythian tribes, led an uprising against Alexander's forces. This revolt was put down by Alexander and his generals <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_(son_of_Andromenes)" title="Amyntas (son of Andromenes)">Amyntas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craterus" title="Craterus">Craterus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coenus_(general)" title="Coenus (general)">Coenus</a>, with the aid of native Bactrian and Sogdian troops.<a href="#cite_note-holt_1989_pp64-65-35">[35]</a> With the Scythian and Sogdian rebels defeated, Spitamenes was allegedly betrayed by his own wife and beheaded.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Pursuant with his own marriage to Roxana, Alexander encouraged his men to marry Sogdian women in order to discourage further revolt.<a href="#cite_note-ahmed_2004_p61-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> This included <a href="/wiki/Apama" title="Apama">Apama</a>, daughter of the rebel Spitamenes, who wed <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> and bore him <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">a son and future heir</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid throne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-magill_et_al_1998_p1010-38">[38]</a> According to the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, Seleucus I named three new Hellenistic cities in Asia after her (see <a href="/wiki/Apamea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apamea (disambiguation)">Apamea</a>).<a href="#cite_note-magill_et_al_1998_p1010-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The military power of the Sogdians never recovered. Subsequently, Sogdiana formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a>, a breakaway state from the Seleucid Empire founded in 248 BC by <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a>, for roughly a century.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a>, a former satrap of Sogdiana, seems to have held the Sogdian territory as a rival claimant to the Greco-Bactrian throne; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">his coins</a> were later copied locally and bore <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic inscriptions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The Greco-Bactrian king <a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides I</a> may have recovered sovereignty of Sogdia temporarily. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saka_and_Kushan_periods_(146_BC–260_AD)">Saka and Kushan periods (146 BC–260 AD)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Saka and Kushan periods (146 BC–260 AD)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg/170px-Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg/255px-Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg/340px-Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption>Head of a <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Saka</a> warrior, as a defeated enemy of the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, 1st century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></figcaption></figure> Finally Sogdia was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Sakas</a> overran the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a> around 145 BC, soon followed by the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>, the nomadic predecessors of the <a href="/wiki/Kushans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushans">Kushans</a>. From then until about 40 BC the Yuezhi tepidly minted coins imitating and still bearing the images of the Greco-Bactrian kings Eucratides I and <a href="/wiki/Heliocles_I" title="Heliocles I">Heliocles I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Michon,_Daniel_2015_pp_112-46">[46]</a> The Yuezhis were visited in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> by a Chinese mission, led by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> in 126 BC,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> which sought an offensive alliance with the Yuezhi against the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>. Zhang Qian, who spent a year in Transoxiana and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, wrote a detailed account in the Shiji, which gives considerable insight into the situation in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1993233–236-48">[48]</a> The request for an alliance was denied by the son of the slain Yuezhi king, who preferred to maintain peace in Transoxiana rather than seek revenge. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noin-Ula_carpet,_Yuezhi_fighting_a_SogdianNoin-Ula_carpet,_Yuezhi_fighting_a_Sogdian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_Yuezhi_fighting_a_SogdianNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_Yuezhi_fighting_a_Sogdian.jpg/170px-Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_Yuezhi_fighting_a_SogdianNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_Yuezhi_fighting_a_Sogdian.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_Yuezhi_fighting_a_SogdianNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_Yuezhi_fighting_a_Sogdian.jpg/255px-Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_Yuezhi_fighting_a_SogdianNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_Yuezhi_fighting_a_Sogdian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_Yuezhi_fighting_a_SogdianNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_Yuezhi_fighting_a_Sogdian.jpg/340px-Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_Yuezhi_fighting_a_SogdianNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_Yuezhi_fighting_a_Sogdian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> (left) fighting a Sogdian behind a shield (right), <a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Noin-Ula">Noin-Ula carpet</a>, 1st century BC/AD.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> Zhang Qian also reported: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">the Great Yuezhi live 2,000 or 3,000 li [832–1,247 kilometers] west of <a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a>, north of the Gui [<a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a> ] river. They are bordered on the south by <a href="/wiki/Daxia" title="Daxia">Daxia</a> [<a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>], on the west by Anxi [<a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>], and on the north by <a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a> [beyond the middle <a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Jaxartes</a>/Syr Darya]. They are a nation of <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a>, moving from place to place with their herds, and their customs are like those of the Xiongnu. They have some 100,000 or 200,000 archer warriors.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Shiji, 123<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234-50">[50]</a></cite></div></blockquote> From the 1st century AD, the Yuezhi morphed into the powerful <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, covering an area from Sogdia to eastern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The Kushan Empire became the center of the profitable Central Asian commerce. They began minting unique coins bearing the faces of their own rulers.<a href="#cite_note-Michon,_Daniel_2015_pp_112-46">[46]</a> They are related to have collaborated militarily with the Chinese against nomadic incursion, particularly when they allied with the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> general <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a> against the Sogdians in 84, when the latter were trying to support a revolt by the king of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-de_crespigny_2007_5-6-51">[51]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orlat_plaque_encounter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle scenes between "Kangju" Saka warriors, from the Orlat plaques. 1st century CE.[52]"><img alt="Battle scenes between "Kangju" Saka warriors, from the Orlat plaques. 1st century CE.[52]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Orlat_plaque_encounter.jpg/200px-Orlat_plaque_encounter.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Orlat_plaque_encounter.jpg/300px-Orlat_plaque_encounter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Orlat_plaque_encounter.jpg/400px-Orlat_plaque_encounter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="1622" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battle scenes between "Kangju" Saka warriors, from the <a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a>. 1st century CE.<a href="#cite_note-SPL42-52">[52]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orlat_plaque_hunter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orlat plaque hunter."><img alt="Orlat plaque hunter." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Orlat_plaque_hunter.jpg/200px-Orlat_plaque_hunter.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Orlat_plaque_hunter.jpg/300px-Orlat_plaque_hunter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Orlat_plaque_hunter.jpg/400px-Orlat_plaque_hunter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1012" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaque</a> hunter.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalchayan_Prince_(armour).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of a Saka cataphract armour with neck-guard, from Khalchayan. 1st century BCE. Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan, nb 40.[53]"><img alt="Model of a Saka cataphract armour with neck-guard, from Khalchayan. 1st century BCE. Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan, nb 40.[53]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kalchayan_Prince_%28armour%29.jpg/106px-Kalchayan_Prince_%28armour%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kalchayan_Prince_%28armour%29.jpg/158px-Kalchayan_Prince_%28armour%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kalchayan_Prince_%28armour%29.jpg/211px-Kalchayan_Prince_%28armour%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="2056" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of a <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> <a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">cataphract</a> armour with neck-guard, from <a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a>. 1st century BCE. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Arts_of_Uzbekistan" title="Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan">Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan</a>, nb 40.<a href="#cite_note-SPL56-53">[53]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sasanian_satrapy_(260–479_AD)">Sasanian satrapy (260–479 AD)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sasanian satrapy (260–479 AD)">edit</a>]</div> Historical knowledge about Sogdia is somewhat hazy during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (247 BC – 224 AD) in Persia.<a href="#cite_note-dresden_1981_p5-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-dresden_2003_p1217-55">[55]</a> The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> of Persia conquered and incorporated Sogdia as a satrapy in 260,<a href="#cite_note-dresden_1981_p5-54">[54]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I%27s_inscription_at_the_Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">inscription dating to the reign of Shapur I</a> claiming "Sogdia, to the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>" as his territory, and noting that its limits formed the northeastern Sasanian borderlands with the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dresden_2003_p1217-55">[55]</a> However, by the 5th century the region was captured by the rival <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dresden_1981_p5-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hephthalite_conquest_of_Sogdiana_(479–557_AD)">Hephthalite conquest of Sogdiana (479–557 AD)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hephthalite conquest of Sogdiana (479–557 AD)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sogdiana._Samarkand_(Pre-Ikhshid),_Hephthalite_tamgha_S2_on_the_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sogdiana._Samarkand_%28Pre-Ikhshid%29%2C_Hephthalite_tamgha_S2_on_the_reverse.jpg/220px-Sogdiana._Samarkand_%28Pre-Ikhshid%29%2C_Hephthalite_tamgha_S2_on_the_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sogdiana._Samarkand_%28Pre-Ikhshid%29%2C_Hephthalite_tamgha_S2_on_the_reverse.jpg/330px-Sogdiana._Samarkand_%28Pre-Ikhshid%29%2C_Hephthalite_tamgha_S2_on_the_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sogdiana._Samarkand_%28Pre-Ikhshid%29%2C_Hephthalite_tamgha_S2_on_the_reverse.jpg/440px-Sogdiana._Samarkand_%28Pre-Ikhshid%29%2C_Hephthalite_tamgha_S2_on_the_reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Local coinage of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, Sogdia, with the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hepthalite</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamgha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamgha">tamgha</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg/15px-Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg/23px-Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg/30px-Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1284" /></a> on the reverse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlram2008coin_type_46-56">[56]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a> conquered the territory of Sogdiana, and incorporated it into their Empire, around 479 AD, as this is the date of the last known independent embassy of the Sogdians to China.<a href="#cite_note-CP-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35-58">[58]</a> The Hephthalites may have built major fortified <a href="/wiki/Hippodamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippodamian">Hippodamian</a> cities (rectangular walls with an orthogonal network of streets) in Sogdiana, such as <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjikent">Panjikent</a>, as they had also in <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, continuing the city-building efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35-58">[58]</a> The Hephthalites probably ruled over a confederation of local rulers or governors, linked through alliance agreements. One of these vassals may have been Asbar, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Vardanzi" title="Vardanzi">Vardanzi</a>, who also minted his own coinage during the period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdylovMirzaahmedov200634–36-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varahsha,_Relief_of_a_hunter,_5th-7th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Varahsha%2C_Relief_of_a_hunter%2C_5th-7th_century_CE.jpg/220px-Varahsha%2C_Relief_of_a_hunter%2C_5th-7th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Varahsha%2C_Relief_of_a_hunter%2C_5th-7th_century_CE.jpg/330px-Varahsha%2C_Relief_of_a_hunter%2C_5th-7th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Varahsha%2C_Relief_of_a_hunter%2C_5th-7th_century_CE.jpg/440px-Varahsha%2C_Relief_of_a_hunter%2C_5th-7th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Relief of a hunter, <a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varahsha</a>, Sogdia, 5th–7th century CE.</figcaption></figure> The wealth of the Sasanian ransoms and tributes to the Hephthalites may have been reinvested in Sogdia, possibly explaining the prosperity of the region from that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35-58">[58]</a> Sogdia, at the center of a new <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> between China to the Sasanian Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> became extremely prosperous under its nomadic elites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–160-60">[60]</a> The Hephthalites took on the role of major intermediary on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, after their great predecessor the <a href="/wiki/Kushans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushans">Kushans</a>, and contracted local <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdians</a> to carry on the trade of silk and other luxury goods between the Chinese Empire and the Sasanian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-JAM28-61">[61]</a> Because of the Hephthalite occupation of Sogdia, the original coinage of Sogdia came to be flooded by the influx of Sasanian coins received as a tribute to the Hephthalites. This coinage then spread along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CP-57">[57]</a> The symbol of the Hephthalites appears on the residual coinage of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, probably as a consequence of the Hephthalite control of Sogdia, and becomes prominent in Sogdian coinage from 500 to 700 AD, including in the coinage of their indigenous successors the <a href="/wiki/Ikhshid" title="Ikhshid">Ikhshids</a> (642–755 AD), ending with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbjRWDwAAQBAJpgPA138_138]-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-MF-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkic_Khaganates_(557–742_AD)">Turkic Khaganates (557–742 AD)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Turkic Khaganates (557–742 AD)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Jia_with_a_Turkic_Chieftain_in_Yurt._Xi%E2%80%99an,_579_CE._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology,_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/An_Jia_with_a_Turkic_Chieftain_in_Yurt._Xi%E2%80%99an%2C_579_CE._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg/220px-An_Jia_with_a_Turkic_Chieftain_in_Yurt._Xi%E2%80%99an%2C_579_CE._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/An_Jia_with_a_Turkic_Chieftain_in_Yurt._Xi%E2%80%99an%2C_579_CE._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg/330px-An_Jia_with_a_Turkic_Chieftain_in_Yurt._Xi%E2%80%99an%2C_579_CE._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/An_Jia_with_a_Turkic_Chieftain_in_Yurt._Xi%E2%80%99an%2C_579_CE._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg/440px-An_Jia_with_a_Turkic_Chieftain_in_Yurt._Xi%E2%80%99an%2C_579_CE._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>The Sogdian merchant <a href="/wiki/An_Jia" class="mw-redirect" title="An Jia">An Jia</a> with a Turkic Chieftain in his <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a>. 579 AD.</figcaption></figure> The Turks of the <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> and the Sasanians under <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> allied against the Hephthalites and defeated them after an eight-day battle near <a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bukhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bukhara">Battle of Bukhara</a>, perhaps in 557.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The Turks retained the area north of the Oxus, including all of Sogdia, while the Sasanians obtained the areas south of it. The Turks fragmented in 581, and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> took over in Sogdia. Archaeological remains suggest that the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a> probably became the main trading partners of the Sogdians, as appears from the tomb of the Sogdian trader <a href="/wiki/An_Jia" class="mw-redirect" title="An Jia">An Jia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FG141-65">[65]</a> The Turks also appear in great numbers in the <a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, where they are probably shown attending the reception by the local Sogdian ruler <a href="/wiki/Varkhuman" title="Varkhuman">Varkhuman</a> in the 7th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-SW-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> These paintings suggest that Sogdia was a very cosmopolitan environment at that time, as delegates of various nations, including Chinese and Korean delegates, are also shown.<a href="#cite_note-SW-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> From around 650, China led the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">conquest of the Western Turks</a>, and the Sogdian rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Varkhuman" title="Varkhuman">Varkhuman</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turks</a> all became nominal vassals of China, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Anxi_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxi Protectorate">Anxi Protectorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, until the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CB243-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrasiab_West_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Afrasiab_West_Wall.jpg/660px-Afrasiab_West_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="660" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Afrasiab_West_Wall.jpg/990px-Afrasiab_West_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Afrasiab_West_Wall.jpg/1320px-Afrasiab_West_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5750" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption>Ambassadors from various countries (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, Iranian and Hephthalite principalities...), paying hommage to king <a href="/wiki/Varkhuman" title="Varkhuman">Varkhuman</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turk</a> <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Seguy" title="Irbis Seguy">Shekui</a>, under the massive presence of Turkic officers and courtiers. <a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, 648–651 AD.<a href="#cite_note-CB243-69">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_Muslim_conquest_(8th_century_AD)">Arab Muslim conquest (8th century AD)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arab Muslim conquest (8th century AD)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Asad_ibn_Abdallah_al-Qasri" title="Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri">Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_city-states" title="Sogdian city-states">Sogdian city-states</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_of_an_Arab_Emir_to_Devashtich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Letter_of_an_Arab_Emir_to_Devashtich.jpg/179px-Letter_of_an_Arab_Emir_to_Devashtich.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Letter_of_an_Arab_Emir_to_Devashtich.jpg/269px-Letter_of_an_Arab_Emir_to_Devashtich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Letter_of_an_Arab_Emir_to_Devashtich.jpg/358px-Letter_of_an_Arab_Emir_to_Devashtich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="645" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Letter of an Arab Emir to the Sogdian ruler <a href="/wiki/Devashtich" class="mw-redirect" title="Devashtich">Devashtich</a>, found in Mount Mugh</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wealthy_Arab,_Palace_of_Devashtich,_Penjikent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wealthy_Arab%2C_Palace_of_Devashtich%2C_Penjikent.jpg/205px-Wealthy_Arab%2C_Palace_of_Devashtich%2C_Penjikent.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wealthy_Arab%2C_Palace_of_Devashtich%2C_Penjikent.jpg/308px-Wealthy_Arab%2C_Palace_of_Devashtich%2C_Penjikent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wealthy_Arab%2C_Palace_of_Devashtich%2C_Penjikent.jpg/410px-Wealthy_Arab%2C_Palace_of_Devashtich%2C_Penjikent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="623" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Wealthy Arab, Palace of Devashtich, <a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Umayyads_(−750)">Umayyads (−750)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Umayyads (−750)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim" title="Qutayba ibn Muslim">Qutayba ibn Muslim</a> (669–716), Governor of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (661–750), initiated the Muslim conquest of Sogdia during the early 8th century, with the local ruler of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> offering him aid as an Umayyad ally.<a href="#cite_note-dresden_2003_p1217-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> However, when his successor <a href="/wiki/Al-Jarrah_ibn_Abdallah" title="Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah">al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah</a> governed Khorasan (717–719), many native Sogdians, who had converted to Islam, began to revolt when they were no longer exempt from paying the tax on non-Muslims, the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a>, because of a new law stating that proof of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> and literacy in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> was necessary for new converts.<a href="#cite_note-dresden_2003_p1217-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-litvinski_et_al_1999_p459-71">[71]</a> With the aid of the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Turgesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgesh">Turgesh</a>, the Sogdians were able to expel the Umayyad Arab garrison from Samarkand, and Umayyad attempts to restore power there were rebuffed until the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Amr_al-Harashi" title="Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi">Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi</a> (fl. 720–735). The Sogdian ruler (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Ikhshid" title="Ikhshid">ikhshid</a>) of Samarkand, <a href="/wiki/Gurak" title="Gurak">Gurak</a>, who had previously overthrown the pro-Umayyad Sogdian ruler <a href="/wiki/Tarkhun" title="Tarkhun">Tarkhun</a> in 710, decided that resistance against al-Harashi's large Arab force was pointless, and thereafter persuaded his followers to declare allegiance to the Umayyad governor.<a href="#cite_note-litvinski_et_al_1999_p459-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Divashtich" title="Divashtich">Divashtich</a> (r. 706–722), the Sogdian ruler of <a href="/wiki/Panjakent" title="Panjakent">Panjakent</a>, led his forces to the <a href="/wiki/Zarafshan_Range" title="Zarafshan Range">Zarafshan Range</a> (near modern <a href="/wiki/Zarafshan,_Tajikistan" title="Zarafshan, Tajikistan">Zarafshan, Tajikistan</a>), whereas the Sogdians following Karzanj, the ruler of Pai (modern <a href="/wiki/Kattakurgan,_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kattakurgan, Uzbekistan">Kattakurgan, Uzbekistan</a>), fled to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Farghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Farghana">Principality of Farghana</a>, where their ruler at-Tar (or Alutar) promised them safety and refuge from the Umayyads. However, at-Tar secretly informed al-Harashi of the Sogdians hiding in <a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a>, who were then slaughtered by al-Harashi's forces after their arrival.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> From 722, following the Muslim invasion, new groups of Sogdians, many of them <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christians">Nestorian Christians</a>, emigrated to the east, where the Turks had been more welcoming and more tolerant of their religion since the time of Sassanian religious persecutions. They particularly created colonies in the area of <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Semirechye</a>, where they continued to flourish into the 10th century with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>. These Sogdians are known for producing beautiful silver plates with Eastern Christian iconography, such as the <a href="/wiki/Anikova_dish" title="Anikova dish">Anikova dish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ES-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-SEDU-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abbasid_Caliphate_(750–819)">Abbasid Caliphate (750–819)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Abbasid Caliphate (750–819)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorated_niche,_750-825_CE,_Afrasiab,_Samarkand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Decorated_niche%2C_750-825_CE%2C_Afrasiab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/220px-Decorated_niche%2C_750-825_CE%2C_Afrasiab%2C_Samarkand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Decorated_niche%2C_750-825_CE%2C_Afrasiab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/330px-Decorated_niche%2C_750-825_CE%2C_Afrasiab%2C_Samarkand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Decorated_niche%2C_750-825_CE%2C_Afrasiab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/440px-Decorated_niche%2C_750-825_CE%2C_Afrasiab%2C_Samarkand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>Decorated niche from the Abbasid mosque of <a href="/wiki/Afrasiab" title="Afrasiab">Afrasiab</a>, Samarkand, 750–825 CE.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></figcaption></figure> The Umayyads <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">fell</a> in 750 to the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, which quickly asserted itself in Central Asia after winning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a> (along the <a href="/wiki/Talas_River" title="Talas River">Talas River</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Talas_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Talas Oblast">Talas Oblast</a>, Kyrgyzstan) in 751, against the Chinese Tang dynasty. This conflict incidentally introduced Chinese <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">papermaking</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hanks_2010_p4-77">[77]</a> The cultural consequences and political ramifications of this battle meant the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">retreat of the Chinese empire from Central Asia</a>. It also allowed for the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a> (819–999), a Persian state centered at Bukhara (in what is now modern <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>) that nominally observed the Abbasids as their <a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">overlords</a>, yet retained a great deal of autonomy and upheld the mercantile legacy of the Sogdians.<a href="#cite_note-hanks_2010_p4-77">[77]</a> Yet the <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian language</a> gradually declined in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> of the Samanids (the ancestor to the modern <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik language</a>), the spoken language of renowned poets and intellectuals of the age such as <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> (940–1020).<a href="#cite_note-hanks_2010_p4-77">[77]</a> So too did the original religions of the Sogdians decline; Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christianity">Nestorian Christianity</a> disappeared in the region by the end of the Samanid period.<a href="#cite_note-hanks_2010_p4-77">[77]</a> The Samanids were also responsible for converting the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samanids_(819–999)">Samanids (819–999)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Samanids (819–999)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a></div> The Samanids occupied the Sogdian region from circa 819 until 999, establishing their capital at <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> (819–892) and then at <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> (892–999). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkic_conquests:_Kara-Khanid_Khanate_(999–1212)">Turkic conquests: Kara-Khanid Khanate (999–1212)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Turkic conquests: Kara-Khanid Khanate (999–1212)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kara-Khanid_ruler_(itting_cross-legged_on_a_throne),_Afrasiab,_circa_1200_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kara-Khanid_ruler_%28itting_cross-legged_on_a_throne%29%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/220px-Kara-Khanid_ruler_%28itting_cross-legged_on_a_throne%29%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kara-Khanid_ruler_%28itting_cross-legged_on_a_throne%29%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/330px-Kara-Khanid_ruler_%28itting_cross-legged_on_a_throne%29%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kara-Khanid_ruler_%28itting_cross-legged_on_a_throne%29%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/440px-Kara-Khanid_ruler_%28itting_cross-legged_on_a_throne%29%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="1882" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a Kara-Khanid ruler of Samarkand (sitting cross-legged on a throne in the complete reconstructed relief), <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, circa 1200 CE.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> It was possibly defaced in 1212 when the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a> shah <a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_b._Tekish" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammad b. Tekish">Muḥammad b. Tekish</a> took over Samarkand.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></figcaption></figure> In 999 the Samanid Empire was conquered by an Islamic Turkic power, the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> (840–1212).<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> From 1212, the Kara-Khanids in Samarkand were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Kwarazmians</a>. Soon however, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Khwarezmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia">Khwarezmia was invaded</a> by the early <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> and its ruler <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bukhara" title="Siege of Bukhara">destroyed</a> the once vibrant cities of Bukhara and Samarkand.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> However, in 1370, Samarkand saw a revival as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turko-Mongol</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> brought about the forced immigration to Samarkand of artisans and intellectuals from across Asia, transforming it not only into a trade hub but also into one of the most important cities of the Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_diplomacy">Economy and diplomacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy and diplomacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asia_and_the_Silk_Road">Central Asia and the Silk Road</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Central Asia and the Silk Road">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Persian_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Persian relations">Sino-Persian relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cities_along_the_Silk_Road" title="Cities along the Silk Road">Cities along the Silk Road</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sogdian-fragment-ca._700_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sogdian-fragment-ca._700_AD.jpg/122px-Sogdian-fragment-ca._700_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sogdian-fragment-ca._700_AD.jpg/183px-Sogdian-fragment-ca._700_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sogdian-fragment-ca._700_AD.jpg/244px-Sogdian-fragment-ca._700_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="780" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_cup_with_elephant_heads_on_ring_handle,_Sogdiana,_probably_Uzbekistan,_early_7th_century_AD,_hammered_silver_with_mercury_gilding_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05588.