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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_chronicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Chinese chronicles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_chronicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ascendancy_over_the_Sasanian_Empire_(442–c.530_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascendancy_over_the_Sasanian_Empire_(442–c.530_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ascendancy over the Sasanian Empire (442–c.530 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascendancy_over_the_Sasanian_Empire_(442–c.530_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Victories_over_the_Sasanian_Empire_(474–484_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victories_over_the_Sasanian_Empire_(474–484_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Victories over the Sasanian Empire (474–484 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victories_over_the_Sasanian_Empire_(474–484_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hephthalite_coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hephthalite_coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Hephthalite coinage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hephthalite_coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protectors_of_Kavad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protectors_of_Kavad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Protectors of Kavad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protectors_of_Kavad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hephthalites_in_Tokharistan_(466_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hephthalites_in_Tokharistan_(466_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Hephthalites in Tokharistan (466 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hephthalites_in_Tokharistan_(466_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hephthalite_conquest_of_Sogdiana_(479_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hephthalite_conquest_of_Sogdiana_(479_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Hephthalite conquest of Sogdiana (479 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hephthalite_conquest_of_Sogdiana_(479_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarim_Basin_(circa_480–550_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarim_Basin_(circa_480–550_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Tarim Basin (circa 480–550 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarim_Basin_(circa_480–550_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hephthalite_embassies_to_Liang_China_(516–526_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hephthalite_embassies_to_Liang_China_(516–526_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Hephthalite embassies to Liang China (516–526 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hephthalite_embassies_to_Liang_China_(516–526_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_embassies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_embassies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Other embassies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_embassies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhas_of_Bamiyan_(544–644_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhas_of_Bamiyan_(544–644_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Buddhas of Bamiyan (544–644 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhas_of_Bamiyan_(544–644_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hephthalite_royals_on_the_tombs_of_Sogdian_traders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hephthalite_royals_on_the_tombs_of_Sogdian_traders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Hephthalite royals on the tombs of Sogdian traders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hephthalite_royals_on_the_tombs_of_Sogdian_traders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Empire_and_fragmentation_into_Hephthalite_Principalities_(560–710_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Empire_and_fragmentation_into_Hephthalite_Principalities_(560–710_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 End of the Empire and fragmentation into Hephthalite Principalities (560–710 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Empire_and_fragmentation_into_Hephthalite_Principalities_(560–710_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raids_into_the_Sasanid_Empire_(600–610_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raids_into_the_Sasanid_Empire_(600–610_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.1 Raids into the Sasanid Empire (600–610 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raids_into_the_Sasanid_Empire_(600–610_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Turk_takeover_(625_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Turk_takeover_(625_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.2 Western Turk takeover (625 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Turk_takeover_(625_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_invasion_(c.651_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_invasion_(c.651_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.3 Arab invasion (c.651 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_invasion_(c.651_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hephthalite_revolts_against_the_Ummayad_Caliphate_(689–710_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hephthalite_revolts_against_the_Ummayad_Caliphate_(689–710_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.3.1 Hephthalite revolts against the Ummayad Caliphate (689–710 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hephthalite_revolts_against_the_Ummayad_Caliphate_(689–710_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Military and weapons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Religion and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hephthalite_seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hephthalite_seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Hephthalite seals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hephthalite_seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_populations_under_the_Hephthalites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_populations_under_the_Hephthalites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Local populations under the Hephthalites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_populations_under_the_Hephthalites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Alchon_Huns_(formerly_considered_as_a_branch_of_the_Hephthalites)_in_South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Alchon_Huns_(formerly_considered_as_a_branch_of_the_Hephthalites)_in_South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 The Alchon Huns (formerly considered as a branch of the Hephthalites) in South Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Alchon_Huns_(formerly_considered_as_a_branch_of_the_Hephthalites)_in_South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Possible descendants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hephthalite_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hephthalite_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Hephthalite rulers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hephthalite_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hephthalites</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthaliten" title="Hephthaliten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hephthaliten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A9" title="هياطلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هياطلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eftalitl%C9%99r" title="Eftalitlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eftalitlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%BA_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="آغ هونلار ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آغ هونلار ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Эфталіты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эфталіты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Ефталити – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ефталити" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heftalites" title="Heftalites – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Heftalites" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heftalit%C3%A9" title="Heftalité – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Heftalité" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthaliten" title="Hephthaliten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hephthaliten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%95%CF%86%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Αυτοκρατορία των Εφθαλιτών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία των Εφθαλιτών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heftalita" title="Heftalita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Heftalita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heftalitaj_hunoj" title="Heftalitaj hunoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Heftalitaj hunoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inperio_Heftalita" title="Inperio Heftalita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Inperio Heftalita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هپتالیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هپتالیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetah%C3%BBna" title="Shvetahûna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shvetahûna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%88%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9_%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%94%84%ED%83%88" title="에프탈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에프탈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հեփթաղներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեփթաղներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="हफथाली लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हफथाली लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijeli_Huni" title="Bijeli Huni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bijeli Huni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun_Putih" title="Hun Putih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hun Putih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unni_bianchi" title="Unni bianchi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unni bianchi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ეფთალიტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეფთალიტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B_%D2%93%D2%B1%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ақ ғұндар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақ ғұндар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Эфталиттер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эфталиттер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephthalitae" title="Ephthalitae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ephthalitae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eftalitai" title="Eftalitai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eftalitai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heftalit%C3%A1k" title="Heftaliták – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Heftaliták" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹെഫ്തലൈറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെഫ്തലൈറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="हफथाली साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हफथाली साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="هپتالیون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هپتالیون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%BD%D2%AF" title="Цагаан хүннү – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цагаан хүннү" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthalieten" title="Hephthalieten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hephthalieten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%95%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB" title="エフタル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エフタル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heftalittene" title="Heftalittene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Heftalittene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns_Blancs" title="Huns Blancs – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Huns Blancs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eftaliylar" title="Eftaliylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eftaliylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%81%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="ہفتھالی لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہفتھالی لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heftalici" title="Heftalici – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Heftalici" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Heftalita" title="Império Heftalita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Heftalita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Heftalit" title="Imperiul Heftalit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Heftalit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Эфталиты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эфталиты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hephthalites" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heftaliti" title="Heftaliti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Heftaliti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijeli_Huni" title="Bijeli Huni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bijeli Huni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefthaliitit" title="Hefthaliitit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hefthaliitit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heftaliter" title="Heftaliter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Heftaliter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹெப்தலைட்டுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹெப்தலைட்டுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="เฮฟทาไลต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฮฟทาไลต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Давлати Ҳайтолиён – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Давлати Ҳайтолиён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak_Hun_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Ak Hun İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ak Hun İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Ефталіти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ефталіти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ہیفتھالی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیفتھالی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Hephthalite" title="Đế quốc Hephthalite – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Hephthalite" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9A%88%E5%99%A0" title="嚈噠 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="嚈噠" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9A%88%E5%99%A0" title="嚈噠 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="嚈噠" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9A%88%E5%99%A0" title="嚈噠 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="嚈噠" 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Hephthalites</div><div class="ib-country-names">ηβοδαλο <a href="/wiki/File:Ebodalo_(Bactrian_cursive).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg/50px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg/75px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg/100px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="135" /></a> Ebodalo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Empire: 440s–560<a href="#cite_note-CB484-1">[1]</a> Principalities in <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hindu-Kush" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Kush">Hindu-Kush</a> until 710.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tamga of the Imperial Hephthalites, known as "Tamgha S2".[3][4] of Hephthalites"><img alt="Tamga of the Imperial Hephthalites, known as "Tamgha S2".[3][4] of Hephthalites" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg/60px-Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg/90px-Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg/120px-Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1284" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Tamga" title="Tamga">Tamga</a> of the Imperial Hephthalites, known as "Tamgha S2".<a href="#cite_note-KHM10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlram2008-4">[4]</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Hephthalite_Empire_circa_500.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hephthalites is located in Hephthalites"><img alt="Hephthalites is located in Hephthalites" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Hephthalite_Empire_circa_500.png/300px-Map_of_the_Hephthalite_Empire_circa_500.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Hephthalite_Empire_circa_500.png/450px-Map_of_the_Hephthalite_Empire_circa_500.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Hephthalite_Empire_circa_500.png/600px-Map_of_the_Hephthalite_Empire_circa_500.png 2x" data-file-width="3082" data-file-height="1970" /></a><div id="annotation_35x90" style="position:absolute; left:35px; top:90px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">SASANIAN EMPIRE</a></div><div id="annotation_115x50" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:50px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">HEPHTHALITES</a></div><div id="annotation_145x123" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:123px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">ALCHON HUNS</a></div><div id="annotation_139x86" style="position:absolute; left:139px; top:86px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nezak" class="mw-redirect" title="Nezak">NEZAK HUNS</a></div><div id="annotation_120x15" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:15px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a></div><div id="annotation_40x1" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:1px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a></div><div id="annotation_0x15" style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:15px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oghurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghurs">Oghurs</a></div><div id="annotation_205x58" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:58px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">TOCHARIANS</a></div><div id="annotation_200x140" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:140px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">GUPTA EMPIRE</a></div><div id="annotation_200x100" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:100px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">ZHANGZHUNG</a></div><div id="annotation_160x175" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:175px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vakatakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakatakas">VAKATAKAS</a></div><div id="annotation_255x25" style="position:absolute; left:255px; top:25px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">ROURAN KHAGANATE</a></div><div id="annotation_210x02" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:02px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Gaoju Turks</a></div><div id="annotation_272x176" style="position:absolute; left:272px; top:176px; font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; font-size:12; line-height:14px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_400_CE" title="Template:Continental Asia in 400 CE"> ◁ </a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_576_CE" title="Template:Asia 576 CE"> ▷ </a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Territory of the Hepthalite Empire, circa 500</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a> (Walwalij, Drapsaka, or Badian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Pakhlo</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a> (official)<a href="#cite_note-iranica-bivar-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> (Sogdiana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Chorasmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a><a href="#cite_note-iranica-bivar-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Hind-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Nestorian Christianity</a><a href="#cite_note-DW-9">[9]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Empire: 440s</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">560<a href="#cite_note-CB484-1">[1]</a> Principalities in <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hindu-Kush" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Kush">Hindu-Kush</a> until 710.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Zunbils" title="Zunbils">Zunbils</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chaghaniyan" title="Principality of Chaghaniyan">Principality of Chaghaniyan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> The Hephthalites (<a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a>: ηβοδαλο, romanized: Ebodalo),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniLitvinskyZamir_Safi1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid883OZBe2sMYCpgPA177_177]-10">[10]</a> sometimes called the White Huns (also known as the White Hunas, in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> as the Spet Xyon and in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> as the Sveta-huna),<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> were a people who lived in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> during the 5th to 8th centuries CE, part of the larger group of Eastern <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Huns" title="Iranian Huns">Iranian Huns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> They formed an empire, the Imperial Hephthalites, and were militarily important from 450 CE, when they defeated the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a>, to 560 CE, when combined forces from the <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> defeated them.<a href="#cite_note-CB484-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a208-15">[15]</a> After 560 CE, they established "principalities" in the area of <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turks</a> (in the areas north of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Daria" class="mw-redirect" title="Amu Daria">Oxus</a>) and of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> (in the areas south of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Daria" class="mw-redirect" title="Amu Daria">Oxus</a>), before the <a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a> took over in 625.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a208-15">[15]</a> The Imperial Hephthalites, based in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, expanded eastwards to the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, westwards to <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> and southwards through <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, but they never went beyond the <a href="/wiki/Hindu-Kush" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Kush">Hindu-Kush</a>, which was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a>, previously thought to be an extension of the Hephthalites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlram2014279-16">[16]</a> They were a tribal confederation and included both nomadic and settled urban communities. They formed part of the four major states known collectively as <a href="/wiki/Xionites" title="Xionites">Xyon</a> (Xionites) or <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna</a>, being preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alkhon</a>, and succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a> and by the First Turkic Khaganate. All of these Hunnic peoples have often been controversially linked to the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> who invaded Eastern Europe during the same period, and/or have been referred to as "Huns", but scholars have reached no consensus about any such connection. The stronghold of the Hephthalites was <a href="/wiki/Bactria#Tokharistan" title="Bactria">Tokharistan</a> (present-day southern <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>) on the northern slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>, and their capital was probably at <a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a>, having come[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] from the east, possibly from the area of <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a208-15">[15]</a> By 479 the Hephthalites had conquered <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> and driven the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> eastwards, and by 493 they had captured parts of <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">Northwest China</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a>, formerly confused with the Hephthalites, expanded into <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Northern India</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-CC287-17">[17]</a> The sources for Hephthalite history are sparse and the opinions of historians differ. There is no king-list, and historians are not sure how the group arose or what language they initially spoke. They seem to have called themselves Ebodalo (ηβοδαλο, hence Hephthal), often abbreviated Eb (ηβ), a name they wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrian script">Bactrian script</a> on some of their coins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVjVYDwAAQBAJpgPT213_213]-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVjVYDwAAQBAJpgPT217_217]-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlram2014278–279-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The origin of the name "Hephthalites" is unknown, it may stem either from a <a href="/wiki/Khotanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotanese language">Khotanese</a> word *Hitala meaning "Strong",<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> from hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> *Heβtalīt, plural of *Heβtalak,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> or from postulated <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> *haft āl "the Seven<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov201027-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Al</a>".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[b]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_ethnonyms">Name and ethnonyms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and ethnonyms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_a_Hephthalite_king_with_the_Bactrian_inscription_The_Lord_(Yabgu)_of_the_Hephthalites._End_5th_century_early_6th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Seal_of_a_Hephthalite_king_with_the_Bactrian_inscription_The_Lord_%28Yabgu%29_of_the_Hephthalites._End_5th_century_early_6th_century_CE.jpg/220px-Seal_of_a_Hephthalite_king_with_the_Bactrian_inscription_The_Lord_%28Yabgu%29_of_the_Hephthalites._End_5th_century_early_6th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Seal_of_a_Hephthalite_king_with_the_Bactrian_inscription_The_Lord_%28Yabgu%29_of_the_Hephthalites._End_5th_century_early_6th_century_CE.jpg/330px-Seal_of_a_Hephthalite_king_with_the_Bactrian_inscription_The_Lord_%28Yabgu%29_of_the_Hephthalites._End_5th_century_early_6th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Seal_of_a_Hephthalite_king_with_the_Bactrian_inscription_The_Lord_%28Yabgu%29_of_the_Hephthalites._End_5th_century_early_6th_century_CE.jpg/440px-Seal_of_a_Hephthalite_king_with_the_Bactrian_inscription_The_Lord_%28Yabgu%29_of_the_Hephthalites._End_5th_century_early_6th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align:center">Hephthalite ruler The Hephthalites called themselves ēbodāl, as seen in this seal of an early Hephthalite king with the <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrian script">Bactrian script</a> inscription: <a href="/wiki/File:%CE%97%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%B2%CE%B2%CE%B3%CE%BF_(Bactrian_script).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%CE%97%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%B2%CE%B2%CE%B3%CE%BF_%28Bactrian_script%29.jpg/120px-%CE%97%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%B2%CE%B2%CE%B3%CE%BF_%28Bactrian_script%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%CE%97%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%B2%CE%B2%CE%B3%CE%BF_%28Bactrian_script%29.jpg/180px-%CE%97%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%B2%CE%B2%CE%B3%CE%BF_%28Bactrian_script%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%CE%97%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%B2%CE%B2%CE%B3%CE%BF_%28Bactrian_script%29.jpg/240px-%CE%97%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%B2%CE%B2%CE%B3%CE%BF_%28Bactrian_script%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="133" /></a> ηβοδαλο ββγο ēbodālo bbgo "<a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">Yabghu</a> (Lord) of the Hephthalites" He wears an elaborate radiate crown, and royal ribbons. End 5th century- early 6th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-KHM10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlram2014279-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-KR209Q-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVjVYDwAAQBAJpgPT214_214]-29">[27]</a></div></figcaption></figure> The Hephthalites called themselves ēbodāl (<a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a>: <a href="/wiki/File:Ebodalo_(Bactrian_cursive).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg/60px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg/90px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg/120px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="135" /></a>, Greek script: [ηβοδαλο] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)) in their inscriptions, which was commonly abbreviated to <a href="/wiki/File:Ebodalo_(Bactrian_cursive,_abbreviation_Eb).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%2C_abbreviation_Eb%29.jpg/23px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%2C_abbreviation_Eb%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%2C_abbreviation_Eb%29.jpg/35px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%2C_abbreviation_Eb%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%2C_abbreviation_Eb%29.jpg/46px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%2C_abbreviation_Eb%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="135" /></a> (ηβ, "Eb") in their coinage.<a href="#cite_note-HEIDEMANN-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-KR209Q-28">[26]</a> An important and unique seal, held in the private collection of Professor Dr. Aman ur Rahman and published by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sims-Williams" title="Nicholas Sims-Williams">Nicholas Sims-Williams</a> in 2011,&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELernerSims-Williams2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-31">[29]</a> shows an early Hepthalite ruler with a round beardless face and slanted almond-shaped eyes, wearing a radiate crown with a single crescent, and framed by the <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrian script">Bactrian script</a> legend ηβοδαλο ββγο ("The Lord [<a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">Yabghu</a>] of the Hephthalites").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELernerSims-Williams201183–84,_Seal_AA_7_(Hc007)-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[c]</a> The seal is dated to the end 5th century- early 6th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-KHM10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-KR209Q-28">[26]</a> The ethnic name "Ebodalo", and title "Ebodalo Yabghu", have also been discovered in contemporary Bactrian documents of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rob" title="Kingdom of Rob">Kingdom of Rob</a> describing administrative functions under the Hephthalites.<a href="#cite_note-SS313-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017135-36">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Greek</a> sources referred to them as Hephthalitae (Ἐφθαλῖται),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a209-37">[34]</a> Abdel or Avdel. To the Armenians, the Hephthalites were Hephthal, Hep't'al & Tetal and sometimes identified with the <a href="/wiki/Kushans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushans">Kushans</a>. To the Persians, Hephthalites are Hephtal, Hephtel, & Hēvtāls. To Arabs, Hephthalites were Haital, Hetal, Heithal, Haiethal, Heyâthelites, (al-)Hayaṭila (هياطلة), and sometimes identified as <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-7">[7]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Velidi_Togan" title="Zeki Velidi Togan">Zeki Velidi Togan</a> (1985), the form Haytal in Persian and Arabic sources in the first period was a clerical error for Habtal, as Arabic <a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Arabic_bāʾ" title="Bet (letter)">-b</a>- resembles <a href="/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_yāʼ" title="Yodh">-y</a>-.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> In Chinese chronicles, the Hephthalites are called Yàndàiyílìtuó (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 厭帶夷栗陀), or in the more usual abbreviated form, Yèdā 嚈噠 or in the 635 <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Liang" title="Book of Liang">Book of Liang</a> as the Huá 滑.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalogh2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfrnVDwAAQBAJpgPA44_44–47]-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> The latter name has been given various <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinisations</a>, including Yeda, Ye-ta, Ye-tha; Ye-dā and Yanda. The corresponding <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> names Yipdaat and Yeoptal (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 엽달), which preserve aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> pronunciation (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> [ʔjɛpdɑt]) better than the modern Mandarin pronunciation, are more consistent with the Greek Hephthalite. Some Chinese chroniclers suggest that the root Hephtha- (as in Yàndàiyílìtuó or Yèdā) was technically a title equivalent to "emperor", while Huá was the name of the dominant tribe.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>, names such as Hephthalite were unknown. The Hephthalites were part of, or offshoots of, people known in India as <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Hunas</a> or Turushkas,<a href="#cite_note-Alexander_Berzin-42">[39]</a> although these names may have referred to broader groups or neighbouring peoples. Ancient Sanskrit text Pravishyasutra mentions a group of people named Havitaras but it is unclear whether the term denotes Hephthalites.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> The Indians also used the expression "White Huns" (Sveta Huna) for the Hephthalites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniLitvinskyZamir_Safi1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFcKtIPVQ6RECpgPA169_169]-44">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_origin_and_expansion">Geographical origin and expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographical origin and expansion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Pamir_Mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hephthalites is located in Pamir"><img alt="Hephthalites is located in Pamir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pamir_Mountains.jpg/300px-Pamir_Mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pamir_Mountains.jpg/450px-Pamir_Mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pamir_Mountains.jpg/600px-Pamir_Mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="405" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.198%;left:53.425%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-35px;top:-35px"><img alt="Hephthalites" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Antu_edit-undo.svg/70px-Antu_edit-undo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Antu_edit-undo.svg/105px-Antu_edit-undo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Antu_edit-undo.svg/140px-Antu_edit-undo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.072%;left:13.949%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.378%;left:45.978%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Kunduz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Capital_mark.svg/10px-Capital_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Capital_mark.svg/15px-Capital_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Capital_mark.svg/20px-Capital_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:6px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:20.149%;left:33.578%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Samarkand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/7px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/11px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/14px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.248%;left:39.609%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Chaganian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div><a href="/wiki/Chaganian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaganian">Chaganian</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.855%;left:2.127%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Herat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div><a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.188%;left:2.057%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Merv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/7px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/11px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/14px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.43%;left:92.86%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Kashgar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/7px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/11px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/14px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.003%;left:33.029%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Balkh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div><a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.055%;left:69.435%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Udabhanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/7px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/11px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/14px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hund_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hund (village)">Udabhanda</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.137%;left:66.584%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.103%;left:39.17%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Bamyan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bamyan" title="Bamyan">Bamyan</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.265%;left:46.846%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.653%;left:43.052%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Ghazni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/7px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/11px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/14px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.051%;left:48.019%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Kabul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/7px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/11px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Button_Icon_White.svg/14px-Button_Icon_White.