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wine_cup_with_elephant_heads_on_ring_handle%2C_Sogdiana%2C_probably_Uzbekistan%2C_early_7th_century_AD%2C_hammered_silver_with_mercury_gilding_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05588.JPG/162px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wine_cup_with_elephant_heads_on_ring_handle%2C_Sogdiana%2C_probably_Uzbekistan%2C_early_7th_century_AD%2C_hammered_silver_with_mercury_gilding_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05588.JPG/243px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wine_cup_with_elephant_heads_on_ring_handle%2C_Sogdiana%2C_probably_Uzbekistan%2C_early_7th_century_AD%2C_hammered_silver_with_mercury_gilding_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05588.JPG/324px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3654" data-file-height="3056" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Left image: a Sogdian <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> <a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">brocade</a> textile fragment, dated c. 700 AD Right image: and a Sogdian <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> wine cup with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilding</a>, 7th century AD</div></div></div></div> Most merchants did not travel the entire <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, but would trade goods through middlemen based in oasis towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>. The Sogdians, however, established a trading network across the 1500 miles from Sogdiana to China. In fact, the Sogdians turned their energies to trade so thoroughly that the Saka of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a> called all merchants suli, "Sogdian", whatever their culture or ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-wood-84">[84]</a> The Sogdians had learnt to become expert traders from the Kushans, together with whom they initially controlled trade in the <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Ferghana Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a> during the 'birth' of the Silk Road. Later, they became the primary middlemen after the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Unlike the empires of antiquity, the Sogdian region was not a territory confined within fixed borders, but rather a network of <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>, from one oasis to another, linking Sogdiana to <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Sogdian contacts with China were initiated by the embassy of the Chinese explorer <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a> (r. 141–87 BC) of the former <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. Zhang wrote a report of his visit to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> in Central Asia and named the area of Sogdiana as "<a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a>".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:345px;max-width:345px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hommes_au_banquet,_pigment_sur_pl%C3%A2tre,_Penjikent,_Tadjikistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hommes_au_banquet%2C_pigment_sur_pl%C3%A2tre%2C_Penjikent%2C_Tadjikistan.jpg/155px-Hommes_au_banquet%2C_pigment_sur_pl%C3%A2tre%2C_Penjikent%2C_Tadjikistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hommes_au_banquet%2C_pigment_sur_pl%C3%A2tre%2C_Penjikent%2C_Tadjikistan.jpg/233px-Hommes_au_banquet%2C_pigment_sur_pl%C3%A2tre%2C_Penjikent%2C_Tadjikistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hommes_au_banquet%2C_pigment_sur_pl%C3%A2tre%2C_Penjikent%2C_Tadjikistan.jpg/310px-Hommes_au_banquet%2C_pigment_sur_pl%C3%A2tre%2C_Penjikent%2C_Tadjikistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3806" data-file-height="3047" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fregio_rosso,_palazzo_di_varakhsha,_camera_11,_pareti_sud_ed_est_(parz),_VII-VIII_sec,_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fregio_rosso%2C_palazzo_di_varakhsha%2C_camera_11%2C_pareti_sud_ed_est_%28parz%29%2C_VII-VIII_sec%2C_03.JPG/182px-Fregio_rosso%2C_palazzo_di_varakhsha%2C_camera_11%2C_pareti_sud_ed_est_%28parz%29%2C_VII-VIII_sec%2C_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="182" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fregio_rosso%2C_palazzo_di_varakhsha%2C_camera_11%2C_pareti_sud_ed_est_%28parz%29%2C_VII-VIII_sec%2C_03.JPG/273px-Fregio_rosso%2C_palazzo_di_varakhsha%2C_camera_11%2C_pareti_sud_ed_est_%28parz%29%2C_VII-VIII_sec%2C_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fregio_rosso%2C_palazzo_di_varakhsha%2C_camera_11%2C_pareti_sud_ed_est_%28parz%29%2C_VII-VIII_sec%2C_03.JPG/364px-Fregio_rosso%2C_palazzo_di_varakhsha%2C_camera_11%2C_pareti_sud_ed_est_%28parz%29%2C_VII-VIII_sec%2C_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1911" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Left image: Sogdian men feasting and eating at a banquet, from a wall mural of <a href="/wiki/Panjakent" title="Panjakent">Panjakent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, 7th century AD Right image: Detail of a mural from <a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a>, 6th century AD, showing <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant riders</a> fighting <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tigers</a> and monsters.</div></div></div></div> Following Zhang Qian's embassy and report, commercial Chinese relations with Central Asia and Sogdiana flourished,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> as many Chinese missions were sent throughout the 1st century BC. In his <a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a> published in 94 BC, Chinese historian <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> remarked that "the largest of these embassies to foreign states numbered several hundred persons, while even the smaller parties included over 100 members ... In the course of one year anywhere from five to six to over ten parties would be sent out."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In terms of the silk trade, the Sogdians also served as middlemen between the Chinese Han Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> of the Middle East and West Asia.<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_p133-91">[91]</a> Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade between China and Central Asia along the Silk Roads as late as the 10th century, their language serving as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for Asian trade as far back as the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:215px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sogdian_An_Jia_(contoured).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Sogdian_An_Jia_%28contoured%29.jpg/181px-The_Sogdian_An_Jia_%28contoured%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Sogdian_An_Jia_%28contoured%29.jpg/272px-The_Sogdian_An_Jia_%28contoured%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Sogdian_An_Jia_%28contoured%29.jpg/362px-The_Sogdian_An_Jia_%28contoured%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="1250" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:215px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ForeignMerchant_at_the_silk_road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ForeignMerchant_at_the_silk_road.jpg/103px-ForeignMerchant_at_the_silk_road.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ForeignMerchant_at_the_silk_road.jpg/155px-ForeignMerchant_at_the_silk_road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ForeignMerchant_at_the_silk_road.jpg/206px-ForeignMerchant_at_the_silk_road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="731" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Left image: <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_An_Jia" title="Tomb of An Jia">An Jia</a>, a Sogdian trader and official in China, depicted on <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_An_Jia" title="Tomb of An Jia">his tomb</a> in 579 AD. Right image: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">ceramic figurine</a> of a Sogdian merchant in northern China, Tang dynasty, 7th century AD</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:SogdianCoin6thCentury.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SogdianCoin6thCentury.JPG/143px-SogdianCoin6thCentury.JPG" decoding="async" width="143" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SogdianCoin6thCentury.JPG/215px-SogdianCoin6thCentury.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SogdianCoin6thCentury.JPG/286px-SogdianCoin6thCentury.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="1145" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ChineseShapedSogdianCoinKelpin8thCenturyCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ChineseShapedSogdianCoinKelpin8thCenturyCE.jpg/141px-ChineseShapedSogdianCoinKelpin8thCenturyCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ChineseShapedSogdianCoinKelpin8thCenturyCE.jpg/212px-ChineseShapedSogdianCoinKelpin8thCenturyCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ChineseShapedSogdianCoinKelpin8thCenturyCE.jpg/282px-ChineseShapedSogdianCoinKelpin8thCenturyCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1452" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Left image: Sogdian coin, 6th century, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> Right image: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Chinese-influenced</a> Sogdian coin, from <a href="/wiki/Kelpin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelpin">Kelpin</a>, 8th century, British Museum</div></div></div></div> Subsequent to their domination by Alexander the Great, the Sogdians from the city of Marakanda (<a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>) became dominant as traveling merchants, occupying a key position along the ancient Silk Road.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> They played an active role in the spread of faiths such as <a href="/wiki/Manicheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicheism">Manicheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> along the Silk Road. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">The Chinese</a> Sui Shu (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a>) describes Sogdians as "skilled merchants" who attracted many foreign traders to their land to engage in commerce.<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_p134-95">[95]</a> They were described by the Chinese as born merchants, learning their commercial skills at an early age. It appears from sources, such as documents found by Sir <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stein" title="Aurel Stein">Aurel Stein</a> and others, that by the 4th century they may have monopolized trade <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">between India and China</a>. A letter written by Sogdian merchants dated 313 AD and found in the ruins of a watchtower in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, was intended to be sent to merchants in <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Samarkand" title="Timeline of Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, warning them that after <a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Cong (Han Zhao)">Liu Cong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Han_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Zhao">Han-Zhao</a> sacked <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Jin emperor</a> fled the capital, there was no worthwhile business there for Indian and Sogdian merchants.<a href="#cite_note-dresden_1981_p3-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_pp133-34-96">[96]</a> Furthermore, in 568 AD, a Turko-Sogdian delegation travelled to the Roman emperor in Constantinople to obtain permission to trade and in the following years commercial activity between the states flourished.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Put simply, the Sogdians dominated trade along the Silk Road from the 2nd century BC until the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-wood-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Talas</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> were the main Sogdian centers in the north that dominated the caravan routes of the 6th to 8th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Their commercial interests were protected by the resurgent military power of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>, whose empire was built on the political power of the <a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina</a> clan and economic clout of the Sogdians.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Sogdian trade, with some interruptions, continued into the 9th century. For instance, camels, women, girls, silver, and gold were seized from Sogdia during a raid by <a href="/wiki/Qapaghan_Qaghan" title="Qapaghan Qaghan">Qapaghan Qaghan</a> (692–716), ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In the 10th century, Sogdiana was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur Empire</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">until 840</a> encompassed northern Central Asia. This <a href="/wiki/Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaganate">khaganate</a> obtained enormous deliveries of silk from Tang China in exchange for horses, in turn relying on the Sogdians to sell much of this silk further west.<a href="#cite_note-liu_2001_p169-103">[103]</a> Peter B. Golden writes that the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> not only adopted the <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">writing system</a> and religious faiths of the Sogdians, such as Manichaeism, Buddhism, and Christianity, but also looked to the Sogdians as "mentors", while gradually replacing them in their roles as Silk Road traders and <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">purveyors of culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography and cartography in medieval Islam">Muslim geographers</a> of the 10th century drew upon Sogdian records dating to 750–840. After the end of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Uyghur_people" title="History of the Uyghur people">the Uyghur Empire</a>, Sogdian trade underwent a crisis. Following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a> in the 8th century, the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid dynasty">Samanids</a> resumed trade on the northwestern road leading to the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a> and the northeastern one toward the nearby Turkic tribes.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-100">[100]</a> During the 5th and 6th century, many Sogdians took up residence in the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a>, where they retained autonomy in terms of governance and had a designated official administrator known as a <a href="/wiki/Sabao" title="Sabao">Sabao</a>, which suggests their importance to the socioeconomic structure of China. The Sogdian influence on trade in China is also made apparent by a Chinese document which lists taxes paid on caravan trade in the <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> region and shows that twenty-nine out of the thirty-five commercial transactions involved Sogdian merchants, and in thirteen of those cases both the buyer and the seller were Sogdian.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Trade goods brought to China included <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanian silverware</a>, as well as glass containers, Mediterranean coral, brass Buddhist images, Roman wool cloth, and <a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Baltic amber</a>. These were exchanged for Chinese paper, copper, and silk.<a href="#cite_note-wood-84">[84]</a> In the 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> noted with approval that Sogdian boys were taught to read and write at the age of five, though their skill was turned to trade, disappointing the scholarly Xuanzang. He also recorded the Sogdians working in other capacities such as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_and_diplomacy_with_the_Byzantine_Empire">Trade and diplomacy with the Byzantine Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Trade and diplomacy with the Byzantine Empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Perso-Turkic War">First Perso-Turkic War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sasanian wars">Byzantine–Sasanian wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">Byzantine silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_warriors" title="Sogdian warriors">Sogdian warriors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">Sino-Roman relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine-Mongol_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine-Mongol alliance">Byzantine-Mongol alliance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Medieval_China" title="Europeans in Medieval China">Europeans in Medieval China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons,_648-651_CE,_Afrasiyab_murals,_Samarkand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg/220px-Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg/330px-Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg/440px-Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Chinese silk in Sogdia: <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> emissaries at the court of the <a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshid of Sogdia</a> <a href="/wiki/Varkhuman" title="Varkhuman">Varkhuman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, carrying silk and a string of silkworm cocoons, circa 655 CE, <a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a>, Samarkand.</figcaption></figure> Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Smuggling_of_silkworm_eggs_into_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire">smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire</a> from China by <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christian">Nestorian Christian</a> monks, the 6th-century Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/Menander_Protector" title="Menander Protector">Menander Protector</a> writes of how the Sogdians attempted to establish a direct trade of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. After forming an alliance with the Sasanian ruler <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> to defeat the Hephthalite Empire, <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%A4mi" title="Istämi">Istämi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk">Göktürk</a> ruler of the <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a>, was approached by Sogdian merchants requesting permission to seek an audience with the Sassanid king of kings for the privilege of traveling through Persian territories in order to trade with the Byzantines.<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_p133-91">[91]</a> Istämi refused the first request, but when he sanctioned the second one and had the Sogdian embassy sent to the Sassanid king, the latter had the members of the embassy poisoned.<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_p133-91">[91]</a> Maniah, a Sogdian diplomat, convinced Istämi to send an embassy directly to Byzantium's capital <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, which arrived in 568 and offered not only silk as a gift to Byzantine ruler <a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a>, but also proposed an alliance against Sassanid Persia. Justin II agreed and sent an embassy to the Turkic Khaganate, ensuring the direct silk trade desired by the Sogdians.<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_p133-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-liu_2001_p168-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-dresden_1981_p9-108">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lions,_soie_polychrome_sogdienne,_Asie_centrale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lions%2C_soie_polychrome_sogdienne%2C_Asie_centrale.jpg/220px-Lions%2C_soie_polychrome_sogdienne%2C_Asie_centrale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lions%2C_soie_polychrome_sogdienne%2C_Asie_centrale.jpg/330px-Lions%2C_soie_polychrome_sogdienne%2C_Asie_centrale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lions%2C_soie_polychrome_sogdienne%2C_Asie_centrale.jpg/440px-Lions%2C_soie_polychrome_sogdienne%2C_Asie_centrale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4257" data-file-height="3184" /></a><figcaption>A lion <a href="/wiki/Motif_(textile_arts)" title="Motif (textile arts)">motif</a> on Sogdian <a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">polychrome</a> <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, 8th century AD, most likely from <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>.</figcaption></figure> It appears, however, that direct trade with the Sogdians remained limited in light of the small amount of <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Byzantine coins</a> found in Central Asian and Chinese archaeological sites belonging to this era. Although <a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">Roman embassies</a> apparently reached Han China from 166 AD onwards,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Romans</a> imported Han Chinese silk while the Han dynasty Chinese imported <a href="/wiki/Roman_glass" title="Roman glass">Roman glasswares</a> as discovered in their tombs,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Hansen" title="Valerie Hansen">Valerie Hansen</a> (2012) wrote that no Roman coins from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (507–27 BC) or the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> (27 BC – 330 AD) era of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> have been found in China.<a href="#cite_note-hansen_2012_p97-112">[112]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Warwick_Ball" title="Warwick Ball">Warwick Ball</a> (2016) upends this notion by pointing to a hoard of sixteen Roman coins found at <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, China (formerly <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>), dated to the reigns of various emperors from <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (14–37 AD) to <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> (270–275 AD).<a href="#cite_note-ball_2016_p154-113">[113]</a> The earliest gold <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus coins</a> from the Eastern Roman Empire found in China date to the reign of Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> (r. 408–450) and altogether only forty-eight of them have been found (compared to thirteen-hundred silver coins) in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> and the rest of China.<a href="#cite_note-hansen_2012_p97-112">[112]</a> The use of silver coins in <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a> persisted long after the <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja" title="Tang campaign against Karakhoja">Tang campaign against Karakhoja</a> and Chinese conquest of 640, with a gradual adoption of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Chinese bronze coinage</a> over the course of the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-hansen_2012_p97-112">[112]</a> The fact that these Eastern Roman coins were almost always found with <a href="/wiki/Monetary_history_of_Iran" title="Monetary history of Iran">Sasanian Persian silver coins</a> and Eastern Roman gold coins were used more as ceremonial objects like <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talismans</a>, confirms the pre-eminent importance of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> in Chinese Silk Road commerce of Central Asia compared to Eastern Rome.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sogdian_traders_in_the_Tarim_Basin">Sogdian traders in the Tarim Basin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sogdian traders in the Tarim Basin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_188,_lunette,_Central_Asian_foreigner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cave_188%2C_lunette%2C_Central_Asian_foreigner.jpg/220px-Cave_188%2C_lunette%2C_Central_Asian_foreigner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cave_188%2C_lunette%2C_Central_Asian_foreigner.jpg/330px-Cave_188%2C_lunette%2C_Central_Asian_foreigner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cave_188%2C_lunette%2C_Central_Asian_foreigner.jpg/440px-Cave_188%2C_lunette%2C_Central_Asian_foreigner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1828" /></a><figcaption>Central Asian foreigner worshipping <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddha_Cave_(Cave_188)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Buddha Cave (Cave 188)">Cave 188</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>, mid-way in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, record many scenes of traders from Central Asia in the 5–6th century: these combine influence from the Eastern Iran sphere, at that time occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a>, with strong Sogdian cultural elements.<a href="#cite_note-EH48-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-CB99-116">[116]</a> Sogdia, at the center of a new <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> between China to the Sasanian Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> became extremely prosperous around that time.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The style of this period in Kizil is characterized by strong Iranian-Sogdian elements probably brought with intense Sogdian-Tocharian trade, the influence of which is especially apparent in the Central-Asian <a href="/wiki/Caftan" class="mw-redirect" title="Caftan">caftans</a> with Sogdian textile designs, as well as Sogdian longswords of many of the figures.<a href="#cite_note-CB165-118">[118]</a> Other characteristic Sogdian designs are animals, such as ducks, within pearl medallions.<a href="#cite_note-CB165-118">[118]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 965px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-King_Mabi_saving_traders,_Kizil_cave_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dragon-King Mabi saving traders, Cave 14, Kizil Caves"><img alt="Dragon-King Mabi saving traders, Cave 14, Kizil Caves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dragon-King_Mabi_saving_traders%2C_Kizil_cave_14.jpg/150px-Dragon-King_Mabi_saving_traders%2C_Kizil_cave_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dragon-King_Mabi_saving_traders%2C_Kizil_cave_14.jpg/225px-Dragon-King_Mabi_saving_traders%2C_Kizil_cave_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dragon-King_Mabi_saving_traders%2C_Kizil_cave_14.jpg/300px-Dragon-King_Mabi_saving_traders%2C_Kizil_cave_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="626" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dragon-King Mabi saving traders, Cave 14, <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-King_Mabi_saving_traders,_Kizil_cave_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two-headed dragon capturing traders, Cave 17"><img alt="Two-headed dragon capturing traders, Cave 17" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dragon-King_Mabi_saving_traders%2C_Kizil_cave_17.jpg/150px-Dragon-King_Mabi_saving_traders%2C_Kizil_cave_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dragon-King_Mabi_saving_traders%2C_Kizil_cave_17.jpg/225px-Dragon-King_Mabi_saving_traders%2C_Kizil_cave_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dragon-King_Mabi_saving_traders%2C_Kizil_cave_17.jpg/300px-Dragon-King_Mabi_saving_traders%2C_Kizil_cave_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="773" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two-headed dragon capturing traders, Cave 17</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sab_leading_the_way,_Kizil_Cave_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sab leading the way for the 500 traders, Kizil Cave 17."><img alt="Sab leading the way for the 500 traders, Kizil Cave 17." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sab_leading_the_way%2C_Kizil_Cave_17.jpg/150px-Sab_leading_the_way%2C_Kizil_Cave_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sab_leading_the_way%2C_Kizil_Cave_17.jpg/225px-Sab_leading_the_way%2C_Kizil_Cave_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sab_leading_the_way%2C_Kizil_Cave_17.jpg/300px-Sab_leading_the_way%2C_Kizil_Cave_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="676" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sab leading the way for the 500 traders, Kizil Cave 17.</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sogdian_merchants,_generals,_and_statesmen_in_Imperial_China">Sogdian merchants, generals, and statesmen in Imperial China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sogdian merchants, generals, and statesmen in Imperial China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China#Sogdians" title="Iranians in China">Iranians_in_China § Sogdians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups in Chinese history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">Ethnic minorities in China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:228px;max-width:228px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg/226px-BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg/339px-BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="323" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sogdians_having_a_toast,_with_females_wearing_Chinese_headdresses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sogdians_having_a_toast%2C_with_females_wearing_Chinese_headdresses.jpg/258px-Sogdians_having_a_toast%2C_with_females_wearing_Chinese_headdresses.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sogdians_having_a_toast%2C_with_females_wearing_Chinese_headdresses.jpg/387px-Sogdians_having_a_toast%2C_with_females_wearing_Chinese_headdresses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sogdians_having_a_toast%2C_with_females_wearing_Chinese_headdresses.jpg/516px-Sogdians_having_a_toast%2C_with_females_wearing_Chinese_headdresses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1987" data-file-height="1384" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left image: kneeling Sogdian donors to the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> (fresco, with detail), <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, China, 8th century Right image: Sogdians having a toast, with females wearing Chinese headdresses. <a href="/wiki/Anyang_funerary_bed" title="Anyang funerary bed">Anyang funerary bed</a>, 550–577 AD.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></div></div></div></div> Aside from the Sogdians of Central Asia who acted as middlemen in the Silk Road trade, other Sogdians settled down in China for generations. Many Sogdians lived in <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty</a> (266–420), but fled following the collapse of the Jin dynasty's control over northern China in 311 AD and the rise of northern nomadic tribes.<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_pp133-34-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stein" title="Aurel Stein">Aurel Stein</a> discovered 5 letters written in Sogdian known as the "Ancient Letters" in an abandoned watchtower near Dunhuang in 1907. One of them was written by a Sogdian woman named <a href="/wiki/Miwnay" title="Miwnay">Miwnay</a> who had a daughter named Shayn and she wrote to her mother Chatis in Sogdia. Miwnay and her daughter were abandoned in China by Nanai-dhat, her husband who was also Sogdian like her. Nanai-dhat refused to help Miwnay and their daughter after forcing them to come with him to Dunhuang and then abandoning them, telling them they should serve the Han Chinese. Miwnay asked one of her husband's relative Artivan and then asked another Sogdian man, Farnkhund to help them but they also abandoned them. Miwnay and her daughter Shayn were then forced to became servants of Han Chinese after living on charity from a priest. Miwnay cursed her Sogdian husband for leaving her, saying she would rather have been married to a pig or dog.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Another letter in the collection was written by the Sogdian Nanai-vandak addressed to Sogdians back home in Samarkand informing them about a mass rebellion by Xiongnu Hun rebels against their Han Chinese rulers of the Western Jin dynasty informing his people that every single one of the diaspora Sogdians and Indians in the Chinese Western Jin capital Luoyang died of starvation due to the uprising by the rebellious Xiongnu, who were formerly subjects of the Han Chinese. The Han Chinese emperor abandoned Luoyang when it came under siege by the Xiongnu rebels and his palace was burned down. Nanai-vandak also said the city of <a href="/wiki/Ye_(Hebei)" title="Ye (Hebei)">Ye</a> was no more as the Xiongnu rebellion resulted in disaster for the Sogdian diaspora in China.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Han Chinese men frequently bought Sogdian slave girls for sexual relations.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yingpan_man_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yingpan_man_%28detail%29.jpg/170px-Yingpan_man_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yingpan_man_%28detail%29.jpg/255px-Yingpan_man_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yingpan_man_%28detail%29.jpg/340px-Yingpan_man_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Yingpan_man" title="Yingpan man">Yingpan man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, 4th-5th century CE. He may have been a Sogdian trader.<a href="#cite_note-RFG-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></figcaption></figure> Still, some Sogdians continued living in Gansu.