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.659%;left:34.455%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Yeda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:6px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Yeda</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.754%;left:70.831%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Wakhan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div><a href="/wiki/Wakhan" title="Wakhan">Wakhan</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.871%;left:53.425%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">BADAKHSHAN</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pamir_Mountains.jpg" title="File:Pamir Mountains.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Hephthalites came from <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a>, and always had their historical stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>), with their capital in <a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a208–209-45">[42]</a></div></div></div> According to recent scholarship, the stronghold of the Hephthalites was always <a href="/wiki/Bactria#Tokharistan" title="Bactria">Tokharistan</a> on the northern slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>, in what is present-day southern <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a208–209-45">[42]</a> Their capital was probably at <a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a>, which was known to the 11th-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a> as War-Walīz, a possible origin of one of the names given by the Chinese to Hephthalites: 滑 (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhengzhang_Shangfang" title="Zhengzhang Shangfang">ZS</a>) *ɦˠuat̚ > <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">standard Chinese</a>: Huá).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a208–209-45">[42]</a> The Hephthalites may have come from the East, through the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a>, possibly from the area of <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a208–209-45">[42]</a> Alternatively, they may have migrated from the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> region, among the waves of invading Huns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama2016200-46">[43]</a> Following their westward or southward expansion, the Hephthalites settled in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, and displaced the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a>, who expanded into Northern India. The Hephthalites came into contact with the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, and were involved in helping militarily <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> seize the throne from his brother <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a208–209-45">[42]</a> Later, in the late 5th century, the Hephthalites expanded into vast areas of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and occupied the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>, taking control of the area from the <a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rourans</a>, who had been collecting heavy tribute from the oasis cities, but were now weakening under the assaults of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JAM30-31-47">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_characteristics">Origins and characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins and characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Huns" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of the Huns">Origins of the Huns</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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.trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:232px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dilberjin_attendants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dilberjin_attendants.jpg/132px-Dilberjin_attendants.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dilberjin_attendants.jpg/198px-Dilberjin_attendants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dilberjin_attendants.jpg/264px-Dilberjin_attendants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="508" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:232px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dilbergin_frescoe_royal_figure_(cleaned_up).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dilbergin_frescoe_royal_figure_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg/162px-Dilbergin_frescoe_royal_figure_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dilbergin_frescoe_royal_figure_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg/243px-Dilbergin_frescoe_royal_figure_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dilbergin_frescoe_royal_figure_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg/324px-Dilbergin_frescoe_royal_figure_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="734" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Murals from <a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a>, thought to represent early Hephthalites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2010135–136-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIlyasov2001187–197-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniLitvinskyZamir_Safi1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid883OZBe2sMYCpgPA183_183]-51">[48]</a> The ruler wears a radiate crown which is comparable to the crown of the king on the "<a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_a_Hephthalite_king_with_the_Bactrian_inscription_The_Lord_(Yabgu)_of_the_Hephthalites._End_5th_century_early_6th_century_CE.jpg" title="File:Seal of a Hephthalite king with the Bactrian inscription The Lord (Yabgu) of the Hephthalites. End 5th century early 6th century CE.jpg">Yabghu of the Hephthalites</a>" seal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELernerSims-Williams201136-52">[49]</a></div></div></div></div> There have been several theories regarding the origins of the Hephthalites, with the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnoki1959-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sinor-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaic">Altaic</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov201014-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-CB-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> theories being the main ones. The most prominent theory at present seems to be that the Hephthalites were initially of Turkic origin, and later adopted the Bactrian language.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> According to most specialist scholars, the Hephthalites adopted <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a> as their official language, just as the <a href="/wiki/Kushans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushans">Kushans</a> had done, following their settlement in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CB-60">[57]</a> Bactrian was an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian language</a>, but was written in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, a remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a> in the 3rd–2nd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-CB-60">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a>, beyond being an official language, was also the language of the local populations ruled by the Hephthalites.<a href="#cite_note-Canfield49-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sinor-54">[51]</a> The Hephthalites inscribed their coins in <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a>, the titles they held were Bactrian, such as XOAΔHO or Šao,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996138–154-64">[61]</a> and of probable Chinese origin, such as <a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">Yabghu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017135-36">[33]</a> the names of Hephthalite rulers given in <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> are Iranian,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996138–154-64">[61]</a> and gem inscriptions and other evidence shows that the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the Hephthalite elite was East Iranian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996138–154-64">[61]</a> In 1959, Kazuo Enoki proposed that the Hephthalites were probably Indo-European (East) <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a> who originated in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>, based on the fact that ancient sources generally located them in the area between <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hindu-Kush" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Kush">Hindu-Kush</a>, and the Hephthalites had some Iranian characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnoki195923–28-65">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nelson_Frye" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Nelson Frye">Richard Nelson Frye</a> cautiously accepted Enoki's hypothesis, while at the same time stressing that the Hephthalites "were probably a mixed horde".<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, the Hephthalites possibly originated in what is today <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iranica-bivar-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> A few scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Josef_Markwart" title="Josef Markwart">Marquart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">Grousset</a> proposed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongolic</a> origins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnoki195917–18-68">[65]</a> Yu Taishan traced the Hephthalites' origins to the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> and further to <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Other scholars such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_la_Vaissi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne de la Vaissière">de la Vaissière</a>, based on a recent reappraisal of the Chinese sources, suggest that the Hephthalites were initially of Turkic origin, and later adopted the Bactrian language, first for administrative purposes, and possibly later as a native language — according to <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017">Rezakhani (2017)</a>, this thesis is seemingly the "most prominent at present".<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–137-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[d]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:300px;max-width:300px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Balalyk_Tepe_banquet_scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Balalyk_Tepe_banquet_scene.jpg/298px-Balalyk_Tepe_banquet_scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="298" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Balalyk_Tepe_banquet_scene.jpg/447px-Balalyk_Tepe_banquet_scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Balalyk_Tepe_banquet_scene.jpg/596px-Balalyk_Tepe_banquet_scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="1037" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:300px;max-width:300px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Balalyk_Tepe_festivities.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Balalyk_Tepe_festivities.jpg/298px-Balalyk_Tepe_festivities.jpg" decoding="async" width="298" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Balalyk_Tepe_festivities.jpg/447px-Balalyk_Tepe_festivities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Balalyk_Tepe_festivities.jpg/596px-Balalyk_Tepe_festivities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="1153" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The banquet scenes in the murals of <a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a> show the life of the Hephthalite ruling class of <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CH141-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov201067-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-SP9293-80">[76]</a></div></div></div></div> In effect, the Hephthalites may have been a confederation of various people, speaking different languages. According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nelson_Frye" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Nelson Frye">Richard Nelson Frye</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Just as later <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> empires were confederations of many peoples, we may tentatively propose that the ruling groups of these invaders were, or at least included, Turkic-speaking tribesmen from the east and north, although most probably the bulk of the people in the confederation of Chionites and then Hephhtalites spoke an Iranian language. In this case, as normal, the nomads adopted the written language, institutions, and culture of the settled folks.<a href="#cite_note-Canfield49-63">[60]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_European_Huns">Relation to European Huns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relation to European Huns">edit</a>]</div> According to Martin Schottky, the Hephthalites apparently had no direct connection with the European <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, but may have been causally related with their movement. The tribes in question deliberately called themselves "Huns" in order to frighten their enemies.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> On the contrary, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_la_Vaissi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne de la Vaissière">de la Vaissière</a> considers that the Hepthalites were part of the great <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic</a> migrations of the 4th century CE from the Altai region that also reached Europe, and that these Huns "were the political, and partly cultural, heirs of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003122-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–155-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> This massive migration was apparently triggered by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, with aridity affecting the mountain grazing grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Altay_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay Mountains">Altay Mountains</a> during the 4th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–146-85">[81]</a> According to Amanda Lomazoff and Aaron Ralby, there is a high synchronicity between the "reign of terror" of <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> in the west and the southern expansion of the Hephthalites, with extensive territorial overlap between the Huns and the Hephthalites in Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> The 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> of Caesarea (History of the Wars, Book I. ch. 3), related them to the Huns in Europe, but insisted on cultural and sociological differences, highlighting the sophistication of the Hephthalites: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Ephthalitae Huns, who are called White Huns [...] The Ephthalitae are of the stock of the Huns in fact as well as in name, however, they do not mingle with any of the Huns known to us, for they occupy a land neither adjoining nor even very near to them; but their territory lies immediately to the north of Persia [...] They are not nomads like the other Hunnic peoples, but for a long period have been established in a goodly land... They are the only ones among the Huns who have white bodies and countenances which are not ugly. It is also true that their manner of living is unlike that of their kinsmen, nor do they live a savage life as they do; but they are ruled by one king, and since they possess a lawful constitution, they observe right and justice in their dealings both with one another and with their neighbors, in no degree less than the Romans and the Persians<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_chronicles">Chinese chronicles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chinese chronicles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:300px;max-width:300px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:243px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hephthalite_sponsors_at_Bamiyan_(ceiling_of_the_38_meter_Buddha,_detail_of_royal_sponsors,_enhanced).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hephthalite_sponsors_at_Bamiyan_%28ceiling_of_the_38_meter_Buddha%2C_detail_of_royal_sponsors%2C_enhanced%29.jpg/298px-Hephthalite_sponsors_at_Bamiyan_%28ceiling_of_the_38_meter_Buddha%2C_detail_of_royal_sponsors%2C_enhanced%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="298" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hephthalite_sponsors_at_Bamiyan_%28ceiling_of_the_38_meter_Buddha%2C_detail_of_royal_sponsors%2C_enhanced%29.jpg/447px-Hephthalite_sponsors_at_Bamiyan_%28ceiling_of_the_38_meter_Buddha%2C_detail_of_royal_sponsors%2C_enhanced%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hephthalite_sponsors_at_Bamiyan_%28ceiling_of_the_38_meter_Buddha%2C_detail_of_royal_sponsors%2C_enhanced%29.jpg/596px-Hephthalite_sponsors_at_Bamiyan_%28ceiling_of_the_38_meter_Buddha%2C_detail_of_royal_sponsors%2C_enhanced%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="985" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Probable Hephthalite royal couple in the murals of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a> circa 600 CE (the 38-meter Buddha they decorate is carbon dated to 544 – 595 CE).<a href="#cite_note-Bamiyan_Dates-88">[84]</a> Their characteristics are similar to the figures in <a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a>, such as the right side triangular lapel, hairstyles, faces and ornaments, and reflect Hephthalite styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov201067-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> The Bamiyan complex developed under Hephthalite rule.<a href="#cite_note-XL64-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996158-91">[87]</a></div></div></div></div> The Hephthalites were first known to the Chinese in 456 CE, when a Hephthalite embassy arrived at the Chinese court of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003121-92">[88]</a> The Chinese used various names for the Hephthalites, such as Hua (滑), Ye-tha-i-li-to (simp. 厌带夷栗陁, trad. 厭帶夷粟陁) or more briefly Ye-da (嚈噠).<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> Ancient <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">imperial Chinese</a> chronicles give various explanations about the origins of the Hephthalites:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–122,_Annex_1-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnoki19591–14-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov20102–32-97">[93]</a> <ul><li>They were descendants "of the <a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Gaoju</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Da_Yuezhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Yuezhi">Da Yuezhi</a>" according to the earliest chronicles such as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wei" title="Book of Wei">Book of Wei</a> or the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Dynasties" title="History of the Northern Dynasties">History of the Northern Dynasties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–122,_Annex_1-95">[91]</a></li> <li>They were descendants "of the <a href="/wiki/Da_Yuezhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Yuezhi">Da Yuezhi</a> tribes", according to many later chronicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–122,_Annex_1-95">[91]</a></li> <li>The ancient historian <a href="/wiki/Pei_Ziye" title="Pei Ziye">Pei Ziye</a> conjectured that the "Hua" (滑) may be descendants of a <a href="/wiki/Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Jushi</a> general of the 2nd century CE because that general was named "Bahua" (八滑). This etymological fantasy was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Liang" title="Book of Liang">Book of Liang</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%A2%81%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B730" class="extiw" title="s:zh:梁書/卷30">Volume 30</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%A2%81%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B754" class="extiw" title="s:zh:梁書/卷54">Volume 54</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–122,_Annex_1-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalogh2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfrnVDwAAQBAJpgPA46_46]-98">[94]</a></li> <li>Another etymological fantasy appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Tongdian</a>, reporting an account by the traveller Wei Jie according to which the Hephthalites may have been the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a> because a Kangju general of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a> happened to be named "Yitian".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–122,_Annex_1-95">[91]</a></li></ul> Kazuo Enoki made a first groundbreaking analysis of the Chinese sources in 1959, suggesting that the Hephthalites were a local tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>) region, with their origin in the nearby Western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–122,_Annex_1-95">[91]</a> He also used as an argument the presence of numerous <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a> names among the Hephthalites, and the fact that the Chinese reported that they practiced <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry</a>, a well-known West Himalayan cultural trait.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–122,_Annex_1-95">[91]</a> According to a recent reappraisal of the Chinese sources by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_la_Vaissi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne de la Vaissière">de la Vaissière</a> (2003), only the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Gaoju</a> origin of the Hephthalites should be retained as indicative of their primary ethnicity, and the mention of the <a href="/wiki/Da_Yuezhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Yuezhi">Da Yuezhi</a> only stems from the fact that, at the time, the Hephthalites had already settled in the former <a href="/wiki/Da_Yuezhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Yuezhi">Da Yuezhi</a> territory of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, where they are known to have used the Eastern Iranian <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003120–121,_Annex_1-99">[95]</a> The earliest Chinese source on this encounter, the near-contemporary chronicles of the Northern Wei (<a href="/wiki/Weishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Weishu">Weishu</a>) as quoted in the later <a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Tongdian</a>, reports that they migrated southward from the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> region circa 360 CE: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Hephthalites are a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Gaoju" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaoju">Gaoju</a> (高車, "High Carts") or the <a href="/wiki/Da_Yuezhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Yuezhi">Da Yuezhi</a>, they originated from the north of the Chinese frontier and came down south from the Jinshan (<a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a>) mountains [...] This was 80 to 90 years before <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wencheng_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei">Emperor Wen</a> (r. 440–465 CE) of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> (i.e. circa 360 CE) <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">嚈噠國</a>，或云<a href="/wiki/Gaoju" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaoju">高車</a>之別種，或云<a href="/wiki/Da_Yuezhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Yuezhi">大月氏</a>之別種。其原出於塞北。自金山而南。[...] 至<a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">後魏</a> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wencheng_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei">文帝</a>時已八九十年矣<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Extract of the <a href="/wiki/Weishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Weishu">Weishu</a> chronicles as copied in <a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Tongdian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003120–121,_Annex_1-99">[95]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Gaoju" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaoju">Gaoju</a> (高車 lit. "High Cart"), also known as <a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> were early Turkic speakers related to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> who were once conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Weishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Weishu">Weishu</a> also mentioned the linguistic and ethnic proximity between the Gaoju and the Xiongnu.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> De la Vaissière proposes that the Hephthalites had originally been one Oghuric-speaking tribe who belonged the Gaoju/Tiele confederation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003121-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199293–96-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> This and several later Chinese chronicles also report that the Hephthalites may have originated from the <a href="/wiki/Da_Yuezhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Yuezhi">Da Yuezhi</a>, probably because of their settlement in the former Da Yuezhi territory of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003121-92">[88]</a> Later Chinese sources become quite confused about the origins of the Hephthalites, and this may be due to their progressive assimilation of Bactrian culture and language once they settled there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003123-108">[104]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Dynasties">Beishi</a>, describing the situation in the first half of the 6th century CE around the time <a href="/wiki/Song_Yun" title="Song Yun">Song Yun</a> visited Central Asia, the language of the Hephthalites was different from that of the Rouran, Gaoju or other tribes of Central Asia, but that probably reflects their acculturation and adoption of the Bactrian language since their arrival in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> in the 4th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003120–122-109">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Liangshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Liangshu">Liangshu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liang_Zhigongtu" class="mw-redirect" title="Liang Zhigongtu">Liang Zhigongtu</a> do explain that the Hephthalites originally had no written language and adopted the <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">hu</a> (local, "Barbarian") alphabet, in this case, the <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrian script">Bactrian script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003120–122-109">[105]</a> Overall, de la Vaissière considers that the Hephthalites were part of the great <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic</a> migrations of the 4th century CE from the Altai region that also reached Europe and that these Huns "were the political, and partly cultural, heirs, of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003122-82">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Appearance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Termez_Shirabad_Tavka_Kurgan_(Fortress)_5th-6th_cent_CE_Wall_Painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Termez_Shirabad_Tavka_Kurgan_%28Fortress%29_5th-6th_cent_CE_Wall_Painting.jpg/300px-Termez_Shirabad_Tavka_Kurgan_%28Fortress%29_5th-6th_cent_CE_Wall_Painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Termez_Shirabad_Tavka_Kurgan_%28Fortress%29_5th-6th_cent_CE_Wall_Painting.jpg/450px-Termez_Shirabad_Tavka_Kurgan_%28Fortress%29_5th-6th_cent_CE_Wall_Painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Termez_Shirabad_Tavka_Kurgan_%28Fortress%29_5th-6th_cent_CE_Wall_Painting.jpg/600px-Termez_Shirabad_Tavka_Kurgan_%28Fortress%29_5th-6th_cent_CE_Wall_Painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3789" data-file-height="3197" /></a><figcaption>Another painting of the Tokharistan school, from <a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FG-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> It is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Balalyk_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Balalyk tepe">Balalyk tepe</a>, "especially in the treatment of the face". Termez Archaeological Museum.<a href="#cite_note-FG-110">[106]</a></figcaption></figure> The Hepthalites appear in several mural paintings in the area of <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>, especially in banquet scenes at <a href="/wiki/Balalyk_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Balalyk tepe">Balalyk tepe</a> and as donors to the Buddha in the ceiling painting of the 35-meter Buddha at the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhas of Bamyan">Buddhas of Bamyan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SP9293-80">[76]</a> Several of the figures in these paintings have a characteristic appearance, with belted jackets with a unique lapel of their tunic being folded on the right side, a style which became popular under the Hephthalites,<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> the cropped hair, the hair accessories, their distinctive physionomy and their round beardless faces.<a href="#cite_note-CM12-113">[109]</a> The figures at Bamyan must represent the donors and potentates who supported the building of the monumental giant Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-CM12-113">[109]</a> These remarkable paintings participate "to the artistic tradition of the Hephthalite ruling classes of <a href="/wiki/Tukharistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukharistan">Tukharistan</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov201067-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-SP9293-80">[76]</a> The paintings related to the Hephthalites have often been grouped under the appellation of "Tokharistan school of art",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2014322-114">[110]</a> or the "Hephthalite stage in the History of Central Asia Art".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIlyasov2001187-115">[111]</a> The paintings of <a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a>, of very high quality, also belong to this school of art, and are closely related to other paintings of the Tokharistan school such as <a href="/wiki/Balalyk_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Balalyk tepe">Balalyk tepe</a>, in the depiction of clothes, and especially in the treatment of the faces.<a href="#cite_note-FG-110">[106]</a> This "Hephthalite period" in art, with the caftans with a triangular collar folded on the right, the particular cropped hairstyle, the crowns with crescents, have been found in many of the areas historically occupied and ruled by the Hephthalites, in <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamyan" title="Bamyan">Bamyan</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>), or in <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>). This points to a "political and cultural unification of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>" with similar artistic styles and iconography, under the rule of the Hephthalites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama200712-116">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ebodalo_(Bactrian_cursive_and_Greek_standard).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive_and_Greek_standard%29.jpg/170px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive_and_Greek_standard%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive_and_Greek_standard%29.jpg/255px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive_and_Greek_standard%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive_and_Greek_standard%29.jpg/340px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive_and_Greek_standard%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>The Hephthalites used the <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrian script">Bactrian script</a> (top), an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek script">Greek script</a> (bottom). Here, their <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> Ebodalo, "Hephthalites".</figcaption></figure> The Hephthalites were a vassal state to the <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a> until the beginning of the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> There were close contacts between them, although they had different languages and cultures, and the Hephthalites borrowed much of their political organization from Rourans.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-7">[7]</a> In particular, the title "<a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a>", which according to McGovern was original to the Rourans, was borrowed by the Hephthalite rulers.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-7">[7]</a> The reason for the migration of the Hephthalites southeast was to avoid a pressure of the Rourans. The Hephthalites became a significant political entity in Bactria around 450 CE, or sometime before.<a href="#cite_note-CC287-17">[17]</a> It has been commonly assumed that the Hephthalites formed a third wave of migrations into Central Asia, after the <a href="/wiki/Chionites" class="mw-redirect" title="Chionites">Chionites</a> (who arrived circa 350 CE) and the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> (who arrived from around 380 CE), but recent studies suggest that instead there may have been a single massive wave of nomadic migrations around 350–360 CE, the "Great Invasion", triggered by climate change and the onset of aridity in the grazing grounds of the Altay region, and that these nomadic tribes vied for supremacy thereafter in their new territories in Southern Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–146-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundermannHintzede_Blois2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidb3gOdaiXNKkCpgPA216_216,_note_5]-118">[114]</a> As they rose to prominence, the Hephthalites displaced the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a>, who expanded into <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and Northern India. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandian,_vanquished_Hephthalite_(vertical).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bandian%2C_vanquished_Hephthalite_%28vertical%29.jpg/112px-Bandian%2C_vanquished_Hephthalite_%28vertical%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bandian%2C_vanquished_Hephthalite_%28vertical%29.jpg/168px-Bandian%2C_vanquished_Hephthalite_%28vertical%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bandian%2C_vanquished_Hephthalite_%28vertical%29.jpg/224px-Bandian%2C_vanquished_Hephthalite_%28vertical%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="2111" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandian_Hephthalite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bandian_Hephthalite.jpg/172px-Bandian_Hephthalite.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bandian_Hephthalite.jpg/258px-Bandian_Hephthalite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bandian_Hephthalite.jpg/344px-Bandian_Hephthalite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2135" data-file-height="1999" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Hephthalites as vanquished enemies (face down on the floor), and then as allies (seated), in the Sasanian <a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a>. The inscription next to the seated ruler reads: "I am Hephthalite, son … the Hephthalite is trustworthy".<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-120">[116]</a> 459-497 CE</div></div></div></div> The Hephthalites also entered into conflict with the Sasanians. The reliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a> seem to show the initial defeat of the Hephthalites against the Sasanians in 425 CE, and then their alliance with them, from the time of <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> (420-438 CE), until they invaded Sasanian territory and destroyed the Bandian complex in 484 CE.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-120">[116]</a> In 456–457 a Hephthalite embassy arrived in China, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wencheng_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei">Emperor Wen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–146-85">[81]</a> By 458 they were strong enough to intervene in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. Around 466 they probably took Transoxianan lands from the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> with Persian help but soon took from Persia the area of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Kushanshahr" title="Kushanshahr">Kushanshahr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CB-60">[57]</a> In the second half of the fifth century they controlled the deserts of <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> as far as the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2010164,_167-122">[118]</a> By 500 they held the whole of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pamirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamirs">Pamirs</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. In 509, they captured <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> and they took 'Sughd' (the capital of <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a>).