<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_pp133-34-96">[96]</a> A community of Sogdians remained in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Wuwei</a>, but when the Northern Liang were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> in 439 AD, many Sogdians were forcibly relocated to the Northern Wei capital of <a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a>, thereby fostering exchanges and trade for the new dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Numerous <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Central_Asian_objects_of_Northern_Wei_tombs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Central Asian objects of Northern Wei tombs">Central Asian objects</a> have been found in Northern Wei tombs, such as the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Feng_Hetu" title="Feng Hetu">Feng Hetu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Other Sogdians came from the west and took positions in Chinese society. The <a href="/wiki/Bei_shi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bei shi">Bei shi</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> describes how a Sogdian came from Anxi (western Sogdiana or <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>) to China and became a sabao (薩保, from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> sarthavaha, meaning caravan leader)<a href="#cite_note-liu_2001_p168-107">[107]</a> who lived in Jiuquan during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> (386 – 535 AD), and was the ancestor of An Tugen, a man who rose from a common merchant to become a top ranking minister of state for the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a> (550 – 577 AD).<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_p134-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Valerie Hansen asserts that around this time and extending into the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618 – 907 AD), the Sogdians "became the most influential of the non-Chinese groups resident in China". Two different types of Sogdians came to China, envoys and merchants. Sogdian envoys settled, marrying Chinese women, purchasing land, with newcomers living there permanently instead of returning to their homelands in Sogdiana.<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_p134-95">[95]</a> They were concentrated in large numbers around Luoyang and Chang'an, and also <a href="/wiki/Xiangyang" title="Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, building <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">temples</a> to service their communities once they reached the threshold of roughly 100 households.<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_p134-95">[95]</a> From the Northern Qi to Tang periods, the leaders of these communities, the sabao, were incorporated into the official hierarchy of state officials.<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_p134-95">[95]</a> During the 6–7th centuries AD, Sogdian families living in China created important tombs with funerary <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaphs</a> explaining the history of their illustrious houses. Their burial practices blended both Chinese forms such as carved funerary beds with Zoroastrian sensibilities in mind, such as separating the body from both the earth and water.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Sogdian_tombs_in_China" title="Template:Sogdian tombs in China">Sogdian tombs in China</a> are among the most lavish of the period in this country, and are only inferior to Imperial tombs, suggesting that the Sogdian Sabao were among the wealthiest members of the population.<a href="#cite_note-FG-139">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huteng_dancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Huteng_dancer.jpg/220px-Huteng_dancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Huteng_dancer.jpg/330px-Huteng_dancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Huteng_dancer.jpg/440px-Huteng_dancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1391" data-file-height="1721" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> <a href="/wiki/Huteng" title="Huteng">Huteng</a> dancer, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pagoda_of_Xiuding_Temple" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pagoda of Xiuding Temple">Xiuding temple pagoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, 7th century.</figcaption></figure> In addition to being merchants, monks, and government officials, Sogdians also served as soldiers in the Tang military.<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_p135-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan" title="An Lushan">An Lushan</a>, whose father was Sogdian and mother a Gokturk, rose to the position of a military governor (<a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">jiedushi</a>) in the northeast before leading the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> (755 – 763 AD), which split the loyalties of the Sogdians in China.<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_p135-140">[140]</a> The An Lushan rebellion was supported by many Sogdians, and in its aftermath many of them were slain or changed their names to escape their Sogdian heritage, so that little is known about the Sogdian presence in North China since that time.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The former Yan rebel general Gao Juren of <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> descent ordered a mass slaughter of West Asian (Central Asian) <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdians</a> in Fanyang, also known as <a href="/wiki/Jicheng_(Beijing)" title="Jicheng (Beijing)">Jicheng (Beijing)</a>, in Youzhou <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_issues_in_China#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic issues in China">identifying them through their big noses</a> and lances were used to impale their children when he rebelled against the rebel Yan emperor Shi Chaoyi <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion#Implosion_of_Yan_and_end_of_the_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">and defeated rival Yan dynasty forces under the Turk Ashina Chengqing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> High nosed Sogdians were slaughtered in Youzhou in 761. Youzhou had Linzhou, another "protected" prefecture attached to it and Sogdians lived there in great numbers.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> because Gao Juren, like Tian Shengong wanted to defect to the Tang dynasty and wanted them to publicly recognize and acknowledge him as a regional warlord and offered the slaughter of the Central Asian Hu "barbarians" as a blood sacrifice for the Tang court to acknowledge his allegiance without him giving up territory. according to the book, "History of An Lushan" (安祿山史記).<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Another source says the slaughter of the Hu barbarians serving Ashina Chengqing was done by Gao Juren in Fanyang in order to deprive him of his support base, since the Tiele, Tongluo, Sogdians and Turks were all Hu and supported the Turk Ashina Chengqing against the Mohe, Xi, Khitan and Goguryeo origin soldiers led by Gao Juren. Gao Juren was later killed by Li Huaixian, who was loyal to Shi Chaoyi.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> A massacre of foreign Arab and Persian Muslim merchants by former Yan rebel general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Shengong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Shengong (page does not exist)">Tian Shengong</a> happened during the An Lushan rebellion in the <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_massacre_(760)" title="Yangzhou massacre (760)">Yangzhou massacre (760)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQi2010221-227-151">[151]</a> since Tian Shengong was defecting to the Tang dynasty and wanted them to publicly recognized and acknowledge him, and the Tang court portrayed the war as between rebel hu barbarians of the Yan against Han Chinese of the Tang dynasty, Tian Shengong slaughtered foreigners as a blood sacrifice to prove he was loyal to the Han Chinese Tang dynasty state and for them to recognize him as a regional warlord without him giving up territory, and he killed other foreign Hu barbarian ethnicities as well whose ethnic groups were not specified, not only Arabs and Persians since it was directed against all foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Sogdians continued as active traders in China following the defeat of the rebellion, but many of them were compelled to hide their ethnic identity. A prominent case was An Chongzhang, Minister of War, and Duke of Liang who, in 756, asked <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Suzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Suzong of Tang">Emperor Suzong of Tang</a> to allow him to change his name to <a href="/wiki/Li_Baoyu" title="Li Baoyu">Li Baoyu</a> because of his shame in sharing <a href="/wiki/An_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="An (surname)">the same surname</a> with the rebel leader.<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_p135-140">[140]</a> This change of surnames was enacted retroactively for all of his family members, so that his ancestors would also be bestowed the <a href="/wiki/Li_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (surname)">surname Li</a>.<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_p135-140">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nestorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian">Nestorian</a> Christians like the <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a> Priest Yisi of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> helped the Tang dynasty general <a href="/wiki/Guo_Ziyi" title="Guo Ziyi">Guo Ziyi</a> militarily crush the An Lushan rebellion, with Yisi personally acting as a military commander and Yisi and the Nestorian Church of the East were rewarded by the Tang dynasty with titles and positions as described in the <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Stele" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Stele">Nestorian Stele</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> used his rituals against An Lushan while staying in Chang'an when it was occupied in 756 while the Tang dynasty crown prince and Xuanzong emperor had retreated to Sichuan. Amoghavajra's rituals were explicitly intended to introduced death, disaster and disease against An Lushan.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> As a result of Amoghavajrya's assistance in crushing An Lushan, Estoteric Buddhism became the official state Buddhist sect supported by the Tang dynasty, "Imperial Buddhism" with state funding and backing for writing scriptures, and constructing monasteries and temples. The disciples of Amoghavajra did ceremonies for the state and emperor.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Tang dynasty Emperor Suzong was crowned as <a href="/wiki/Cakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cakravartin">cakravartin</a> by Amoghavajra after victory against An Lushan in 759 and he had invoked the Acala vidyaraja against An Lushan. The Tang dynasty crown prince Li Heng (later Suzong) also received important strategic military information from Chang'an when it was occupied by An Lushan though secret message sent by Amoghavajra.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Epitaphs were found dating from the Tang dynasty of a Christian couple in <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman, who Lady An (安氏) who died in 821 and her Nestorian Christian Han Chinese husband, Hua Xian (花献) who died in 827. These Han Chinese Christian men may have married Sogdian Christian women because of a lack of Han Chinese women belonging to the Christian religion, limiting their choice of spouses among the same ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Another epitaph in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman also surnamed An was discovered and she was put in her tomb by her military officer son on 22 January 815. This Sogdian woman's husband was surnamed He (和) and he was a Han Chinese man and the family was indicated to be multiethnic on the epitaph pillar.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> In Luoyang, the mixed raced sons of Nestorian Christian Sogdian women and Han Chinese men has many career paths available for them. Neither their mixed ethnicity nor their faith were barriers and they were able to become civil officials, a military officers and openly celebrated their Christian religion and support Christian monasteries.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Zhou_Dynasty_Tomb_of_Shijun_(roof_reconstructed).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Northern_Zhou_Dynasty_Tomb_of_Shijun_%28roof_reconstructed%29.jpg/220px-Northern_Zhou_Dynasty_Tomb_of_Shijun_%28roof_reconstructed%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Northern_Zhou_Dynasty_Tomb_of_Shijun_%28roof_reconstructed%29.jpg/330px-Northern_Zhou_Dynasty_Tomb_of_Shijun_%28roof_reconstructed%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Northern_Zhou_Dynasty_Tomb_of_Shijun_%28roof_reconstructed%29.jpg/440px-Northern_Zhou_Dynasty_Tomb_of_Shijun_%28roof_reconstructed%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5167" data-file-height="4018" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Wirkak" title="Tomb of Wirkak">tomb of Wirkak</a>, a Sogdian official in China. Built in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> in 580 AD, during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a> dynasty. <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_City_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an City Museum">Xi'an City Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> During the Tang and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Five Dynasties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, a large community of Sogdians also existed in the multicultural <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> of Dunhuang, Gansu, a major center of Buddhist learning and home to the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Although Dunhuang and the Hexi Corridor were captured by the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> after the An Lushan Rebellion, in 848 the ethnic Han Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yichao" title="Zhang Yichao">Zhang Yichao</a> (799–872) managed to wrestle control of the region from <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">the Tibetans during their civil war</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a> under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xu%C4%81nzong_of_Tang" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Xuānzong of Tang">Emperor Xuānzong of Tang</a> (r. 846–859).<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ249-168">[168]</a> Although the region occasionally fell under the rule of different states, it retained its multilingual nature as evidenced by an abundance of manuscripts (religious and secular) in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan languages">Tibetan</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Khotanese</a> (another <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian language">Eastern Iranian language</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">the region</a>), <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> There were nine prominent Sogdian clans (昭武九姓). The names of these clans have been deduced from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">Chinese surnames</a> listed in a <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">Tang-era Dunhuang manuscript</a> (Pelliot chinois 3319V).<a href="#cite_note-hansen_2012_p98-170">[170]</a> Each "clan" name refers to a different city-state as the Sogdian used the name of their hometown as their Chinese surname.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Of these the most common Sogdian surname throughout China was <a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%AD_(surname)" title="Shí (surname)">Shí</a> (石, generally given to those from Chach, modern <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>). The following surnames also appear frequently on Dunhuang manuscripts and registers: <a href="/wiki/Sh%C7%90_(surname)" title="Shǐ (surname)">Shǐ</a> (史, from Kesh, modern <a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Shahrisabz</a>), <a href="/wiki/An_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="An (surname)">An</a> (安, from Bukhara), <a href="/wiki/Mi_(surname)" title="Mi (surname)">Mi</a> (米, from <a href="/wiki/Panjakent" title="Panjakent">Panjakent</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kang_(Chinese_surname)" title="Kang (Chinese surname)">Kāng</a> (康, from <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cao_(Chinese_surname)" title="Cao (Chinese surname)">Cáo</a> (曹, from Kabudhan, north of the <a href="/wiki/Zeravshan_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeravshan River">Zeravshan River</a>), and <a href="/wiki/He_(surname)" title="He (surname)">Hé</a> (何, from Kushaniyah).<a href="#cite_note-hansen_2012_p98-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> is said to have expressed a desire to live among the "nine tribes" which may have been a reference to the Sogdian community.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Sancai_Porcelain_with_Musicians_on_a_Camel_(no_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tang_Sancai_Porcelain_with_Musicians_on_a_Camel_%28no_background%29.jpg/220px-Tang_Sancai_Porcelain_with_Musicians_on_a_Camel_%28no_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tang_Sancai_Porcelain_with_Musicians_on_a_Camel_%28no_background%29.jpg/330px-Tang_Sancai_Porcelain_with_Musicians_on_a_Camel_%28no_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tang_Sancai_Porcelain_with_Musicians_on_a_Camel_%28no_background%29.jpg/440px-Tang_Sancai_Porcelain_with_Musicians_on_a_Camel_%28no_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2982" data-file-height="4676" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Sancai" title="Sancai">sancai</a> statuette of Sogdian merchants riding on a <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camel</a>, 723 AD, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>.</figcaption></figure> The influence of <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicized</a> and multilingual Sogdians during this Guiyijun (歸義軍) period (c. 850 – c. 1000 AD) of Dunhuang is evident in a large number of manuscripts written in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> from left to right instead of vertically, mirroring the direction of how the <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian alphabet</a> is read.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Sogdians of Dunhuang also commonly formed and joined lay associations among their local communities, convening at Sogdian-owned <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">taverns</a> in scheduled meetings mentioned in their <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">epistolary letters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Sogdians living in Turfan under the Tang dynasty and <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> Kingdom engaged in a variety of occupations that included: farming, military service, painting, <a href="/wiki/Leather_crafting" title="Leather crafting">leather crafting</a> and selling products such as iron goods.<a href="#cite_note-hansen_2012_p98-170">[170]</a> The Sogdians had been migrating to Turfan since the 4th century, yet the pace of migration began to climb steadily with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Sasanian Empire">Fall of the Sasanian Empire</a> in 651, followed by the Islamic conquest of Samarkand in 712.<a href="#cite_note-hansen_2012_p98-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_culture">Language and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Language and culture">edit</a>]</div> The 6th century is thought to be the peak of Sogdian culture, judging by its highly developed artistic tradition. By this point, the Sogdians were entrenched in their role as the central Asian traveling and trading merchants, transferring goods, culture and religion.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zarafshan_Range" title="Zarafshan Range">valley of the Zarafshan</a> around Samarkand retained its Sogdian name, Samarkand.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia_britannica-4">[4]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, medieval <a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography and cartography in medieval Islam">Arab geographers</a> considered it one of the four fairest regions of the world.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia_britannica-4">[4]</a> Where the Sogdians moved in considerable numbers, their language made a considerable impact. For instance, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="History of the Han dynasty">during China's Han dynasty</a>, the native name of the Tarim Basin city-state of <a href="/wiki/Loulan" class="mw-redirect" title="Loulan">Loulan</a> was "Kroraina", possibly <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">from Greek</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">nearby Hellenistic influence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> However, centuries later in 664 AD, the Tang Chinese Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> labelled it as "Nafupo" (納縛溥), which according to Hisao Matsuda is a transliteration of the Sogdian word Navapa meaning "new water."<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_art" title="Sogdian art">Sogdian art</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Central Asia">Art of Central Asia</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrasiab painting">Afrasiab paintings</a> of the 6th to 7th centuries in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, offer a rare surviving example of Sogdian art. The paintings, showing scenes of daily life and events such as the arrival of foreign ambassadors, are located within the ruins of aristocratic homes. It is unclear if any of these palatial residences served as the official palace of the rulers of Samarkand.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The oldest surviving Sogdian monumental wall murals date to the 5th century and are located at Panjakent, Tajikistan.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> In addition to revealing aspects of their social and political lives, Sogdian art has also been instrumental in aiding historians' understanding of their religious beliefs. For instance, it is clear that Buddhist Sogdians incorporated some of their own <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Iranian deities</a> into their version of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Pantheon">Buddhist Pantheon</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Zhetysu</a>, Sogdian <a href="/wiki/Gilded" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilded">gilded</a> bronze plaques on a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temple</a> show a pairing of a male and female deity with outstretched hands holding a miniature <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a>, a common non-Buddhist image similarly found in the paintings of Samarkand and Panjakent.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubbing_of_Epitaph_of_the_Sa-pao_Wirkak_(Part_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rubbing_of_Epitaph_of_the_Sa-pao_Wirkak_%28Part_1%29.jpg/440px-Rubbing_of_Epitaph_of_the_Sa-pao_Wirkak_%28Part_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rubbing_of_Epitaph_of_the_Sa-pao_Wirkak_%28Part_1%29.jpg/660px-Rubbing_of_Epitaph_of_the_Sa-pao_Wirkak_%28Part_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rubbing_of_Epitaph_of_the_Sa-pao_Wirkak_%28Part_1%29.jpg/880px-Rubbing_of_Epitaph_of_the_Sa-pao_Wirkak_%28Part_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Epitaph in Sogdian by the sons of <a href="/wiki/Wirkak" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirkak">Wirkak</a>, a Sogdian merchant and official who died in China in 580 CE.</figcaption></figure> The Sogdians spoke an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian</a> language called Sogdian, closely related to <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarazmian</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka language</a>, widely spoken Eastern Iranian languages of Central Asia in ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-dresden_1981_p5-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-tafazzoli_2003_p323-182">[182]</a> Sogdian was also prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> city-state of <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">Northwest China</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>).<a href="#cite_note-tafazzoli_2003_p323-182">[182]</a> Judging by the Sogdian <a href="/wiki/Bugut_inscription" title="Bugut inscription">Bugut inscription</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> written c. 581, the Sogdian language was also an official language of the First Turkic Khaganate established by the <a href="/wiki/Gokturks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokturks">Gokturks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dresden_1981_p9-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-tafazzoli_2003_p323-182">[182]</a> Sogdian was written largely in three scripts: the <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian alphabet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean alphabet">Manichaean alphabet</a>, each derived from the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> which had been widely used in both the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> empires of ancient Iran.<a href="#cite_note-baumer_2012_pp202-203-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The Sogdian alphabet formed the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur alphabet</a> of the 8th century, which in turn was used to create the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> of the early <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> during the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Later in 1599, the Jurchen leader Nurhaci decided to convert the Mongolian alphabet to make it suitable for the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghnobi people">Yaghnobi people</a> living in the <a href="/wiki/Sughd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sughd">Sughd</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> still speak <a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">a descendant of the Sogdian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dresden_2003_p1217-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Yaghnobi is largely a continuation of the medieval Sogdian dialect from the <a href="/wiki/Osrushana" title="Osrushana">Osrushana</a> region of the western <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The great majority of the Sogdian people assimilated with other local groups such as the Bactrians, <a href="/wiki/Kwaresm" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwaresm">Chorasmians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, and came to speak Persian. In 819, the Persian speaking population founded the Samanid Empire in the region. They are among the ancestors of the modern <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81jik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tājik people">Tajiks</a>. Numerous Sogdian <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> can be found in the modern Tajik language, although the latter is a <a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Iranian language">Western Iranian language</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Clothing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sogdian_New_Year_Festival,_Northern_Qi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sogdian_New_Year_Festival%2C_Northern_Qi.jpg/220px-Sogdian_New_Year_Festival%2C_Northern_Qi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sogdian_New_Year_Festival%2C_Northern_Qi.jpg/330px-Sogdian_New_Year_Festival%2C_Northern_Qi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sogdian_New_Year_Festival%2C_Northern_Qi.jpg/440px-Sogdian_New_Year_Festival%2C_Northern_Qi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Sogdians, depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Anyang_funerary_bed" title="Anyang funerary bed">Anyang funerary bed</a>, a Sogdian sarcophagus in China during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a> dynasty (550–577 AD). <a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Guimet Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Early medieval Sogdian costumes can be divided in two periods: <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">Hephtalitic</a> (5th and 6th centuries) and Turkic (7th and early 8th centuries). The latter did not become common immediately after the political dominance of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kturks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gökturks">Gökturks</a> but only in c. 620 when, especially following <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic</a> Khagan <a href="/wiki/Tong_Yabghu_Qaghan" title="Tong Yabghu Qaghan">Ton-jazbgu</a>'s reforms, Sogd was Turkized and the local nobility was officially included in the Khaganate's administration.<a href="#cite_note-YatsenkoSogdianCostume-189">[189]</a> For both sexes clothes were tight-fitted, and narrow waists and wrists were appreciated. The silhouettes for grown men and young girls emphasized wide shoulders and narrowed to the waist; the silhouettes for female aristocrats were more complicated. The Sogdian clothing underwent a thorough process of Islamization in the ensuing centuries, with few of the original elements remaining. In their stead, turbans, <a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">kaftans</a>, and sleeved coats became more common.<a href="#cite_note-YatsenkoSogdianCostume-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_beliefs">Religious beliefs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religious beliefs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mar_Ammo" title="Mar Ammo">Mar Ammo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Sogdian" title="Bible translations into Sogdian">Bible translations into Sogdian</a></div> The Sogdians practiced a variety of religious faiths. However, Zoroastrianism was most likely their main religion, as demonstrated by material evidence, such as the discovery in Samarkand, Panjakent and Er-Kurgan of murals depicting votaries making offerings before fire altars and <a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">ossuaries</a> holding the bones of the dead – in accordance with Zoroastrian ritual. At <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>, Sogdian burials shared similar features with traditional Chinese practices, yet they still retained essential Zoroastrian rituals, such as <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">allowing the bodies to be picked clean</a> by <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a> before burying the bones in ossuaries.<a href="#cite_note-hansen_2012_p98-170">[170]</a> They also <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">sacrificed animals</a> to Zoroastrian deities, including the supreme deity <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hansen_2012_p98-170">[170]</a> Zoroastrianism remained the dominant religion among Sogdians until after the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquest</a>, when they gradually converted to Islam, as is shown by Richard Bulliet's "conversion curve".<a href="#cite_note-Tobin-190">[190]</a> One of the most widely worshiped deities in Sogdia was the goddess <a href="/wiki/Nana_(Bactrian_goddess)" title="Nana (Bactrian goddess)">Nana</a>, derived from the Mesopotamian goddess <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a>, and is traditionally depicted as a 4 armed goddess riding a lion, holding the sun and moon. She and the river god <a href="/wiki/Oxus_(god)" title="Oxus (god)">Oxus</a> were some of the most widely attested deities from the region. <a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> She was regaeded as a civic and astral goddess, and her sacred city was Panjikent. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:222px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinastia_tang,_shanxi,_straniero_dal_volto_velato,_600-750_ca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG/157px-Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG" decoding="async" width="157" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG/236px-Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG/314px-Dinastia_tang%2C_shanxi%2C_straniero_dal_volto_velato%2C_600-750_ca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1888" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:222px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gable_of_the_stone_gate_of_the_Tomb_of_An_Jia_with_reproduction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gable_of_the_stone_gate_of_the_Tomb_of_An_Jia_with_reproduction.jpg/227px-Gable_of_the_stone_gate_of_the_Tomb_of_An_Jia_with_reproduction.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gable_of_the_stone_gate_of_the_Tomb_of_An_Jia_with_reproduction.jpg/341px-Gable_of_the_stone_gate_of_the_Tomb_of_An_Jia_with_reproduction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gable_of_the_stone_gate_of_the_Tomb_of_An_Jia_with_reproduction.jpg/454px-Gable_of_the_stone_gate_of_the_Tomb_of_An_Jia_with_reproduction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="2880" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Left: An 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Chinese clay figurine</a> of a Sogdian man wearing a distinctive cap and face veil, a probable <a href="/wiki/Mobad" title="Mobad">Zoroastrian priest</a> engaging in a ritual at a <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temple</a>, since face veils were used to avoid contaminating the holy fire with breath or saliva; <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Oriental_Art_(Turin)" title="Museum of Oriental Art (Turin)">Museum of Oriental Art (Turin)</a>, Italy.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Right: A Zoroastrian fire worship ceremony, depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Anjia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Anjia">Tomb of Anjia</a>, a Sogdian merchant in China.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></div></div></div></div> The Sogdian religious texts found in China and dating to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties#The_Northern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern dynasties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a>, and Tang are mostly Buddhist (translated from Chinese sources), Manichaean, and <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian Christian</a>, with only a small minority of Zoroastrian texts.<a href="#cite_note-Grenet-194">[194]</a> But, tombs of Sogdian merchants in China dated to the last third of the 6th century show predominantly Zoroastrian motifs or Zoroastrian-Manichaean syncretism, while archaeological remains from Sogdiana appear fairly Iranian and conservatively Zoroastrian.<a href="#cite_note-Grenet-194">[194]</a> However, the Sogdians epitomized the religious plurality found along the trade routes. The largest body of Sogdian texts are Buddhist, and Sogdians were among the principal translators of Buddhist sutras into Chinese. However, Buddhism did not take root in Sogdiana itself.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Bulayiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulayiq">Bulayiq</a> monastery to the north of Turpan contained Sogdian Christian texts, and there are numerous Manichaean texts in Sogdiana from nearby Qocho.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The reconversion of Sogdians from Buddhism to Zoroastrianism coincided with the adoption of Zoroastrianism by the Sassanid Empire of Persia.<a href="#cite_note-liu_2001_p168-107">[107]</a> From the 4th century onwards, Sogdian Buddhist pilgrims left behind evidence of their travels along the steep cliffs of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunza_Valley" title="Hunza Valley">Hunza Valley</a>. It was here that they carved images of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> and holy <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> in addition to their full names, in hopes that the Buddha would grant them his protection.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The Sogdians also practiced Manichaeism, the faith of <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a>, which they spread among the Uyghurs. The <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> (744–840 AD) developed close ties to Tang China once it had aided the Tang in suppressing the rebellion of An Lushan and his Göktürk successor <a href="/wiki/Shi_Siming" title="Shi Siming">Shi Siming</a>, establishing an annual trade relationship of one million bolts of Chinese silk for one hundred thousand horses.<a href="#cite_note-liu_2001_p169-103">[103]</a> The Uyghurs relied on Sogdian merchants to sell much of this silk further west along the Silk Road, a symbiotic relationship that led many Uyghurs to adopt <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Manichaeism from the Sogdians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-liu_2001_p169-103">[103]</a> However, evidence of Manichaean liturgical and canonical texts of Sogdian origin remains fragmentary and sparse compared to their corpus of Buddhist writings.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> The Uyghurs were also followers of Buddhism. For instance, they can be seen wearing silk robes in the praṇidhi scenes of the <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">Uyghur Bezeklik Buddhist murals</a> of Xinjiang, China, particularly Scene 6 from Temple 9 showing <a href="/wiki/File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg" title="File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg">Sogdian donors to the Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gasparini_2014_pp134-163-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_with_Trisula_Panjikent_7th%E2%80%938th_century_CE_Hermitage_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Shiva_with_Trisula_Panjikent_7th%E2%80%938th_century_CE_Hermitage_Museum.jpg/220px-Shiva_with_Trisula_Panjikent_7th%E2%80%938th_century_CE_Hermitage_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Shiva_with_Trisula_Panjikent_7th%E2%80%938th_century_CE_Hermitage_Museum.jpg/330px-Shiva_with_Trisula_Panjikent_7th%E2%80%938th_century_CE_Hermitage_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Shiva_with_Trisula_Panjikent_7th%E2%80%938th_century_CE_Hermitage_Museum.jpg/440px-Shiva_with_Trisula_Panjikent_7th%E2%80%938th_century_CE_Hermitage_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Trisula" class="mw-redirect" title="Trisula">trisula</a>), attended by Sogdian devotees. <a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent</a>, 7th–8th century AD. <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranic cults</a>, there were five <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> known to have been worshipped in Sogdiana.<a href="#cite_note-kumar_2007_p8-201">[201]</a> These were <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Mahadeva</a> (Shiva), <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaishravana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishravana">Vaishravana</a>; the gods Brahma, Indra, and Shiva were known by their Sogdian names Zravan, Adbad and Veshparkar, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-kumar_2007_p8-201">[201]</a>, As seen in an 8th-century mural from Panjakent, portable <a href="/wiki/Fire_altar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire altar">fire altars</a> can be "associated" with <a href="/wiki/Mahadeva_(Buddhism)" title="Mahadeva (Buddhism)">Mahadeva</a>-Veshparkar, Brahma-Zravan, and Indra-Abdab, according to Braja Bihārī Kumar.<a href="#cite_note-kumar_2007_p8-201">[201]</a> Among the Sogdian Christians known in China from inscriptions and texts were An Yena, a Christian from An country (Bukhara). Mi Jifen a Christian from Mi country (Maymurgh), Kang Zhitong, a Sogdian Christian cleric from Kang country (Samarkand), Mi Xuanqing a Sogdian Christian cleric from Mi country (Maymurgh), Mi Xuanying, a Sogdian Christian cleric from Mi country (Maymurgh), An Qingsu, a Sogdian Christian monk from An country (Bukhara).<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bezeklik_caves,_Pranidhi_scene_14,_temple_9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bezeklik_caves%2C_Pranidhi_scene_14%2C_temple_9.JPG/220px-Bezeklik_caves%2C_Pranidhi_scene_14%2C_temple_9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bezeklik_caves%2C_Pranidhi_scene_14%2C_temple_9.JPG/330px-Bezeklik_caves%2C_Pranidhi_scene_14%2C_temple_9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bezeklik_caves%2C_Pranidhi_scene_14%2C_temple_9.JPG/440px-Bezeklik_caves%2C_Pranidhi_scene_14%2C_temple_9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Pranidhi scene, temple 9 (Cave 20) of the <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China, 9th century AD, with kneeling figures with <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian</a> features and <a href="/wiki/Green-eyed" class="mw-redirect" title="Green-eyed">green eyes</a> praying in front of the Buddha. Modern scholarship has identified <a href="/wiki/File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg" title="File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg">praṇidhi scenes of the same temple</a> (No. 9) as depicting Sogdians,<a href="#cite_note-gasparini_2014_pp134-163-199">[199]</a> who inhabited Turfan as an ethnic minority during the phases of <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang Chinese</a> (7th–8th century) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Uyghur rule</a> (9th–13th century).<a href="#cite_note-hansen_2012_p98-170">[170]</a></figcaption></figure> When visiting <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan-era</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, China during the late 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> explorer and merchant <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> noted that <a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Medieval_China" title="Europeans in Medieval China">a large number</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian church">Christian churches</a> had been built there. His claim is confirmed by a Chinese text of the 14th century explaining how a Sogdian named Mar-Sargis from Samarkand founded six <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Nestorian Christian churches</a> there, in addition to one in <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> during the second half of the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Nestorian Christianity had existed in China earlier during the Tang dynasty when a Persian monk named <a href="/wiki/Alopen" title="Alopen">Alopen</a> came to Chang'an in 653 to <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytize</a>, as described in a dual Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a> inscription from Chang'an (modern Xi'an), dated to the year 781.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Within the Syriac inscription is a list of priests and monks, one of whom is named Gabriel, the <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">archdeacon</a> of "Xumdan" and "Sarag", the Sogdian names for the Chinese capital cities <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> In regards to textual material, the earliest Christian <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> texts <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Sogdian" title="Bible translations into Sogdian">translated into Sogdian</a> coincide with the reign of the Sasanian Persian monarch <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> (r. 438–457), and were translated from the <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a>, the standard version of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slave_trade">Slave trade</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Slave trade">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in China">History of slavery in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians in China</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> existed in China since ancient times, although during the Han dynasty the proportion of slaves to the overall population was roughly 1%,<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> far lower than the estimate for the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> (estimated at 15% of <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">the entire population</a>).<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> During the Tang period, slaves were not allowed to marry a commoner's daughter, were not allowed to have sexual relations with any female member of their master's family, and although fornication with female slaves was forbidden in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_Code" title="Tang Code">Tang code of law</a>, it was widely practiced.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a> was also permitted when a slave woman gave birth to her master's son, which allowed for her elevation to the legal status of a commoner, yet she could only live as a <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a> and not as the wife of her former master.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contract_written_in_Sogdian_for_the_purchase_of_a_slave_in_639_CE,_Astana_Tomb_No._135.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Contract_written_in_Sogdian_for_the_purchase_of_a_slave_in_639_CE%2C_Astana_Tomb_No._135.jpg/220px-Contract_written_in_Sogdian_for_the_purchase_of_a_slave_in_639_CE%2C_Astana_Tomb_No._135.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Contract_written_in_Sogdian_for_the_purchase_of_a_slave_in_639_CE%2C_Astana_Tomb_No._135.jpg/330px-Contract_written_in_Sogdian_for_the_purchase_of_a_slave_in_639_CE%2C_Astana_Tomb_No._135.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Contract_written_in_Sogdian_for_the_purchase_of_a_slave_in_639_CE%2C_Astana_Tomb_No._135.jpg/440px-Contract_written_in_Sogdian_for_the_purchase_of_a_slave_in_639_CE%2C_Astana_Tomb_No._135.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="1698" /></a><figcaption>Contract written in Sogdian for the purchase of a slave in 639 CE, <a href="/wiki/Astana_Tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Astana Tomb">Astana Tomb</a> No. 135.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></figcaption></figure> Sogdian and Chinese merchants regularly traded in slaves in and around Turpan during the Tang dynasty. <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> under <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> rule was a center of major commercial activity between Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdian people">Sogdian</a> merchants. There were many inns in Turpan. Some provided Sogdian sex workers with an opportunity to service the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> merchants, since the official histories report that there were markets in women at <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> The Sogdian-language contract buried at the <a href="/wiki/Astana_Cemetery" title="Astana Cemetery">Astana graveyard</a> demonstrates that at least one Chinese man bought a Sogdian girl in 639 AD. One of the archaeologists who excavated the Astana site, Wu Zhen, contends that, although many households along the Silk Road bought individual slaves, as demonstrated in the earlier documents from Niya, the Turpan documents point to a massive escalation in the volume of the slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In 639 a female Sogdian slave was sold to a Chinese man, as recorded in an <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> cemetery legal document written in Sogdian.<a href="#cite_note-Skaff2012-217">[217]</a> Khotan and <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> were places where women were commonly sold, with ample evidence of the slave trade in Turfan thanks to contemporary textual sources that have survived.<a href="#cite_note-TrombertVaissière2005-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrombertVaissière-219">[219]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Tang_poetry" title="Tang poetry">Tang poetry</a> Sogdian girls also frequently appear as <a href="/wiki/Waiting_staff" title="Waiting staff">serving maids</a> in the taverns and inns of the capital Chang'an.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Sogdian slave girls and their Chinese male owners made up the majority of Sogdian female-Chinese male pairings, while free Sogdian women were the most common spouse of Sogdian men. A smaller number of Chinese women were paired with elite Sogdian men. Sogdian man-and-woman pairings made up eighteen out of twenty-one marriages according to existing documents.<a href="#cite_note-TrombertVaissière-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrombertVaissière2005_2-221">[221]</a> A document dated 731 AD reveals that precisely forty <a href="/wiki/Bolt_(cloth)" title="Bolt (cloth)">bolts</a> of silk were paid to a certain Mi Lushan, a slave dealing Sogdian, by a Chinese man named Tang Rong (唐榮) of Chang'an, for the purchase of an eleven-year-old girl. A person from Xizhou, a Tokharistani (i.e. Bactrian), and three Sogdians verified the sale of the girl.<a href="#cite_note-TrombertVaissière-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrombertVaissière2005_3-222">[222]</a> Central Asians like Sogdians were called "Hu" (胡) by the Chinese during the Tang dynasty. Central Asian "Hu" women were stereotyped as barmaids or dancers by Han in China. Han Chinese men engaged in mostly extra-marital sexual relationships with them as the "Hu" women in China mostly occupied positions where sexual services were sold to patrons like singers, maids, slaves and prostitutes.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Southern <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> girls were exoticized in poems.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Han men did not want to legally marry them unless they had no choice such as if they were on the frontier or in exile since the Han men would be socially disadvantaged and have to marry non-Han.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> The task of taking care of herd animals like sheep and cattle was given to "Hu" slaves in China.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_historiography">Modern historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Modern historiography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/German_Turfan_expeditions" title="German Turfan expeditions">German Turfan expeditions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_Le_Coq" title="Albert von Le Coq">Albert von Le Coq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KhunakCoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/KhunakCoin.jpg/220px-KhunakCoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/KhunakCoin.jpg/330px-KhunakCoin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/KhunakCoin.jpg/440px-KhunakCoin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>A minted <a href="/wiki/Bukhar_Khudahs" title="Bukhar Khudahs">silver coin of Khunak</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, early 8th century, showing the <a href="/wiki/Crown_(headgear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown (headgear)">crowned</a> king <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">on the obverse</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">Zoroastrian fire altar</a> on the reverse.</figcaption></figure> In 1916, the French <a href="/wiki/Sinologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinologist">Sinologist</a> and historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pelliot" title="Paul Pelliot">Paul Pelliot</a> used <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">Tang Chinese manuscripts</a> excavated from Dunhuang, Gansu to identify an ancient Sogdian colony south of <a href="/wiki/Lop_Nur" title="Lop Nur">Lop Nur</a> in Xinjiang (Northwest China), which he argued was the base for the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">spread of Buddhism</a> and Nestorian Christianity in China.<a href="#cite_note-rong_2009_p148-234">[234]</a> In 1926, Japanese scholar Kuwabara compiled evidence for Sogdians in Chinese historical sources, and by 1933, Chinese historian Xiang Da published his Tang Chang'an and Central Asian Culture, detailing the Sogdian influence on Chinese social religious life in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Xi%27an" title="History of Xi'an">Tang-era Chinese capital city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rong_2009_p148-234">[234]</a> The Canadian Sinologist <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Edwin G. Pulleyblank</a> published an article in 1952, demonstrating the presence of a Sogdian colony founded in Six Hu Prefectures of the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos Loop">Ordos Loop</a> during the Chinese Tang period, composed of Sogdians and Turkic peoples who migrated from the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian-Manchurian_grassland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian-Manchurian grassland">Mongolian steppe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rong_2009_p148-234">[234]</a> The Japanese historian Ikeda on wrote an article in 1965, outlining the history of the Sogdians inhabiting Dunhuang from the beginning of the 7th century, analyzing lists of their <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">Sinicized names</a> and the role of Zoroastrianism and Buddhism in their religious life.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Yoshida Yutaka and Kageyama Etsuko, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ethnographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographer">ethnographers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguists</a> of the Sogdian language, were able to reconstruct Sogdian names from forty-five different Chinese <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterations</a>, noting that these were common in Turfan whereas Sogdians living closer to the center of Chinese civilization for generations adopted traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese names</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hansen_2012_p98-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a>, prolific translator and one of the most politically powerful Buddhist monks of Chinese history, of Sogdian descent through his mother<a href="#cite_note-Lehnert-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yang-237">[237]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Lushan" title="An Lushan">An Lushan</a> (安祿山),<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_p135-140">[140]</a> a military leader of Sogdian (from his father's side) and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kturks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gökturks">Tūjué</a> origin during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> in China; he rose to prominence by fighting (and losing) frontier wars between 741 and 755. Later, he precipitated the catastrophic <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a>, which lasted from 755 to 763 and led to the decline of the Tang dynasty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Qingxu" title="An Qingxu">An Qingxu</a> (安慶緒), son of <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan" title="An Lushan">An Lushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Chonghui" title="An Chonghui">An Chonghui</a> (安重誨), a minister of China's <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Congjin" title="An Congjin">An Congjin</a> (安從進), a general of Later Tang and China's <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin (Five Dynasties)</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sogdian_musicians_on_the_tomb_of_Wirkak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sogdian_musicians_on_the_tomb_of_Wirkak.jpg/220px-Sogdian_musicians_on_the_tomb_of_Wirkak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sogdian_musicians_on_the_tomb_of_Wirkak.jpg/330px-Sogdian_musicians_on_the_tomb_of_Wirkak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sogdian_musicians_on_the_tomb_of_Wirkak.jpg/440px-Sogdian_musicians_on_the_tomb_of_Wirkak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Sogdian musicians and attendants on the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Wirkak" title="Tomb of Wirkak">tomb of Wirkak</a>, 580 AD.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Chongrong" title="An Chongrong">An Chongrong</a> (安重榮), a general of China's Later Jin (Five Dynasties)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apama" title="Apama">Apama</a>,<a href="#cite_note-magill_et_al_1998_p1010-38">[38]</a> daughter of <a href="/wiki/Spitamenes" title="Spitamenes">Spitamenes</a> (see below) and wife of <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azanes_(general)" title="Azanes (general)">Azanes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dresden_2003_p1216-20">[20]</a> son of Artaios, who led a contingent of Sogdian troops in the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Persian army</a> of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a> in 480 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divashtich" title="Divashtich">Divashtich</a>,<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> 8th-century ruler of <a href="/wiki/Panjakent" title="Panjakent">Panjakent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gernet1996_2-239">[239]</a> Buddhist monk and influent philosopher of the 7th century, considered the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Huayan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurak" title="Gurak">Gurak</a>,<a href="#cite_note-litvinski_et_al_1999_p459-71">[71]</a> 8th-century ruler of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Senghui" title="Kang Senghui">Kang Senghui</a> (康僧會),<a href="#cite_note-Nguyen2008-240">[240]</a> Buddhist monk of the 3rd century who lived in <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Jiaozhi</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period</li> <li>Kang Jing (康景)? – a possible Sogdian who worked at the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> Mansion of the Prince of Qin (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E8%97%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E7%A7%A6%E7%8E%8B%E7%B3%BB)" class="extiw" title="zh:明朝藩王列表 (秦王系)">明朝藩王列表 (秦王系)</a>) as a servant<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-中國文物硏究所-242">[242]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaydhar_ibn_Kawus_al-Afshin" title="Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin">Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RaffatʻAlavī1985-243">[243]</a> a general of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphate">Abbasid caliphate</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> of the Abbasids as the prince of <a href="/wiki/Osrushana" title="Osrushana">Osrushana</a> during the 9th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaydar_Nasr_ibn_%27Abdallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaydar Nasr ibn 'Abdallah">Kaydar Nasr ibn 'Abdallah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Abbasid governor of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> during the 9th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Baoyu" title="Li Baoyu">Li Baoyu</a> (李抱玉),<a href="#cite_note-howard_2012_p135-140">[140]</a> formerly known as An Chongzhang (安重璋) and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">ennobled</a> as Duke Zhaowu of <a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Liang</a> (涼昭武公), a general of the Chinese Tang dynasty who fought against the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan" title="An Lushan">An Lushan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_Fu" title="Mi Fu">Mi Fu</a> (米芾),<a href="#cite_note-kai-245">[245]</a> painter, poet, and calligrapher of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Kaydar" title="Malik ibn Kaydar">Malik ibn Kaydar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> a 9th-century general of the Abbasid caliphate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_ibn_Kaydar" title="Muzaffar ibn Kaydar">Muzaffar ibn Kaydar</a>, son of Kaydar Nasr ibn 'Abdallah (see above), and yet another Abbasid governor of Egypt during the 9th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyartes" title="Oxyartes">Oxyartes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ahmed_2004_p61-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-livius_roxane-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-strachan_2008_p87-32">[32]</a> Sogdian warlord from <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, follower of <a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Bessus</a>, and father of <a href="/wiki/Roxana" title="Roxana">Roxana</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxana" title="Roxana">Roxana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ahmed_2004_p61-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-livius_roxane-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-strachan_2008_p87-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> the primary wife of Alexander the Great during the 4th century BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Jingtang" title="Shi Jingtang">Shi Jingtang</a> (石敬瑭),<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Emperor of China, <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple name</a> Gaozu (高祖)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitamenes" title="Spitamenes">Spitamenes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-holt_1989_pp64-65-35">[35]</a> a Sogdian warlord who led an uprising against Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhun" title="Tarkhun">Tarkhun</a>,<a href="#cite_note-litvinski_et_al_1999_p459-71">[71]</a> 8th-century ruler of Samarkand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Saj_Devdad" title="Abu'l-Saj Devdad">Abu'l-Saj Devdad</a>, emir and official of the Abbasid caliphate and ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Muhammad al-Bukhari</a>, Hadith composer and Islamic scholar, writer of <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Salih Al-Bukhari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diaspora_areas">Diaspora areas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Diaspora areas">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>A community of merchant Sogdians resided in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a> era <a href="/wiki/Ye_(ancient_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye (ancient China)">Ye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gernet1996_3-251">[251]</a></li> <li>A community of Sogdians existed in <a href="/wiki/Jicheng_(Beijing)" title="Jicheng (Beijing)">Jicheng (Beijing)</a> since at least the time of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. They were targeted for slaughter by the Tang government during the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a></li> <li>Turkic Khaganate era <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#f8eaba;font-size:175%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:1px solid #ccc;background:#efefef;font-weight:normal;"> Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magan_(civilization)" title="Magan (civilization)">Magan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himyarite_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite kingdom">Himyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">The Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe#Ancient_Europe" title="History of Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argaric_culture" title="Argaric culture">Argaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrean_civilization" title="Torrean civilization">Torrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaiotic_culture" title="Talaiotic culture">Talaiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerma_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerma kingdom">Kerma kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobians" title="Macrobians">Macrobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Simien" title="Kingdom of Simien">Kingdom of Simien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harla_kingdom" title="Harla kingdom">Harla kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbaria_(region)" title="Barbaria (region)">Barbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosylon" title="Mosylon">Mosylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heis_(town)" title="Heis (town)">Mundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toniki" title="Toniki">Toniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromata" title="Aromata">Aromata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_(Somalia)" title="Nikon (Somalia)">Nicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauso" title="Rauso">Rauso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_Africa_throughout_history" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history">African kingdoms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">North Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasamones" title="Nasamones">Nasamones chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battiadae" title="Battiadae">Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blemmyes" title="Blemmyes">Blemmyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massylii" title="Massylii">Massylii Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ouarsenis" title="Kingdom of Ouarsenis">Kingdom of Ouarsenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandal kingdom">Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Capsus" title="Kingdom of Capsus">Kingdom of Capsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Kingdom of Masuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s" title="Kingdom of the Aurès">Kingdom of the Aurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Kingdom of Makuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodna" title="Hodna">Kingdom of Hodna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemencha" title="Nemencha">Nemencha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguatan" title="Laguatan">Laguatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Kingdom of Altava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_Africa_throughout_history" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history">African kingdoms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe#History" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scytho-Siberian_world" title="Scytho-Siberian world">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Hunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xionites" title="Xionites">Xionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Huns" title="Iranian Huns">Iranian Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Siberia" title="History of Siberia">Siberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">Central Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sogdia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Yavana kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley#History" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin#History" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">East Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan#Prehistoric_and_ancient_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea#Prehistoric_and_Antiquity_period" title="History of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia#Ancient_period" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">South Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Dorset" title="Pre-Dorset">Pre-Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns culture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerica</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_culture" title="Epi-Olmec culture">Epi-Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacha" title="Capacha">Capacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_civilization" title="Huastec civilization">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_culture" title="Mixtec culture">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xochipala" title="Xochipala">Xochipala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Gran Coclé">Gran Coclé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlatilco_culture" title="Tlatilco culture">Tlatilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicuilco" title="Cuicuilco">Cuicuilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcala_culture" title="Mezcala culture">Mezcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chup%C3%ADcuaro" title="Chupícuaro">Chupícuaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quelepa" title="Quelepa">Quelepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mexico_shaft_tomb_tradition" title="Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition">Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuchitl%C3%A1n_culture" title="Teuchitlán culture">Teuchitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraguas_culture" title="Veraguas culture">Veraguas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquis" title="Diquis">Diquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nicoya" title="Kingdom of Nicoya">Nicoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Veracruz_culture" title="Classic Veracruz culture">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac_culture" title="Totonac culture">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andean_South_America" title="History of Andean South America">Andes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization" title="Caral–Supe civilization">Caral–Supe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casma%E2%80%93Sechin_culture" title="Casma–Sechin