<a href="#cite_note-CH141-78">[74]</a> To the east, they captured the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> and went as far as <a href="/wiki/Urumqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Urumqi">Urumqi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CH141-78">[74]</a> Around 560 CE their empire was destroyed by an alliance of the First Turkic Khaganate and the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, but some of them remained as local rulers in the region of <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> for the next 150 years, under the suzerainty of the Western Turks, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CB-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-CH141-78">[74]</a> Among the principalities which remained in Hephthalite hands even after the Turkic overcame their territory were: <a href="/wiki/Chaganian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaganian">Chaganian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khuttal" title="Khuttal">Khuttal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_(river)" title="Vakhsh (river)">Vakhsh Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CH141-78">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascendancy_over_the_Sasanian_Empire_(442–c.530_CE)">Ascendancy over the Sasanian Empire (442–c.530 CE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ascendancy over the Sasanian Empire (442–c.530 CE)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite–Persian Wars">Hephthalite–Persian Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hephthalites._Circa_5th_Century_CE._Crowned_bust_of_Peroz_right.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hephthalites._Circa_5th_Century_CE._Crowned_bust_of_Peroz_right.jpg/300px-Hephthalites._Circa_5th_Century_CE._Crowned_bust_of_Peroz_right.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hephthalites._Circa_5th_Century_CE._Crowned_bust_of_Peroz_right.jpg/450px-Hephthalites._Circa_5th_Century_CE._Crowned_bust_of_Peroz_right.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hephthalites._Circa_5th_Century_CE._Crowned_bust_of_Peroz_right.jpg/600px-Hephthalites._Circa_5th_Century_CE._Crowned_bust_of_Peroz_right.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Early Hephthalite coinage: a close imitation of a coin type of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> (third period coinage of Peroz I, after 474 CE).<a href="#cite_note-CC287-17">[17]</a> Late 5th century CE. This coinage is typically distinguished from Sasanian issues by dots around the border and the abbreviation <a href="/wiki/File:Ebodalo_(Bactrian_cursive,_abbreviation_Eb).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%2C_abbreviation_Eb%29.jpg/20px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%2C_abbreviation_Eb%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%2C_abbreviation_Eb%29.jpg/30px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%2C_abbreviation_Eb%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%2C_abbreviation_Eb%29.jpg/40px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%2C_abbreviation_Eb%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="135" /></a> (ηβ "ēb") in front of the crown of Peroz I, abbreviation of ηβοδαλο "ĒBODALO", for "Hepthalites".<a href="#cite_note-HEIDEMANN-30">[28]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hephthalites_coin._Uncertain_ruler._Late_5th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hephthalites_coin._Uncertain_ruler._Late_5th_century_CE.jpg/300px-Hephthalites_coin._Uncertain_ruler._Late_5th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hephthalites_coin._Uncertain_ruler._Late_5th_century_CE.jpg/450px-Hephthalites_coin._Uncertain_ruler._Late_5th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hephthalites_coin._Uncertain_ruler._Late_5th_century_CE.jpg/600px-Hephthalites_coin._Uncertain_ruler._Late_5th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>A rare <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">Hephthalite</a> coin. Obverse: Hephthalite prince wearing a belted caftan with single right lapel, and holding a drinking cup. Probable Bactrian legend ηβοδαλο "ĒBODALO" to the right.<a href="#cite_note-Coin-124">[e]</a> Reverse: Sasanian-style bust imitating <a href="/wiki/Khavadh_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Khavadh I">Khavadh I</a>, whom the Hephthalites had helped to the Sasanian throne. Hephthalite <a href="/wiki/Tamgha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamgha">tamgha</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg/8px-Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg" decoding="async" width="8" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg/12px-Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg/16px-Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1284" /></a> before the face of Khavad.<a href="#cite_note-Coin-124">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlram2008coin_type_47_and_48-125">[120]</a> First half of the 6th century CE.</figcaption></figure> The Hephthalites were originally vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a> but split from their overlords in the early fifth century. The next time they were mentioned was in Persian sources as foes of <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> (435–457), who from 442, fought 'tribes of the Hephthalites', according to the Armenian <a href="/wiki/Elisee_Vardaped" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisee Vardaped">Elisee Vardaped</a>. In 453, Yazdegerd moved his court east to deal with the Hephthalites or related groups. In 458, a Hephthalite king called <a href="/wiki/Akhshunwar" title="Akhshunwar">Akhshunwar</a> helped the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> (458–484) gain the Persian throne from his brother.<a href="#cite_note-HCCE_38-126">[121]</a> Before his accession to the throne, Peroz had been the Sasanian for <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a> in the far east of the Empire, and therefore had been one of the first to enter into contact with the Hephthalites and request their help.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017125–156-127">[122]</a> The Hephthalites may have also helped the Sasanians to eliminate another Hunnic tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a>: by 467, Peroz I, with Hephthalite aid, reportedly managed to capture Balaam and put an end to Kidarite rule in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> once and for all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeimal1996130-128">[123]</a> The weakened Kidarites had to take refuge in the area of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Victories_over_the_Sasanian_Empire_(474–484_CE)">Victories over the Sasanian Empire (474–484 CE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Victories over the Sasanian Empire (474–484 CE)">edit</a>]</div> Later, however, from 474 CE, Peroz I fought three wars with his former allies the Hephthalites. In the first two, he himself was captured and ransomed.<a href="#cite_note-CC287-17">[17]</a> Following his second defeat, he had to offer thirty mules loaded with silver drachms to the Hephthalites, and also had to leave his son <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad</a> as a hostage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017125–156-127">[122]</a> The coinage of <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> in effect flooded Tokharistan, taking precedence over all other Sasanian issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeimal1994253-129">[124]</a> In the third battle, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Herat_(484)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Herat (484)">Battle of Herat (484)</a>, he was vanquished by the Hepthalite king Kun-khi, and for the next two years the Hephthalites plundered and controlled the eastern part of the Sasanian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-HCCE_38-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-STA36-130">[125]</a> Perozduxt, the daughter of Peroz, was captured and became a lady as the Hephtalite court, as Queen of king Kun-khi.<a href="#cite_note-STA36-130">[125]</a> She became pregnant and had a daughter who would later marry her uncle <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017125–156-127">[122]</a> From 474 until the middle of the 6th century, the Sasanian Empire paid tribute to the Hephthalites. <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> came under formal Hephthalite rule from that time.<a href="#cite_note-KHM10-3">[3]</a> Taxes were levied by the Hephthalites over the local population: a contract in the <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian language</a> from the archive of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rob" title="Kingdom of Rob">Kingdom of Rob</a>, has been found, which mentions taxes from the Hephthalites, requiring the sale of land in order to pay these taxes. It is dated to 483/484 CE.<a href="#cite_note-KHM10-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hephthalite_coinage">Hephthalite coinage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hephthalite coinage">edit</a>]</div> With the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> paying a heavy tribute, from 474, the Hephthalites themselves adopted the winged, triple-crescent crowned <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> as the design for their coinage.<a href="#cite_note-CC287-17">[17]</a> Benefiting from the influx of <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_coinage" title="Sasanian coinage">Sasanian silver coins</a>, the Hephthalites did not develop their own coinage: they either minted coins with the same designs as the Sasanians, or simply countermarked Sasanian coins with their own symbols.<a href="#cite_note-KHM10-3">[3]</a> They did not inscribe the name of their ruler, contrary to the habit of the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> before them.<a href="#cite_note-KHM10-3">[3]</a> Exceptionally, one coin type deviates from the Sasanian design, by showing the bust of a Hepthalite prince holding a drinking cup.<a href="#cite_note-KHM10-3">[3]</a> Overall, the Sasanians paid "an enormous tribute" to the Hephthalites, until the 530s and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–146-85">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protectors_of_Kavad">Protectors of Kavad</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Protectors of Kavad">edit</a>]</div> Following their victory over Peroz I, the Hepthalites became protectors and benefactors of his son <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a>, a brother of Peroz took the Sasanian throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017125–156-127">[122]</a> In 488, a Hepthalite army vanquished the Sasaniana army of Balash, and was able to put <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> (488–496, 498–531) on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017125–156-127">[122]</a> In 496–498, Kavad I was overthrown by the nobles and clergy, escaped, and restored himself with a Hephthalite army. <a href="/wiki/Joshua_the_Stylite" title="Joshua the Stylite">Joshua the Stylite</a> reports numerous instances in which Kavadh led Hepthalite ("Hun") troops, in the capture of the city of <a href="/wiki/Theodosiupolis_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosiupolis of Armenia">Theodosiupolis of Armenia</a> in 501–502, in battles against the Romans in 502–503, and again during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Edessa_(503)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Edessa (503) (page does not exist)">siege of Edessa</a> in September 503.<a href="#cite_note-HCCE_38-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hephthalites_in_Tokharistan_(466_CE)">Hephthalites in Tokharistan (466 CE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hephthalites in Tokharistan (466 CE)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_bowl_with_a_royal_couple_at_a_banquet._Probably_produced_in_Bactria,_6th-7th_century_CE._St._Petersburg,_State_Hermitage_Museum,_Inv_no_S-75.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Silver_bowl_with_a_royal_couple_at_a_banquet._Probably_produced_in_Bactria%2C_6th-7th_century_CE._St._Petersburg%2C_State_Hermitage_Museum%2C_Inv_no_S-75.jpg/210px-Silver_bowl_with_a_royal_couple_at_a_banquet._Probably_produced_in_Bactria%2C_6th-7th_century_CE._St._Petersburg%2C_State_Hermitage_Museum%2C_Inv_no_S-75.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Silver_bowl_with_a_royal_couple_at_a_banquet._Probably_produced_in_Bactria%2C_6th-7th_century_CE._St._Petersburg%2C_State_Hermitage_Museum%2C_Inv_no_S-75.jpg/315px-Silver_bowl_with_a_royal_couple_at_a_banquet._Probably_produced_in_Bactria%2C_6th-7th_century_CE._St._Petersburg%2C_State_Hermitage_Museum%2C_Inv_no_S-75.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Silver_bowl_with_a_royal_couple_at_a_banquet._Probably_produced_in_Bactria%2C_6th-7th_century_CE._St._Petersburg%2C_State_Hermitage_Museum%2C_Inv_no_S-75.jpg/420px-Silver_bowl_with_a_royal_couple_at_a_banquet._Probably_produced_in_Bactria%2C_6th-7th_century_CE._St._Petersburg%2C_State_Hermitage_Museum%2C_Inv_no_S-75.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1360" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Hephthalite-style couple at a banquet, with man in single-lapel caftan. Inscription: "Dhenakk, the son of xwn (Hun)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama2016203-133">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, second half of the 5th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FG138-134">[129]</a> St. Petersburg, <a href="/wiki/State_Hermitage_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="State Hermitage Museum">State Hermitage Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KHM10-3">[3]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:226px;max-width:226px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Contract_in_the_Bactrian_language_from_the_archive_of_the_kingdom_of_Rob.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Contract_in_the_Bactrian_language_from_the_archive_of_the_kingdom_of_Rob.jpg/224px-Contract_in_the_Bactrian_language_from_the_archive_of_the_kingdom_of_Rob.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Contract_in_the_Bactrian_language_from_the_archive_of_the_kingdom_of_Rob.jpg/336px-Contract_in_the_Bactrian_language_from_the_archive_of_the_kingdom_of_Rob.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Contract_in_the_Bactrian_language_from_the_archive_of_the_kingdom_of_Rob.jpg/448px-Contract_in_the_Bactrian_language_from_the_archive_of_the_kingdom_of_Rob.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="379" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A tax receipt in <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a> for the Hephthalites in Tokharistan. Archives of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rob" title="Kingdom of Rob">Kingdom of Rob</a>, 483/484 CE.<a href="#cite_note-KHM10-3">[3]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Around 461–462 CE, an <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchon Hun">Alchon Hun</a> ruler named <a href="/wiki/Mehama" title="Mehama">Mehama</a> is known to have been based in Eastern Tokharistan, possibly indicating a partition of the region between the Hephthalites in western Tokharistan, centered on <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> in eastern Tokharistan, who would then go on to expand into northern India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbjRWDwAAQBAJpgPA140_140–141]-135">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehama" title="Mehama">Mehama</a> appears in <a href="/wiki/File:Bactrian_language_letter_from_Meyam,_King_of_the_people_of_Kadag,_461-462_CE.jpg" title="File:Bactrian language letter from Meyam, King of the people of Kadag, 461-462 CE.jpg">a letter</a> in the Bactrian language he wrote in 461–462 CE, where he describes himself as "Meyam, King of the people of Kadag, the governor of the famous and prosperous King of Kings Peroz".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbjRWDwAAQBAJpgPA140_140–141]-135">[130]</a> Kadag is Kadagstan, an area in southern Bactria, in the region of <a href="/wiki/Baghlan" title="Baghlan">Baghlan</a>. Significantly, he presents himself as a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> king <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a>, but Mehama was probably later able to wrestle autonomy or even independence as Sasanian power waned and he moved into India, with dire consequences for the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbjRWDwAAQBAJpgPA140_140–141]-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbjRWDwAAQBAJpgPA121_120–122]-137">[132]</a> The Hepthalites probably expanded into <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> following the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> in 466. The presence of the Hepthalites in Tokharistan (<a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>) is securely dated to 484 CE, date of <a href="/wiki/File:Contract_in_the_Bactrian_language_from_the_archive_of_the_kingdom_of_Rob.jpg" title="File:Contract in the Bactrian language from the archive of the kingdom of Rob.jpg">a tax receipt</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rob" title="Kingdom of Rob">Kingdom of Rob</a> mentioning the need to sell some land in order to pay Hephthalite taxes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017126-138">[133]</a> Two documents were also found, with dates from the period from 492 to 527 CE, mentioning taxes paid to Hephthalite rulers. Another, undated documents, mentions scribal and judiciary functions under the Hephthalites: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Sartu, the son of Hwade-gang, the prosperous <a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">Yabghu</a> of the Hepthalite people (ebodalo shabgo); Haru Rob, the scribe of the Hephthalite ruler (ebodalo eoaggo), the judge of <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gharchistan" title="Gharchistan">Gharchistan</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Document of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rob" title="Kingdom of Rob">Kingdom of Rob</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hephthalite_conquest_of_Sogdiana_(479_CE)">Hephthalite conquest of Sogdiana (479 CE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hephthalite conquest of Sogdiana (479 CE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sogdiana._Samarkand_(Pre-Ikhshid),_Hephthalite_tamgha_S2_on_the_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sogdiana._Samarkand_%28Pre-Ikhshid%29%2C_Hephthalite_tamgha_S2_on_the_reverse.jpg/300px-Sogdiana._Samarkand_%28Pre-Ikhshid%29%2C_Hephthalite_tamgha_S2_on_the_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sogdiana._Samarkand_%28Pre-Ikhshid%29%2C_Hephthalite_tamgha_S2_on_the_reverse.jpg/450px-Sogdiana._Samarkand_%28Pre-Ikhshid%29%2C_Hephthalite_tamgha_S2_on_the_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sogdiana._Samarkand_%28Pre-Ikhshid%29%2C_Hephthalite_tamgha_S2_on_the_reverse.jpg/600px-Sogdiana._Samarkand_%28Pre-Ikhshid%29%2C_Hephthalite_tamgha_S2_on_the_reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Local coinage of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>, with the Hepthalite <a href="/wiki/Tamgha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamgha">tamgha</a> on the reverse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlram2008coin_type_46-140">[135]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hephthalites is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Hephthalites is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Hephthalites.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Map_of_the_Hephthalites.png/300px-Map_of_the_Hephthalites.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Map_of_the_Hephthalites.png/450px-Map_of_the_Hephthalites.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Map_of_the_Hephthalites.png/600px-Map_of_the_Hephthalites.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></div><div id="annotation_228x143" style="position:absolute; 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left:100px; top:72px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">HEPHTHALITES</a></div><div id="annotation_180x50" style="position:absolute; left:180px; top:50px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">ROURAN KHAGANATE</a></div><div id="annotation_185x30" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:30px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Kyrgyzs</a></div><div id="annotation_155x30" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:30px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px;"><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Gaoju Turks</a></div><div id="annotation_110x50" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:50px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; 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left:1px; top:28px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Venedae" class="mw-redirect" title="Venedae">Venedae</a></div><div id="annotation_15x10" style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:10px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic-Finnic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic-Finnic peoples">Finnish</a></div><div id="annotation_65x10" style="position:absolute; left:65px; top:10px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ugrians" title="Ugrians">Ugrians</a></div><div id="annotation_115x10" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:10px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></div><div id="annotation_110x30" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:30px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></div><div id="annotation_1x38" style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:38px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antes_people" title="Antes people">Antes</a></div><div id="annotation_278x70" style="position:absolute; left:278px; top:70px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">GOGU- RYEO</a></div><div id="annotation_22x144" style="position:absolute; left:22px; top:144px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">AKSUM</a></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Territory of the Imperial Hephthalites and main Asian polities c. 500 CE</div></div></div></div> The Hephthalites conquered the territory of <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a>, beyond the <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a>, which was incorporated into their Empire.<a href="#cite_note-CP-141">[136]</a> They may have conquered Sogdiana as early as 479 CE, as this is the date of the last known embassy of the Sogdians to China.<a href="#cite_note-CP-141">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35-142">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/File:Huaguoshi.jpg" title="File:Huaguoshi.jpg">account of the Liang Zhigongtu</a> also seems to record that from around 479 CE, the Hephthalites occupied the region of Samarkand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35-142">[137]</a> Alternatively, the Hephthalites may have occupied Sogdia later in 509 CE, as this is the date of the last known embassy from <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> to the Chinese Empire, but this might not be conclusive as several cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kobadiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobadiyan">Kobadiyan</a>, are known to have sent embassies to China as late as 522 CE, while under Hephthalite control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35-142">[137]</a> As early as 484, the famous Hephthalite ruler <a href="/wiki/Akhshunwar" title="Akhshunwar">Akhshunwar</a>, who defeated <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a>, held a title that may be understood as Sogdian: "’xs’wnd’r" ("power-holder").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35-142">[137]</a> The Hephthalites may have built major fortified <a href="/wiki/Hippodamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippodamian">Hippodamian</a> cities (rectangular walls with an orthogonal network of streets) in Sogdiana, such as <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjikent">Panjikent</a>, as they had also in <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, continuing the city-building efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35-142">[137]</a> The Hephthalites probably ruled over a confederation of local rulers or governors, linked through alliance agreements. One of these vassals may have been Asbar, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Vardanzi" title="Vardanzi">Vardanzi</a>, who also minted his own coinage during the period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdylovMirzaahmedov200634–36-143">[138]</a> The wealth of the Sasanian ransoms and tributes may have been reinvested in Sogdia, possibly explaining the prosperity of the region from that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35-142">[137]</a> Sogdia, at the center of a new <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> between China to the Sasanian Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> became extremely prosperous under its nomadic elites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–160-144">[139]</a> The Hephthalites took on the role of major intermediary on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, after their great predecessor the <a href="/wiki/Kushans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushans">Kushans</a>, and contracted local <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdians</a> to carry on the trade of silk and other luxury goods between the China Empire and the Sasanian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-JAM28-145">[140]</a> Because of the Hephthalite occupation of Sogdia, the original coinage of Sogdia came to be flooded by the influx of Sasanian coins received as a tribute to the Hephthalites. This coinage then spread along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CP-141">[136]</a> The symbol of the Hephthalites appears on the residual coinage of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, probably as a consequence of the Hephthalite control of Sogdia, and becomes prominent in Sogdian coinage from 500 to 700 CE, including in the coinage of their indigenous successors the <a href="/wiki/Ikhshid" title="Ikhshid">Ikhshids</a> (642-755 CE), ending with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbjRWDwAAQBAJpgPA138_138]-146">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-MF-147">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tarim_Basin_(circa_480–550_CE)">Tarim Basin (circa 480–550 CE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tarim Basin (circa 480–550 CE)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Sword_Bearers_of_Kizil_Caves_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sixteen_Sword_Bearers_of_Kizil_Caves_%28detail%29.jpg/199px-Sixteen_Sword_Bearers_of_Kizil_Caves_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sixteen_Sword_Bearers_of_Kizil_Caves_%28detail%29.jpg/299px-Sixteen_Sword_Bearers_of_Kizil_Caves_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sixteen_Sword_Bearers_of_Kizil_Caves_%28detail%29.jpg/398px-Sixteen_Sword_Bearers_of_Kizil_Caves_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1694" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a> swordsmen in Hephthalite style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama2016200–205-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2014324-149">[144]</a> This mural was <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dated" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dated">carbon dated</a> to 432–538 CE.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:223px;max-width:223px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kizil,_mural_in_the_Cave_of_the_Painters,_with_painter_in_caftan_in_the_lower_right_corner_(and_enlarged),_circa_500_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kizil%2C_mural_in_the_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_with_painter_in_caftan_in_the_lower_right_corner_%28and_enlarged%29%2C_circa_500_CE.jpg/221px-Kizil%2C_mural_in_the_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_with_painter_in_caftan_in_the_lower_right_corner_%28and_enlarged%29%2C_circa_500_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kizil%2C_mural_in_the_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_with_painter_in_caftan_in_the_lower_right_corner_%28and_enlarged%29%2C_circa_500_CE.jpg/332px-Kizil%2C_mural_in_the_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_with_painter_in_caftan_in_the_lower_right_corner_%28and_enlarged%29%2C_circa_500_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kizil%2C_mural_in_the_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_with_painter_in_caftan_in_the_lower_right_corner_%28and_enlarged%29%2C_circa_500_CE.jpg/442px-Kizil%2C_mural_in_the_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_with_painter_in_caftan_in_the_lower_right_corner_%28and_enlarged%29%2C_circa_500_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4156" data-file-height="3179" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Painter in single-lapel caftan, Kizil Caves, circa 500 CE (enlarged detail).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHärtelYaldiz1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsAlongtheAncientSilkRoutesCentralAsianArtfromtheWestBerlinStateMuseumspagen55mode2up_55–56]_and_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsAlongtheAncientSilkRoutesCentralAsianArtfromtheWestBerlinStateMuseumspagen73mode2up_74]_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHärtelYaldiz1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsAlongtheAncientSilkRoutesCentralAsianArtfromtheWestBerlinStateMuseumspagen55mode2up_55–56]_and_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsAlongtheAncientSilkRoutesCentralAsianArtfromtheWestBerlinStateMuseumspagen73mode2up_74]-152">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1974104-153">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Tutuka_inscription.jpg" title="File:Tutuka inscription.jpg">The label at his feet</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta script</a>) and reads: "Painting of Tutuka" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:चित्रकला">Citrakara</a> Tututkasya).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHärtelYaldiz1982[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBLuaphht8XwCpgPA74_74]-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a></div></div></div></div></div> In the late 5th century CE they expanded eastward through the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a>, which are comparatively easy to cross, as did the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushans</a> before them, due to the presence of convenient plateaus between high peaks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA38_38]-156">[151]</a> They occupied the western <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>), taking control of the area from the <a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rourans</a>, who had been collecting heavy tribute from the oasis cities, but were now weakening under the assaults of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JAM30-31-47">[44]</a> In 479 they took the east end of the Tarim Basin, around the region of <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JAM30-31-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-SW-157">[152]</a> In 497–509, they pushed north of Turfan to the <a href="/wiki/Urumchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Urumchi">Urumchi</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-SW-157">[152]</a> In the early years of the 6th century, they were sending embassies from their dominions in the Tarim Basin to the Northern Wei dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-JAM30-31-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-SW-157">[152]</a> They were probably in contact with <a href="/wiki/Li_Xian_(Northern_Zhou_general)" title="Li Xian (Northern Zhou general)">Li Xian</a>, the Chinese Governor of <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, who is known for having furnished his tomb with a Western-style <a href="/wiki/Ewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewer">ewer</a> probably made in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SW-157">[152]</a> The Hephthalites continued to occupy the Tarim Basin until the end of their Empire, circa 560 CE.<a href="#cite_note-JAM30-31-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA375_375]-158">[153]</a> As the territories ruled by the Hephthalites expanded into Central Asia and the Tarim Basin, the art of the Hephthalites, characterized by the clothing and hairstyles of the figures being represented, also came to be used in the areas they ruled, such as <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamyan" title="Bamyan">Bamyan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi reliquary</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama2016200–205-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIlyasov2001187–197-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> In these areas appear dignitaries with caftans with a triangular collar on the right side, crowns with three crescents, some crowns with wings, and a unique hairstyle. Another marker is the two-point suspension system for swords, which seems to have been an Hephthalite innovation, and was introduced by them in the territories they controlled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama2016200–205-148">[143]</a> The paintings from the <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> region, particularly the swordsmen in the <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a>, appear to have been made during Hephthalite rule in the region, circa 480–550 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama2016200–205-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2014329-160">[155]</a> The influence of the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Gandhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Gandhara">art of Gandhara</a> in some of the earliest paintings at the <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a>, dated to circa 500 CE, is considered as a consequence of the political unification of the area between Bactria and <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> under the Hephthalites.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> Some words of the <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian languages</a> may have been adopted from the Hephthalites in the 6th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> The early Turks of the First Turkic Khaganate then took control of the <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> areas from around 560 CE, and, in alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, became instrumental in the fall of the Hepthalite Empire.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hephthalite_embassies_to_Liang_China_(516–526_CE)">Hephthalite embassies to Liang China (516–526 CE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hephthalite embassies to Liang China (516–526 CE)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang">Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaguoshi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Huaguoshi.jpg/330px-Huaguoshi.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Huaguoshi.jpg/495px-Huaguoshi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Huaguoshi.jpg/660px-Huaguoshi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2476" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Hephthalite (滑, <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">Hua</a>) ambassador at the Chinese court of the <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Southern Liang</a> in the capital <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a> in 516–526 CE, with explanatory text. <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang">Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Pei_Ziye" title="Pei Ziye">Pei Ziye</a> or the future <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Liang" title="Emperor Yuan of Liang">Emperor Yuan of Liang</a> while he was a Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou_(ancient_China)" title="Jingzhou (ancient China)">Province of Jingzhou</a> as a young man between 526 and 539 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_Taishan201893-164">[159]</a> 11th century Song copy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003127–128-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003130,_note_31-166">[161]</a></figcaption></figure> An illustrated account of a Hepthalite (滑, <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">Hua</a>) embassy to the Chinese court of the <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Southern Liang</a> in the capital <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a> in 516–526 CE is given in <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang">Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang</a>, originally painted by <a href="/wiki/Pei_Ziye" title="Pei Ziye">Pei Ziye</a> or the future <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Liang" title="Emperor Yuan of Liang">Emperor Yuan of Liang</a> while he was a Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou_(ancient_China)" title="Jingzhou (ancient China)">Province of Jingzhou</a> as a young man between 526 and 539 CE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_Taishan201893-164">[159]</a> and of which an 11th-century Song copy is preserved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003127–128-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003130,_note_31-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalogh2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfrnVDwAAQBAJpgPA88_88,_I.072]-167">[162]</a> The text explains how small the country of the Hua was when they were still vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a>, and how they later moved to "Moxian", possibly referring to their occupation of <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>, and then conquered numerous neighbouring country, including the Sasanian Empire:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003127–128-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003125-168">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalogh2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfrnVDwAAQBAJpgPA51_51–52,_I.032]-169">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-DB52-170">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[f]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When the Suolu (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a>) entered (the Chinese frontier) and settled in <a href="/wiki/Sanggan_River" title="Sanggan River">the (valley of the river) Sanggan</a> (i.e. in the period 398–494 CE), the Hua was still a small country and under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Ruirui</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Qi" title="Southern Qi">Qi period</a> (479–502 CE), they left (their original area) for the first time and shifted to Moxian (possibly <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>), where they settled.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> Growing more and more powerful in the course of time, the Hua succeeded in conquering the neighbouring countries such as Bosi (<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanid Persia</a>), Panpan (<a href="/wiki/Tashkurgan" title="Tashkurgan">Tashkurgan</a>?), Jibin (<a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>), Wuchang (<a href="/wiki/Uddiyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Uddiyana">Uddiyana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>), Qiuci (<a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>), Shule (<a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>), Yutian (<a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>) and Goupan (<a href="/wiki/Kargilik_Town" title="Kargilik Town">Karghalik</a>), and expanded their territory by a thousand li...