culture">Casma–Sechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracas_culture" title="Paracas culture">Paracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_culture" title="Lima culture">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ortoiroid_people" title="Ortoiroid people">Ortoiroid people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey" title="Guanahatabey">Guanahatabey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago" title="Kalinago">Kalinago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Kalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafaring_in_the_Pre-Columbian_Caribbean" title="Seafaring in the Pre-Columbian Caribbean">Seafaring</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">West Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kintampo_Complex" title="Kintampo Complex">Kintampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhar_Tichitt" title="Dhar Tichitt">Dhar Tichitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oualata" title="Oualata">Oualata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_civilisation" title="Sao civilisation">Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ekoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_prehistory" title="Serer prehistory">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambian_stone_circles" title="Senegambian stone circles">Senegambia megaliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-imperial_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-imperial Mali">Pre-imperial Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9-Djenno" title="Djenné-Djenno">Djenné-Djenno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igodomigodo" title="Igodomigodo">Igodomigodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_culture" title="Bura culture">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrur" title="Takrur">Takrur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Pygmies" title="African Pygmies">Pygmies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_Africa_throughout_history" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history">African kingdoms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceania" title="History of Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia#History" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia#History" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia#History" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_B%C3%A0ng_dynasty" title="Hồng Bàng dynasty">Hồng Bàng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhanavati" title="Singhanavati">Singhanavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Batu" title="Sungai Batu">Sungai Batu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_kingdoms" title="Mon kingdoms">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaton_kingdom" title="Thaton kingdom">Thaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Tu" title="Chi Tu">Chi Tu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_Sun" title="Tun Sun">Tun Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagaung_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagaung kingdom">Tagaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ksetra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Ksetra kingdom">Sri Ksetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_%E1%BA%A4p" title="Lâm Ấp">Lâm Ấp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quduqian" title="Quduqian">Quduqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rakhine" title="History of Rakhine">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xitu" title="Xitu">Xitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantoli" title="Kantoli">Kantoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Pahang_kingdom" title="Old Pahang kingdom">Mueang Pahang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavo_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavo kingdom">Lavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melayu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Melayu kingdom">Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Shailendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Cambodia" title="Early history of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_Timor" title="Pre-colonial Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Singapore" title="Early history of Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">Ancient maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border:1px solid #ccc;background:#efefef;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_history" title="Category:Ancient history">Category</a></li> <li>Followed by <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Huteng" title="Huteng">Huteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples" title="List of ancient Iranian peoples">List of ancient Iranian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_(satrap)" title="Philip (satrap)">Philip (satrap)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sughd_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sughd Province">Sughd Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Wirkak" title="Tomb of Wirkak">Tomb of Wirkak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Yu_Hong" title="Tomb of Yu Hong">Tomb of Yu Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghnobi people">Yaghnobi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagnob_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagnob Valley">Yagnob Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_al-Muhallab" title="Yazid ibn al-Muhallab">Yazid ibn al-Muhallab</a></li> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gernet1996-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Gernet1996_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJacques_Gernet1996" class="citation book cs1">Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern">A History of Chinese Civilization</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern/page/286">286</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7"><bdi>978-0-521-49781-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Civilization&rft.pages=286-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-05-31&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49781-7&rft.au=Jacques+Gernet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchinese00gern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charm.ru/coins/misc/soghdian-kaiyuan.shtml">"Soghdian Kai Yuans (lectured at the Dutch 1994-ONS meeting)"</a>. T.D. Yih and J. de Kreek (hosted on the Chinese Coinage Website). 1994. Retrieved 8 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T.D.+Yih+and+J.+de+Kreek+%28hosted+on+the+Chinese+Coinage+Website%29.&rft.atitle=Soghdian+Kai+Yuans+%28lectured+at+the+Dutch+1994-ONS+meeting%29&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charm.ru%2Fcoins%2Fmisc%2Fsoghdian-kaiyuan.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141714/http://numismatics.org/pocketchange/tag/kai-yuan-tong-bao/">"Samarqand's Cast Coinage of the Early 7th–Mid-8th Centuries AD: Assessment based on Chinese sources and numismatic evidence"</a>. Andrew Reinhard (Pocket Change – The blog of the <a href="/wiki/American_Numismatic_Society" title="American Numismatic Society">American Numismatic Society</a>). 12 August 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://numismatics.org/pocketchange/tag/kai-yuan-tong-bao/">the original</a> on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andrew+Reinhard+%28Pocket+Change+%E2%80%93+The+blog+of+the+American+Numismatic+Society%29.&rft.atitle=Samarqand%27s+Cast+Coinage+of+the+Early+7th%E2%80%93Mid-8th+Centuries+AD%3A+Assessment+based+on+Chinese+sources+and+numismatic+evidence.&rft.date=2016-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnumismatics.org%2Fpocketchange%2Ftag%2Fkai-yuan-tong-bao%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia_britannica-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_britannica_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_britannica_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_britannica_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sogdiana">"Sogdiana" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sogdiana&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzemerényi1980">Szemerényi 1980</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzemerényi1980">Szemerényi 1980</a>, pp. 26–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzemerényi1980">Szemerényi 1980</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaissière_Encyclopædia_Iranica-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Vaissière_Encyclopædia_Iranica_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_La_Vaissière2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">de La Vaissière, É. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sogdiana-iii-history-and-archeology">"SOGDIANA iii. HISTORY AND ARCHEOLOGY"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 31 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SOGDIANA+iii.+HISTORY+AND+ARCHEOLOGY&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=de+La+Vaissi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=%C3%89.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fsogdiana-iii-history-and-archeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenet200530-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenet200530_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenet2005">Grenet 2005</a>, p. 30: "Of a total of sixteen countries, seven have always been identified beyond doubt, as they kept their name until historical times or even to the present day. Five of these countries are at the beginning of the list, directly following Airyanem Vaējah: Gava "inhabited by the Sogdians", Merv, Bactria, Nisāya said to be "between Margiana and Bactria" and therefore corresponding at least in part to medieval Juzjān in northwest Afghanistan. Then comes the sixth country, Harōiva [.]" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkjaervø1995p.166_"The_fact_that_the_oldest_Young_Avestan_texts_apparently_contain_no_reference_to_western_Iran,_including_Media,_would_seem_to_indicate_that_they_were_composed_in_eastern_Iran_before_the_Median_domination_reached_the_area."-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervø1995p.166_"The_fact_that_the_oldest_Young_Avestan_texts_apparently_contain_no_reference_to_western_Iran,_including_Media,_would_seem_to_indicate_that_they_were_composed_in_eastern_Iran_before_the_Median_domination_reached_the_area."_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkjaervø1995">Skjaervø 1995</a>, p.166 "The fact that the oldest Young Avestan texts apparently contain no reference to western Iran, including Media, would seem to indicate that they were composed in eastern Iran before the Median domination reached the area.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGershevitch196779–80-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGershevitch196779–80_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGershevitch1967">Gershevitch 1967</a>, pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarmesteter18805–9-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarmesteter18805–9_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarmesteter1880">Darmesteter 1880</a>, pp. 5–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavel2017"The_earliest_records_of_the_name_of_Sogdiana_(Soḡd)_are_found_in_the_Avesta_(Vendīdād,_1.4;_Yašt_10.14;_the_by-name_of_Sogdian_lands_in_the_Avesta_is_Gauua[.]"-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavel2017"The_earliest_records_of_the_name_of_Sogdiana_(Soḡd)_are_found_in_the_Avesta_(Vendīdād,_1.4;_Yašt_10.14;_the_by-name_of_Sogdian_lands_in_the_Avesta_is_Gauua[.]"_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPavel2017">Pavel 2017</a>, "The earliest records of the name of Sogdiana (Soḡd) are found in the Avesta (Vendīdād, 1.4; Yašt 10.14; the by-name of Sogdian lands in the Avesta is Gauua[.]". sfn error: no target: CITEREFPavel2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogelsang200051-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogelsang200051_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVogelsang2000">Vogelsang 2000</a>, p. 51: "If Gava and Gabae refer to an identical place, then the present text appears to refer to a situation whereby the center of Sogdia was to lie, not at Samarkand, but further to the west, perhaps at or near Bukhara." </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Kirill Nourzhanov, Christian Bleuer (2013), Tajikistan: a Political and Social History, Canberra: Australian National University Press, p. 12, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925021-15-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925021-15-8">978-1-925021-15-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-simonin_2012_sogdiana-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simonin_2012_sogdiana_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-simonin_2012_sogdiana_16-1">b</a> Antoine Simonin. (8 January 2012). "Sogdiana." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/sogdiana/">World History Encyclopedia</a>. Retrieved 31 August 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-baumer_2012_pp202-203-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baumer_2012_pp202-203_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baumer_2012_pp202-203_17-1">b</a> Christoph Baumer (2012), The History of Central Asia: the Age of the Steppe Warriors, London, New York: I.B. Tauris, p. 202–203, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-060-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-060-5">978-1-78076-060-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Mark J. Dresden (1981), "Introductory Note", in Guitty Azarpay, Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, pp 2–3, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03765-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03765-0">0-520-03765-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161004213252/http://www.avesta.org/vendidad/vd1sbe.htm">"Avesta: Vendidad (English): Fargard 1"</a>. Avesta.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/vendidad/vd1sbe.htm">the original</a> on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avesta%3A+Vendidad+%28English%29%3A+Fargard+1&rft.pub=Avesta.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.org%2Fvendidad%2Fvd1sbe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dresden_2003_p1216-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_2003_p1216_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_2003_p1216_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_2003_p1216_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_2003_p1216_20-3">d</a> Mark J. Dresden (2003), "Sogdian Language and Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 1216, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24699-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24699-7">0-521-24699-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-dresden_1981_p3-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_1981_p3_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_1981_p3_21-1">b</a> Mark J. Dresden (1981), "Introductory Note", in Guitty Azarpay, Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, p. 3, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03765-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03765-0">0-520-03765-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Pierre Briant (2002), From Cyrus to Alexander: a History of the Persian Empire, trans. Peter T. Daniels, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, p. 746, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-120-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-120-1">1-57506-120-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-baumer_2012_p207-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baumer_2012_p207_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baumer_2012_p207_23-1">b</a> Christoph Baumer (2012), The History of Central Asia: the Age of the Steppe Warriors, London, New York: I.B. Tauris, p. 207, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-060-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-060-5">978-1-78076-060-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Hansen, Valerie (2012), The Silk Road: A New History, Oxford University Press, p. 72, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993921-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993921-3">978-0-19-993921-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-liu_2010_p67-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2010_p67_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2010_p67_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2010_p67_25-2">c</a> Liu, Xinru (2010), The Silk Road in World History, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, p 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> "The province of Sogdia was to Asia what Macedonia was to Greece: a buffer between a brittle civilization and the restless barbarians beyond, whether the Scyths of Alexander's day and later or the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">White Huns</a>, Turks and Mongols who eventually poured south to wreck the thin veneer of Iranian society" (<a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Robin Lane Fox</a>, Alexander the Great (1973) 1986:301). </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> John Prevas (2004), Envy of the Gods: Alexander the Great's Ill-Fated Journey across Asia, Da Capo Press, pp 60–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Independent Sogdiana: Lane Fox (1973, 1986:533) notes <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Curtius">Quintus Curtius</a>, vi.3.9: with no satrap to rule them, they were under the command of <a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Bessus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gaugamela" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaugamela">Gaugamela</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, iii.8.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Horn, LT Bernd; Spencer, Emily, eds. (2012), No Easy Task: Fighting in Afghanistan, Dundurn Press Ltd, p. 40, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0164-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0164-9">978-1-4597-0164-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ahmed_2004_p61-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahmed_2004_p61_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahmed_2004_p61_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahmed_2004_p61_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahmed_2004_p61_30-3">d</a> Ahmed, S. Z. (2004), Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People of the Silk Road, West Conshokoken: Infinity Publishing, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-livius_roxane-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-livius_roxane_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius_roxane_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius_roxane_31-2">c</a> Livius.org. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/roxane/">Roxane</a>." Articles on Ancient History. Page last modified 17 August 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-strachan_2008_p87-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strachan_2008_p87_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strachan_2008_p87_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strachan_2008_p87_32-2">c</a> Strachan, Edward and Roy Bolton (2008), Russia and Europe in the Nineteenth Century, London: Sphinx Fine Art, p. 87, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907200-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907200-02-1">978-1-907200-02-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> For another publication calling her "Sogdian", see Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)", in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 4, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2157-9687">2157-9687</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> William Smith, eds et al. (1873), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Volume 1, London: John Murray, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-holt_1989_pp64-65-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holt_1989_pp64-65_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-holt_1989_pp64-65_35-1">b</a> Holt, Frank L. (1989), Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, Cologne: E. J. Brill, pp 64–65 (see also footnote #62 for mention of Sogdian troops), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08612-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08612-9">90-04-08612-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Holt, Frank L. (1989), Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, Cologne: E. J. Brill, p. 65 (see footnote #63), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08612-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08612-9">90-04-08612-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Holt, Frank L. (1989), Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, Cologne: E. J. Brill, pp 67–8, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08612-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08612-9">90-04-08612-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-magill_et_al_1998_p1010-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-magill_et_al_1998_p1010_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-magill_et_al_1998_p1010_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-magill_et_al_1998_p1010_38-2">c</a> Magill, Frank N. et al. (1998), The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1, Pasadena, Chicago, London,: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Salem Press, p. 1010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89356-313-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89356-313-7">0-89356-313-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Apamea">"Apamea" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apamea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)", in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, pp 8–9, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2157-9687">2157-9687</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Mark J. Dresden (1981), "Introductory Note", in Guitty Azarpay, Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, pp 3–5, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03765-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03765-0">0-520-03765-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Jeffrey D. Lerner (1999), The Impact of Seleucid Decline on the Eastern Iranian Plateau: the Foundations of Arsacid Parthia and Graeco-Bactria, Stuttgart: Steiner, pp 82–84, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-07417-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-07417-1">3-515-07417-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullaev2007" class="citation journal cs1">Abdullaev, Kazim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6864202">"Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam)"</a>. Proceedings of the British Academy. 133: 87–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+British+Academy&rft.atitle=Nomad+Migration+in+Central+Asia+%28in+After+Alexander%3A+Central+Asia+before+Islam%29&rft.volume=133&rft.pages=87-98&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Abdullaev&rft.aufirst=Kazim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6864202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/greece-viii#prettyPhoto%5bcontent%5d/7/">Greek Art in Central Asia, Afghan – Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Art+in+Central+Asia%2C+Afghan+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgreece-viii%23prettyPhoto%5Bcontent%5D%2F7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://i.pinimg.com/originals/bf/c2/42/bfc242271c38d714044837d179faab53.jpg">Also a Saka according to this source</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michon,_Daniel_2015_pp_112-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michon,_Daniel_2015_pp_112_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michon,_Daniel_2015_pp_112_46-1">b</a> Michon, Daniel (2015), Archaeology and Religion in Early Northwest India: History, Theory, Practice, London, New York, New Delhi: Routledge, pp 112–123, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82249-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82249-8">978-1-138-82249-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006">Silk Road, North China</a>, C. Michael Hogan, The Megalithic Portal, A. Burnham, ed. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1993233–236-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993233–236_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1993">Watson 1993</a>, pp. 233–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatsenko2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol10/SilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf">"Yuezhi on Bactrian Embroidery from Textiles Found at Noyon uul, Mongolia"</a> (PDF). The Silk Road. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114012702/http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol10/SilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.atitle=Yuezhi+on+Bactrian+Embroidery+from+Textiles+Found+at+Noyon+uul%2C+Mongolia&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Yatsenko&rft.aufirst=Sergey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadfoundation.org%2Fnewsletter%2Fvol10%2FSilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1993">Watson 1993</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-de_crespigny_2007_5-6-51"><a href="#cite_ref-de_crespigny_2007_5-6_51-0">^</a> de Crespigny, Rafe. (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. page 5-6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-15605-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-15605-4">90-04-15605-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-SPL42-52"><a href="#cite_ref-SPL42_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlyasov2022" class="citation book cs1">Ilyasov, Djangar (2022). Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan. Paris: Louvre Editions. pp. 42–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8412527858" title="Special:BookSources/978-8412527858"><bdi>978-8412527858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+des+oasis+d%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=42-47&rft.pub=Louvre+Editions&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-8412527858&rft.aulast=Ilyasov&rft.aufirst=Djangar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPL56-53"><a href="#cite_ref-SPL56_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantz2022" class="citation book cs1">Frantz, Grenet (2022). Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8412527858" title="Special:BookSources/978-8412527858"><bdi>978-8412527858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+des+oasis+d%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Louvre+Editions&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-8412527858&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Grenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dresden_1981_p5-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_1981_p5_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_1981_p5_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_1981_p5_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_1981_p5_54-3">d</a> Mark J. Dresden (1981), "Introductory Note", in Guitty Azarpay, Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, p. 5, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03765-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03765-0">0-520-03765-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-dresden_2003_p1217-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_2003_p1217_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_2003_p1217_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_2003_p1217_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_2003_p1217_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_2003_p1217_55-4">e</a> Mark J. Dresden (2003), "Sogdian Language and Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 1217, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24699-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24699-7">0-521-24699-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlram2008coin_type_46-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlram2008coin_type_46_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlram2008">Alram 2008</a>, coin type 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-CP-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CP_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPei_裴2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pei 裴, Chengguo 成国 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religiondocbox.com/74666854-Islam/Volume-contents.html">"The Silk Road and the economy of Gaochang: evidence on the Circulation of silver coins"</a>. Silk Road. 15: 57, note 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Silk+Road&rft.atitle=The+Silk+Road+and+the+economy+of+Gaochang%3A+evidence+on+the+Circulation+of+silver+coins&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=57%2C+note+5&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Pei+%E8%A3%B4&rft.aufirst=Chengguo+%E6%88%90%E5%9B%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligiondocbox.com%2F74666854-Islam%2FVolume-contents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35_58-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003">de la Vaissière 2003</a>, pp. 128–129 and note 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdylovMirzaahmedov200634–36-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdylovMirzaahmedov200634–36_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdylovMirzaahmedov2006">Adylov & Mirzaahmedov 2006</a>, pp. 34–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–160-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–160_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2012">de la Vaissière 2012</a>, pp. 144–160. "Sogdiana under its nomadic elites became the principal center of agricultural wealth and population in Central Asia." and paragraph on "The Shift of the Trade Routes" sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2012 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-JAM28-61"><a href="#cite_ref-JAM28_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2013" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0uMBi67IngC&pg=PA28">The Silk Road: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press US. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978286-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978286-4"><bdi>978-0-19-978286-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-978286-4&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0uMBi67IngC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbjRWDwAAQBAJpgPA138_138]-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbjRWDwAAQBAJpgPA138_138]_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017">Rezakhani 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138">138</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-MF-63"><a href="#cite_ref-MF_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedorov2007" class="citation journal cs1">Fedorov, Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25651416">"ON THE PORTRAITS OF THE SOGDIAN KINGS (IKHSHĪDS) OF SAMARQAND"</a>. Iran. 45: 155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F05786967.2007.11864723">10.1080/05786967.2007.11864723</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0578-6967">0578-6967</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25651416">25651416</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194538468">194538468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran&rft.atitle=ON+THE+PORTRAITS+OF+THE+SOGDIAN+KINGS+%28IKHSH%C4%AADS%29+OF+SAMARQAND&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=155&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0578-6967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194538468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25651416%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F05786967.2007.11864723&rft.aulast=Fedorov&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25651416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas2014" class="citation book cs1">Maas, Michael (29 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e0dcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA284">The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-06085-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-06085-8"><bdi>978-1-316-06085-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Age+of+Attila&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft.isbn=978-1-316-06085-8&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De0dcBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FG141-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FG141_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenetRiboud2003" class="citation journal cs1">Grenet, Frantz; Riboud, Pénélope (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.podgorski.com/main/assets/documents/A_reflection_of_the_Hephtalite_empire.pdf">"A Reflection of the Hephthalite Empire: The Biographical Narra- tive in the Reliefs of the Tomb of the Sabao Wirkak (494–579)"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 141–142. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531060342/https://www.podgorski.com/main/assets/documents/A_reflection_of_the_Hephtalite_empire.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=A+Reflection+of+the+Hephthalite+Empire%3A+The+Biographical+Narra-+tive+in+the+Reliefs+of+the+Tomb+of+the+Sabao+Wirkak+%28494%E2%80%93579%29&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=141-142&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rft.au=Riboud%2C+P%C3%A9n%C3%A9lope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.podgorski.com%2Fmain%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2FA_reflection_of_the_Hephtalite_empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SW_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield2004" class="citation book cs1">Whitfield, Susan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ArWLD4Qop38C&pg=PA110">The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith</a>. British Library. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2"><bdi>978-1-932476-13-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+Trade%2C+Travel%2C+War+and+Faith&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=British+Library.