<a href="#cite_note-DB52-170">[165]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"Hua" paragraph in <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang">Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003127–128-165">[160]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang mentions that no envoys from the Hephthalites came before 516 to the southern court, and it was only in that year that a Hephthalite King named Yilituo Yandai (姓厭帶名夷栗陁) sent an ambassador named Puduoda[] (蒲多达[], possibly a Buddhist name "Buddhadatta" or "Buddhadāsa").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003130,_note_31-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-DB88R-173">[167]</a> In 520, another ambassador named Fuheliaoliao (富何了了) visited the Liang court, bringing a yellow lion, a white marten fur coat and Persian brocade as present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003130,_note_31-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-DB88R-173">[167]</a> Another ambassador named Kang Fuzhen (康符真), followed with presents as well (in 526 CE according to the <a href="/wiki/Liangshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Liangshu">Liangshu</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003130,_note_31-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-DB88R-173">[167]</a> Their language had to be translated by the <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DB88R-173">[167]</a> In Portraits of Periodical Offering of <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang</a>, the Hepthalithes are treated as the most important foreign state, as they occupy the leading position, at the front of the column of foreign ambassadors, and have by far the largest descriptive text.<a href="#cite_note-Interpreters-174">[168]</a> The Hepthalites were, according to the Liangshu (Chap.54), accompanied in their embassy by three states: <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Humidan</a> (胡蜜丹), <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkand</a> (周古柯, Khargalik) and <a href="/wiki/Qubodiyon" title="Qubodiyon">Kabadiyan</a> (呵跋檀).<a href="#cite_note-DB73-175">[169]</a> The envoys from right to left were: the Hephthalites (滑/嚈哒), <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> (波斯), <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Korea</a> (百濟), <a href="/wiki/Qiuci" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiuci">Kucha</a> (龜茲), <a href="/wiki/Wa_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wa (Japan)">Japan</a> (倭), <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Malaysia</a> (狼牙脩), <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a> (鄧至), <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkand</a> (周古柯, Zhouguke, "near Hua"),<a href="#cite_note-DB73-175">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Qubodiyon" title="Qubodiyon">Kabadiyan</a> (呵跋檀 Hebatan, "near Hua"),<a href="#cite_note-DB73-175">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kumedh</a> (胡蜜丹, Humidan, "near Hua"),<a href="#cite_note-DB73-175">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> (白題, Baiti, "descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and east of the Hua"),<a href="#cite_note-DB73-175">[169]</a> and finally <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> (末).<a href="#cite_note-Interpreters-174">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003127–128-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> Most of the ambassadors from Central Asia are shown wearing heavy beards and relatively long hair, but, in stark contrast, the Hephthalite ambassador, as well as the ambassador from <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, are clean-shaven and bare-headed, and their hair is cropped short.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELernerSims-Williams201135-177">[171]</a> These physical characteristics are also visible in many of the Central Asian seals of the period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELernerSims-Williams201135-177">[171]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhigongtu_full_(with_annotations).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang with descriptions of each ambassador, led by the representative of the Hephthalites (far right), 526–539 CE Southern Liang painting. National Museum of China."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Zhigongtu_full_%28with_annotations%29.jpg/1000px-Zhigongtu_full_%28with_annotations%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Zhigongtu_full_%28with_annotations%29.jpg/1500px-Zhigongtu_full_%28with_annotations%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Zhigongtu_full_%28with_annotations%29.jpg/2000px-Zhigongtu_full_%28with_annotations%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7282" data-file-height="1058" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhigongtu_full_(with_annotations).jpg" title="File:Zhigongtu full (with annotations).jpg"> </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang">Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang</a> with descriptions of each ambassador, led by the representative of the Hephthalites (far right), 526–539 CE <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Southern Liang</a> painting. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_China" title="National Museum of China">National Museum of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003127–128-165">[160]</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_embassies">Other embassies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other embassies">edit</a>]</div> Overall, Chinese chronicles recorded twenty-four Hephthalite embassies: the first embassy in 456, and the others from 507 to 558 CE (including fifteen to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> until the end of this dynasty in 535, and five to the <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Southern Liang</a> in 516–541).<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_Taishan201889–90-179">[173]</a> The last three are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Zhoushu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhoushu">Zhoushu</a>, which records that the Hepththalites had conquered <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yutian_County,_Xinjiang" title="Yutian County, Xinjiang">Yutian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Hotan</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>) and more than twenty other countries, and that they sent embassies to the Chinese court of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a> in 546, 553 and 558 CE respectively, after what the Hepthalites were "crushed by the Turks" and embassies stopped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003126-180">[174]</a> The Hephthalites also requested and obtained a Christian bishop from the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Patriarch of the Church of the East">Patriarch of the Church of the East</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar_Aba_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Aba I">Mar Aba I</a> circa 550 CE.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhas_of_Bamiyan_(544–644_CE)">Buddhas of Bamiyan (544–644 CE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Buddhas of Bamiyan (544–644 CE)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Buddhas of Bamiyan</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_of_the_Sun_God_riding_his_golden_chariot,_over_the_head_of_the_smaller_38_meter_Eastern_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mural_of_the_Sun_God_riding_his_golden_chariot%2C_over_the_head_of_the_smaller_38_meter_Eastern_Buddha.jpg/178px-Mural_of_the_Sun_God_riding_his_golden_chariot%2C_over_the_head_of_the_smaller_38_meter_Eastern_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mural_of_the_Sun_God_riding_his_golden_chariot%2C_over_the_head_of_the_smaller_38_meter_Eastern_Buddha.jpg/267px-Mural_of_the_Sun_God_riding_his_golden_chariot%2C_over_the_head_of_the_smaller_38_meter_Eastern_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mural_of_the_Sun_God_riding_his_golden_chariot%2C_over_the_head_of_the_smaller_38_meter_Eastern_Buddha.jpg/356px-Mural_of_the_Sun_God_riding_his_golden_chariot%2C_over_the_head_of_the_smaller_38_meter_Eastern_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8802" data-file-height="6332" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Painted ceiling over the head of the smaller 38-meter Eastern Buddha</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamiyan_38_meter_Buddha_ceiling_Sun-God.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bamiyan_38_meter_Buddha_ceiling_Sun-God.jpg/116px-Bamiyan_38_meter_Buddha_ceiling_Sun-God.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bamiyan_38_meter_Buddha_ceiling_Sun-God.jpg/174px-Bamiyan_38_meter_Buddha_ceiling_Sun-God.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bamiyan_38_meter_Buddha_ceiling_Sun-God.jpg/232px-Bamiyan_38_meter_Buddha_ceiling_Sun-God.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1709" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Sun God in Central Asian costume at the center of the ceiling.<a href="#cite_note-KHM14-181">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:300px;max-width:300px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamiyan_38_meter_Buddha_ceiling_King_Dignitaries_and_Buddhas_around_the_Sun_God_(composite).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bamiyan_38_meter_Buddha_ceiling_King_Dignitaries_and_Buddhas_around_the_Sun_God_%28composite%29.jpg/298px-Bamiyan_38_meter_Buddha_ceiling_King_Dignitaries_and_Buddhas_around_the_Sun_God_%28composite%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="298" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bamiyan_38_meter_Buddha_ceiling_King_Dignitaries_and_Buddhas_around_the_Sun_God_%28composite%29.jpg/447px-Bamiyan_38_meter_Buddha_ceiling_King_Dignitaries_and_Buddhas_around_the_Sun_God_%28composite%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bamiyan_38_meter_Buddha_ceiling_King_Dignitaries_and_Buddhas_around_the_Sun_God_%28composite%29.jpg/596px-Bamiyan_38_meter_Buddha_ceiling_King_Dignitaries_and_Buddhas_around_the_Sun_God_%28composite%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7080" data-file-height="2308" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Rows of royal donors in Hephthalite costumes with sitting Buddhas, around the Sun God on the ceiling.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhas of Bamyan">Buddhas of Bamyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon-dated" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-dated">carbon-dated</a> to 544–595 CE and 591–644 CE respectively,<a href="#cite_note-Bamiyan_Dates-88">[84]</a> were built under Hephthalite rule in the region.<a href="#cite_note-XL64-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996158-91">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Les_Antiquites_Bouddhiques_de_Bamiyan_Planche_XXVII.jpg" title="File:Les Antiquites Bouddhiques de Bamiyan Planche XXVII.jpg">Murals of probable Hephthalite rulers</a> as royal sponsors, around the central Sun God, appear in <a href="/wiki/File:Bamiyan_38_meter_Buddha_ceiling_King_Dignitaries_and_Buddhas_around_the_Sun_God.jpg" title="File:Bamiyan 38 meter Buddha ceiling King Dignitaries and Buddhas around the Sun God.jpg">the paintings</a> of the ceiling over the smaller Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov201067-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-SP9293-80">[76]</a></div></div></div></div> The complex of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a> was developed under Hephthalite rule.<a href="#cite_note-XL64-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996158-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> After the dissolution of their empire in 550-560, the Hephthalites continued to rule in the geographical areas corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> and today's northern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CB484-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CB99-184">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hyun_Jin_Kim_2015_https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56_56-185">[179]</a> and particularly held a series of castles on the roads to Bamiyan.<a href="#cite_note-BRILL-186">[180]</a> Carbon dating of the structural components of the Buddhas has determined that the smaller 38 m (125 ft) "Eastern Buddha" was built around 570 CE (544–595 CE with 95% probability), while the larger 55 m (180 ft) "Western Buddha" was built around 618 CE (591–644 CE with 95% probability).<a href="#cite_note-Bamiyan_Dates-88">[84]</a> This corresponds to the period soon before or after the major defeat of the Hephthalites against the combined forces of Western Turk and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> (557 CE), or the following period during which they regrouped south of the Oxus as Principalities, but essentially before the Western Turks finally overran the region to form the <a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a> (625 CE). Among the most famous paintings of the Buddhas of Bamyan, the ceiling of the smaller Eastern Buddha represents a solar deity on a chariot pulled by horses, as well as ceremonial scenes with royal figures and devotees.<a href="#cite_note-KHM14-181">[175]</a> The god is wearing a caftan in the style of <a href="/wiki/Tokhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhara">Tokhara</a>, boots, and is holding a lance, he is "The Sun God and a Golden Chariot Rising in Heaven".<a href="#cite_note-ATD8-187">[181]</a> His representation is derived from the iconography of the Iranian god <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>, as revered in <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ATD8-187">[181]</a> He is riding a two-wheeled golden charriot, pulled by four horses.<a href="#cite_note-ATD8-187">[181]</a> Two winged attendants are standing to the side of the charriot, wearing a <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_helmet" title="Corinthian helmet">Corinthian helmet</a> with a feather, and holding a shield.<a href="#cite_note-ATD8-187">[181]</a> In the top portion are wind gods, flying with a scarf held in both hands.<a href="#cite_note-ATD8-187">[181]</a> This great composition is unique, and has no equivalent in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> or <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, but there are some similarities with the painting of <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ATD8-187">[181]</a> The central image of the Sun God on his golden chariot is framed by two lateral rows in individuals: Kings and dignitaries mingling with Buddhas and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CM12-113">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_a_King_in_the_niche_of_the_38_meter_Buddha,_Bamiyan.jpg" title="File:Painting of a King in the niche of the 38 meter Buddha, Bamiyan.jpg">One of the personages</a>, standing behind a monk in profile, much be the King of Bamyan.<a href="#cite_note-CM12-113">[109]</a> He wears a crenelated crown with single crescent and <a href="/wiki/Korymbos_(headgear)" title="Korymbos (headgear)">korymbos</a>, a round-neck tunic and a Sasanian headband.<a href="#cite_note-CM12-113">[109]</a> Several of the figures, either <a href="/wiki/File:Hephthalite_sponsors_at_Bamiyan_(ceiling_of_the_38_meter_Buddha,_detail_of_royal_sponsors,_enhanced).jpg" title="File:Hephthalite sponsors at Bamiyan (ceiling of the 38 meter Buddha, detail of royal sponsors, enhanced).jpg">royal couples</a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Bamiyan_Hephthalite_donors,_ceiling_of_the_38_meter_Buddha_(donor_detail).jpg" title="File:Bamiyan Hephthalite donors, ceiling of the 38 meter Buddha (donor detail).jpg">crowned individuals</a> or <a href="/wiki/File:Bamiyan_Queen_38_meter_Buddha.jpg" title="File:Bamiyan Queen 38 meter Buddha.jpg">richly dressed women</a>, have the characteristic appearance of the Hephthalites of <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>, with belted jackets with a unique lapel of their tunic being folded on the right side, the cropped hair, the hair accessories, their distinctive physionomy and their round beardless faces.<a href="#cite_note-SP9293-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-CM12-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama2016209-188">[182]</a> These figures must represent the donors and potentates who supported the building of the monumental giant Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-CM12-113">[109]</a> They are gathered around the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_named_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the named Buddhas">Seven Buddhas of the past</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsartofcentralasia00rowlpage93mode2up_93]-189">[183]</a> The individuals in this painting are very similar to the individuals depicted in <a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a>, and they may be related to the <a href="/wiki/Hepthalites" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepthalites">Hepthalites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SP9293-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> They participate "to the artistic tradition of the Hephthalite ruling classes of <a href="/wiki/Tukharestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukharestan">Tukharestan</a>".<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> These murals disappeared with the destruction of the statues by the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-CM12-113">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hephthalite_royals_on_the_tombs_of_Sogdian_traders">Hephthalite royals on the tombs of Sogdian traders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hephthalite royals on the tombs of Sogdian traders">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Wirkak,_panel_2_(royal_couple).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tomb_of_Wirkak%2C_panel_2_%28royal_couple%29.jpg/136px-Tomb_of_Wirkak%2C_panel_2_%28royal_couple%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tomb_of_Wirkak%2C_panel_2_%28royal_couple%29.jpg/204px-Tomb_of_Wirkak%2C_panel_2_%28royal_couple%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tomb_of_Wirkak%2C_panel_2_%28royal_couple%29.jpg/272px-Tomb_of_Wirkak%2C_panel_2_%28royal_couple%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1172" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Wirkak,_panel_2_(royal_figure_hunting).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tomb_of_Wirkak%2C_panel_2_%28royal_figure_hunting%29.jpg/148px-Tomb_of_Wirkak%2C_panel_2_%28royal_figure_hunting%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tomb_of_Wirkak%2C_panel_2_%28royal_figure_hunting%29.jpg/222px-Tomb_of_Wirkak%2C_panel_2_%28royal_figure_hunting%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tomb_of_Wirkak%2C_panel_2_%28royal_figure_hunting%29.jpg/296px-Tomb_of_Wirkak%2C_panel_2_%28royal_figure_hunting%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1081" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Probable Hephthalite royal figures in the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Wirkak" title="Tomb of Wirkak">Tomb of Wirkak</a> (580 CE).<a href="#cite_note-FG133-192">[186]</a></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Wirkak" title="Tomb of Wirkak">Tomb of Wirkak</a> is the tomb of a 6th-century Sogdian trader established in China, and discovered in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FG133-192">[186]</a> It seems that depictions of Hephthalite rulers are omnipresent in the pictorial decorations of the tomb, as royal figures with elaborate Sasanian-type crowns appearing in their palaces, nomadic yurts or while hunting.<a href="#cite_note-FG133-192">[186]</a> Hephthalites rulers are shown short-haired, wearing tunics, and are often depicted together with their female consort.<a href="#cite_note-FG133-192">[186]</a> The Sogdian trader Wirkak may therefore have primarily dealt with the Hephthalites during his young years (he was around 60 when the Hephthalites were finally destroyed by the alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanians</a> and the Turks between 556 and 560 CE).<a href="#cite_note-FG141-193">[187]</a> The Hephthalites also appear in four panels of the <a href="/wiki/Miho_funerary_couch" title="Miho funerary couch">Miho funerary couch</a> (c.570 CE) with somewhat caricatural features, and characteristics of vassals to the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> On the contrary, the depictions in the tombs of later Sogdian traders, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_An_Jia" title="Tomb of An Jia">Tomb of An Jia</a> (who was 24 years younger than Wirwak), already show the omnipresence of the Turks of the First Turkic Khaganate, who were probably his main trading partners during his active life.<a href="#cite_note-FG141-193">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Empire_and_fragmentation_into_Hephthalite_Principalities_(560–710_CE)">End of the Empire and fragmentation into Hephthalite Principalities (560–710 CE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: End of the Empire and fragmentation into Hephthalite Principalities (560–710 CE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChaghaniyanSogdiancoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ChaghaniyanSogdiancoin.jpg/300px-ChaghaniyanSogdiancoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/ChaghaniyanSogdiancoin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="173" /></a><figcaption>Hephthalite coin of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chaghaniyan" title="Principality of Chaghaniyan">Principality of Chaghaniyan</a>, after the fall of the Hephthalite Empire, with crowned King and Queen, in <a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg" title="File:Solidus Heraclius Constantine Obverse.jpg">Byzantine fashion</a>, circa 550–650 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2013370-195">[189]</a></figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a>, the Hephthalites seem to have shifted their attention away from the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, and Kavad's successor <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> (531–579) was able to resume an expansionist policy to the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017125–156-127">[122]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>, Khosrow I managed, through his expansionsit policy, to take control of "<a href="/wiki/Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Sind">Sind</a>, Bust, Al-Rukkhaj, <a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tukharistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukharistan">Tukharistan</a>, Dardistan, and <a href="/wiki/Kabulistan" title="Kabulistan">Kabulistan</a>" as he ultimately defeated the Hephthalites with the help of the First Turkic Khaganate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017125–156-127">[122]</a> In 552, the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> took over Mongolia, formed the <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a>, and by 558 reached the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>. Circa 555–567,<a href="#cite_note-196">[g]</a> the Turks of the First Turkic Khaganate and the Sasanians under <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> allied against the Hephthalites and defeated them after an eight-day battle near <a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gol-Zarriun" title="Battle of Gol-Zarriun">Battle of Gol-Zarriun</a>, perhaps in 557.<a href="#cite_note-198">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaas2015[httpsbooksgooglecombookside0dcBAAAQBAJpgPA284_284]-199">[191]</a> These events put an end to the Hephthalite Empire, which fragmented into semi-independent Principalities, paying tribute to either the Sasanians or the Turks, depending on the military situation.<a href="#cite_note-CB484-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CB99-184">[178]</a> After the defeat, the Hephthalites withdrew to Bactria and replaced king Gatfar with <a href="/wiki/Faghanish" title="Faghanish">Faghanish</a>, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Chaghaniyan" title="Chaghaniyan">Chaghaniyan</a>. Thereafter, the area around the Oxus in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> contained numerous Hephthalites principalities, remnants of the great <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> destroyed by the alliance of the Turks and the Sasanians.<a href="#cite_note-HC368-200">[192]</a> They are reported in the <a href="/wiki/Zeravshan_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeravshan (river)">Zarafshan valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaghaniyan" title="Chaghaniyan">Chaghaniyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khuttal" title="Khuttal">Khuttal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badghis" class="mw-redirect" title="Badghis">Badghis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, in the geographical areas corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> and today's northern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CB484-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CB99-184">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hyun_Jin_Kim_2015_https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56_56-185">[179]</a> They also held a series of castles on the roads to <a href="/wiki/Bamiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamiyan">Bamiyan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BRILL-186">[180]</a> Extensive Hephthalite <a href="/wiki/Kurghan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurghan">kurghan</a> necropoli have been excavated all over the region, as well as a possible one in the Bamiyan valley.<a href="#cite_note-201">[193]</a> The Sasanians and Turks established a frontier for their zones of influence along the <a href="/wiki/Oxus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus river">Oxus river</a>, and the Hephthalite Principalities functioned as buffer states between two Empires.<a href="#cite_note-CB99-184">[178]</a> But when the Hephthalites chose <a href="/wiki/Faghanish" title="Faghanish">Faghanish</a> as their king in Chaganiyan, <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> crossed the Oxus and put the Principalities of <a href="/wiki/Chaghaniyan" title="Chaghaniyan">Chaghaniyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khuttal" title="Khuttal">Khuttal</a> under tribute.<a href="#cite_note-CB99-184">[178]</a> When Khosrow I died in 579, the Hephthalites of <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> took advantage of the situation to rebel against the Sasanians, but their efforts were obliterated by the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-CB99-184">[178]</a> By 581 or before, the western part of the First Turkic Khaganate separated and became the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a>. In 588, triggering the <a href="/wiki/First_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Perso-Turkic War">First Perso-Turkic War</a>, the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Qaghan" title="Bagha Qaghan">Bagha Qaghan</a> (known as Sabeh/Saba in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> sources), together with his Hephthalite subjects, invaded the Sasanian territories south of the Oxus, where they attacked and routed the Sasanian soldiers stationed in <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, and then proceeded to conquer the city along with <a href="/wiki/Taloqan" title="Taloqan">Talaqan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badghis" class="mw-redirect" title="Badghis">Badghis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017177-202">[194]</a> They were finally repelled by the Sasanian general <a href="/wiki/Vahram_Chobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahram Chobin">Vahram Chobin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CB99-184">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raids_into_the_Sasanid_Empire_(600–610_CE)">Raids into the Sasanid Empire (600–610 CE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Raids into the Sasanid Empire (600–610 CE)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:302px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:300px; position:absolute;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Hephthalite_Principalities_circa_557-625_CE.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hephthalite Principalities c. 557–710 CE"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Map_of_Hephthalite_Principalities_circa_557-625_CE.png/300px-Map_of_Hephthalite_Principalities_circa_557-625_CE.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Map_of_Hephthalite_Principalities_circa_557-625_CE.png/450px-Map_of_Hephthalite_Principalities_circa_557-625_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Map_of_Hephthalite_Principalities_circa_557-625_CE.png/600px-Map_of_Hephthalite_Principalities_circa_557-625_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="3983" data-file-height="2572" /></a></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_210x55" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:55px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;">Hephthalite Principalities</div> <div id="annotation_160x70" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:70px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Button_selected.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Button_selected.png/10px-Button_selected.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Button_selected.png 1.5x" data-file-width="11" data-file-height="11" /></a></div> <div id="annotation_132x70" style="position:absolute; left:132px; top:70px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px;"><a href="/wiki/Ispahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispahan">Ispahan</a></div> <div id="annotation_55x45" style="position:absolute; left:55px; top:45px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">BYZANTINE EMPIRE</a></div> <div id="annotation_275x40" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:40px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">SUI /</a> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">TANG CHINA</a></div> <div id="annotation_272x95" style="position:absolute; left:272px; top:95px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><a href="/wiki/Later_Gupta_dynasty" title="Later Gupta dynasty">Later Guptas</a></div> <div id="annotation_245x85" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:85px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></div> <div id="annotation_200x25" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:25px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">WESTERN TURKS</a></div> <div id="annotation_185x62" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:62px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px;">raids</div> <div id="annotation_170x52" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:52px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_lat45.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Chess_lat45.svg/40px-Chess_lat45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Chess_lat45.svg/60px-Chess_lat45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Chess_lat45.svg/80px-Chess_lat45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></div> <div id="annotation_160x80" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:80px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">SASANIAN EMPIRE</a></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Hephthalite_Principalities_circa_557-625_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Map_of_Hephthalite_Principalities_circa_557-625_CE.png/300px-Map_of_Hephthalite_Principalities_circa_557-625_CE.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Map_of_Hephthalite_Principalities_circa_557-625_CE.png/450px-Map_of_Hephthalite_Principalities_circa_557-625_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Map_of_Hephthalite_Principalities_circa_557-625_CE.png/600px-Map_of_Hephthalite_Principalities_circa_557-625_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="3983" data-file-height="2572" /></a></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Hephthalite_Principalities_circa_557-625_CE.png" title="File:Map of Hephthalite Principalities circa 557-625 CE.png"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Hephthalite Principalities c. 557–710 CE</div></div> </div></div> Circa 600, the Hephthalites were raiding the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Spahan_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spahan (satrapy)">Ispahan</a> (Spahan) in central Iran. The Hephthalites issued numerous coins imitating the coinage of Khosrow II, adding on the obverse a <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">Hephthalite</a> signature in <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Tamga" title="Tamga">Tamgha</a> symbol <a href="/wiki/File:Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg/8px-Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg" decoding="async" width="8" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg/12px-Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg/16px-Hephthalite_tamgha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1284" /></a>. Circa 616/617 CE the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> and Hephthalites raided the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, reaching the province of Isfahan.<a href="#cite_note-203">[195]</a> Khosrow recalled <a href="/wiki/Smbat_IV_Bagratuni" title="Smbat IV Bagratuni">Smbat IV Bagratuni</a> from <a href="/wiki/Persian_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Armenia">Persian Armenia</a> and sent him to Iran to repel the invaders. Smbat, with the aid of a Persian prince named Datoyean, repelled the Hephthalites from Persia, and plundered their domains in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">eastern Khorasan</a>, where Smbat is said to have killed their king in single combat. Khosrow then gave Smbat the honorific title Khosrow Shun ("the Joy or Satisfaction of Khosrow"), while his son <a href="/wiki/Varaztirots_II_Bagratuni" title="Varaztirots II Bagratuni">Varaztirots II Bagratuni</a> received the honorific name Javitean Khosrow ("Eternal Khosrow").<a href="#cite_note-204">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Turk_takeover_(625_CE)">Western Turk takeover (625 CE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Western Turk takeover (625 CE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delegate_from_Chaganian_in_the_Afrasiab_murals_650_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Delegate_from_Chaganian_in_the_Afrasiab_murals_650_CE.jpg/170px-Delegate_from_Chaganian_in_the_Afrasiab_murals_650_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Delegate_from_Chaganian_in_the_Afrasiab_murals_650_CE.jpg/255px-Delegate_from_Chaganian_in_the_Afrasiab_murals_650_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Delegate_from_Chaganian_in_the_Afrasiab_murals_650_CE.jpg/340px-Delegate_from_Chaganian_in_the_Afrasiab_murals_650_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="2704" /></a><figcaption>Ambassador from <a href="/wiki/Chaganian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaganian">Chaganian</a> visiting king <a href="/wiki/Varkhuman" title="Varkhuman">Varkhuman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> 648–651 CE. <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab murals</a>, Samarkand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniLitvinskyZamir_Safi1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid883OZBe2sMYCpgPA177_177]-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[199]</a> Chaganian was an "Hephthalite buffer principality" between <a href="/wiki/Denov" title="Denov">Denov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniLitvinskyZamir_Safi1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid883OZBe2sMYCpgPA177_177]-10">[10]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></div> From 625 CE, the territory of the Hephthalites from <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kabulistan" title="Kabulistan">Kabulistan</a> was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turks</a>, forming an entity ruled by Western Turk nobles, the <a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CB99-184">[178]</a> The Tokhara Yabghus or "Yabghus of Tokharistan" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 吐火羅葉護; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Tǔhuǒluó Yèhù), were a dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turk</a> sub-kings, with the title "<a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">Yabghus</a>", who ruled from 625 CE south of the <a href="/wiki/Oxus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus river">Oxus river</a>, in the area of <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> and beyond, with some smaller polities surviving in the area of <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> until 758 CE. Their legacy was extended to the southeast until the 9th century CE, with the <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zunbils" title="Zunbils">Zunbils</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab_invasion_(c.651_CE)">Arab invasion (c.651 CE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Arab invasion (c.651 CE)">edit</a>]</div> Circa 650 CE, during the Arab conquest of the Sasanian Empire, the Sasanian Empire ruler <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> was trying to regroup and gather forces around Tokharistan and was hoping to obtain the help of the Turks, after his defeat to the Arabs in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nahavand" title="Battle of Nahavand">Battle of Nihâvand</a> (642 CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009123-208">[200]</a> Yazdegerd was initially supported by the Hephthalite <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chaghaniyan" title="Principality of Chaghaniyan">Principality of Chaghaniyan</a>, which sent him troops to aid him against the Arabs. But when Yazdegerd arrived in <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> (in what is today's <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>) he demanded tax from the <a href="/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban">Marzban</a> of Marw, losing his support and making him ally with the Hephthalite ruler of <a href="/wiki/Badghis_Province" title="Badghis Province">Badghis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nezak_Tarkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nezak Tarkan">Nezak Tarkan</a>. The Hepthalite ruler of Badghis allied with the Marzban of Merv attack Yazdegerd and defeated him in 651.