+Serindia+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-932476-13-2&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArWLD4Qop38C%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2007" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA31">Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3"><bdi>978-0-231-13924-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13924-3&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FVsWq31MtMC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompareti_(University_of_California,_Berkeley)2007" class="citation journal cs1">Compareti (University of California, Berkeley), Matteo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287420208">"The Chinese Scene at Afrāsyāb"</a>. Eurasiatica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasiatica&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Scene+at+Afr%C4%81sy%C4%81b&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Compareti+%28University+of+California%2C+Berkeley%29&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F287420208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CB243-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CB243_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB243_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2018" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA243">History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2"><bdi>978-1-83860-868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Central+Asia%2C+The%3A+4-volume+set&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-868-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Litvinski, B. A., A. H. Jalilov, A. I. Kolesnikov (1999), "The Arab Conquest", in History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Volume III, the Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250–750, eds B. A. Litvinski, Zhang Guangda, and R. Shabani Samghabadi, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, pp 457–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-litvinski_et_al_1999_p459-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-litvinski_et_al_1999_p459_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-litvinski_et_al_1999_p459_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-litvinski_et_al_1999_p459_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-litvinski_et_al_1999_p459_71-3">d</a> Litvinski, B. A., A. H. Jalilov, A. I. Kolesnikov (1999), "The Arab Conquest", in History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Volume III, the Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250–750, eds B. A. Litvinski, Zhang Guangda, and R. Shabani Samghabadi, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, p. 459. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Litvinski, B. A., A. H. Jalilov, A. I. Kolesnikov (1999), "The Arab Conquest", in History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Volume III, the Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250–750, eds B. A. Litvinski, Zhang Guangda, and R. Shabani Samghabadi, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, pp 459–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-ES-73"><a href="#cite_ref-ES_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims2002" class="citation book cs1">Sims, Eleanor (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peerlessimagespe0000sims/page/294/mode/1up">Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources</a>. New Haven : Yale University Press. pp. 293–294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09038-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09038-3"><bdi>978-0-300-09038-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peerless+images+%3A+Persian+painting+and+its+sources&rft.pages=293-294&rft.pub=New+Haven+%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09038-3&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeerlessimagespe0000sims%2Fpage%2F294%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEDU-74"><a href="#cite_ref-SEDU_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sogdians.si.edu/anikova-plate/">"Anikova Plate The Sogdians"</a>. sogdians.si.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sogdians.si.edu&rft.atitle=Anikova+Plate+The+Sogdians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsogdians.si.edu%2Fanikova-plate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Daly2021" class="citation journal cs1">O'Daly, Briton (Yale University) (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp308_Zhetysu_Karluk_Turks_Sogdians.pdf">"An Israel of the Seven Rivers"</a> (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers: 10–12. <q>Turkic peoples, both indirectly and directly, helped bring Christianity to <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Zhetysu</a> after the Göktürk Khaganate took over the region in the sixth century. Following that conquest, the Sogdians, an Iranian people historically known for their commercial influence throughout the Silk Road networks, colonized the area under the encouragement of Turkic rulers eager for economic development. Syriac Christians would have numbered among these initial Sogdian colonists, and religious persecutions in the Sassanid Empire also drove Christians into Zhetysu, where the ruling Turks offered greater religious tolerance. The region experienced a significant religious-political development when the <a href="/wiki/Karluk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Karluk Turks">Karluk Turks</a> conquered Zhetysu in 766 and then, most likely, converted to Syriac Christianity in the late eighth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=An+Israel+of+the+Seven+Rivers&rft.pages=10-12&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=O%27Daly&rft.aufirst=Briton+%28Yale+University%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp308_Zhetysu_Karluk_Turks_Sogdians.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllegranziAube2022" class="citation book cs1">Allegranzi, Viola; Aube, Sandra (2022). Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8412527858" title="Special:BookSources/978-8412527858"><bdi>978-8412527858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+des+oasis+d%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Louvre+Editions&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-8412527858&rft.aulast=Allegranzi&rft.aufirst=Viola&rft.au=Aube%2C+Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hanks_2010_p4-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hanks_2010_p4_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanks_2010_p4_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanks_2010_p4_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanks_2010_p4_77-3">d</a> Hanks, Reuel R. (2010), Global Security Watch: Central Asia, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford: Praeger, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarev2013" class="citation book cs1">Karev, Yury (2013). Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life. Leiden: Brill. pp. 114–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004257009" title="Special:BookSources/9789004257009"><bdi>9789004257009</bdi></a>. <q>The ceramics and monetary finds in the pavilion can be dated to no earlier than to the second half of the twelfth century, and more plausibly towards the end of that century. This is the only pavilion of those excavated that was decorated with paintings, which leave no doubt about the master of the place. (...) The whole artistic project was aimed at exalting the royal figure and the magnificence of his court. (...) the main scenes from the northern wall represents the ruler sitting cross-legged on a throne (see Figs 13, 14) (...) It was undoubtedly a private residence of the Qarakhanid ruler and his family and not a place for solemn receptions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turko-Mongol+rulers%2C+cities+and+city+life&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=114-115&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004257009&rft.aulast=Karev&rft.aufirst=Yury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantz2022" class="citation book cs1">Frantz, Grenet (2022). Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan. Paris: Louvre Editions. pp. 221–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8412527858" title="Special:BookSources/978-8412527858"><bdi>978-8412527858</bdi></a>. <q>Peintures murales qui ornaient (...) la résidence privée des derniers souverains qarakhanides de Samarkande (fin du 12ième - début du 13ième siècle (...) le souverain assis, les jambes repliées sur le trône, tient une flèche, symbole du pouvoir (Fig.171).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+des+oasis+d%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=221-222&rft.pub=Louvre+Editions&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-8412527858&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Grenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarev2013" class="citation book cs1">Karev, Yury (2013). Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life. Leiden: Brill. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004257009" title="Special:BookSources/9789004257009"><bdi>9789004257009</bdi></a>. <q>We cannot exclude the possibility that this action was related to the dramatic events of the year 1212, when Samarqand was taken by the Khwarazmshah Muḥammad b. Tekish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turko-Mongol+rulers%2C+cities+and+city+life&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004257009&rft.aulast=Karev&rft.aufirst=Yury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Hanks, Reuel R. (2010), Global Security Watch: Central Asia, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford: Praeger, pp 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Sophie Ibbotson and Max Lovell-Hoare (2016), Uzbekistan, 2nd edition, Bradt Travel Guides Ltd, pp 12–13, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78477-017-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78477-017-4">978-1-78477-017-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Sophie Ibbotson and Max Lovell-Hoare (2016), Uzbekistan, 2nd edition, Bradt Travel Guides Ltd, pp 14–15, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78477-017-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78477-017-4">978-1-78477-017-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-wood-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wood_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wood_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wood_84-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2002" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Francis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silkroadtwothous0000wood">The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia</a>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silkroadtwothous0000wood/page/65">65–68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24340-8"><bdi>978-0-520-24340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+Two+Thousand+Years+in+the+Heart+of+Asia&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=65-68&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24340-8&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilkroadtwothous0000wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2022" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Riaz (2022). The Stone Tower: Ptolemy, the Silk Road, and a 2,000-Year-Old Riddle. Delhi: Penguin Viking. pp. 94–102 (Ch.9, Sogdian Traders). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-09362-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-09362-5"><bdi>978-0-670-09362-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stone+Tower%3A+Ptolemy%2C+the+Silk+Road%2C+and+a+2%2C000-Year-Old+Riddle&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=94-102+%28Ch.9%2C+Sogdian+Traders%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Viking&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-670-09362-5&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Riaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaissière2005" class="citation book cs1">Vaissière, Étienne de La (2005). Sogdian Traders: A History. Translated by James Ward. Leiden: Brill. pp. 32, 84, 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14252-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14252-5"><bdi>90-04-14252-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sogdian+Traders%3A+A+History&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=32%2C+84%2C+91&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-04-14252-5&rft.aulast=Vaissi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne+de+La&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorsheninaRapin2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Gorshenina" title="Svetlana Gorshenina">Gorshenina, Svetlana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Claude_Rapin" title="Claude Rapin">Rapin, Claude</a> (2001). "Chapitre 5 : Des Kouchans à l'Islam – Les Sogdiens sur la route de la soie". De Kaboul à Samarcande : Les archéologues en Asie centrale. Collection "<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard" title="Découvertes Gallimard">Découvertes Gallimard</a>" (in French). Vol. 411. Paris: Éditions Gallimard. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-076166-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-076166-1"><bdi>978-2-07-076166-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapitre+5+%3A+Des+Kouchans+%C3%A0+l%27Islam+%E2%80%93+Les+Sogdiens+sur+la+route+de+la+soie&rft.btitle=De+Kaboul+%C3%A0+Samarcande+%3A+Les+arch%C3%A9ologues+en+Asie+centrale&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Collection+%22D%C3%A9couvertes+Gallimard%22&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Gallimard&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-07-076166-1&rft.aulast=Gorshenina&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft.au=Rapin%2C+Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Watson, Burton (1993), Records of the Great Historian, Han Dynasty II, Columbia University Press, p. 234, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7">0-231-08167-7</a>; see also: Loewe, Michael, (2000), A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han, and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24), Leiden, Boston, Koln: Koninklijke Brill NV, p 278, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10364-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10364-3">90-04-10364-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006">"Silk Road, North China [Northern Silk Road, North Silk Road] Ancient Trackway : The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map"</a>. Megalithic.co.uk. Retrieved 25 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Megalithic.co.uk&rft.atitle=Silk+Road%2C+North+China+%5BNorthern+Silk+Road%2C+North+Silk+Road%26%2393%3B+Ancient+Trackway+%3A+The+Megalithic+Portal+and+Megalith+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.megalithic.co.uk%2Farticle.php%3Fsid%3D18006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Shiji</a>, trans. Burton Watson </li> <li id="cite_note-howard_2012_p133-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_p133_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_p133_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_p133_91-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_p133_91-3">d</a> Howard, Michael C., Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies, the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel, McFarland & Company, 2012, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Hanks, Reuel R. (2010), Global Security Watch: Central Asia, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford: Praeger, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Mark J. Dresden (2003), "Sogdian Language and Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 1219, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24699-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24699-7">0-521-24699-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Ahmed, S. Z. (2004), Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People of the Silk Road, West Conshohocken: Infinity Publishing, pp 61–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-howard_2012_p134-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_p134_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_p134_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_p134_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_p134_95-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_p134_95-4">e</a> Howard, Michael C., Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies, the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel, McFarland & Company, 2012, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-howard_2012_pp133-34-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_pp133-34_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_pp133-34_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_pp133-34_96-2">c</a> Howard, Michael C., Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies, the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel, McFarland & Company, 2012, pp 133–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> J. Rose, 'The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries', Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol. 30, no. 3, (2010), p. 412 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Grégoire Frumkin (1970), Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia, Leiden, Koln: E. J. Brill, pp 35–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Wink, André. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Brill Academic Publishers, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04173-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04173-8">0-391-04173-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Vaissiere2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">de la Vaissiere, Étienne (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sogdian-trade">"Sogdian Trade"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 4 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sogdian+Trade&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=de+la+Vaissiere&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fsogdian-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Stark, Sören. Die Alttürkenzeit in Mittel- und Zentralasien. Archäologische und historische Studien (Nomaden und Sesshafte, vol. 6). Reichert, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89500-532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-89500-532-0">3-89500-532-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkaff2012" class="citation book cs1">Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5OpoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA245">Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580–800</a>. Oxford Studies in Early Empires. Oxford University Press. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987590-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987590-0"><bdi>978-0-19-987590-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sui-Tang+China+and+Its+Turko-Mongol+Neighbors%3A+Culture%2C+Power%2C+and+Connections%2C+580%E2%80%93800&rft.series=Oxford+Studies+in+Early+Empires&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-987590-0&rft.aulast=Skaff&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Karam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5OpoAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-liu_2001_p169-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2001_p169_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2001_p169_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2001_p169_103-2">c</a> Liu, Xinru, "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia", in Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, ed. Michael Adas, American Historical Association, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Peter B. Golden (2011), Central Asia in World History, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 47, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515947-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515947-9">978-0-19-515947-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> J. Rose, 'The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries', Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol. 30, no. 3, (2010), p. 416 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Wood 2002:66 </li> <li id="cite_note-liu_2001_p168-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2001_p168_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2001_p168_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu_2001_p168_107-2">c</a> Liu, Xinru, "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia", in Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, ed. Michael Adas, American Historical Association, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-dresden_1981_p9-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_1981_p9_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dresden_1981_p9_108-1">b</a> Mark J. Dresden (1981), "Introductory Note", in Guitty Azarpay, Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, p. 9, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03765-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03765-0">0-520-03765-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> de Crespigny, Rafe (2007), A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD), Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 600, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15605-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15605-0">978-90-04-15605-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Brosius, Maria (2006), The Persians: An Introduction, London & New York: Routledge, pp 122–123, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32089-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32089-5">0-415-32089-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> An, Jiayao (2002), "When Glass Was Treasured in China", in Juliano, Annette L. and Judith A. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 99, 484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2"><bdi>978-1-83860-868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Central+Asia%2C+The%3A+4-volume+set&rft.pages=99%2C+484&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-868-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> "Sogdiana under its nomadic elites became the principal center of agricultural wealth and population in Central Asia." and paragraph on "The Shift of the Trade Routes" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaissière212" class="citation journal cs1">Vaissière, Etienne de la (212). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4824639">"Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity: 5 Central Asia and the Silk Road"</a>. 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Oxford University Press: 144–160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+S.+Johnson+%28Ed.%29%2C+Oxford+Handbook+of+Late+Antiquity%2C+Oxford+University+Press%2C+P.+142-169&rft.atitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Late+Antiquity%3A+5+Central+Asia+and+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=144-160&rft.date=212&rft.aulast=Vaissi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Etienne+de+la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4824639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CB165-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CB165_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB165_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2018" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA165">History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2"><bdi>978-1-83860-868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Central+Asia%2C+The%3A+4-volume+set&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-868-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaglia1958" class="citation journal cs1">Scaglia, Gustina (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3249023">"Central Asians on a Northern Ch'i Gate Shrine"</a>. Artibus Asiae. 21 (1): 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249023">10.2307/3249023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3648">0004-3648</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249023">3249023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=Central+Asians+on+a+Northern+Ch%27i+Gate+Shrine&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1958&rft.issn=0004-3648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249023%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3249023&rft.aulast=Scaglia&rft.aufirst=Gustina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F3249023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/sogdlet.html">"The Sogdian Ancient Letters 1, 2, 3, and 5"</a>. Silk Road Seattle – University of Washington. translated by Prof. Nicholas Sims-Williams.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Silk+Road+Seattle+%E2%80%93+University+of+Washington&rft.atitle=The+Sogdian+Ancient+Letters+1%2C+2%2C+3%2C+and+5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Ftexts%2Fsogdlet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman" class="citation web cs1">Norman, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=5032">"Aurel Stein Discovers the Sogdian "Ancient Letters" 313 CE to 314 CE"</a>. 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Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sogdians+%E2%80%93+Influencers+on+the+Silk+Roads&rft.atitle=Ancient+Letters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsogdians.si.edu%2Fancient-letters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeramidas" class="citation web cs1">Keramidas, Kimon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019174747/https://kimon.hosting.nyu.edu/sogdians/items/show/869">"Sogdian Ancient Letter III: Letter to Nanaidhat"</a>. NYU. Telling the Sogdian Story: A Freer/Sackler Digital Exhibition Project. 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History of International Relations. 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ringmar.net&rft.atitle=Sogdian+letters&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fringmar.net%2Firhistorynew%2Findex.php%2Fwelcome%2Fintroduction-4%2Ffrom-temujin-to-genghis-khan%2F5-2-a-nomadic-state%2F5-3-how-to-conquer-the-world%2F5-4-dividing-it-all-up%2Fsogdian-letters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaissière2005" class="citation book cs1">Vaissière, Étienne de la (2005). "Chapter Two About the Ancient Letters". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/9789047406990/BP000005.xml">Sogdian Traders: A History</a>. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. Vol. 10. Brill. pp. 43–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789047406990_005">10.1163/9789047406990_005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-47-40699-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-47-40699-0"><bdi>978-90-47-40699-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Two+About+the+Ancient+Letters&rft.btitle=Sogdian+Traders%3A+A+History&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies.+Section+8+Uralic+%26+Central+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=43-70&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789047406990_005&rft.isbn=978-90-47-40699-0&rft.aulast=Vaissi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne+de+la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdownloadpdf%2Fbook%2F9789047406990%2FBP000005.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaissière2005" class="citation book cs1">Vaissière, Étienne de la (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789047406990/BP000005.xml">"About the Ancient Letters"</a>. 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Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 344–352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463222543" title="Special:BookSources/9781463222543"><bdi>9781463222543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sogdian+%22Ancient+Letters%22+%28II%2C+IV%2C+V%29&rft.btitle=Symbola+Caelestis%3A+Le+symbolisme+liturgique+et+paraliturgique+dans+le+monde+chr%C3%A9tien&rft.place=Piscataway&rft.pages=344-352&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781463222543&rft.aulast=Liv%C5%A1ic&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdownloadpdf%2Fjournals%2Fscri%2F5%2F1%2Farticle-p344_21.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams1985" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sims-Williams, N. (15 December 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ancient-letters">"Ancient Letters"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. II. pp. 7–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Letters&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=7-9&rft.date=1985-12-15&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fancient-letters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeramidas" class="citation web cs1">Keramidas, Kimon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925174224/https://kimon.hosting.nyu.edu/sogdians/items/show/851">"Sodgian Ancient Letter II"</a>. NYU. Telling the Sogdian Story: A Freer/Sackler Digital Exhibition Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kimon.hosting.nyu.edu/sogdians/items/show/851">the original</a> on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NYU&rft.atitle=Sodgian+Ancient+Letter+II&rft.aulast=Keramidas&rft.aufirst=Kimon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkimon.hosting.nyu.edu%2Fsogdians%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2005" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Valerie (2005). "The Impact of the Silk Road Trade on a Local Community: The Turfan Oasis, 500–800". In Trombert, Eric; Vaissière, Étienne de la (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O44MAQAAMAAJ&q=Chinese+male+master+and+a+Sogdian+female+slave.">Les sogdiens en Chine</a>. École française d'Extrême-Orient. pp. 295–300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782855396538" title="Special:BookSources/9782855396538"><bdi>9782855396538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+the+Silk+Road+Trade+on+a+Local+Community%3A+The+Turfan+Oasis%2C+500%E2%80%93800&rft.btitle=Les+sogdiens+en+Chine&rft.pages=295-300&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9782855396538&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO44MAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DChinese%2Bmale%2Bmaster%2Band%2Ba%2BSogdian%2Bfemale%2Bslave.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFG-132"><a href="#cite_ref-RFG_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheangGreefTakagi2021" class="citation book cs1">Cheang, Sarah; Greef, Erica de; Takagi, Yoko (15 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MostEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT101">Rethinking Fashion Globalization</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-18130-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-18130-4"><bdi>978-1-350-18130-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Fashion+Globalization&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021-07-15&rft.isbn=978-1-350-18130-4&rft.aulast=Cheang&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Greef%2C+Erica+de&rft.au=Takagi%2C+Yoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMostEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangFullerJiangLi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Tingting; Fuller, Benjamin T.; Jiang, Hongen; Li, Wenying; Wei, Dong; Hu, Yaowu (13 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8758759">"Revealing lost secrets about Yingpan Man and the Silk Road"</a>. Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 669. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatSR..12..669W">2022NatSR..12..669W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-04383-5">10.1038/s41598-021-04383-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8758759">8758759</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35027587">35027587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Revealing+lost+secrets+about+Yingpan+Man+and+the+Silk+Road&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=669&rft.date=2022-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8758759%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatSR..12..669W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35027587&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-04383-5&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Tingting&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Benjamin+T.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Hongen&rft.au=Li%2C+Wenying&rft.au=Wei%2C+Dong&rft.au=Hu%2C+Yaowu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8758759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2020" class="citation book cs1">Li, Xiao (10 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DW78DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">Studies on the History and Culture Along the Continental Silk Road</a>. Springer Nature. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-15-7602-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-15-7602-7"><bdi>978-981-15-7602-7</bdi></a>. <q>It is evident that when the Northern Wei defeated Northern Liang and seized its capital (439), they captured a large number of Sogdian merchants living in Wuwei and resettled them in Pingcheng (present-day Datong), the capital of the Northern Wei.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+the+History+and+Culture+Along+the+Continental+Silk+Road&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft.isbn=978-981-15-7602-7&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xiao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDW78DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2004" class="citation book cs1">Watt, James C. Y. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JbdS-R3y72MC&pg=PA148">China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750 AD</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 148–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-126-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-126-1"><bdi>978-1-58839-126-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+Dawn+of+a+Golden+Age%2C+200%E2%80%93750+AD&rft.pages=148-160&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-126-1&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=James+C.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJbdS-R3y72MC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> ch. 92, p. 3047 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaissière" class="citation web cs1">Vaissière, Étienne de la. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-xiii">"CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xiii. Eastern Iranian Migrations to China"</a>. iranicaonline.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=CHINESE-IRANIAN+RELATIONS+xiii.