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009123-208">[200]</a> Yazdegerd III barely escaped with his life but was murdered in the vicinity of Merv soon after, and the Arabs managed to capture the city of Merv the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009123-208">[200]</a> In 652 CE, following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herat_(652)" title="Siege of Herat (652)">Siege of Herat (652)</a> to which the Hephthalites participated, the Arabs captured the cities of northern Tokharistan, <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> included, and the Hepthalites principalities were forced to pay tribute and accept Arab garrisons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009123-208">[200]</a> The Hephthalites again rebelled in 654 CE, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badghis" title="Battle of Badghis">Battle of Badghis</a>. In 659, Chinese chronicles still mentioned the "Hephtalite Tarkans" (悒達太汗 Yida Taihan, probably related to "<a href="/wiki/Nezak_Tarkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nezak Tarkan">Nezak Tarkan</a>"), as some of the rulers in Tokharistan who remained theoretically subjects to the Chinese Empire, and whose main city was Huolu 活路 (modern <a href="/wiki/Maz%C4%81r-e_Sherif" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazār-e Sherif">Mazār-e Sherif</a>, Afghanistan).<a href="#cite_note-FG1-209">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[202]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> became the base of the Arabs for their Central Asian operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009123-208">[200]</a> The Arabs weakened during the 4-year civil war leading to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> in 661, but they were able to continue their expansion after that.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009123-208">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hephthalite_revolts_against_the_Ummayad_Caliphate_(689–710_CE)">Hephthalite revolts against the Ummayad Caliphate (689–710 CE)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hephthalite revolts against the Ummayad Caliphate (689–710 CE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hephthalites._Circa_700_CE._With_crowned_facing_head_and_tamgha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hephthalites._Circa_700_CE._With_crowned_facing_head_and_tamgha.jpg/300px-Hephthalites._Circa_700_CE._With_crowned_facing_head_and_tamgha.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hephthalites._Circa_700_CE._With_crowned_facing_head_and_tamgha.jpg/450px-Hephthalites._Circa_700_CE._With_crowned_facing_head_and_tamgha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hephthalites._Circa_700_CE._With_crowned_facing_head_and_tamgha.jpg/600px-Hephthalites._Circa_700_CE._With_crowned_facing_head_and_tamgha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Hephthalite copy of a Sasano-Arab coin of <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Khazim_al-Sulami" title="Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami">Abd Allah ibn Khazim</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a> 69 (688 CE) date. In the margin: a Hephthalite countermark with crowned facing head and a late <a href="/wiki/Tamgha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamgha">tamgha</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hephtalites(An-mu-lu-chjen).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hephtalites%28An-mu-lu-chjen%29.gif/20px-Hephtalites%28An-mu-lu-chjen%29.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hephtalites%28An-mu-lu-chjen%29.gif/30px-Hephtalites%28An-mu-lu-chjen%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hephtalites%28An-mu-lu-chjen%29.gif/40px-Hephtalites%28An-mu-lu-chjen%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="29" /></a>. Circa 700 CE.</figcaption></figure> Circa 689 CE, the Hephthalite ruler of <a href="/wiki/Badghis" class="mw-redirect" title="Badghis">Badghis</a> and the Arab rebel Musa ibn Abd Allah ibn Khazim, son of the <a href="/wiki/Zubayrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubayrid">Zubayrid</a> governor of Khurasan <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Khazim_al-Sulami" title="Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami">Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami</a>, allied against the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009132-211">[203]</a> The Hepthalites and their allies captured <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a> in 689, repelled the Arabs, and occupied the whole region of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> for a brief period, with Termez as the capital, described by the Arabs as "the headquarters of the Hephthalites" (dār mamlakat al-Hayāṭela).<a href="#cite_note-CEB-212">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007243–254-213">[205]</a> The Arabs of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> under <a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_al-Muhallab" title="Yazid ibn al-Muhallab">Yazid ibn al-Muhallab</a> re-captured <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a> in 704.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009132-211">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FG1-209">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nezak_Tarkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nezak Tarkan">Nezak Tarkan</a>, the ruler of the Hephthalites of Badghis, led a new revolt in 709 with the support of other principalities as well as his nominal ruler, the <a href="/wiki/Yabghus_of_Tokharistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yabghus of Tokharistan">Yabghu of Tokharistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CEB-212">[204]</a> In 710, <a href="/wiki/Qutaiba_ibn_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutaiba ibn Muslim">Qutaiba ibn Muslim</a> was able to re-establish Muslim control over Tokharistan and captured Nezak Tarkan who was executed on <a href="/wiki/Al-Hajjaj_ibn_Yusuf" title="Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf">al-Hajjaj</a>'s orders, despite promises of pardon, while the Yabghu was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and kept there as a hostage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb192336–38-214">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197066–67-215">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[208]</a> In 718 CE, Chinese chronicles still mention the Hephthalites (悒達 Yida) as one of the polities under the suzerainty of the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a>, capable of providing 50,000 soldiers at the service of its overlord.<a href="#cite_note-FG1-209">[201]</a> Some remnants, not necessarily dynastic, of the Hephthalite confederation would be incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>, as an <a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a> document, dated to the 8th century, mentioned the tribe Heb-dal among 12 Dru-gu tribes ruled by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Turkic">Eastern Turkic</a> khagan Bug-chor, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Qapaghan_Qaghan" title="Qapaghan Qaghan">Qapaghan Qaghan</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[209]</a> Chinese chronicles report embassies from the "Hephtalite kingdom" as late as 748 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FG1-209">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_and_weapons">Military and weapons</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Military and weapons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:491px;max-width:491px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:239px;max-width:239px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_with_warriors,_Cave_of_the_Painters,_Kizil_Caves_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mural_with_warriors%2C_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_Kizil_Caves_%28detail%29.jpg/237px-Mural_with_warriors%2C_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_Kizil_Caves_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mural_with_warriors%2C_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_Kizil_Caves_%28detail%29.jpg/356px-Mural_with_warriors%2C_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_Kizil_Caves_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mural_with_warriors%2C_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_Kizil_Caves_%28detail%29.jpg/474px-Mural_with_warriors%2C_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_Kizil_Caves_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="848" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Donors_from_Kumtura_Caves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Donors_from_Kumtura_Caves.jpg/92px-Donors_from_Kumtura_Caves.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Donors_from_Kumtura_Caves.jpg/138px-Donors_from_Kumtura_Caves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Donors_from_Kumtura_Caves.jpg/184px-Donors_from_Kumtura_Caves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="634" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Maya_Cave,_section3,_Kizil_Caves,_2nd_half_of_6th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Maya_Cave%2C_section3%2C_Kizil_Caves%2C_2nd_half_of_6th_century_CE.jpg/150px-Maya_Cave%2C_section3%2C_Kizil_Caves%2C_2nd_half_of_6th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Maya_Cave%2C_section3%2C_Kizil_Caves%2C_2nd_half_of_6th_century_CE.jpg/225px-Maya_Cave%2C_section3%2C_Kizil_Caves%2C_2nd_half_of_6th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Maya_Cave%2C_section3%2C_Kizil_Caves%2C_2nd_half_of_6th_century_CE.jpg/300px-Maya_Cave%2C_section3%2C_Kizil_Caves%2C_2nd_half_of_6th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="1486" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Swords with ornate cloisonné designs, found in the paintings of the <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a>, may be versions of daggers produced under Hephthalite influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama2016200–205-148">[143]</a> The sword guards of the knights (<a href="/wiki/File:Mural_with_warriors,_Cave_of_the_Painters,_Kizil_Caves_(sword_details).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mural_with_warriors%2C_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_Kizil_Caves_%28sword_details%29.jpg/50px-Mural_with_warriors%2C_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_Kizil_Caves_%28sword_details%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mural_with_warriors%2C_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_Kizil_Caves_%28sword_details%29.jpg/75px-Mural_with_warriors%2C_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_Kizil_Caves_%28sword_details%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mural_with_warriors%2C_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_Kizil_Caves_%28sword_details%29.jpg/100px-Mural_with_warriors%2C_Cave_of_the_Painters%2C_Kizil_Caves_%28sword_details%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="874" /></a>) depicted in the "<a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Cave of the Painters</a>" at Kizil have typical <a href="/wiki/Hunnish" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnish">Hunnish</a> designs of rectangle or oval shapes with <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a> ornamentation, and are dated to the 5th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-AK143-218">[210]</a></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyerim-ro_dagger_(Korea),_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gyerim-ro_dagger_%28Korea%29%2C_cropped.jpg/110px-Gyerim-ro_dagger_%28Korea%29%2C_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gyerim-ro_dagger_%28Korea%29%2C_cropped.jpg/165px-Gyerim-ro_dagger_%28Korea%29%2C_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gyerim-ro_dagger_%28Korea%29%2C_cropped.jpg/220px-Gyerim-ro_dagger_%28Korea%29%2C_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="2780" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gyerim-ro_dagger" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyerim-ro dagger">Gyerim-ro dagger</a></figcaption></figure> The Hephthalites were considered to be a powerful military force.<a href="#cite_note-HCCA139-219">[211]</a> Depending on sources, their main weapon was the bow, the mace or the sword.<a href="#cite_note-HCCA139-219">[211]</a> Judging from their military achievements, they probably had a strong cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-HCCA139-219">[211]</a> In Persia, according to the 6th-century Armenian chronicler <a href="/wiki/Ghazar_Parpetsi" title="Ghazar Parpetsi">Lazar Parpetsi</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Even in time of peace the mere sight or mention of a Hephthalite terrified everybody, and there was no question of going to war openly against one, for everybody remembered all too clearly the calamities and defeats inflicted by the Hephthalites on the king of the Aryans and on the Persians.<a href="#cite_note-HCCA139-219">[211]</a></blockquote> "Hunnic" designs in weaponry are known to have influenced Sasanian designs during the 6th–7th century CE, just before the Islamic invasions.<a href="#cite_note-MMA-220">[212]</a> The Sasanians adopted Hunnish nomadic designs for straight iron swords and their gold-covered scabbards.<a href="#cite_note-MMA-220">[212]</a> This is particularly the case of two-straps suspension design, in which straps of different lengths were attached to a P-shaped projection on the scabbard, so that the sword could be held sideways, making it easier to draw, especially when on horseback.<a href="#cite_note-MMA-220">[212]</a> The two-point suspension system for swords is considered to have been introduced by the Hephthalites in Central Asia and in the Sasanian Empire and is a marker of their influence, and the design was generally introduced by them in the territories they controlled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama2016200–205-148">[143]</a> The first example of two-suspension sword in Sasanian art occurs in a relief of <a href="/wiki/Taq-i_Bustan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taq-i Bustan">Taq-i Bustan</a> dated to the time of <a href="/wiki/Khusro_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khusro II">Khusro II</a> (590–628 CE), and is thought to have been adopted from the Hepthalites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama2016200–205-148">[143]</a> Swords with ornate cloisonné designs and two-straps suspensions, as found in the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil</a> and in archaeological excavations, may be versions of the daggers produced under Hephthalite influence.<a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a> Weapons with Hunnic designs are depicted in the "Cave of the Painters" in the <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a>, in a mural showing armoured warriors and dated to the 5th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-AK143-218">[210]</a> Their sword guards have typical <a href="/wiki/Hunnish" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnish">Hunnish</a> designs of rectangle or oval shapes with <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a> ornamentation.<a href="#cite_note-AK143-218">[210]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gyerim-ro_dagger" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyerim-ro dagger">Gyerim-ro dagger</a>, found in a tomb in Korea, is a 5-6th century highly decorated dagger and scabbard of "Hunnic" two-straps suspension design, introduced by the Hephthalites in Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-222">[214]</a> The Gyerim-ro dagger is thought to have reached Korea either through trade or as a diplomatic gift.<a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lamellar_helmet" title="Lamellar helmet">Lamellar helmets</a> were also popularized by the steppe nomads, and were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> when they took control of former Hephthalite territory.<a href="#cite_note-PS2017-224">[216]</a> This type of helmet appears in sculptures on <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">pillar capitals</a> at <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%C4%81q-e_Bost%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭāq-e Bostān">Ṭāq-e Bostān</a> and <a href="/wiki/Behistun" class="mw-redirect" title="Behistun">Behistun</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_the_Iranian_goddess_Anahita,_minted_during_the_reign_of_Khosrow_II.jpg" title="File:Coin of the Iranian goddess Anahita, minted during the reign of Khosrow II.jpg">the Anahita coinage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> (r. 590–628 CE).<a href="#cite_note-PS2017-224">[216]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sword_and_scabbard,_Sasanian,_7th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sword_and_scabbard%2C_Sasanian%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg/550px-Sword_and_scabbard%2C_Sasanian%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sword_and_scabbard%2C_Sasanian%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg/825px-Sword_and_scabbard%2C_Sasanian%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sword_and_scabbard%2C_Sasanian%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg/1100px-Sword_and_scabbard%2C_Sasanian%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3722" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Sasanian sword and scabbard derived from "Hunnic" two-straps suspension designs, Sasanian Empire, 7th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-MMA-220">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama2016200–205-148">[143]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_culture">Religion and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religion and culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hunter_King_from_Kakrak,_a_valley_next_to_Bamiyan._Wall_paintings_from_the_7th-8th_century,_Kabul_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_Hunter_King_from_Kakrak%2C_a_valley_next_to_Bamiyan._Wall_paintings_from_the_7th-8th_century%2C_Kabul_Museum.jpg/180px-The_Hunter_King_from_Kakrak%2C_a_valley_next_to_Bamiyan._Wall_paintings_from_the_7th-8th_century%2C_Kabul_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_Hunter_King_from_Kakrak%2C_a_valley_next_to_Bamiyan._Wall_paintings_from_the_7th-8th_century%2C_Kabul_Museum.jpg/270px-The_Hunter_King_from_Kakrak%2C_a_valley_next_to_Bamiyan._Wall_paintings_from_the_7th-8th_century%2C_Kabul_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_Hunter_King_from_Kakrak%2C_a_valley_next_to_Bamiyan._Wall_paintings_from_the_7th-8th_century%2C_Kabul_Museum.jpg/360px-The_Hunter_King_from_Kakrak%2C_a_valley_next_to_Bamiyan._Wall_paintings_from_the_7th-8th_century%2C_Kabul_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption>The Buddhist "Hunter King" from <a href="/wiki/Kakrak_Valley,_Bamyan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakrak Valley, Bamyan Province">Kakrak</a>, a valley next to <a href="/wiki/Bamyan" title="Bamyan">Bamyan</a> is often presented as a result of Hephthalite influence, especially in reference to the "triple-crescent crown". Wall paintings from the 7th–8th century, Kabul Museum.<a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2014329–330-226">[218]</a></figcaption></figure> They were said to practice <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cranial_deformation" title="Artificial cranial deformation">artificial cranial deformation</a>. Chinese sources said they worshiped 'foreign gods', 'demons', the 'heaven god' or the 'fire god'. The Gokturks told the Byzantines that they had walled cities. Some Chinese sources said that they had no cities and lived in tents. Litvinsky tries to resolve this by saying that they were nomads who moved into the cities they had conquered. There were some government officials but central control was weak and local dynasties paid tribute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996144–147-227">[219]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Song_Yun" title="Song Yun">Song Yun</a>, the Chinese Buddhist monk who visited the Hephthalite territory in 540 and "provides accurate accounts of the people, their clothing, the empresses and court procedures and traditions of the people and he states the Hephthalites did not recognize the Buddhist religion and they preached pseudo gods, and killed animals for their meat."<a href="#cite_note-Habibi-228">[220]</a> It is reported that some Hephthalites often destroyed Buddhist monasteries but these were rebuilt by others. According to <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, the third Chinese pilgrim who visited the same areas as Song Yun about 100 years later, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Chaghaniyan" title="Chaghaniyan">Chaghaniyan</a> had five monasteries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996138–154-64">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panjikent_mural,_Hermitage_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Panjikent_mural%2C_Hermitage_Museum.jpg/220px-Panjikent_mural%2C_Hermitage_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Panjikent_mural%2C_Hermitage_Museum.jpg/330px-Panjikent_mural%2C_Hermitage_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Panjikent_mural%2C_Hermitage_Museum.jpg/440px-Panjikent_mural%2C_Hermitage_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The triple-crescent crown in this <a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent mural</a> (top left corner), is considered as a Hephthalite marker. 7th-early 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama200720,_drawing_e-229">[221]</a></figcaption></figure> According to historian André Wink, "...in the Hephthalite dominion <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was predominant but there was also a religious sediment of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Al-Hind-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> had some 100 <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> monasteries and 30,000 monks. Outside the town was a large Buddhist monastery, later known as <a href="/wiki/Nava_Vihara" title="Nava Vihara">Naubahar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996138–154-64">[61]</a> There were <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> among the Hephthalites by the mid-6th century, although nothing is known of how they were converted. In 549, they sent a delegation to <a href="/wiki/Aba_I" title="Aba I">Aba I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">patriarch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, asking him to consecrate a priest chosen by them as their bishop, which the patriarch did. The new bishop then performed obeisance to both the patriarch and the Sasanian king, <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a>. The seat of the bishopric is not known, but it may have been <a href="/wiki/Badghis" class="mw-redirect" title="Badghis">Badghis</a>–Qadištan, the bishop of which, Gabriel, sent a delegate to the synod of Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Ishoyahb_I" title="Ishoyahb I">Ishoyahb I</a> in 585.<a href="#cite_note-230">[222]</a> It was probably placed under the <a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)#The_diocese_of_Herat" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">metropolitan of Herat</a>. The church's presence among the Hephthalites enabled them to expand their missionary work across the Oxus. In 591, some Hephthalites serving in the army of the rebel <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram Chobin</a> were captured by <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> and sent to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> as a diplomatic gift. They had <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_cross" title="Nestorian cross">Nestorian crosses</a> tattooed on their foreheads.<a href="#cite_note-DW-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hephthalite_seals">Hephthalite seals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hephthalite seals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)_composite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stamp_seal_%28BM_119999%29_composite.jpg/300px-Stamp_seal_%28BM_119999%29_composite.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stamp_seal_%28BM_119999%29_composite.jpg/450px-Stamp_seal_%28BM_119999%29_composite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stamp_seal_%28BM_119999%29_composite.jpg/600px-Stamp_seal_%28BM_119999%29_composite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Stamp seal with a bearded figure in Sasanian dress, wearing the <a href="/wiki/Kul%C4%81f" title="Kulāf">kulāf</a> denoting nobility and officials; and a figure with radiate crown,<a href="#cite_note-233">[i]</a> both with royal ribbons. Attributed to the Hephthalites,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov201069,_item_1-234">[225]</a> and recently dated to the 5th–6th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-VAL48-235">[226]</a> According to earlier sources, Bivar (1969) and Livshits (1969), repeated by the British Museum, the seal was dated to the 300–350 CE.<a href="#cite_note-SSB-236">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaymark2001167-237">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Several seals found in Bactria and Sogdia have been attributed to the Hephthalites. <ul><li>The "<a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_a_Hephthalite_king_with_the_Bactrian_inscription_The_Lord_(Yabgu)_of_the_Hephthalites._End_5th_century_early_6th_century_CE.jpg" title="File:Seal of a Hephthalite king with the Bactrian inscription The Lord (Yabgu) of the Hephthalites. End 5th century early 6th century CE.jpg">Hephthalite Yabghu seal</a>" shows a Hephthalite ruler with a radiate crown, royal ribbons and a beardless face, with the <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrian script">Bactrian script</a> title "Ebodalo <a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">Yabghu</a>" (<a href="/wiki/File:Ebodalo_(Bactrian_cursive).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg/60px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg/90px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg/120px-Ebodalo_%28Bactrian_cursive%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="135" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Yabghu_in_Bactrian_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Yabghu_in_Bactrian_script.jpg/45px-Yabghu_in_Bactrian_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Yabghu_in_Bactrian_script.jpg/68px-Yabghu_in_Bactrian_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Yabghu_in_Bactrian_script.jpg/90px-Yabghu_in_Bactrian_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="133" /></a> ηβοδαλο ββγο, "The Lord of the Hephthalites"), and has been dated to the end of the 5th century-early 6th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-KHM10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-KR209Q-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017135-36">[33]</a> This important seal was published by Judith A. Lerner and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sims-Williams" title="Nicholas Sims-Williams">Nicholas Sims-Williams</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELernerSims-Williams201183–84-238">[229]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> shows two facing figures, one bearded and wearing the Sasanian dress, and the other without facial hair and wearing a radiate crown, both being adorned with royal ribbons. This seal was initially dated to 300–350 CE and attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushano-Sasanians">Kushano-Sasanians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SSB-236">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2010320-239">[230]</a> but has been more recently attributed to the Hephthalites,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov201069,_item_1-234">[225]</a> and dated to the 5th–6th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-VAL48-235">[226]</a> Paleographically, the seal can be attributed to the 4th century or first half of the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaymark2001167–169-240">[231]</a></li> <li>The "<a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a>" shows a beardless ruler with radiate crown and royal ribbons, wearing a single-lapel caftan, in the name of Eškiŋgil (εϸχιγγιλο), which could correspond to one of the rulers named Khingila (χιγγιλο), or may be a Hunnic title meaning "Companion of the Sword", or even "Companion of the God of War".<a href="#cite_note-241">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003129-242">[233]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_populations_under_the_Hephthalites">Local populations under the Hephthalites</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Local populations under the Hephthalites">edit</a>]</div> The Hephthalites governed a confederation of various people, many of whom were probably of Iranian descent, speaking an Iranian language.<a href="#cite_note-243">[234]</a> Several cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobadiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobadiyan">Kobadiyan</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, were allowed to send regional embassies to China while under Hephthalite control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35-142">[137]</a> Several portraits of regional ambassadors from the territories occupied by the Hephthalites (<a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>) are known from Chinese paintings such as the <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang">Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang</a>, originally painted in 526–539 CE.<a href="#cite_note-DB52-170">[165]</a> They were at that time under the overlordship of the Hephthalites, who led the embassies to the <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Southern Liang</a> court in the early 6th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Interpreters-174">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-DB73-175">[169]</a> A century later, under the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, portraits of the local people of Tokharistan were again illustrated in <a href="/wiki/The_Gathering_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gathering of Kings">The Gathering of Kings</a>, circa 650 CE. <a href="/wiki/Etienne_de_la_Vaissi%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne de la Vaissière">Etienne de la Vaissière</a> has estimated the local population of each major oasis in <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turkestan">Western Turkestan</a> during the period to around several hundreds of thousands each, while the major oasis of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> are more likely to have had populations ranging in the tens of thousands each.<a href="#cite_note-244">[235]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabadiyan_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kabadiyan ambassador to the Chinese court of Emperor Yuan of Liang in his capital Jingzhou in 516–520 CE. Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang, 11th century Song copy. He accompanied the Hephthalite ambassador to China."><img alt="Kabadiyan ambassador to the Chinese court of Emperor Yuan of Liang in his capital Jingzhou in 516–520 CE. Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang, 11th century Song copy. He accompanied the Hephthalite ambassador to China." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kabadiyan_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg/200px-Kabadiyan_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kabadiyan_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg/300px-Kabadiyan_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kabadiyan_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg/400px-Kabadiyan_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2418" data-file-height="1961" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kabadiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabadiyan">Kabadiyan</a> ambassador to the Chinese court of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Liang" title="Emperor Yuan of Liang">Emperor Yuan of Liang</a> in his capital <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a> in 516–520 CE. <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang">Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang</a>, 11th century Song copy. He accompanied the Hephthalite ambassador to China.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumedh_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kumedh ambassador to the Chinese court of Emperor Yuan of Liang in his capital Jingzhou in 516–520 CE. Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang, 11th century Song copy."><img alt="Kumedh ambassador to the Chinese court of Emperor Yuan of Liang in his capital Jingzhou in 516–520 CE. Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang, 11th century Song copy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kumedh_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg/200px-Kumedh_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kumedh_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg/300px-Kumedh_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kumedh_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg/400px-Kumedh_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2387" data-file-height="1967" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kumedh</a> ambassador to the Chinese court of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Liang" title="Emperor Yuan of Liang">Emperor Yuan of Liang</a> in his capital <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a> in 516–520 CE. <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang">Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang</a>, 11th century Song copy.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kucha_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ambassador from Kucha (龜茲國 Qiuci-guo), one of the main Tocharian cities in the Tarim Basin, visiting the Chinese Southern Liang court in Jingzhou circa 516–520 CE. Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang, 11th century Song copy."><img alt="Ambassador from Kucha (龜茲國 Qiuci-guo), one of the main Tocharian cities in the Tarim Basin, visiting the Chinese Southern Liang court in Jingzhou circa 516–520 CE. Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang, 11th century Song copy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kucha_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg/200px-Kucha_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kucha_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg/300px-Kucha_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kucha_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg/400px-Kucha_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2096" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ambassador from <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> (龜茲國 Qiuci-guo), one of the main <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a> cities in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, visiting the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Southern Liang</a> court in <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a> circa 516–520 CE. <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang">Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang</a>, 11th century Song copy.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambassadors_from_Kabadiyan_(%E9%98%BF%E8%B7%8B%E6%AA%80),_Balkh_(%E7%99%BD%E9%A1%8C%E5%9C%8B)_and_Kumedh_(%E8%83%A1%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%B9),_visiting_the_court_of_the_Tang_Dynasty._The_Gathering_of_Kings_(%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE)_circa_650_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ambassadors from Kabadiyan (阿跋檀), Balkh (白題國) and Kumedh (胡密丹), visiting the court of the Tang dynasty. The Gathering of Kings (王会图), circa 650 CE"><img alt="Ambassadors from Kabadiyan (阿跋檀), Balkh (白題國) and Kumedh (胡密丹), visiting the court of the Tang dynasty. The Gathering of Kings (王会图), circa 650 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ambassadors_from_Kabadiyan_%28%E9%98%BF%E8%B7%8B%E6%AA%80%29%2C_Balkh_%28%E7%99%BD%E9%A1%8C%E5%9C%8B%29_and_Kumedh_%28%E8%83%A1%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%B9%29%2C_visiting_the_court_of_the_Tang_Dynasty._The_Gathering_of_Kings_%28%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%29_circa_650_CE.jpg/181px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ambassadors_from_Kabadiyan_%28%E9%98%BF%E8%B7%8B%E6%AA%80%29%2C_Balkh_%28%E7%99%BD%E9%A1%8C%E5%9C%8B%29_and_Kumedh_%28%E8%83%A1%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%B9%29%2C_visiting_the_court_of_the_Tang_Dynasty._The_Gathering_of_Kings_%28%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%29_circa_650_CE.jpg/271px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ambassadors_from_Kabadiyan_%28%E9%98%BF%E8%B7%8B%E6%AA%80%29%2C_Balkh_%28%E7%99%BD%E9%A1%8C%E5%9C%8B%29_and_Kumedh_%28%E8%83%A1%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%B9%29%2C_visiting_the_court_of_the_Tang_Dynasty._The_Gathering_of_Kings_%28%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%29_circa_650_CE.jpg/361px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1336" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ambassadors from <a href="/wiki/Kabadiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabadiyan">Kabadiyan</a> (阿跋檀), <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> (白題國) and <a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kumedh</a> (胡密丹), visiting the court of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Gathering_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gathering of Kings">The Gathering of Kings</a> (王会图), circa 650 CE</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Alchon_Huns_(formerly_considered_as_a_branch_of_the_Hephthalites)_in_South_Asia">The Alchon Huns (formerly considered as a branch of the Hephthalites) in South Asia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The Alchon Huns (formerly considered as a branch of the Hephthalites) in South Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hephthalites is located in South Asia"><img alt="Hephthalites is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/300px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/450px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/600px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.83%;left:42.078%;font-size:0%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-85px;top:-85px"><img alt="Hephthalites" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Alchon_border.png/170px-Alchon_border.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Alchon_border.png/255px-Alchon_border.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Alchon_border.png/340px-Alchon_border.png 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="955" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.77%;left:37.532%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Sanjeli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sanjeli_inscriptions" title="Sanjeli inscriptions">Sanjeli</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.701%;left:47.688%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Eran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Eran_boar_inscription_of_Toramana" title="Eran boar inscription of Toramana">Eran</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.03%;left:47.714%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Gwalior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_inscription_of_Mihirakula" title="Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula">Gwalior</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.093%;left:39.688%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Sondani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Sondani_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Sondani inscription">Sondani</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.219%;left:38.701%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Choti Sadri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Choti_Sadri" class="mw-redirect" title="Choti Sadri">Choti Sadri</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:21.602%;left:32.909%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Kura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Kura</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.54%;left:56.078%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Kausambi (Toramana seals)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kausambi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kausambi">Kausambi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toramana" title="Toramana">Toramana</a> seals)</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.619%;left:40.269%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABsthal_inscription" title="Rīsthal inscription">Rīsthal</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.154%;left:28.906%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">ALCHON HUNS</a></div></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:4.615%;left:0%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div>HEPHTHALITES</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.923%;left:15.625%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">NEZAK HUNS</div></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.077%;left:0%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">SASA- NIANS</div></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.538%;left:87.5%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">GUPTAS</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60%;left:34.375%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">VAKATAKAS</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:20%;left:71.875%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:1px"><div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">ZHANGZHUNG KINGDOM</a></div></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:3.077%;left:103.125%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Northern Wei</div></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:3.077%;left:71.875%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Tocharians</div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><a href="/wiki/Find_spot" class="mw-redirect" title="Find spot">Find spots</a> of epigraphic inscriptions (red dots) indicating local control by the Alchon Huns in India between 500–530 CE.<a href="#cite_note-245">[236]</a></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a>, who invaded northern India and were known there as "<a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Hūṇas</a>", have long been considered as a part or a sub-division of the Hephthalites, or as their eastern branch, but now tend to be considered as a separate entity, who may have been displaced by the settlement of the Hephthalites in Bactria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbjRWDwAAQBAJpgPA105_105–124]-246">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a207-248">[239]</a> Historians such as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith</a>, referring to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_la_Vaissi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne de la Vaissière">Étienne de la Vaissière</a>, say that the Hephthalites were not necessarily one and the same as the Hunas (Sveta Huna).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009406-249">[240]</a> According to de la Vaissiere, the Hephthalites are not directly identified in classical sources alongside that of the Hunas.<a href="#cite_note-250">[241]</a> They were initially based in the <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a> basin in Central Asia and established their control over Gandhara in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent by about 465 CE.<a href="#cite_note-251">[242]</a> From there, they fanned out into various parts of northern, western, and central <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. In India, these invading people were called <a href="/wiki/Hunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunas">Hunas</a>, or "Sveta Huna" (White Huns) in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander_Berzin-42">[39]</a> The Hūṇas are mentioned in several ancient texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Rāmāyaṇa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahābhārata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Purāṇas</a>, and Kalidasa's <a href="/wiki/Raghuva%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Raghuvaṃśa">Raghuvaṃśa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[243]</a> The first Hunas, probably <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a>, were initially defeated by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Skandagupta" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> in the 5th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-253">[244]</a> In the early 6th century CE, the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchon Hun">Alchon Hun</a> Hunas in turn overran the part of the Gupta Empire that was to their southeast and had conquered Central and <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-7">[7]</a> Gupta Emperor <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Bhanugupta</a> defeated the Hunas under <a href="/wiki/Toramana" title="Toramana">Toramana</a> in 510, and his son <a href="/wiki/Mihirakula" title="Mihirakula">Mihirakula</a> was repulsed by <a href="/wiki/Yashodharman" title="Yashodharman">Yashodharman</a> in 528 CE.<a href="#cite_note-254">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[246]</a> The Hunas were driven out of India by the kings <a href="/wiki/Yasodharman" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharman">Yasodharman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narasimhagupta" title="Narasimhagupta">Narasimhagupta</a>, during the early 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_descendants">Possible descendants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Possible descendants">edit</a>]</div> A number of groups may have descended from the Hephthalites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2010238–243-258">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpCiNqFj3MQsCpgPA275_275–276]-259">[250]</a> <ul><li>Avars: suggestions have been made that the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a> were Hepthalites who went to Europe after their collapse in 557 CE, but this is not adequately supported by archaeological or written sources.<a href="#cite_note-260">[251]</a></li> <li>Pashtuns: The Hephthalites may have contributed to the ethnogenesis of <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>. Yu. V. Gankovsky, a Soviet historian on Afghanistan, stated: "Pashtun began as a union of largely <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">East Iranian</a> tribes, which became the initial ethnic stratum of the Pashtun ethnogenesis dating from the middle of the first millennium CE, and is connected with the dissolution of the Hephthalite confederacy."<a href="#cite_note-261">[252]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran" title="The Cambridge History of Iran">The Cambridge History of Iran</a> the descendants of Hephthalites are <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[253]</a> <ul><li>Durrani: The <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Durrani</a> Pashtuns of Afghanistan were called "Abdali" before 1747. According to linguist <a href="/wiki/Georg_Morgenstierne" title="Georg Morgenstierne">Georg Morgenstierne</a>, their tribal name Abdālī may have "something to do with" the Hephthalite.<a href="#cite_note-263">[254]</a> This hypothesis was endorsed by historian <a href="/wiki/Aydogdy_Kurbanov" title="Aydogdy Kurbanov">Aydogdy Kurbanov</a>, who indicated that after the collapse of the Hephthalite confederacy, they likely assimilated into different local populations and that the Abdali may be one of the tribes of Hephthalite origin.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-7">[7]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tegin_Shah_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tegin_Shah_%28obverse%29.jpg/220px-Tegin_Shah_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tegin_Shah_%28obverse%29.jpg/330px-Tegin_Shah_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Tegin_Shah_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Tegin_Shah" title="Tegin Shah">Tegin Shah</a>, self-described as "<a href="/wiki/Elteber" title="Elteber">Iltäbar</a> (sub-King) of the Khalaj", dated to the year 728 CE, on the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">Hephthalite</a> model, imitating Sasanian king <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> (438-457).<a href="#cite_note-KTS-264">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-MA279-265">[256]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Khalaj: The <a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj people</a> are first mentioned in the 7th–9th centuries in the area of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qalati_Ghilji" title="Qalati Ghilji">Qalati Ghilji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. They spoke <a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj Turkic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Khwarizmi" title="Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwarizmi">Al-Khwarizmi</a> mentioned them as a remnant tribe of the Hephthalites. However, according to linguist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sims-Williams" title="Nicholas Sims-Williams">Sims-Williams</a>, archaeological documents do not support the suggestion that the Khalaj were the Hephthalites' successors,<a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a> while according to historian <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Minorsky" title="Vladimir Minorsky">V. Minorsky</a>, the Khalaj were "perhaps only politically associated with the Hephthalites." Some of the Khalaj were later <a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunized</a>, after which they transformed into the Pashtun <a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Ghilji</a> tribe.<a href="#cite_note-267">[258]</a></li> <li>Kanjina: a Saka tribe linked to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Komedes" title="Komedes">Kumijis</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199283-268">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[260]</a> and incorporated into the Hephthalites. Kanjinas were possibly Turkicized later, as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Musa_al-Khwarizmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi">al-Khwarizmi</a> called them "Kanjina Turks". However, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Clauson" title="Gerard Clauson">Clauson</a> contended that al-Khwarizmi was simply using "Turks" "in the vague and inaccurate sense".<a href="#cite_note-270">[261]</a></li> <li>Karluks: (or <a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughids</a>) were reported as settled in Ghazni and Zabulistan, present-day Afghanistan, in the thirteenth century. Many Muslim geographers identified "Karluks" Khallukh ~ Kharlukh with "Khalajes" Khalaj from confusion, as the two names were similar and these two groups dwelt near each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992387-271">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[263]</a></li> <li>Abdal is a name associated with the Hephthalites. It is an alternate name for the <a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu people</a>. <ul><li>According to <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_family" title="Köprülü family">Orhan Köprülü</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdal_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdal of Turkey">Abdal of Turkey</a> might be descended from the Hepthalites. <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_Le_Coq" title="Albert von Le Coq">Albert von Le Coq</a> mentions the relation between Abdals of <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> and Äynus of <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a>, by them having some common words, and by both referring to themselves as Abdals and speaking an exclusive language among themselves.<a href="#cite_note-273">[264]</a> Some Abdal elements can also be found in the composition of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>, Turkmen (Ata, <a href="/wiki/Chowdur" title="Chowdur">Chowdur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ersary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ersary">Ersary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saryk" title="Saryk">Saryk</a>), Kazakhs, Uzbek-Lokays, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> and Volga Bulgars (<a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Savirs</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2010241–242-274">[265]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hephthalite_rulers">Hephthalite rulers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hephthalite rulers">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Central_Asia" title="Category:History of Central Asia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bringing_the_sheep_home,_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_(3968109583).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Asia"><img alt="Central Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg/220px-Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg/330px-Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg/440px-Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia#Ancient_era" title="History of Central Asia">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus Civilization</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia#Medieval" title="History of Central Asia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 200s–1000s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hephthalites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 440s–710</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 552–745</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 665–744</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 743–1220</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 750–1055</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 840–1212</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1124–1218</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1206–1368</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1240s–1446</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia#Colonization_period_(XVI-XIX_a.d)" title="History of Central Asia">Modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia#Colonization_period_(XVI-XIX_a.d)" title="History of Central Asia">Colonization period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867–1918</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia#The_Great_Game" title="History of Central Asia">Great game period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> XIX a.d.–</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Central Asia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Central_Asia" title="Sports in Central Asia">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Central_Asia" title="Template:History of Central Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Central_Asia" title="Template talk:History of Central Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Central_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Central Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhshunwar" title="Akhshunwar">Akhshunwar</a>, circa 458 CE</li> <li>Kun-khi, circa 484 CE<a href="#cite_note-STA36-130">[125]</a></li> <li>Yandai Yilituo, circa 516 CE (only known from his Chinese name 厭帶夷栗陁)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003130,_note_31-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalogh2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfrnVDwAAQBAJpgPA88_88,_I.072]-167">[162]</a></li> <li>Hwade-gang (only known from the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rob" title="Kingdom of Rob">Kingdom of Rob</a>).<a href="#cite_note-SS313-35">[32]</a></li> <li>Ghadfar/Ghatifar, circa 567–568 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdylovMirzaahmedov200637-275">[266]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faghanish" title="Faghanish">Faghanish</a> (568-) (ruling in <a href="/wiki/Chaghaniyan" title="Chaghaniyan">Chaghaniyan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Tarkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nezak Tarkan">Nezak Tarkan</a> (circa 650–710)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> (Red Huns)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xionites" title="Xionites">Xionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Huns" title="Iranian Huns">Iranian Huns</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> de la Vaissière proposes underlying Turkic Yeti-Al, later translated to Iranian Haft-Al </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> de la Vaissière also cited Sims-Williams, who noted that the initial η- ē of the Bactrian form ηβοδαλο Ēbodālo precluded etymology based on Iranian haft and consequently hypothetical underlying <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> yeti "seven" </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Similar crowns are known in other seals such as the seal of "Kedīr, the hazāruxt" ("Kedir the <a href="/wiki/Chiliarch" title="Chiliarch">Chiliarch</a>"), dated by Sims-Williams to the last quarter of the 5th century CE from the paleography of the inscription.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELerner2010Plate_I_Fig.7-33">[31]</a> Reference for the exact datation: <a href="#CITEREFSundermannHintzede_Blois2009">Sundermann, Hintze & de Blois (2009)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3gOdaiXNKkC&pg=PA218">218, note 14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2012">de la Vaissière (2012)</a> pointed out that "[a] recently published seal gives the title of a fifth-century lord of Samarkand as 'king of the Oglar Huns.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKZNoAgAAQBAJpgPA146_146]-72">[69]</a> (βαγο ογλαρ(γ)ο – υονανο). See the seal and this reading of the inscription in Hans Bakker (2020: 13, note 17), referencing from Sim-Williams (2011: 72-74).<a href="#cite_note-HB2020-73">[70]</a> "Oglar" is thought to derive from the Turk oǧul-lar > oǧlar "sons; princes" plus an Iranian adjective suffix -g.<a href="#cite_note-XW286-74">[71]</a> Alternatively, and less likely, "Oglarg" could correspond to "Walkon", and thus the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a>, although the seal is closer to <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> coin types.<a href="#cite_note-XW286-74">[71]</a> Another seal found in the Kashmir reads "ολαρ(γ)ο" (seal AA2.3).<a href="#cite_note-HB2020-73">[70]</a> The Kashmir seal was published by Grenet, ur Rahman, and Sims-Williams (2006:125-127) who compared ολαργο Ularg on the seal to the ethnonym οιλαργανο "people of Wilarg" attested in a Bactrian document written in 629 CE.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> The style of the sealings is related to the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a>, and the title "Kushanshah" is known to have disappeared with the Kidarites.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coin-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coin_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coin_124-1">b</a> See another example (with coin description).<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> A similar account of the rise and conquests of the Hua appears in the <a href="/wiki/Liangshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Liangshu">Liangshu</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%A2%81%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B754" class="extiw" title="s:zh:梁書/卷54">Volume 54</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> The war is variously dated: 560–565 (Gumilyov, 1967); 555 (Stark, 2008, Altturkenzeit, 210); 557 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/khosrow-ii">Iranica, "Khosrow II"</a>); 558–561 (<a href="#CITEREFBivar">Bivar</a>, "Hephthalites"); 557–563 (<a href="#CITEREFBaumer2018">Baumer 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA174">174</a>); 557–561 (<a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>, p. 301); 560–563 (<a href="#CITEREFLitvinsky1996">Litvinsky 1996</a>, p. 143); 562–565 (<a href="#CITEREFChristian1998">Christian 1998</a>, p. 252); c. 565 (<a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 82); 567 (Chavannes, 1903, Documents, 236 and 229) </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Michael J. Decker states the battle occurred in 563.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker2022164-197">[190]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> The radiate crown is comparable to the crown of the king on the "<a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_a_Hephthalite_king_with_the_Bactrian_inscription_The_Lord_(Yabgu)_of_the_Hephthalites._End_5th_century_early_6th_century_CE.jpg" title="File:Seal of a Hephthalite king with the Bactrian inscription The Lord (Yabgu) of the Hephthalites. End 5th century early 6th century CE.jpg">Yabghu of the Hephthalites</a>" seal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELernerSims-Williams201135–36-232">[224]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CB484-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CB484_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB484_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB484_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB484_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB484_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2015" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Craig (16 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LAFuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT484">The Cambridge World History: Volume 4, A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE–900 CE</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29830-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29830-5"><bdi>978-1-316-29830-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History%3A+Volume+4%2C+A+World+with+States%2C+Empires+and+Networks+1200+BCE%E2%80%93900+CE&rft.pages=484&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-316-29830-5&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLAFuCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2018" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Oliver (19 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA708">The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 708. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-256246-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-256246-3"><bdi>978-0-19-256246-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=708&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft.isbn=978-0-19-256246-3&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA09WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KHM10-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KHM10_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHM10_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHM10_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHM10_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHM10_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHM10_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHM10_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHM10_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHM10_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHM10_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHM10_3-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlram_et_al.2012–2013">Alram et al. 2012–2013</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase10?language=en">exhibit: 10. 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The Numismatic Chronicle. 175: 340.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Numismatic+Chronicle&rft.atitle=THe+Hephthalite+Drachms+Minted+in+Balkh.+A+Hoard%2C+A+Sequence%2C+And+A+New+Reading&rft.volume=175&rft.pages=340&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Heidemann&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.podgorski.com%2Fmain%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2FThe_Hephthalite_Drachms_Minted_in_Balkh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELernerSims-Williams2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELernerSims-Williams2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLernerSims-Williams2011">Lerner & Sims-Williams 2011</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELernerSims-Williams201183–84,_Seal_AA_7_(Hc007)-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELernerSims-Williams201183–84,_Seal_AA_7_(Hc007)_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLernerSims-Williams2011">Lerner & Sims-Williams 2011</a>, pp. 83–84, Seal AA 7 (Hc007). 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Litres. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-04-227693-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-04-227693-4"><bdi>978-5-04-227693-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attila+Kagan+of+the+Huns+from+the+kind+of+Velsung&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Litres&rft.date=2020-01-20&rft.isbn=978-5-04-227693-4&rft.aulast=Solovev&rft.aufirst=Sergej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFiLLDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017135-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017135_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017135_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017135_36-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017">Rezakhani 2017</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a209-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a209_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017a">Rezakhani 2017a</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Kurbanov, Aydogdy. 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Temple University Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-832-9"><bdi>978-1-56639-832-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agricultural+and+Pastoral+Societies+in+Ancient+and+Classical+History&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-832-9&rft.aulast=Adas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcSsoJ0IXawC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CB-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CB_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB_60-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumer2018">Baumer 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA97">97–99</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1965" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Tamara Abelson Rice (Mrs David (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ha9RAQAAIAAJ">Ancient arts of Central Asia</a>. 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"The suggestion that the Hephthalites were originally of Turkic origin and only later adopted Bactrian as their administrative, and possibly native, language (de la Vaissière 2007: 122) seems to be most prominent at present." </li> <li id="cite_note-Canfield49-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canfield49_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canfield49_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrye2002">Frye 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PA49">49</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996138–154-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996138–154_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996138–154_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996138–154_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996138–154_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996138–154_64-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLitvinsky1996">Litvinsky 1996</a>, pp. 138–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnoki195923–28-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnoki195923–28_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnoki1959">Enoki 1959</a>, pp. 23–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Frye, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-iii">"CENTRAL ASIA iii. In Pre-Islamic Times"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CENTRAL+ASIA+iii.+In+Pre-Islamic+Times&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcentral-asia-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> G. Ambros; P.A. Andrews; L. Bazin; A. Gökalp; B. Flemming; et al. "Turks", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnoki195917–18-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnoki195917–18_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnoki1959">Enoki 1959</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu_Taishan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Yu Taishan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38877277">"History of the Yeda tribe (Hephthalites): Further Issues"</a>. Eurasian Studies. I: 66–119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasian+Studies&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Yeda+tribe+%28Hephthalites%29%3A+Further+Issues&rft.volume=I&rft.pages=66-119&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Yu+Taishan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38877277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017">Rezakhani 2017</a>, p. 135. "The suggestion that the Hephthalites were originally of Turkic origin and only later adopted Bactrian as their administrative, and possibly native, language (de la Vaissière 2007: 122) seems to be most prominent at present." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–137-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–137_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003">de la Vaissière 2003</a>, pp. 119–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKZNoAgAAQBAJpgPA146_146]-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKZNoAgAAQBAJpgPA146_146]_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2012">de la Vaissière 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZNoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146">146</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-HB2020-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HB2020_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HB2020_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker2020" class="citation book cs1">Bakker, Hans T. (12 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia</a>. Barkhuis. p. 13, note 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-93194-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-93194-00-7"><bdi>978-94-93194-00-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alkhan%3A+A+Hunnic+People+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=13%2C+note+17&rft.pub=Barkhuis&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.isbn=978-94-93194-00-7&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Hans+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZLnVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-XW286-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-XW286_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-XW286_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wan, Xiang (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1089723">"A study on the Kidarites: Reexamination of documentary sources"</a>. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi. 19: 286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivum+Eurasiae+Medii+Aevi&rft.atitle=A+study+on+the+Kidarites%3A+Reexamination+of+documentary+sources&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=286&rft.date=2013-08&rft.aulast=Wan&rft.aufirst=Xiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1089723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenetur_RahmanSims-Williams2006" class="citation journal cs1">Grenet, Frantz; ur Rahman, Aman; Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24463151">"A Hunnish Kushanshah"</a>. Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology. 1: 125–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.JIAAA.2.301930">10.1484/J.JIAAA.2.301930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inner+Asian+Art+and+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Hunnish+Kushanshah&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=125-131&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.JIAAA.2.301930&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rft.au=ur+Rahman%2C+Aman&rft.au=Sims-Williams%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24463151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurbanov2013a" class="citation journal cs1">Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2013a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.uam.es/isimu/article/download/3178/3373/6505">"Some information related to the art history of the hephthalite time (4th-6th centuries AD) in Central Asia and Neighbouring countries"</a>. Isimu. 16: 99–112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isimu&rft.atitle=Some+information+related+to+the+art+history+of+the+hephthalite+time+%284th-6th+centuries+AD%29+in+Central+Asia+and+Neighbouring+countries&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=99-112&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kurbanov&rft.aufirst=Aydogdy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.uam.es%2Fisimu%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F3178%2F3373%2F6505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CH141-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CH141_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH141_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH141_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH141_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH141_78-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2014" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Charles (14 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA141">Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations</a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 141–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0996-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0996-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-0996-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Asian+Civilizations&rft.pages=141-142&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1c1UIEVH9gC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov201067-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurbanov201067_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurbanov201067_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurbanov201067_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurbanov201067_79-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurbanov2010">Kurbanov 2010</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-SP9293-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SP9293_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP9293_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP9293_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP9293_80-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP9293_80-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP9293_80-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzarpayBelenickijMaršakDresden1981" class="citation book cs1">Azarpay, Guitty; Belenickij, Aleksandr M.; Maršak, Boris Il'ič; Dresden, Mark J. (1981). Sogdian Painting: The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVSPEN4ap_0C&pg=PA92">92</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVSPEN4ap_0C&pg=PA93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03765-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03765-6"><bdi>978-0-520-03765-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sogdian+Painting%3A+The+Pictorial+Epic+in+Oriental+Art&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03765-6&rft.aulast=Azarpay&rft.aufirst=Guitty&rft.au=Belenickij%2C+Aleksandr+M.&rft.au=Mar%C5%A1ak%2C+Boris+Il%27i%C4%8D&rft.au=Dresden%2C+Mark+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchottky" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schottky, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/huns">"Iranian Huns"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranian+Huns&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Schottky&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhuns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003122-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003122_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003122_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003">de la Vaissière 2003</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–155-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–155_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2012">de la Vaissière 2012</a>, pp. 144–155. "The Huns are beyond doubt the political and ethnic inheritors of the old Xiongnu empire" </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosmoMaas2018" class="citation book cs1">Cosmo, Nicola Di; Maas, Michael (26 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y01UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196">Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250–750</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 196–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-54810-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-54810-6"><bdi>978-1-108-54810-6</bdi></a>. <q>In 2005, Étienne de la Vaissière, in a seminal article, used some new or little-known sources to argue that the Xiongnu had in fact called themselves "Huns," and that after the dissolution of their empire a considerable part of the northern Xiongnu remained in the Altai region. In the middle of the fourth century, two large groups of Huns departed from there, one southward to the lands north of Persia (Kidarites, Alkhan, Hephthalites) and the other one westward to Europe. Although based on limited sources, the contention that the imperial and post-imperial Xiongnu, the Hunnic dynasties north and east of the Sasanians, and the European Huns are directly linked is well argued.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Exchanges+in+Eurasian+Late+Antiquity%3A+Rome%2C+China%2C+Iran%2C+and+the+Steppe%2C+ca.