+Eastern+Iranian+Migrations+to+China&rft.aulast=Vaissi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne+de+la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fchinese-iranian-xiii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Howard, Michael C., Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies, the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel, McFarland & Company, 2012, pp 134–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FG-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FG_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGRENET2020" class="citation book cs1">GRENET, Frantz (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/annuaire-cdf/pdf/15896">Histoire et cultures de l'Asie centrale préislamique</a>. Paris, France: Collège de France. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7226-0516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7226-0516-9"><bdi>978-2-7226-0516-9</bdi></a>. <q>Ce sont les décors funéraires les plus riches de cette époque, venant juste après ceux de la famille impériale; il est probable que les sabao étaient parmi les éléments les plus fortunés de la population. </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+et+cultures+de+l%27Asie+centrale+pr%C3%A9islamique&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-2-7226-0516-9&rft.aulast=GRENET&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fannuaire-cdf%2Fpdf%2F15896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-howard_2012_p135-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_p135_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_p135_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_p135_140-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_p135_140-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_p135_140-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_2012_p135_140-5">f</a> Howard, Michael C., Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies, the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel, McFarland & Company, 2012, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> J. Rose, 'The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries', Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol. 30, no. 3, (2010), p. 417 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, Valerie (2003). "New Work on the Sogdians, the Most Important Traders on the Silk Road, A.D. 500–1000". T'oung Pao. 89 (1/3): 158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853203322691347">10.1163/156853203322691347</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4528925">4528925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.atitle=New+Work+on+the+Sogdians%2C+the+Most+Important+Traders+on+the+Silk+Road%2C+A.D.+500%E2%80%931000&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1%2F3&rft.pages=158&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853203322691347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4528925%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2015" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Valerie (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDdRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157">"Chapter 5 – The Cosmopolitan Terminus of the Silk Road"</a>. The Silk Road: A New History (illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021842-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021842-3"><bdi>978-0-19-021842-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5+%E2%80%93+The+Cosmopolitan+Terminus+of+the+Silk+Road&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=157-158&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-021842-3&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFDdRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Morrow, Kenneth T. (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf">Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China</a> (PDF) (Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The University of Texas at Dallas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History of Ideas). The University of Texas at Dallas. pp. 110, 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Negotiating+Belonging%3A+The+Church+of+the+East%27s+Contested+Identity+in+Tang+China&rft.inst=The+University+of+Texas+at+Dallas&rft.date=2019-05&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futd-ir.tdl.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10735.1%2F6946%2FETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2018" class="citation book cs1">de la Vaissière, Étienne (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cqWODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA220">Sogdian Traders: A History</a>. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. Brill. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0699-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0699-0"><bdi>978-90-474-0699-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sogdian+Traders%3A+A+History&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies.+Section+8+Uralic+%26+Central+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-474-0699-0&rft.aulast=de+la+Vaissi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcqWODwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamney" class="citation thesis cs1">Chamney, Lee. The An Shi Rebellion and Rejection of the Other in Tang China, 618–763 (A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History and Classics). University of Alberta Libraries. pp. 93, 94. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.978.1069">10.1.1.978.1069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+An+Shi+Rebellion+and+Rejection+of+the+Other+in+Tang+China%2C+618%E2%80%93763&rft.inst=University+of+Alberta+Libraries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.978.1069%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Chamney&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> History of An Lushan (An Lushan Shiji 安祿山史記) "唐鞠仁今城中殺胡者重賞﹐於是羯胡盡殪﹐小兒擲於中空以戈_之。高鼻類胡而濫死者甚眾" </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.163.com/dy/article/F4S4NUB7052384UI.html">"成德军的诞生：为什么说成德军继承了安史集团的主要遗产" in 时拾史事 2020-02-08</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdjzDwAAQBAJ&q=%E8%93%9F%E9%97%A8%E5%86%85%E4%B9%B1&pg=PT423">李碧妍, 《危机与重构：唐帝国及其地方诸侯》2015-08-01</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWan2017" class="citation book cs1">Wan, Lei (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kfcris.com/pdf/6b438689cf0f36eb4ce727e76d747c3d5af140055feaf.pdf">The earliest Muslim communities in China</a> (PDF). Qiraat No. 8 (February – March 2017). King Faisal Center For Research and Islamic Studies. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-603-8206-39-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-603-8206-39-3"><bdi>978-603-8206-39-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210005920/https://www.kfcris.com/pdf/6b438689cf0f36eb4ce727e76d747c3d5af140055feaf.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+earliest+Muslim+communities+in+China&rft.series=Qiraat+No.+8+%28February+%E2%80%93+March+2017%29&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=King+Faisal+Center+For+Research+and+Islamic+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-603-8206-39-3&rft.aulast=Wan&rft.aufirst=Lei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kfcris.com%2Fpdf%2F6b438689cf0f36eb4ce727e76d747c3d5af140055feaf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQi2010221-227-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQi2010221-227_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQi2010">Qi 2010</a>, p. 221-227. sfn error: no target: CITEREFQi2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamney" class="citation thesis cs1">Chamney, Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/d0d042f4-42df-407d-add7-567543d720a1/view/ef1dbd57-a18a-4436-97a6-a6084c17a8d9/Lee-20Chamney-20Thesis-20final-20draft.pdf">The An Shi Rebellion and Rejection of the Other in Tang China, 618–763</a> (PDF) (A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History and Classics). University of Alberta Libraries. pp. 91, 92, 93. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218121905/https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/d0d042f4-42df-407d-add7-567543d720a1/view/ef1dbd57-a18a-4436-97a6-a6084c17a8d9/Lee-20Chamney-20Thesis-20final-20draft.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+An+Shi+Rebellion+and+Rejection+of+the+Other+in+Tang+China%2C+618%E2%80%93763&rft.inst=University+of+Alberta+Libraries&rft.aulast=Chamney&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fera.library.ualberta.ca%2Fitems%2Fd0d042f4-42df-407d-add7-567543d720a1%2Fview%2Fef1dbd57-a18a-4436-97a6-a6084c17a8d9%2FLee-20Chamney-20Thesis-20final-20draft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Tang_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tang History">Old Tang History</a> "至揚州，大掠百姓商人資產，郡內比屋發掘略遍，商胡波斯被殺者數千人" "商胡大食, 波斯等商旅死者數千人波斯等商旅死者數千人." </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald (26 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/silk-road-christians-and-the-translation-of-culture-in-tang-china/D8E48283153EA2E3C38AF5D36E238A0D">"Silk Road Christians and the Translation of Culture in Tang China"</a>. Studies in Church History. 53. Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fstc.2016.3">10.1017/stc.2016.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164239427">164239427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Church+History&rft.atitle=Silk+Road+Christians+and+the+Translation+of+Culture+in+Tang+China&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=15-38&rft.date=2017-05-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fstc.2016.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164239427%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Scott+Fitzgerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fstudies-in-church-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fsilk-road-christians-and-the-translation-of-culture-in-tang-china%2FD8E48283153EA2E3C38AF5D36E238A0D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeg2013" class="citation book cs1">Deeg, Max (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VYaMuV3N5vUC&dq=yisi+stele+guo+lushan&pg=PA113">"A BELLIGERENT PRIEST – YISI AND HIS POLITICAL CONTEXT"</a>. In Tang, Li; Winkler, Dietmar W. (eds.). From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (illustrated ed.). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90329-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90329-7"><bdi>978-3-643-90329-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+BELLIGERENT+PRIEST+%E2%80%93+YISI+AND+HIS+POLITICAL+CONTEXT&rft.btitle=From+the+Oxus+River+to+the+Chinese+Shores%3A+Studies+on+East+Syriac+Christianity+in+China+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=113&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90329-7&rft.aulast=Deeg&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVYaMuV3N5vUC%26dq%3Dyisi%2Bstele%2Bguo%2Blushan%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeg2007" class="citation journal cs1">Deeg, Max (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18573%2Fj.2007.10291">"The Rhetoric of Antiquity. Politico-Religious Propaganda in the Nestorian Steleof Chang'an 安長"</a>. Journal for Late Antique Religion and Culture. 1: 17–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18573%2Fj.2007.10291">10.18573/j.2007.10291</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-517X">1754-517X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Late+Antique+Religion+and+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Antiquity.+Politico-Religious+Propaganda+in+the+Nestorian+Steleof+Chang%27an+%E5%AE%89%E9%95%B7&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=17-30&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18573%2Fj.2007.10291&rft.issn=1754-517X&rft.aulast=Deeg&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18573%252Fj.2007.10291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin2018" class="citation book cs1">Godwin, R. Todd (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wbmKDwAAQBAJ&dq=yisi+stele+guo+lushan&pg=PT179">Persian Christians at the Chinese Court: The Xi'an Stele and the Early Medieval Church of the East</a>. Library of Medieval Studies. 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Department of Philosophy, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan: 551. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10100551">10.3390/rel10100551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Jingjiao+under+the+Lenses+of+Chinese+Political+Theology&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=551&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel10100551&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Ken-pa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel10100551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippiello2017" class="citation book cs1">Lippiello, Tiziana (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iYmjDgAAQBAJ&dq=yisi+stele+guo&pg=PT300">"On the Difficult Practice of the Mean in Ordinary Life Teachings From the Zhongyong*"</a>. 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The University of Texas at Dallas. pp. 155–156, 149, 150, viii, xv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Negotiating+Belonging%3A+The+Church+of+the+East%27s+Contested+Identity+in+Tang+China&rft.inst=The+University+of+Texas+at+Dallas&rft.date=2019-05&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futd-ir.tdl.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10735.1%2F6946%2FETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Morrow, Kenneth T. 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BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28149-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28149-3"><bdi>978-90-04-28149-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intangible+Spirits+and+Graven+Images%3A+The+Iconography+of+Deities+in+the+Pre-Islamic+Iranian+World&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-09-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28149-3&rft.aulast=Shenkar&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWZ6XCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Lee Lawrence. (3 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904332804576540533071105892">"A Mysterious Stranger in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. Retrieved 31 August 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin2019" class="citation journal cs1">Jin, Xu 徐津 (1 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40962371">"The Funerary Couch of An Jia and the Art of Sogdian Immigrants in Sixth-century China"</a>. The Burlington Magazine: 824.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Funerary+Couch+of+An+Jia+and+the+Art+of+Sogdian+Immigrants+in+Sixth-century+China&rft.pages=824&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Xu+%E5%BE%90%E6%B4%A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40962371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grenet-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grenet_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grenet_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenet2007" class="citation journal cs1">Grenet, Frantz (2007). "Religious Diversity among Sogdian Merchants in Sixth-Century China: Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Manichaeism, and Hinduism". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 27 (2). Duke University Press: 463–478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F1089201x-2007-017">10.1215/1089201x-2007-017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144300435">144300435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+of+South+Asia%2C+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Religious+Diversity+among+Sogdian+Merchants+in+Sixth-Century+China%3A+Zoroastrianism%2C+Buddhism%2C+Manichaeism%2C+and+Hinduism&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=463-478&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F1089201x-2007-017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144300435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> A. M. Belenitskii and B. I. Marshak (1981), "Part One: the Paintings of Sogdiana" in Guitty Azarpay, Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, p. 35, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03765-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03765-0">0-520-03765-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> J. Rose, 'The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries', Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol. 30, no. 3 (2010), pp. 416–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Liu, Xinru (2010), The Silk Road in World History, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, p 67–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Dresden, Mark J. (2003), "Sogdian Language and Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 1224, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24699-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24699-7">0-521-24699-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-gasparini_2014_pp134-163-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gasparini_2014_pp134-163_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasparini_2014_pp134-163_199-1">b</a> Gasparini, Mariachiara. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711#_edn32">A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin</a>", in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja (eds), Transcultural Studies, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, No 1 (2014), pp 134–163 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasparini2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gasparini, Mariachiara (3 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711#_edn32">"A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin"</a>. . Transcultural Studies. 1 (2014). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fts.2014.1.12313">10.11588/ts.2014.1.12313</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=.+Transcultural+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Mathematic+Expression+of+Art%3A+Sino-Iranian+and+Uighur+Textile+Interactions+and+the+Turfan+Textile+Collection+in+Berlin&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2014&rft.date=2014-01-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2Fts.2014.1.12313&rft.aulast=Gasparini&rft.aufirst=Mariachiara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheiup.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Ftranscultural%2Farticle%2Fview%2F12313%2F8711%23_edn32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kumar_2007_p8-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kumar_2007_p8_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kumar_2007_p8_201-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kumar_2007_p8_201-2">c</a> Braja Bihārī Kumar (2007). "India and Central Asia: Links and Interactions", in J.N. Roy and B.B. Kumar (eds), India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods, 3–33. New Delhi: Published for Astha Bharati Concept Publishing Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-8069-457-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-8069-457-7">81-8069-457-7</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolini-Zani2013" class="citation book cs1">Nicolini-Zani, Mattco (2013). Tang, Li; Winkler, Dietmar W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VYaMuV3N5vUC&pg=PA151">From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia</a> (illustrated ed.). LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90329-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90329-7"><bdi>978-3-643-90329-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Oxus+River+to+the+Chinese+Shores%3A+Studies+on+East+Syriac+Christianity+in+China+and+Central+Asia&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90329-7&rft.aulast=Nicolini-Zani&rft.aufirst=Mattco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVYaMuV3N5vUC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.V.D._Research_Institute,_Monumenta_Serica_Institute2009" class="citation book cs1">S.V.D. Research Institute, Monumenta Serica Institute (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NzxDAQAAIAAJ&q=yena+sogdian+name">Monumenta Serica: Journal of Oriental Studies, Volume 57</a>. H. Vetch. p. 120. <q>The first one is the funerary inscription of another Bukharan Christian, who died during the Jinglong JptH era (707–710) in Guilin ££^, southern China, and whose name was An Yena^Wffi (see Jiang Boqin 1994). The second is the epitaph of the Sogdian gentleman Mi Jifen ^Iffi^ (714–805) from Maymurgh; in his study Ge Chengyong has discovered that Mi's son was a Christian monk and that his family was therefore most probably Christian, too (see Ge Chengyong 2001). Generally ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monumenta+Serica%3A+Journal+of+Oriental+Studies%2C+Volume+57&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=H.+Vetch&rft.date=2009&rft.au=S.V.D.+Research+Institute%2C+Monumenta+Serica+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzxDAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dyena%2Bsogdian%2Bname&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolini-Zani2006" class="citation book cs1">Nicolini-Zani, Matteo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhYQAQAAIAAJ&q=yena+sogdian">La via radiosa per l'Oriente: i testi e la storia del primo incontro del cristianesimo con il mondo culturale e religioso cinese (secoli VII-IX)</a>. Spiritualità orientale. Edizioni Qiqajon, Comunità di Bose. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8227-212-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-8227-212-5"><bdi>88-8227-212-5</bdi></a>. <q>... di almeno un testo cristiano in cinese, il rotolo P. 3847, contenente la traduzione cinese dell'inno siriaco Gloria in excelsis Deo, di cui fu redatta anche una traduzione sogdiana(giunta a noi in frammenti) a Bulayìq (Turfan). L'unico elemento che ci conferma, infine, una assai probabile presenza cristiana in quest'epoca nel sud della Cina, legata ai commerci marittimi, è il ritrovamento presso Guilin (odierno Guangxi) dell'epitaffio funebre del cristiano An Yena, morto tra il 707 e il 709.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+via+radiosa+per+l%27Oriente%3A+i+testi+e+la+storia+del+primo+incontro+del+cristianesimo+con+il+mondo+culturale+e+religioso+cinese+%28secoli+VII-IX%29&rft.series=Spiritualit%C3%A0+orientale&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Edizioni+Qiqajon%2C+Comunit%C3%A0+di+Bose&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=88-8227-212-5&rft.aulast=Nicolini-Zani&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxhYQAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dyena%2Bsogdian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Emmerick, R. E. (2003) "Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs", in Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Emmerick, R. E. (2003) "Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs", in Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Emmerick, R. E. (2003) "Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs", in Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 274–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Dresden, Mark J. (2003), "Sogdian Language and Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 1225–1226, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24699-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24699-7">0-521-24699-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Hulsewé, A.F.P. (1986). "Ch'in and Han law", in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 520–544. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 524–525, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24327-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24327-0">0-521-24327-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Hucker, Charles O. (1975). China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. Stanford: Stanford University Press, p. 177, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0887-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0887-8">0-8047-0887-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> For specific figures in regards to percentage of the population being enslaved, see Frier, Bruce W. (2000). "Demography", in Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 827–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Anders Hansson (1996), Chinese Outcasts: Discrimination and Emancipation in Late Imperial China, Leiden, New York, Koln: E.J. Brill, pp 38–39, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10596-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10596-4">90-04-10596-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Anders Hansson (1996), Chinese Outcasts: Discrimination and Emancipation in Late Imperial China, Leiden, New York, Koln: E.J. Brill, p. 39, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10596-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10596-4">90-04-10596-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPei2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pei, Chengguo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol15/srjournal_v15.pdf">"The Silk Road and the Economy of Gaochang: Evidence on the Circulation of Silver Coins"</a> (PDF). The Silk Road. 15: 40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517030834/http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol15/srjournal_v15.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.atitle=The+Silk+Road+and+the+Economy+of+Gaochang%3A+Evidence+on+the+Circulation+of+Silver+Coins&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Chengguo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadfoundation.org%2Fnewsletter%2Fvol15%2Fsrjournal_v15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Xin Tangshu 221a:6230. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Whitfield" title="Susan Whitfield">Susan Whitfield</a> offers a fictionalized account of a Kuchean courtesan's experiences in the 9th century without providing any sources, although she has clearly drawn on the description of the prostitutes' quarter in <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> in Beilizhi; Whitfield, 1999, pp. 138–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Wu Zhen 2000 (p. 154 is a Chinese-language rendering based on Yoshida's Japanese translation of the Sogdian contract of 639). </li> <li id="cite_note-Skaff2012-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Skaff2012_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Karam_Skaff2012" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Karam Skaff (23 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTm6Yka5GigC&pg=PA70">Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580–800</a>. OUP US. pp. 70–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973413-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973413-9"><bdi>978-0-19-973413-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sui-Tang+China+and+Its+Turko-Mongol+Neighbors%3A+Culture%2C+Power%2C+and+Connections%2C+580%E2%80%93800&rft.pages=70-&rft.pub=OUP+US&rft.date=2012-08-23&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973413-9&rft.au=Jonathan+Karam+Skaff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqTm6Yka5GigC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrombertVaissière2005-218"><a href="#cite_ref-TrombertVaissière2005_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÉric_TrombertÉtienne_de_La_Vaissière2005" class="citation book cs1">Éric Trombert; Étienne de La Vaissière (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O44MAQAAMAAJ&q=slave">Les sogdiens en Chine</a>. École française d'Extrême-Orient. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-653-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-653-8"><bdi>978-2-85539-653-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+sogdiens+en+Chine&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-85539-653-8&rft.au=%C3%89ric+Trombert&rft.au=%C3%89tienne+de+La+Vaissi%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO44MAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dslave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrombertVaissière-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TrombertVaissière_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrombertVaissière_219-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrombertVaissière_219-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen" class="citation web cs1">Hansen, Valerie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/hansen-silk-road-trade.pdf">"Les Sogdiens en Chine: The Impact of the Silk Road Trade on a Local Community: The Turfan Oasis, 500–800"</a> (PDF). History.yale.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105062305/http://history.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/hansen-silk-road-trade.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Les+Sogdiens+en+Chine%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Silk+Road+Trade+on+a+Local+Community%3A+The+Turfan+Oasis%2C+500%E2%80%93800&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.yale.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fhansen-silk-road-trade.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Rong, Xinjiang, "New light on Sogdian Colonies along the Silk Road : Recent Archaeological Finds in Northern China (Lecture at the BBAW on 20 September 2001)", in Berichte und Abhandlungen (17 December 2009); 10, S., p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-TrombertVaissière2005_2-221"><a href="#cite_ref-TrombertVaissière2005_2_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÉric_TrombertÉtienne_de_La_Vaissière2005" class="citation book cs1">Éric Trombert; Étienne de La Vaissière (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O44MAQAAMAAJ&q=slave">Les sogdiens en Chine</a>. École française d'Extrême-Orient. pp. 300–301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-653-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-653-8"><bdi>978-2-85539-653-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+sogdiens+en+Chine&rft.pages=300-301&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-85539-653-8&rft.au=%C3%89ric+Trombert&rft.au=%C3%89tienne+de+La+Vaissi%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO44MAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dslave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrombertVaissière2005_3-222"><a href="#cite_ref-TrombertVaissière2005_3_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÉric_TrombertÉtienne_de_La_Vaissière2005" class="citation book cs1">Éric Trombert; Étienne de La Vaissière (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O44MAQAAMAAJ&q=Mi+Lushan">Les sogdiens en Chine</a>. École française d'Extrême-Orient. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-653-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-653-8"><bdi>978-2-85539-653-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+sogdiens+en+Chine&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-85539-653-8&rft.au=%C3%89ric+Trombert&rft.au=%C3%89tienne+de+La+Vaissi%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO44MAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DMi%2BLushan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson2011" class="citation book cs1">Abramson, Marc S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22vast+numbers+of+non-Han+women+served+in+subordinate+positions%22&pg=PA20">Ethnic Identity in Tang China</a>. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812201017" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812201017"><bdi>978-0812201017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity+in+Tang+China&rft.series=Encounters+with+Asia&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0812201017&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Marc+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-GLGnRspmcAC%26dq%3D%2522vast%2Bnumbers%2Bof%2Bnon-Han%2Bwomen%2Bserved%2Bin%2Bsubordinate%2Bpositions%2522%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson2011" class="citation book cs1">Abramson, Marc S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&pg=PA202">Ethnic Identity in Tang China</a>. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812201017" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812201017"><bdi>978-0812201017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity+in+Tang+China&rft.series=Encounters+with+Asia&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0812201017&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Marc+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-GLGnRspmcAC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson2011" class="citation book cs1">Abramson, Marc S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22the+hu-chi,+mainly+Iranian+girls,+found+in+China+during+the+Tang+period%22&pg=PA235">Ethnic Identity in Tang China</a>. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812201017" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812201017"><bdi>978-0812201017</bdi></a>. <q>Katô Hakushi Kanreki Kinen Ronbunshû Kankôkai. 83–91. Tokyo: Fuzanbô. ———. 1948. Tôshi sôshô. Tokyo: Kaname Shohô. ———. 1961. "The hu-chi, mainly Iranian girls, found in China during the Tang period.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity+in+Tang+China&rft.series=Encounters+with+Asia&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0812201017&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Marc+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-GLGnRspmcAC%26dq%3D%2522the%2Bhu-chi%2C%2Bmainly%2BIranian%2Bgirls%2C%2Bfound%2Bin%2BChina%2Bduring%2Bthe%2BTang%2Bperiod%2522%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLight1998" class="citation book cs1">Light, Nathan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mCRkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+hu-chi,+mainly+Iranian+girls,+found+in+China+during+the+Tang+period%22">Slippery Paths: The Performance and Canonization of Turkic Literature and Uyghur Muqam Song in Islam and Modernity</a>. Indiana University. p. 303. <q>... see Mikinosuke ISHIDA, " Etudes sino – iraniennes, I : A propos du Hou – siuan – wou, " AIRDTB, 6 ( 1932 ) 61–76, and " The Hu – chi, Mainly Iranian Girls, found in China during the Tang Period, " MRDTB, 20 ( 1961 ) 35–40 .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slippery+Paths%3A+The+Performance+and+Canonization+of+Turkic+Literature+and+Uyghur+Muqam+Song+in+Islam+and+Modernity&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Light&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmCRkAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2Bhu-chi%2C%2Bmainly%2BIranian%2Bgirls%2C%2Bfound%2Bin%2BChina%2Bduring%2Bthe%2BTang%2Bperiod%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsraeliGorman1994" class="citation book cs1">Israeli, Raphael; Gorman, Lyn (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lLHgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+hu-chi,+mainly+Iranian+girls,+found+in+China+during+the+Tang+period%22">Islam in China: A Critical Bibliography</a> (illustrated, annotated ed.). Greenwood Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313278571" title="Special:BookSources/0313278571"><bdi>0313278571</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0742-6836">0742-6836</a>. <q>... 1033 Chinese Mohammedans, " 9012 " How Can We Best Reach the Mohammedan Women ?, " 6025 " How Islam Entered China, " 1057 " The Hu - Chi, Mainly Iranian Girls Found in China during the Tang Period, " 2010 " The Hui and the ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+China%3A+A+Critical+Bibliography&rft.pages=153&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+annotated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0742-6836&rft.isbn=0313278571&rft.aulast=Israeli&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft.au=Gorman%2C+Lyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlLHgAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2Bhu-chi%2C%2Bmainly%2BIranian%2Bgirls%2C%2Bfound%2Bin%2BChina%2Bduring%2Bthe%2BTang%2Bperiod%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing1975" class="citation book cs1">Ling, Scott K., ed. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QrlqXza9oKAC&dq=%22the+hu-chi,+mainly+Iranian+girls,+found+in+China+during+the+Tang+period%22&pg=PA209">近三十年中國文史哲論著書目: Studies on Chinese Philosophy, Religion, History, Geography, Biography, Art, and Language and Literature</a> (illustrated, annotated ed.). Liberal Arts Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9575475399" title="Special:BookSources/9575475399"><bdi>9575475399</bdi></a>. <q>... 1033 Chinese Mohammedans, " 9012 " How Can We Best Reach the Mohammedan Women ?, " 6025 " How Islam Entered China, " 1057 " The Hu - Chi, Mainly Iranian Girls Found in China during the Tang Period, " 2010 " The Hui and the ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2%E8%AB%96%E8%91%97%E6%9B%B8%E7%9B%AE%3A+Studies+on+Chinese+Philosophy%2C+Religion%2C+History%2C+Geography%2C+Biography%2C+Art%2C+and+Language+and+Literature&rft.pages=209&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+annotated&rft.pub=Liberal+Arts+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9575475399&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQrlqXza9oKAC%26dq%3D%2522the%2Bhu-chi%2C%2Bmainly%2BIranian%2Bgirls%2C%2Bfound%2Bin%2BChina%2Bduring%2Bthe%2BTang%2Bperiod%2522%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF李" class="citation book cs1">李, 白. "卷184#越女詞五首卷一百八十四". <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%94%90%E8%A9%A9/%E5%8D%B7184#%E8%B6%8A%E5%A5%B3%E8%A9%9E%E4%BA%94%E9%A6%96">全唐詩</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%B7184%23%E8%B6%8A%E5%A5%B3%E8%A9%9E%E4%BA%94%E9%A6%96+%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B&rft.btitle=%E5%85%A8%E5%94%90%E8%A9%A9&rft.aulast=%E6%9D%8E&rft.aufirst=%E7%99%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2585%25A8%25E5%2594%2590%25E8%25A9%25A9%2F%25E5%258D%25B7184%23%25E8%25B6%258A%25E5%25A5%25B3%25E8%25A9%259E%25E4%25BA%2594%25E9%25A6%2596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson2011" class="citation book cs1">Abramson, Marc S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22documented+cases+of+marriage+between+Han+men+and+non-Han+women+occurred+when+the+Han+men+were+in+socially+liminal+situations%22&pg=PA158">Ethnic Identity in Tang China</a>. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812201017" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812201017"><bdi>978-0812201017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity+in+Tang+China&rft.series=Encounters+with+Asia&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0812201017&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Marc+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-GLGnRspmcAC%26dq%3D%2522documented%2Bcases%2Bof%2Bmarriage%2Bbetween%2BHan%2Bmen%2Band%2Bnon-Han%2Bwomen%2Boccurred%2Bwhen%2Bthe%2BHan%2Bmen%2Bwere%2Bin%2Bsocially%2Bliminal%2Bsituations%2522%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson2011" class="citation book cs1">Abramson, Marc S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&pg=PA218">Ethnic Identity in Tang China</a>. Encounters with Asia. 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"卷193 卷一百九十三". <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7193">舊唐書</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%B7193+%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E4%B9%9D%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89&rft.btitle=%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8&rft.aulast=%E5%8A%89&rft.aufirst=%E6%98%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2588%258A%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259B%25B8%2F%25E5%258D%25B7193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson2011" class="citation book cs1">Abramson, Marc S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22presented+the+captured+women+and+livestock%22&pg=PA136">Ethnic Identity in Tang China</a>. 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University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 135, 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812201017" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812201017"><bdi>978-0812201017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity+in+Tang+China&rft.series=Encounters+with+Asia&rft.pages=135%2C+136&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0812201017&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Marc+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-GLGnRspmcAC%26dq%3D%2522presented%2Bthe%2Bcaptured%2Bwomen%2Band%2Blivestock%2522%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rong_2009_p148-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rong_2009_p148_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rong_2009_p148_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rong_2009_p148_234-2">c</a> Rong, Xinjiang, "New light on Sogdian Colonies along the Silk Road : Recent Archaeological Finds in Northern China (Lecture at the BBAW on 20 September 2001)", in Berichte und Abhandlungen (17 December 2009); 10, S., p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Rong, Xinjiang, "New light on Sogdian Colonies along the Silk Road : Recent Archaeological Finds in Northern China (Lecture at the BBAW on 20 September 2001)", in Berichte und Abhandlungen (17 December 2009); 10, S., pp 148–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehnert-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Lehnert_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehnert2010" class="citation book cs1">Lehnert, Martin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/abstract/book/edcoll/9789004204010/Bej.9789004184916.i-1200_033.xml">Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia</a>. Brill. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20401-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20401-0"><bdi>978-90-04-20401-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esoteric+Buddhism+and+the+Tantras+in+East+Asia&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20401-0&rft.aulast=Lehnert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fabstract%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004204010%2FBej.9789004184916.i-1200_033.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yang-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Yang_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Yang, Zeng (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0363332">A Biographical Study on Bukong 不空 (aka. Amoghavajra, 705–774) : Networks, Institutions, and Identities</a> (Thesis). 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China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. pp. 283–297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10+%E8%B7%8B%E3%80%8A%E6%98%8E%E7%A7%A6%E5%BA%9C%E6%89%BF%E5%A5%89%E6%AD%A3%E5%BA%B7%E5%85%AC%E5%A2%93%E5%BF%97%E9%93%AD%E3%80%8B%22A+Sogdian+Descendant%3F%E2%80%94Study+of+the+Epitaph+of+Kang+Jing%3A+The+Man+Who+Served+at+Ming+Prince+Qin%27s+Mansion%22&rft.btitle=Collected+Studies+on+Ming+History+%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%9B&rft.pages=283-297&rft.pub=China+Academic+Journal+Electronic+Publishing+House&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Chen+%28%E9%99%88%29&rft.aufirst=Boyi+%28%E5%8D%9A%E7%BF%BC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F18786949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-中國文物硏究所-242"><a href="#cite_ref-中國文物硏究所_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF中國文物硏究所1994" class="citation book cs1">中國文物硏究所 (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LS8aAQAAMAAJ&q=%E6%98%8E%E7%A7%A6%E5%BA%9C%E6%89%BF%E5%A5%89%E6%AD%A3%E5%BA%B7%E5%85%AC%E5%A2%93%E5%BF%97%E9%93%AD">新中國出土墓誌: 陜西 (no.1-2)</a>. 文物出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5010-0662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5010-0662-5"><bdi>978-7-5010-0662-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F%E5%A2%93%E8%AA%8C%3A+%E9%99%9C%E8%A5%BF+%28no.1-2%29&rft.pub=%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-7-5010-0662-5&rft.au=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E7%A1%8F%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLS8aAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E6%2598%258E%25E7%25A7%25A6%25E5%25BA%259C%25E6%2589%25BF%25E5%25A5%2589%25E6%25AD%25A3%25E5%25BA%25B7%25E5%2585%25AC%25E5%25A2%2593%25E5%25BF%2597%25E9%2593%25AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RaffatʻAlavī1985-243"><a href="#cite_ref-RaffatʻAlavī1985_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonné_RaffatBuzurg_ʻAlavī1985" class="citation book cs1">Donné Raffat; Buzurg ʻAlavī (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mhmwnM9o6i4C&pg=PA85">The Prison Papers of Bozorg Alavi: A Literary Odyssey</a>. Syracuse University Press. pp. 85–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0195-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0195-1"><bdi>978-0-8156-0195-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prison+Papers+of+Bozorg+Alavi%3A+A+Literary+Odyssey&rft.pages=85-&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0195-1&rft.au=Donn%C3%A9+Raffat&rft.au=Buzurg+%CA%BBAlav%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmhmwnM9o6i4C%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taghribirdi" title="Ibn Taghribirdi">Ibn Taghribirdi</a>, Jamal al-Din Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf (1930), Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira, Volume II, Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-kai-245"><a href="#cite_ref-kai_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaikodo_(Gallery_:_New_York,_N.Y.),_Sarah_Handler1999" class="citation book cs1">Kaikodo (Gallery : New York, N.Y.), Sarah Handler (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQpJAQAAIAAJ">懐古堂</a>. <a href="/wiki/LIT_Verlag" title="LIT Verlag">LIT</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-7956-20-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-7956-20-4"><bdi>978-962-7956-20-4</bdi></a>. <q>Mi Fu (1052-1107), a Northerner by birth (and of Sogdian heritage) developed a passionate attachment to [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%87%90%E5%8F%A4%E5%A0%82&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=LIT&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-962-7956-20-4&rft.au=Kaikodo+%28Gallery+%3A+New+York%2C+N.Y.%29%2C+Sarah+Handler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQpJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Gordon, Matthew S. (2001), The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (A.H. 200-275/815-889 C.E.), Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, p. 77, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-4795-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-4795-2">0-7914-4795-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Carlos Ramirez-Faria (2007), Concise Encyclopedia of World History, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p. 450, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-269-0775-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-269-0775-4">81-269-0775-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarenghi2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Barenghi, Maddalena (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20635/">Historiography and Narratives of the Later Tang (923–936) and Later Jin (936–947) Dynasties in Tenth- to Eleventh century Sources</a> (PhD). p. 3-4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Historiography+and+Narratives+of+the+Later+Tang+%28923%E2%80%93936%29+and+Later+Jin+%28936%E2%80%93947%29+Dynasties+in+Tenth-+to+Eleventh+century+Sources&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Barenghi&rft.aufirst=Maddalena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F20635%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996. pg 147: "The Sajids were a line of caliphal governors in north-western Persia, the family of a commander in the 'Abbasid service of Soghdian descent which became culturally Arabised." </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatham1971" class="citation book cs1">Latham, John Derek (1971). "Arabic Literature". In Lang, David Marshall (ed.). A Guide to Eastern Literatures. London: C. Tinling & Co. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0297002740" title="Special:BookSources/0297002740"><bdi>0297002740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arabic+Literature&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Eastern+Literatures&rft.place=London&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=C.+Tinling+%26+Co&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0297002740&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=John+Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gernet1996_3-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Gernet1996_3_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques_Gernet1996" class="citation book cs1">Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern">A History of Chinese Civilization</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern/page/193">193</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7"><bdi>978-0-521-49781-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Civilization&rft.pages=193-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-05-31&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49781-7&rft.au=Jacques+Gernet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchinese00gern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, Valerie (2003). "New Work on the Sogdians, the Most Important Traders on the Silk Road, A.D. 500–1000". T'oung Pao. 89 (1/3): 158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853203322691347">10.1163/156853203322691347</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4528925">4528925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.atitle=New+Work+on+the+Sogdians%2C+the+Most+Important+Traders+on+the+Silk+Road%2C+A.D.+500%E2%80%931000&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1%2F3&rft.pages=158&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853203322691347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4528925%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2015" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Valerie (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDdRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157">"CHAPTER 5 The Cosmopolitan Terminus of the Silk Road"</a>. The Silk Road: A New History (illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021842-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021842-3"><bdi>978-0-19-021842-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+5+The+Cosmopolitan+Terminus+of+the+Silk+Road&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=157-158&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-021842-3&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFDdRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank,_Edwin_G.1952" class="citation journal cs1">Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1952). "A Sogdian Colony in Inner Mongolia". T'oung Pao. Second Series. 41 (4/5): 317–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853252X00094">10.1163/156853252X00094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4527336">4527336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.atitle=A+Sogdian+Colony+in+Inner+Mongolia.&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4%2F5&rft.pages=317-56&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853252X00094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4527336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Pulleyblank%2C+Edwin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sogdiana" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sogdiana&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdylovMirzaahmedov2006" class="citation book cs1">Adylov, Šuhrat T.; Mirzaahmedov, Jamal K. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6567274">On the History of the Ancient Town of Vardāna and the Objavija Feud in Ērān ud Anērān. Studies Presented to B. I. Maršak (1st part)</a>. Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+History+of+the+Ancient+Town+of+Vard%C4%81na+and+the+Objavija+Feud+in+%C4%92r%C4%81n+ud+An%C4%93r%C4%81n.+Studies+Presented+to+B.+I.+Mar%C5%A1ak+%281st+part%29&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Cafoscarina&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Adylov&rft.aufirst=%C5%A0uhrat+T.&rft.au=Mirzaahmedov%2C+Jamal+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6567274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Archaeological Researches in Uzbekistan. 2001. Tashkent. The edition is based on results of German-French-Uzbek co-expeditions in 2001 in Uzbekistan</li> <li>Ahmed, S. Z. (2004), Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People of the Silk Road, West Conshohocken: Infinity Publishing.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlram2008" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alram, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.univie.ac.at/chwh/content/recentpublications/NZ_2008_ALRAM.pdf">"Ein Schatzfund Hephthalitischer Drachmen Aus Baktrien"</a> [A treasure discovery of Hephthalite Drachms from Bactria] (PDF). Numismatische Zeitschrift (in German). 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Archaeology and Religion in Early Northwest India: History, Theory, Practice, London, New York, New Delhi: Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82249-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82249-8">978-1-138-82249-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2008" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen, Tai Thu (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150131221525/http://www.academia.edu/10344614/Buddhism_in_Vietnam">The History of Buddhism in Vietnam</a>. CRVP. pp. 36–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56518-098-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56518-098-7"><bdi>978-1-56518-098-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10344614">the original</a> on 31 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Buddhism+in+Vietnam&rft.pages=36-&rft.pub=CRVP&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56518-098-7&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Tai+Thu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10344614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Nourzhanov, Kirill, Christian Bleuer (2013), Tajikistan: a Political and Social History, Canberra: Australian National University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925021-15-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925021-15-8">978-1-925021-15-8</a>.</li> <li>Prevas, John (2004), Envy of the Gods: Alexander the Great's Ill-Fated Journey across Asia, Da Capo Press.</li> <li>Ramirez-Faria, Carlos, (2007), Concise Encyclopedia of World History, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-269-0775-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-269-0775-4">81-269-0775-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezakhani2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khodadad_Rezakhani" title="Khodadad Rezakhani">Rezakhani, Khodadad</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjVYDwAAQBAJ">ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity</a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0030-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0030-5"><bdi>978-1-4744-0030-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ReOrienting+the+Sasanians%3A+East+Iran+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5&rft.aulast=Rezakhani&rft.aufirst=Khodadad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVjVYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rong, Xinjiang, "The Sogdian Caravan as Depicted in the Relieves of the Stone Sarcophagus from Shi's Tomb of the Northern Zhou" in Chinese Archaeology. Volume 6, Issue 1, pp. 181–185, ISSN (Online) 2160–5068, ISSN (Print) 5004–4295, DOI: 10.1515/CHAR.2006.6.1.181, January 2006.</li> <li>Rong, Xinjiang, "New light on Sogdian Colonies along the Silk Road : Recent Archaeological Finds in Northern China (Lecture at the BBAW on 20 September 2001)", in Berichte und Abhandlungen (17 December 2009); 10, S. 147–160, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="urn:nbn:de:kobv:b4-opus-11068">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b4-opus-11068</a>.</li> <li>Rose, J., "The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries", <a href="/wiki/Comparative_Studies_of_South_Asia,_Africa_and_the_Middle_East" title="Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East">Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East</a>, vol. 30, no. 3, (2010), p. 412.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjaervø1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Prods_Oktor_Skjaervo" title="Prods Oktor Skjaervo">Skjaervø, P. Oktor</a> (1995). "The Avesta as source for the early history of the Iranians". In Erdosy, George (ed.). The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110144475" title="Special:BookSources/9783110144475"><bdi>9783110144475</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Avesta+as+source+for+the+early+history+of+the+Iranians&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryans+of+Ancient+South+Asia&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9783110144475&rft.aulast=Skjaerv%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=P.+Oktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Smith, William eds et al. (1873), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Volume 1, London: John Murray.</li> <li>Stark, Sören. "Die Alttürkenzeit in Mittel- und Zentralasien. Archäologische und historische Studien", Nomaden und Sesshafte, vol. 6. Reichert, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89500-532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-89500-532-0">3-89500-532-0</a>.</li> <li>Strachan, Edward and Roy Bolton (2008), Russia and Europe in the Nineteenth Century, London: Sphinx Fine Art, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907200-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907200-02-1">978-1-907200-02-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzemerényi1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Szemer%C3%A9nyi" title="Oswald Szemerényi">Szemerényi, Oswald</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azargoshnasp.net/history/Scythians/fouroldiranianethnicnames.pdf">Four old Iranian ethnic names: Scythian – Skudra – Sogdian – Saka</a> (PDF). Veröffentlichungen der iranischen Kommission Band 9. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften; azargoshnap.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+old+Iranian+ethnic+names%3A+Scythian+%E2%80%93+Skudra+%E2%80%93+Sogdian+%E2%80%93+Saka&rft.place=Wien&rft.series=Ver%C3%B6ffentlichungen+der+iranischen+Kommission+Band+9&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften%3B+azargoshnap.net&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Szemer%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Oswald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azargoshnasp.net%2Fhistory%2FScythians%2Ffouroldiranianethnicnames.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Taenzer, Gertraud (2016), "Changing Relations between Administration, Clergy and Lay People in Eastern Central Asia: a Case Study According to the Dunhuang Manuscripts Referring to the Transition from Tibetan to Local Rule in Dunhuang, 8th–11th Centuries", in Carmen Meinert, Transfer of Buddhism Across Central Asian Networks (7th to 13th Centuries), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pp. 106–179, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30741-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30741-4">978-90-04-30741-4</a>.</li> <li>Tafazzoli, A. (2003), "Iranian Languages", in C. E. Bosworth and M. S. Asimov, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV: The Age of Achievement, A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, pp. 323–30.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003" class="citation journal cs1">de la Vaissière, Etienne (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1476531">"Is There a "Nationality of the Hephtalites"?"</a>. Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 119–132. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-4464">0890-4464</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049310">24049310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=Is+There+a+%22Nationality+of+the+Hephtalites%22%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=119-132&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24049310%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0890-4464&rft.aulast=de+la+Vaissi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Etienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1476531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogelsang2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Vogelsang" title="Willem Vogelsang">Vogelsang, Willem</a> (2000). "The sixteen lands of Videvdat – Airyanem Vaejah and the homeland of the Iranians". Persica. 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FPERS.16.0.511">10.2143/PERS.16.0.511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Persica&rft.atitle=The+sixteen+lands+of+Videvdat+%E2%80%93+Airyanem+Vaejah+and+the+homeland+of+the+Iranians&rft.volume=16&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FPERS.16.0.511&rft.aulast=Vogelsang&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>von Le Coq, Albert. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-42/V-1/page/0003.html.en">Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan</a>. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-1-B-31/V-1/page-hr/0107.html.en">Tafel 19</a>. (Accessed 3 September 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1993" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Burton (1993). Records of the Great Historian, Han Dynasty II. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7"><bdi>0-231-08167-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Great+Historian%2C+Han+Dynasty+II&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-231-08167-7&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wood, Francis (2002). The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24340-8">978-0-520-24340-8</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202019854292764.pdf">"The Sogdian Descendants in Mongol and post-Mongol Central Asia: The Tajiks and Sarts"</a> (PDF). Joo Yup Lee. ACTA VIA SERICA Vol. 5, No. 1, June 2020: 187–198doi: 10.22679/avs.2020.5.1.007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923150236/http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202019854292764.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joo+Yup+Lee&rft.atitle=The+Sogdian+Descendants+in+Mongol+and+post-Mongol+Central+Asia%3A+The+Tajiks+and+Sarts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreascience.or.kr%2Farticle%2FJAKO202019854292764.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASogdia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sogdians.si.edu/sidebars/retracing-the-sounds-of-sogdiana-sogdian-music-and-musical-instruments-in-central-asia-and-china/">Sogdian music</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogdia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sogdia#Q486244" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Sogdia">Sogdia</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080225031154/http://www.geocities.com/interlinguae/sogdian.html">Sogdian on Interlinguae</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/x/xerxes/xerxes_ii.html">Xerxes II and Sogdianus</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921075535/https://www.livius.org/x/xerxes/xerxes_ii.html">Archived</a> 21 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sogdians.si.edu/">The Sogdians: Influencers on the Silk Roads (Online exhibition)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire(Behistun_/_Persepolis_/_Naqsh-e_Rustam_/_Susa_/_Daeva_inscriptions)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Achaemenid_Provinces" title="Template:Achaemenid Provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Achaemenid_Provinces" title="Template talk:Achaemenid Provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid_Provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid Provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire(Behistun_/_Persepolis_/_Naqsh-e_Rustam_/_Susa_/_Daeva_inscriptions)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.1em;white-space:nowrap;"><ul style="line-height:1.2em;"><li>Provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li><li style="font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">Susa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daeva</a> inscriptions)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;padding:0.25em;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Akaufaka (<a href="/wiki/Quhistan" title="Quhistan">Quhistan</a>?)</li> <li>Amyrgoi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Arabia" title="Achaemenid Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(region)" title="Aria (region)">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia#Persian_Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria_(satrapy)" title="Bactria (satrapy)">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(satrapy)" title="Cappadocia (satrapy)">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmania_(region)" title="Carmania (region)">Carmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorasmia_(satrapy)" title="Chorasmia (satrapy)">Chorasmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia (satrapy)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drangiana" title="Drangiana">Drangiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">1st Egypt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">2nd Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Eber-Nari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kush_(satrapy)" title="Kush (satrapy)">Kush</a> (Nubia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gand%C4%81ra" title="Gandāra">Gandāra</a> (Gandhara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedrosia_(satrapy)" title="Gedrosia (satrapy)">Gedrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia_(satrapy)" title="Ionia (satrapy)">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindush" title="Hindush">Hindush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_(satrapy)" title="Libya (satrapy)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_(satrapy)" title="Lydia (satrapy)">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka_(satrapy)" title="Maka (satrapy)">Maka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Phoenicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Phrygia" title="Hellespontine Phrygia">Hellespontine Phrygia</a></li> <li>Greater Phrygia</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li>Samaritan Province</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skudra" title="Skudra">Skudra (Thrace)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">Yehud</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The principal Achaemenid satrapies, ~500 BC."><img alt="The principal Achaemenid satrapies, ~500 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/160px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/240px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/320px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="635" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Taxation_districts_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" title="Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire">Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire</a> (according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486244#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486244#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486244#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4055386-3">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/60058">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sogdia&params=40.4_N_69.4_E_">40°24′N 69°24′E / 40.4°N 69.4°E / 40.4; 69.4</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLight1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLing1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLippiello2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivšic2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLurje2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillward2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillward2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrow2019\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolini-Zani2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolini-Zani2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Daly2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Bergne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPei2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPei_裴2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulleyblank,_Edwin_G.1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezakhani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.V.D._Research_Institute,_Monumenta_Serica_Institute2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScaglia1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenkar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSims-Williams1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSims2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkaff2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkjaervø1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzemerényi1980\"] = 1,\n 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sogdia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sogdia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q486244","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q486244","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-28T17:33:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T22:29:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b5\/Map_of_Sogdia.png","headline":"ancient civilization of an Iranian people and a province of the Achaemenid Empire"}</script> </body> </html>