+250%E2%80%93750&rft.pages=196-197&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.isbn=978-1-108-54810-6&rft.aulast=Cosmo&rft.aufirst=Nicola+Di&rft.au=Maas%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy01UDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–146-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–146_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–146_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–146_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–146_85-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2012">de la Vaissière 2012</a>, pp. 144–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomazoffRalby2013" class="citation book cs1">Lomazoff, Amanda; Ralby, Aaron (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ilZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT246">The Atlas of Military History</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60710-985-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60710-985-3"><bdi>978-1-60710-985-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+Military+History&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2013-08&rft.isbn=978-1-60710-985-3&rft.aulast=Lomazoff&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Ralby%2C+Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ilZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Wars/Book_I" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Wars/Book I">Procopius, History of the Wars. Book I, Ch. III, "The Persian War"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bamiyan_Dates-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bamiyan_Dates_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bamiyan_Dates_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bamiyan_Dates_88-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlänsdorfNadeauGrootesHüls2009" class="citation book cs1">Blänsdorf, Catharina; Nadeau, Marie-Josée; Grootes, Pieter M.; Hüls, Matthias; Pfeffer, Stephanie; Thiemann, Laura (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204200802/https://www.icomos.de/admin/ckeditor/plugins/alphamanager/uploads/pdf/ICOMOS_Publikation_Bamiyan.pdf">"Dating of the Buddha Statues – AMS 14 C Dating of Organic Materials"</a> (PDF). In Petzet, Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icomos.de/admin/ckeditor/plugins/alphamanager/uploads/pdf/ICOMOS_Publikation_Bamiyan.pdf">The Giant Buddhas of Bamiyan. Safeguarding the remains</a> (PDF). Monuments and Sites. Vol. 19. Berlin: Bässler. p. 235, Table 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-930388-55-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-930388-55-4"><bdi>978-3-930388-55-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/monsites/article/download/22983/16750">the original</a> on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2020. <q>Eastern Buddha: 549 AD – 579 AD (1 σ range, 68.2% probability) 544 AD – 595 AD (2 σ range, 95.4% probability). Western Buddha: 605 AD – 633 AD (1 σ range, 68.2%) 591 AD – 644 AD (2 σ range, 95.4% probability).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dating+of+the+Buddha+Statues+%E2%80%93+AMS+%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A0.8em%3Bline-height%3A1.0em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aright%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E14%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3EC%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A0.8em%3Bline-height%3A1.0em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+Dating+of+Organic+Materials&rft.btitle=The+Giant+Buddhas+of+Bamiyan.+Safeguarding+the+remains&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Monuments+and+Sites&rft.pages=235%2C+Table+4&rft.pub=B%C3%A4ssler&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-930388-55-4&rft.aulast=Bl%C3%A4nsdorf&rft.aufirst=Catharina&rft.au=Nadeau%2C+Marie-Jos%C3%A9e&rft.au=Grootes%2C+Pieter+M.&rft.au=H%C3%BCls%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Pfeffer%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Thiemann%2C+Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Fmonsites%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F22983%2F16750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzarpayBelenickijMaršakDresden1981" class="citation book cs1">Azarpay, Guitty; Belenickij, Aleksandr M.; Maršak, Boris Il'ič; Dresden, Mark J. (1981). Sogdian Painting: The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVSPEN4ap_0C&pg=PA92">92</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVSPEN4ap_0C&pg=PA93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03765-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03765-6"><bdi>978-0-520-03765-6</bdi></a>. <q>...would argue for their association with the artistic tradition of the Hepthalite ruling classes of <a href="/wiki/Tukharistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukharistan">Tukharistan</a>, that survived the downfall of Hephthalite power in 557 AD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sogdian+Painting%3A+The+Pictorial+Epic+in+Oriental+Art&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03765-6&rft.aulast=Azarpay&rft.aufirst=Guitty&rft.au=Belenickij%2C+Aleksandr+M.&rft.au=Mar%C5%A1ak%2C+Boris+Il%27i%C4%8D&rft.au=Dresden%2C+Mark+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-XL64-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-XL64_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-XL64_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-XL64_90-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2010" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Xinru (9 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xXhhkvOULHsC&pg=PA64">The Silk Road in World History</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979880-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979880-3"><bdi>978-0-19-979880-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road+in+World+History&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979880-3&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xinru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxXhhkvOULHsC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996158-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996158_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996158_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitvinsky1996158_91-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLitvinsky1996">Litvinsky 1996</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003121-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003121_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003121_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003121_92-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003">de la Vaissière 2003</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Du_You" title="Du You">Du You</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Tongdian</a> "Vol. 193" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxuemi.com/siku/124889wets/418679irff/">folio 5b-6a</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ephthalites">"Ephthalites" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ephthalites&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–122,_Annex_1-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–122,_Annex_1_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–122,_Annex_1_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–122,_Annex_1_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–122,_Annex_1_95-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–122,_Annex_1_95-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–122,_Annex_1_95-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–122,_Annex_1_95-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003">de la Vaissière 2003</a>, pp. 119–122, Annex 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnoki19591–14-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnoki19591–14_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnoki1959">Enoki 1959</a>, pp. 1–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov20102–32-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurbanov20102–32_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurbanov2010">Kurbanov 2010</a>, pp. 2–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalogh2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfrnVDwAAQBAJpgPA46_46]-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalogh2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfrnVDwAAQBAJpgPA46_46]_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalogh2020">Balogh 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">46</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003120–121,_Annex_1-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003120–121,_Annex_1_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003120–121,_Annex_1_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003">de la Vaissière 2003</a>, pp. 120–121, Annex 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Xin_Tangshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xin Tangshu">Xin Tangshu</a> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7217%E4%B8%8A">vol. 217a</a> txt: "回紇，其先匈奴也，俗多乘高輪車，元魏時亦號高車部，或曰敕勒，訛為鐵勒。" tr: "<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghurs</a>, their predecessors were the Xiongnu. Because, customarily, they ride high-wheeled carts. In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Yuan Wei</a> time, they were also called Gaoju (i.e. High-Cart) tribe. Or called Chile, or mistakenly as Tiele." </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Weishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Weishu">Weishu</a> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7103#%E9%AB%98%E8%BB%8A">Vol 103 Gaoju</a> txt: "高車，蓋古赤狄之餘種也，[...] 諸夏以為高車丁零。" tr: "Gaoju, probably the remnant stock of the ancient Red Di. [...] The various Xia (i.e. Chinese) considered them Gaoju Dingling (i.e. Dingling with High Cart)" </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Cheng, Fanyi. "The Research on the Identification between the Tiele (鐵勒) and the Oğuric tribes" in Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi ed. Th. T. Allsen, P. B. Golden, R. K. Kovalev, A. P. Martinez. 19 (2012). Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden. p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7110">vol. 110</a> txt: "後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。" tr: "Later (in the) north (<a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a>) subjugated the nations of Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Gekun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xinli</a>." </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (2017). "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples". Inner Asia. (19): p. 199-201 of pp. 197-239 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Weishu, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7103#%E9%AB%98%E8%BB%8A">vol. 103</a> txt: "高車，[...] 其語略與匈奴同而時有小異，或云其先匈奴之甥也", tr: "The Gaoju, [...] their language and the Xiongnu's are similar though differ a little; or to say it differently, they are the sororal nephews/sons-in-laws of their Xiongnu predecessors" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199293–96-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden199293–96_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolden1992">Golden 1992</a>, pp. 93–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Golden, P.B. (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-OilJCX1moC&pg=PA136">"Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples"</a> in Contact and exchange in the ancient world, ed. Victor H. Mair, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 137-138 of 136-140 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003123-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003123_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003">de la Vaissière 2003</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003120–122-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003120–122_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003120–122_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003">de la Vaissière 2003</a>, pp. 120–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FG-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FG_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FG_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FG_110-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenet2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grenet, Frantz (15 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/abstractairanica/4213">"Tavka (k istorii drevnix tamožennyx sooruženij Uzbekistana). Taškent-Samarkand, Izd. A. Kadyri / Institut Arxeologii A.N. Uzb, 141 p., 68 ill. + 13 pl. couleurs h.-t. (Texte bilingue ouzbek-russe, résumé en anglais). [Tavka (contribution à l'histoire des anciens édifices frontaliers de l'Ouzbékistan)]"</a>. Abstracta Iranica (in French). 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fabstractairanica.4213">10.4000/abstractairanica.4213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0240-8910">0240-8910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Abstracta+Iranica&rft.atitle=Tavka+%28k+istorii+drevnix+tamo%C5%BEennyx+sooru%C5%BEenij+Uzbekistana%29.+Ta%C5%A1kent-Samarkand%2C+Izd.+A.+Kadyri+%2F+Institut+Arxeologii+A.N.+Uzb%2C+141+p.%2C+68+ill.+%2B+13+pl.+couleurs+h.-t.+%28Texte+bilingue+ouzbek-russe%2C+r%C3%A9sum%C3%A9+en+anglais%29.+%5BTavka+%28contribution+%C3%A0+l%27histoire+des+anciens+%C3%A9difices+frontaliers+de+l%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29%5D&rft.volume=25&rft.date=2004-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fabstractairanica.4213&rft.issn=0240-8910&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fabstractairanica%2F4213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakhmanov2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rakhmanov, Shaymardankul A. (2016). "Wall Paintings from Tavka, Uzbekistan". Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology. 7: 31–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.JIAAA.4.2017003">10.1484/J.JIAAA.4.2017003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1783-9025">1783-9025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inner+Asian+Art+and+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Wall+Paintings+from+Tavka%2C+Uzbekistan&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=31-54&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.JIAAA.4.2017003&rft.issn=1783-9025&rft.aulast=Rakhmanov&rft.aufirst=Shaymardankul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKageyama2016">Kageyama 2016</a>, p. 200. "Il’yasov's article references figurines wearing caftans with triangular-shaped collars on the right side. This is believed to be a style of garment that became popular in Central Asia under Hephthalite rule" </li> <li id="cite_note-CM12-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CM12_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM12_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM12_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM12_113-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM12_113-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM12_113-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM12_113-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM12_113-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFMargottini2013">Margottini 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTK_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">12–13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2014322-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2014322_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurbanov2014">Kurbanov 2014</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIlyasov2001187-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIlyasov2001187_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIlyasov2001">Ilyasov 2001</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama200712-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKageyama200712_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKageyama2007">Kageyama 2007</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">Grousset, René</a> (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia. Translated by Naomi Walford. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3A+a+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundermannHintzede_Blois2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidb3gOdaiXNKkCpgPA216_216,_note_5]-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundermannHintzede_Blois2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidb3gOdaiXNKkCpgPA216_216,_note_5]_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundermannHintzede_Blois2009">Sundermann, Hintze & de Blois 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3gOdaiXNKkC&pg=PA216">216, note 5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKURBANOV2010" class="citation book cs1">KURBANOV, AYDOGDY (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.podgorski.com/main/assets/documents/Hephthalites_Kurbanov.pdf">THE HEPHTHALITES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS</a> (PDF). Berlin: Department of History and Cultural Studies of the Free University. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+HEPHTHALITES%3A+ARCHAEOLOGICAL+AND+HISTORICAL+ANALYSIS&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Department+of+History+and+Cultural+Studies+of+the+Free+University&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=KURBANOV&rft.aufirst=AYDOGDY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.podgorski.com%2Fmain%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2FHephthalites_Kurbanov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts2014" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Daniel T. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8c3QAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933079-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933079-9"><bdi>978-0-19-933079-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomadism+in+Iran%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Modern+Era&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933079-9&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8c3QAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKURBANOV2010" class="citation book cs1">KURBANOV, AYDOGDY (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.podgorski.com/main/assets/documents/Hephthalites_Kurbanov.pdf">THE HEPHTHALITES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS</a> (PDF). Berlin: Department of History and Cultural Studies of the Free University. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+HEPHTHALITES%3A+ARCHAEOLOGICAL+AND+HISTORICAL+ANALYSIS&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Department+of+History+and+Cultural+Studies+of+the+Free+University&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=KURBANOV&rft.aufirst=AYDOGDY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.podgorski.com%2Fmain%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2FHephthalites_Kurbanov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2010164,_167-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2010164,_167_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurbanov2010">Kurbanov 2010</a>, pp. 164, 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlram_et_al.2012–2013">Alram et al. 2012–2013</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/coins/coin152?ref=showcases/showcase10&language=en">exhibit: 10. HEPHTHALITES IN BACTRIA</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlram2008coin_type_47_and_48-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlram2008coin_type_47_and_48_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlram2008">Alram 2008</a>, coin type 47 and 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-HCCE_38-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HCCE_38_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCCE_38_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCCE_38_126-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheginiNikitin1996">Chegini & Nikitin 1996</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA38">38ff</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017125–156-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017125–156_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017125–156_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017125–156_127-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017125–156_127-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017125–156_127-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017125–156_127-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017125–156_127-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017">Rezakhani 2017</a>, pp. 125–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeimal1996130-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeimal1996130_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZeimal1996">Zeimal 1996</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeimal1994253-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeimal1994253_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZeimal1994">Zeimal 1994</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-STA36-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-STA36_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-STA36_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-STA36_130-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdylovMirzaahmedov2006">Adylov & Mirzaahmedov 2006</a>, p. 36. "The third incursion cost him his own life and his camp was captured together with his daughter who was taken as a wife by the Hephtalite king Kun-khi" </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_2007-6002-364">"British Museum notice on Hephthalite troops"</a>. The British Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=British+Museum+notice+on+Hephthalite+troops&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FW_2007-6002-364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/joshua_the_stylite_02_trans.htm">Joshua the Stylite, Chronicle composed in Syriac in AD 507 (1882) pp.1-76</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joshua+the+Stylite%2C+Chronicle+composed+in+Syriac+in+AD+507+%281882%29+pp.1-76&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fjoshua_the_stylite_02_trans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama2016203-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKageyama2016203_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKageyama2016">Kageyama 2016</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FG138-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FG138_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenetRiboud2003" class="citation journal cs1">Grenet, Frantz; Riboud, Pénélope (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.podgorski.com/main/assets/documents/A_reflection_of_the_Hephtalite_empire.pdf">"A Reflection of the Hephthalite Empire: The Biographical Narra- tive in the Reliefs of the Tomb of the Sabao Wirkak (494-579)"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=A+Reflection+of+the+Hephthalite+Empire%3A+The+Biographical+Narra-+tive+in+the+Reliefs+of+the+Tomb+of+the+Sabao+Wirkak+%28494-579%29&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=138&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rft.au=Riboud%2C+P%C3%A9n%C3%A9lope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.podgorski.com%2Fmain%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2FA_reflection_of_the_Hephtalite_empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbjRWDwAAQBAJpgPA140_140–141]-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbjRWDwAAQBAJpgPA140_140–141]_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbjRWDwAAQBAJpgPA140_140–141]_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbjRWDwAAQBAJpgPA140_140–141]_135-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017">Rezakhani 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140">140–141</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlram_et_al.2012–2013">Alram et al. 2012–2013</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase8?language=en">exhibit: 8. Alkhan: Contemporaries Of Khingila</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115150326/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase8?language=en">Archived</a> 15 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbjRWDwAAQBAJpgPA121_120–122]-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbjRWDwAAQBAJpgPA121_120–122]_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017">Rezakhani 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121">120–122</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017126-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017126_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017">Rezakhani 2017</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolovyov2020" class="citation book cs1">Solovyov, Sergei (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FiLLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT313">Attila Kagan of the Huns from the kind of Velsung</a>. Litres. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-04-227693-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-04-227693-4"><bdi>978-5-04-227693-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attila+Kagan+of+the+Huns+from+the+kind+of+Velsung&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Litres&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-5-04-227693-4&rft.aulast=Solovyov&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFiLLDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlram2008coin_type_46-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlram2008coin_type_46_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlram2008">Alram 2008</a>, coin type 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-CP-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CP_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP_141-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPei_裴2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pei 裴, Chengguo 成国 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religiondocbox.com/74666854-Islam/Volume-contents.html">"The Silk Road and the economy of Gaochang: evidence on the Circulation of silver coins"</a>. Silk Road. 15: 57, note 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Silk+Road&rft.atitle=The+Silk+Road+and+the+economy+of+Gaochang%3A+evidence+on+the+Circulation+of+silver+coins&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=57%2C+note+5&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Pei+%E8%A3%B4&rft.aufirst=Chengguo+%E6%88%90%E5%9B%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligiondocbox.com%2F74666854-Islam%2FVolume-contents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35_142-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35_142-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35_142-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35_142-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003128–129_and_note_35_142-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003">de la Vaissière 2003</a>, pp. 128–129 and note 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdylovMirzaahmedov200634–36-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdylovMirzaahmedov200634–36_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdylovMirzaahmedov2006">Adylov & Mirzaahmedov 2006</a>, pp. 34–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–160-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2012144–160_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2012">de la Vaissière 2012</a>, pp. 144–160. "Sogdiana under its nomadic elites became the principal center of agricultural wealth and population in Central Asia." and paragraph on "The Shift of the Trade Routes" </li> <li id="cite_note-JAM28-145"><a href="#cite_ref-JAM28_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2013" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0uMBi67IngC&pg=PA28">The Silk Road: A Very Short Introduction</a>. 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DuMont Reiseverlag. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7701-5243-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7701-5243-8"><bdi>978-3-7701-5243-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seidenstrasse%3A+von+China+durch+die+W%C5%B8sten+Gobi+und+Taklamakan+%C5%B8ber+den+Karakorum+Highway+nach+Pakistan&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=DuMont+Reiseverlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-7701-5243-8&rft.aulast=Kausch&rft.aufirst=Anke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBj6KvMtIa68C%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA38_38]-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA38_38]_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA38">38</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-SW-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SW_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_157-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield2018" class="citation book cs1">Whitfield, Susan (13 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHBdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT201">Silk, Slaves, and Stupas: Material Culture of the Silk Road</a>. Univ of California Press. pp. 201–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95766-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95766-4"><bdi>978-0-520-95766-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silk%2C+Slaves%2C+and+Stupas%3A+Material+Culture+of+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=201-202&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018-03-13&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95766-4&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHBdDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA375_375]-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA375_375]_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA375">375</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-xiv">"CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xiv. 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Rodopi. p. 261, "Ksum" entry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0936-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0936-6"><bdi>978-94-012-0936-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Tocharian+B.%3A+Revised+and+Greatly+Enlarged.&rft.pages=261%2C+%22Ksum%22+entry&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-94-012-0936-6&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfXPiAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiyama2015" class="citation conference cs1">Hiyama, Satomi (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/18453844">"Reflection on the Geopolitical Context of the Silk Road in the First and Second Indo-Iranian Style Wall Paintings in Kucha"</a>. Silk Road – Meditations: 2015 International Conference on the Kizil Cave Paintings, Collection of Research Papers. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Reflection+on+the+Geopolitical+Context+of+the+Silk+Road+in+the+First+and+Second+Indo-Iranian+Style+Wall+Paintings+in+Kucha&rft.btitle=Silk+Road+%E2%80%93+Meditations%3A+2015+International+Conference+on+the+Kizil+Cave+Paintings%2C+Collection+of+Research+Papers&rft.pages=81&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hiyama&rft.aufirst=Satomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F18453844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_Taishan201893-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu_Taishan201893_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu_Taishan201893_164-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYu_Taishan2018">Yu Taishan 2018</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003127–128-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003127–128_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003127–128_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003127–128_165-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003127–128_165-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003127–128_165-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003127–128_165-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003">de la Vaissière 2003</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003130,_note_31-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003130,_note_31_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003130,_note_31_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003130,_note_31_166-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003130,_note_31_166-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003130,_note_31_166-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003130,_note_31_166-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003">de la Vaissière 2003</a>, p. 130, note 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalogh2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfrnVDwAAQBAJpgPA88_88,_I.072]-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalogh2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfrnVDwAAQBAJpgPA88_88,_I.072]_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalogh2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfrnVDwAAQBAJpgPA88_88,_I.072]_167-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalogh2020">Balogh 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">88, I.072</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003125-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003125_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003">de la Vaissière 2003</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalogh2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfrnVDwAAQBAJpgPA51_51–52,_I.032]-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalogh2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfrnVDwAAQBAJpgPA51_51–52,_I.032]_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalogh2020">Balogh 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51">51–52, I.032</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-DB52-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DB52_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB52_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB52_170-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalogh2020">Balogh 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">52</a>. "Growing more and more powerful in the course of time, the Hua succeeded in conquering the neighbouring countries such as Bosi (<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanid Persia</a>), Panpan (<a href="/wiki/Tashkurgan" title="Tashkurgan">Tashkurgan</a>?), Jibin (<a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>), Wuchang (<a href="/wiki/Uddiyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Uddiyana">Uddiyana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>), Qiuci (<a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>), Shule (<a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>), Yutian (<a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>) and Goupan (<a href="/wiki/Kargilik_County" title="Kargilik County">Karghalik</a>), and expanded their territory by a thousand li" </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalogh2020">Balogh 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">47</a>. "When the Suolu (Northern Wei) entered (the Chinese frontier) and settled in the (valley of the river) Sanggan (i.e. in the period 398–494 CE), the Hua was still a small country and under the rule of the Ruirui. In the Qi period (479–502 CE), they left (their original area) for the first time and shifted to Moxian (possibly Samarkand), where they settled." </li> <li id="cite_note-DB88R-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DB88R_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB88R_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB88R_173-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB88R_173-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalogh2020">Balogh 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">88–89, I.072/A (Liangshu), I.072/B (Liang zhigongtu)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interpreters-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Interpreters_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interpreters_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interpreters_174-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLung2011" class="citation book cs1">Lung, Rachel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qsNoHtgkGPkC&pg=PA29">Interpreters in Early Imperial China</a>. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 29, n.14, 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2444-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2444-6"><bdi>978-90-272-2444-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreters+in+Early+Imperial+China&rft.pages=29%2C+n.14%2C+99&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-272-2444-6&rft.aulast=Lung&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqsNoHtgkGPkC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DB73-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DB73_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB73_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB73_175-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB73_175-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB73_175-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB73_175-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalogh2020">Balogh 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">73</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGe2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ge, Zhaoguang (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8674093/file/8674094.pdf">"Imagining a Universal Empire: a Study of the Illustrations of the Tributary States of the Myriad Regions Attributed to Li Gonglin"</a> (PDF). Journal of Chinese Humanities. 5: 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Humanities&rft.atitle=Imagining+a+Universal+Empire%3A+a+Study+of+the+Illustrations+of+the+Tributary+States+of+the+Myriad+Regions+Attributed+to+Li+Gonglin&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=128&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Ge&rft.aufirst=Zhaoguang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.ugent.be%2Fpublication%2F8674093%2Ffile%2F8674094.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELernerSims-Williams201135-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELernerSims-Williams201135_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELernerSims-Williams201135_177-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLernerSims-Williams2011">Lerner & Sims-Williams 2011</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuwayama2002" class="citation book cs1">Kuwayama, S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/120966">Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium</a>. Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2433%2F120966">2433/120966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+the+Hindukush+of+the+First+Millennium&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Institute+for+Research+in+Humanities%2C+Kyoto+University&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2433%2F120966&rft.aulast=Kuwayama&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2Fdspace%2Fhandle%2F2433%2F120966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_Taishan201889–90-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu_Taishan201889–90_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYu_Taishan2018">Yu Taishan 2018</a>, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003126-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003126_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003">de la Vaissière 2003</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-KHM14-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KHM14_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHM14_181-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlram_et_al.2012–2013">Alram et al. 2012–2013</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase14?language=en">exhibit: 14. KABULISTAN AND BACTRIA AT THE TIME OF "KHORASAN TEGIN SHAH"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125144404/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase14?language=en">Archived</a> 25 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMargottini2013">Margottini 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTK_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">9–10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2018" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Oliver (19 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA708">The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 708. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-256246-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-256246-3"><bdi>978-0-19-256246-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Bamiyan Buddhas dated from Hephthalite times</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=708&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft.isbn=978-0-19-256246-3&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA09WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CB99-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CB99_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB99_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB99_184-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB99_184-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB99_184-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB99_184-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB99_184-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB99_184-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumer2018">Baumer 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA99">99</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyun_Jin_Kim_2015_https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56_56-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hyun_Jin_Kim_2015_https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56_56_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyun_Jin_Kim_2015_https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56_56_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyun_Jin_Kim2015" class="citation book cs1">Hyun Jin Kim (2015). The Huns. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317340911" title="Special:BookSources/9781317340911"><bdi>9781317340911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Huns&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317340911&rft.au=Hyun+Jin+Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRILL-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BRILL_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRILL_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeelis2010" class="citation book cs1">Neelis, Jason (19 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA170">Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia</a>. BRILL. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18159-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18159-5"><bdi>978-90-04-18159-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Transmission+and+Trade+Networks%3A+Mobility+and+Exchange+Within+and+Beyond+the+Northwestern+Borderlands+of+South+Asia&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010-11-19&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18159-5&rft.aulast=Neelis&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGB-JV2eOr2UC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATD8-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ATD8_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATD8_187-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATD8_187-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATD8_187-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATD8_187-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATD8_187-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMargottini2013">Margottini 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTK_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">8–15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKageyama2016209-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKageyama2016209_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKageyama2016">Kageyama 2016</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsartofcentralasia00rowlpage93mode2up_93]-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsartofcentralasia00rowlpage93mode2up_93]_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowland1974">Rowland 1974</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofcentralasia00rowl/page/93/mode/2up">93</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurbanov2010">Kurbanov 2010</a>, p. 67. "Seizing large areas, the Hephthalites met with various kinds of art and of course, to some extent, acted as intermediary in the transfer of artistic traditions of one nation to another. It is here, in the opinion of Albaum, that the similarity of some of the figures in paintings from Balalyk-tepe and those from Bamiyan must be sought, which then was part of the Hephthalite state. Such similarities are exemplified by the right side triangular lapel, hair accessories and some ornamental motifs." </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzarpayBelenickijMaršakDresden1981" class="citation book cs1">Azarpay, Guitty; Belenickij, Aleksandr M.; Maršak, Boris Il'ič; Dresden, Mark J. (1981). Sogdian Painting: The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVSPEN4ap_0C&pg=PA92">92</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVSPEN4ap_0C&pg=PA93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03765-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03765-6"><bdi>978-0-520-03765-6</bdi></a>. <q>A striking parallel to the Balalyk tepe murals is offered by files of donors represented on the right and left walls of the vault of the 34 m Buddha at Bamiyan. (...) The remarkable overall stylistic and iconographic resemblance between the two sets of paintings would argue for their association with the artistic tradition of the Hephthalite ruling classes of <a href="/wiki/Tukharestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukharestan">Tukharestan</a> that survived the downfall of Hephthalite power in A.D. 577</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sogdian+Painting%3A+The+Pictorial+Epic+in+Oriental+Art&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03765-6&rft.aulast=Azarpay&rft.aufirst=Guitty&rft.au=Belenickij%2C+Aleksandr+M.&rft.au=Mar%C5%A1ak%2C+Boris+Il%27i%C4%8D&rft.au=Dresden%2C+Mark+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FG133-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FG133_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FG133_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FG133_192-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FG133_192-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenetRiboud2003" class="citation journal cs1">Grenet, Frantz; Riboud, Pénélope (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.podgorski.com/main/assets/documents/A_reflection_of_the_Hephtalite_empire.pdf">"A Reflection of the Hephthalite Empire: The Biographical Narra- tive in the Reliefs of the Tomb of the Sabao Wirkak (494-579)"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 133–143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=A+Reflection+of+the+Hephthalite+Empire%3A+The+Biographical+Narra-+tive+in+the+Reliefs+of+the+Tomb+of+the+Sabao+Wirkak+%28494-579%29&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=133-143&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rft.au=Riboud%2C+P%C3%A9n%C3%A9lope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.podgorski.com%2Fmain%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2FA_reflection_of_the_Hephtalite_empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FG141-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FG141_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FG141_193-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenetRiboud2003" class="citation journal cs1">Grenet, Frantz; Riboud, Pénélope (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.podgorski.com/main/assets/documents/A_reflection_of_the_Hephtalite_empire.pdf">"A Reflection of the Hephthalite Empire: The Biographical Narra- tive in the Reliefs of the Tomb of the Sabao Wirkak (494-579)"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 141–142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=A+Reflection+of+the+Hephthalite+Empire%3A+The+Biographical+Narra-+tive+in+the+Reliefs+of+the+Tomb+of+the+Sabao+Wirkak+%28494-579%29&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=141-142&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rft.au=Riboud%2C+P%C3%A9n%C3%A9lope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.podgorski.com%2Fmain%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2FA_reflection_of_the_Hephtalite_empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGRENETRIBOUD2003" class="citation journal cs1">GRENET, FRANTZ; RIBOUD, PÉNÉLOPE (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049311">"A Reflection of the Hephtalite Empire: The Biographical Narrative in the Reliefs of the Tomb of the Sabao Wirkak (494–579)"</a>. Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 138. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-4464">0890-4464</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049311">24049311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=A+Reflection+of+the+Hephtalite+Empire%3A+The+Biographical+Narrative+in+the+Reliefs+of+the+Tomb+of+the+Sabao+Wirkak+%28494%E2%80%93579%29&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=138&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24049311%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0890-4464&rft.aulast=GRENET&rft.aufirst=FRANTZ&rft.au=RIBOUD%2C+P%C3%89N%C3%89LOPE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24049311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2013370-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2013370_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurbanov2013">Kurbanov 2013</a>, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker2022164-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker2022164_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2022">Decker 2022</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaas2015[httpsbooksgooglecombookside0dcBAAAQBAJpgPA284_284]-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaas2015[httpsbooksgooglecombookside0dcBAAAQBAJpgPA284_284]_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaas2015">Maas 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e0dcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA284">284</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-HC368-200"><a href="#cite_ref-HC368_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarmattaLitvinsky1996">Harmatta & Litvinsky 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&pg=PA368">368</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNicollBall1996" class="citation book cs1">McNicoll, Anthony; Ball, Warwick (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SB1mAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA401">Excavations at Kandahar 1974 and 1975: The First Two Seasons at Shahr-i Kohna (Old Kandahar) Conducted by the British Institute of Afghan Studies</a>. British Archaeological Reports Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86054-826-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86054-826-3"><bdi>978-0-86054-826-3</bdi></a>. <q>Along with other Central Asian nomadic nations, the Hephthalites practices kurghan burial, and extensive Hephthalite necropoli have been excavated in Afghanistan at Sadiqabad near Charikar and Shakh Tepe near Qunduz. A kurghan necropolis has also been recorded in the Bamiyan Valley which, by association with the Bamiyan monuments, might also be Hephthalite ( or Yabghu ) (Note 25 See Levi 1972 69-70. It is surprising that in view of the importance of these tumulus burials and their possible association with Hephthalites in the Bamiyan Valley - they have gone unremarked in all the main authorities on Bamiyan, e.g., Klimburg - Salter 1989).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excavations+at+Kandahar+1974+and+1975%3A+The+First+Two+Seasons+at+Shahr-i+Kohna+%28Old+Kandahar%29+Conducted+by+the+British+Institute+of+Afghan+Studies&rft.pub=British+Archaeological+Reports+Limited&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-86054-826-3&rft.aulast=McNicoll&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Ball%2C+Warwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSB1mAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017177-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017177_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017">Rezakhani 2017</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPourshariati2011" class="citation book cs1">Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2011). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. I.B. Tauris. p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Sasanian+Empire%3A+The+Sasanian-Parthian+Confederacy+and+the+Arab+Conquest+of+Iran&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Pourshariati&rft.aufirst=Parvaneh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992" class="citation book cs1">Martindale, John R.; Jones, A.H.M.; Morris, John (1992). "Varaztiroch". The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume III, AD 527–641. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1363–1364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20160-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20160-8"><bdi>0-521-20160-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Varaztiroch&rft.btitle=The+Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+Volume+III%2C+AD+527%E2%80%93641&rft.pages=1363-1364&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-20160-8&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Jones%2C+A.H.M.&rft.au=Morris%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumer2018">Baumer 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA243">243</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contents.nahf.or.kr/goguryeo/afrosiab/english.html">"Afrosiab Wall Painting"</a>. NORTHEAST ASIAN HISTORY FOUNDATION.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afrosiab+Wall+Painting&rft.pub=NORTHEAST+ASIAN+HISTORY+FOUNDATION&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontents.nahf.or.kr%2Fgoguryeo%2Fafrosiab%2Fenglish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield2004" class="citation book cs1">Whitfield, Susan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ArWLD4Qop38C&pg=PA110">The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith</a>. British Library. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2"><bdi>978-1-932476-13-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+Trade%2C+Travel%2C+War+and+Faith&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=British+Library.+Serindia+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-932476-13-2&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArWLD4Qop38C%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009123-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009123_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009123_208-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009123_208-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009123_208-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009123_208-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009123_208-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FG1-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FG1_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FG1_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FG1_209-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FG1_209-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenet" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Grenet, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nezak">"NĒZAK"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Citing Tangshu XLIII, B, pp. 6–9 and Chavannes, Documents, p. 69, n. 2</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=N%C4%92ZAK&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fnezak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheobald2011" class="citation web cs1">Theobald, Ulrich (23 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/xiyu.html">"The Western Territories (xiyu 西域)"</a>. ChinaKnowledge.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChinaKnowledge.de&rft.atitle=The+Western+Territories+%28xiyu+%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%29&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft.aulast=Theobald&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FAltera%2Fxiyu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009132-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009132_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009132_211-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-CEB-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEB_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEB_212-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C.E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/badgis-region">"BĀḎḠĪS"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=B%C4%80%E1%B8%8E%E1%B8%A0%C4%AAS&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbadgis-region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007243–254-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007243–254_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2007">Kennedy 2007</a>, pp. 243–254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb192336–38-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb192336–38_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibb1923">Gibb 1923</a>, pp. 36–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197066–67-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaban197066–67_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaban1970">Shaban 1970</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsin1977" class="citation journal cs1">Esin, E. (1977). "Tarkhan Nīzak or Tarkhan Tirek? An Enquiry concerning the Prince of Badhghīs Who in A. H. 91/A. D. 709–710 Opposed the 'Omayyad Conquest of Central Asia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 97 (3): 330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F600737">10.2307/600737</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/600737">600737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Tarkhan+N%C4%ABzak+or+Tarkhan+Tirek%3F+An+Enquiry+concerning+the+Prince+of+Badhgh%C4%ABs+Who+in+A.+H.+91%2FA.+D.+709%E2%80%93710+Opposed+the+%27Omayyad+Conquest+of+Central+Asia&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=330&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F600737%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F600737&rft.aulast=Esin&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenturi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Venturi, Federica (2008). "An Old Tibetan document on the Uighurs: A new translation and interpretation". 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Histïria I Swiat. 7: 143–144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hist%C3%AFria+I+Swiat&rft.atitle=The+Kizil+Caves+as+an+terminus+post+quem+of+the+Central+and+Western+Asiatic+pear-shape+spangenhelm+type+helmets+The+David+Collection+helmet+and+its+place+in+the+evolution+of+multisegmented+dome+helmets%2C+Historia+i+%C5%9Awiat+nr+7%2F2018%2C+141-156.&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=143-144&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kubik&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36969235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HCCA139-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HCCA139_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCCA139_219-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCCA139_219-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCCA139_219-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLitvinsky1996">Litvinsky 1996</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&pg=PA139">139–140</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMA-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MMA_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MMA_220-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MMA_220-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MMA_220-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/325710">"Metropolitan Museum of Art (item 65.28a, b)"</a>. www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 13 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+%28item+65.28a%2C+b%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F325710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKageyama2016">Kageyama 2016</a>, p. 200. "Its scabbard is beautifully decorated with cloisonné and has a trapezoidal shape that widens at the end. The same dagger style is found in Kazakhstan, and similar works also appear in paintings from Pendzhikent and Kizil as well as Sogdian funerary reliefs from Anyang19. These highly decorated works may be more elaborate versions of the dagger with two suspension mounts produced under Hephthalite influence." </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKagayama2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kagayama, Etsuko (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/209942/1/zinbun_46_199.pdf">"Change of suspension systems of daggers and swords in eastern Eurasia: Its relation to the Hephthalite occupation of Central Asia"</a> (PDF). 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The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Imported+Luxuries+and+Exotic+Imagery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fexhibitions%2Flistings%2F2013%2Fkoreas-golden-kingdom%2Fabout-the-exhibition%2Fimported-goods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PS2017-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PS2017_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PS2017_224-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkupniewicz2017" class="citation book cs1">Skupniewicz, Patryk (2017). "Crowns, hats, turbans and helmets. The headgear: 'On the Helmet on the Capital at Ṭāq-e Bostān again'". 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"Just as later <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> empires were confederations of many peoples, we may tentatively propose that the ruling groups of these invaders were, or at least included, Turkic-speaking tribesmen from the east and north, although most probably the bulk of the people in the confederation of Chionites and then Hephhtalites spoke an Iranian language. In this case, as normal, the nomads adopted the written language, institutions and culture of the settled folks." </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2017" class="citation journal cs1">de la Vaissière, Étienne (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29974601">"Early Medieval Central Asian Population Estimates"</a>. 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Bakker">Bakker, Hans T.</a> (26 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/events/2016/11/monuments-of-hope-gloom-and-glory">Monuments of Hope, Gloom, and Glory in the Age of the Hunnic Wars: 50 years that changed India (484–534)</a> (Speech). 24th Gonda Lecture. Amsterdam. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.377032">10.5281/zenodo.377032</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708221146/https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/events/2016/11/monuments-of-hope-gloom-and-glory">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018. 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Khorasanian Marches" pp. 286, 347–348 </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilüfer_Köşker2016" class="citation book cs1">Nilüfer Köşker (2016). "Abdals in Cultural Geography of Anatolia". In Hülya YALDIR; Recep EFE; Elżbieta ZUZAŃSKA-ŻYŚKO; Mehmet ARSLAN (eds.). Current Topics in Social Sciences. Sofia: ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI UNIVERSITY PRESS. p. 585. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-07-4135-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-07-4135-2"><bdi>978-954-07-4135-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abdals+in+Cultural+Geography+of+Anatolia&rft.btitle=Current+Topics+in+Social+Sciences&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=585&rft.pub=ST.+KLIMENT+OHRIDSKI+UNIVERSITY+PRESS&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-954-07-4135-2&rft.au=Nil%C3%BCfer+K%C3%B6%C5%9Fker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2010241–242-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurbanov2010241–242_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurbanov2010">Kurbanov 2010</a>, pp. 241–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdylovMirzaahmedov200637-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdylovMirzaahmedov200637_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdylovMirzaahmedov2006">Adylov & Mirzaahmedov 2006</a>, p. 37. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdylovMirzaahmedov2006" class="citation book cs1">Adylov, Šuhrat T.; Mirzaahmedov, Jamal K. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6567274">On the History of the Ancient Town of Vardāna and the Objavija Feud in Ērān ud Anērān. Studies Presented to B. I. Maršak (1st part)</a>. Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+History+of+the+Ancient+Town+of+Vard%C4%81na+and+the+Objavija+Feud+in+%C4%92r%C4%81n+ud+An%C4%93r%C4%81n.+Studies+Presented+to+B.+I.+Mar%C5%A1ak+%281st+part%29&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Cafoscarina&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Adylov&rft.aufirst=%C5%A0uhrat+T.&rft.au=Mirzaahmedov%2C+Jamal+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6567274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlram2008" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alram, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.univie.ac.at/chwh/content/recentpublications/NZ_2008_ALRAM.pdf">"Ein Schatzfund Hephthalitischer Drachmen Aus Baktrien"</a> [A treasure discovery of Hephthalite Drachms from Bactria] (PDF). Numismatische Zeitschrift (in German). Vol. 116/117. pp. 253–268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numismatische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Ein+Schatzfund+Hephthalitischer+Drachmen+Aus+Baktrien&rft.volume=116%2F117&rft.pages=253-268&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Alram&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.univie.ac.at%2Fchwh%2Fcontent%2Frecentpublications%2FNZ_2008_ALRAM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlram2014" class="citation journal cs1">Alram, Michael (2014). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush". 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Barkhuis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-93194-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-93194-01-4"><bdi>978-94-93194-01-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunnic+Peoples+in+Central+and+South+Asia%3A+Sources+for+their+Origin+and+History&rft.pub=Barkhuis&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.isbn=978-94-93194-01-4&rft.aulast=Balogh&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1niel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfrnVDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2018" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ">The History of Central Asia</a>. 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Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-300-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-300-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-300-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Along+the+Ancient+Silk+Routes%3A+Central+Asian+Art+from+the+West+Berlin+State+Museums&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-300-8&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4rtel&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Yaldiz%2C+Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AlongtheAncientSilkRoutesCentralAsianArtfromtheWestBerlinStateMuseums">Internet Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BLuaphht8XwC">Google Books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlyasov2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ilyasov, Jangar (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24635305">"The Hephthalite Terracotta"</a>. Silk Road Art and Archaeology. 7. Kamakura: 187–200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Silk+Road+Art+and+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Hephthalite+Terracotta&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=187-200&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ilyasov&rft.aufirst=Jangar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24635305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKageyama2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kageyama, Etsuko (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111061042/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/367d/07dc9bac6cd552b41c12882f8278c129e3d2.pdf">"The Winged Crown and the Triple-crescent Crown in the Sogdian Funerary Monuments from China: Their Relation to the Hephthalite Occupation of Central Asia"</a> (PDF). Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology. 2: 11–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.JIAAA.2.302540">10.1484/J.JIAAA.2.302540</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130640638">130640638</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/367d/07dc9bac6cd552b41c12882f8278c129e3d2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inner+Asian+Art+and+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Winged+Crown+and+the+Triple-crescent+Crown+in+the+Sogdian+Funerary+Monuments+from+China%3A+Their+Relation+to+the+Hephthalite+Occupation+of+Central+Asia&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=11-22&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.JIAAA.2.302540&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130640638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kageyama&rft.aufirst=Etsuko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F367d%2F07dc9bac6cd552b41c12882f8278c129e3d2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKageyama2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kageyama, Etsuko (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/209942/1/zinbun_46_199.pdf">"Change of suspension systems of daggers and swords in eastern Eurasia: Its relation to the Hephthalite occupation of Central Asia"</a> (PDF). ZINBUN. 46: 199–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14989%2F209942">10.14989/209942</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130594467">130594467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZINBUN&rft.atitle=Change+of+suspension+systems+of+daggers+and+swords+in+eastern+Eurasia%3A+Its+relation+to+the+Hephthalite+occupation+of+Central+Asia&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=199-212&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14989%2F209942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130594467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kageyama&rft.aufirst=Etsuko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2433%2F209942%2F1%2Fzinbun_46_199.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KBQOAQAAMAAJ">The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In</a>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81740-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81740-3"><bdi>978-0-306-81740-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Arab+Conquests%3A+How+the+Spread+of+Islam+Changed+the+World+We+Live+In&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81740-3&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBQOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurbanov2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.podgorski.com/main/assets/documents/Hephthalites_Kurbanov.pdf">The Hephthalites: Archaeological and Historical Analysis</a> (PDF) (PhD). Berlin: Berlin Freie Universität. Retrieved 5 September 2012 – via Freie Universitat Berlin Repository.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Hephthalites%3A+Archaeological+and+Historical+Analysis&rft.inst=Berlin+Freie+Universit%C3%A4t&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kurbanov&rft.aufirst=Aydogdy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.podgorski.com%2Fmain%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2FHephthalites_Kurbanov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurbanov2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oaji.net/articles/2017/4586-1488632478.pdf">"The Hephthalite Numismatics"</a> (PDF). Tyragetia. 7 (1): 369–380.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tyragetia&rft.atitle=The+Hephthalite+Numismatics&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=369-380&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kurbanov&rft.aufirst=Aydogdy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foaji.net%2Farticles%2F2017%2F4586-1488632478.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurbanov2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oaji.net/articles/2017/4586-1488311404.pdf">"The Hephthalites: Iconographical Materials"</a> (PDF). Tyragetia. 8 (1): 317–334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tyragetia&rft.atitle=The+Hephthalites%3A+Iconographical+Materials&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=317-334&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kurbanov&rft.aufirst=Aydogdy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foaji.net%2Farticles%2F2017%2F4586-1488311404.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2010" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Judith A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/743914">Observations on the Typology and Style of Seals and Sealings from Bactria and the Indo-Iranian Borderlands, in Coins, Art and Chronology II. The First Millennium CE in the Indo-Iranian Borderlands</a>. Vienna: ÖAW.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Observations+on+the+Typology+and+Style+of+Seals+and+Sealings+from+Bactria+and+the+Indo-Iranian+Borderlands%2C+in+Coins%2C+Art+and+Chronology+II.+The+First+Millennium+CE+in+the+Indo-Iranian+Borderlands&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=%C3%96AW&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Judith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F743914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLernerSims-Williams2011" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Judith A.; Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2011). Seals, sealings and tokens from Bactria to Gandhara : 4th to 8th century CE. Wien: Verlag der <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichischen_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften">Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-6897-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-6897-3"><bdi>978-3-7001-6897-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seals%2C+sealings+and+tokens+from+Bactria+to+Gandhara+%3A+4th+to+8th+century+CE&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-7001-6897-3&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Judith+A.&rft.au=Sims-Williams%2C+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Litvinsky, B.A. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA135">The Hephthalite Empire</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFLitvinskyGuang-daSamghabadi1996">Litvinsky, Guang-da & Samghabadi (1996)</a>, pp. 135–162.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvinskyGuang-daSamghabadi1996" class="citation book cs1">Litvinsky, B.A.; Guang-da, Zhang; Samghabadi, R. Shabani, eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC">History of Civilizations of Central Asia</a>. Volume III: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Paris: UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103211-0"><bdi>978-92-3-103211-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Volume+III%3A+The+crossroads+of+civilizations%3A+A.D.+250+to+750&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103211-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D883OZBe2sMYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almuslih.org/Library/Litvinsky,%20B%20(ed)%20-%20History%20of%20Civilizations.pdf">Alternate PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513003620/https://www.almuslih.org/Library/Litvinsky,%20B%20(ed)%20-%20History%20of%20Civilizations.pdf">Archived</a> 13 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas2015" class="citation book cs1">Maas, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e0dcBAAAQBAJ">The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02175-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02175-4"><bdi>978-1-107-02175-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Age+of+Attila&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02175-4&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De0dcBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargottini2013" class="citation book cs1">Margottini, Claudio (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTK_BAAAQBAJ">After the Destruction of Giant Buddha Statues in Bamiyan (Afghanistan) in 2001: A UNESCO's Emergency Activity for the Recovering and Rehabilitation of Cliff and Niches</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-30051-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-30051-6"><bdi>978-3-642-30051-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Destruction+of+Giant+Buddha+Statues+in+Bamiyan+%28Afghanistan%29+in+2001%3A+A+UNESCO%27s+Emergency+Activity+for+the+Recovering+and+Rehabilitation+of+Cliff+and+Niches&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-642-30051-6&rft.aulast=Margottini&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTK_BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2007" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. 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Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3"><bdi>978-0-231-13924-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13924-3&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FVsWq31MtMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaymark2001" class="citation thesis cs1">Naymark, Aleksandr (August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27959139">Sogdiana, its Christians, and Byzantium: a Study of Artistic and Cultural Connections in Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages</a> (Ph.D. Dissertation). Bloomington: Department of Central Eurasian Studies and Department of Art History, Indiana University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Sogdiana%2C+its+Christians%2C+and+Byzantium%3A+a+Study+of+Artistic+and+Cultural+Connections+in+Late+Antiquity+and+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.inst=Department+of+Central+Eurasian+Studies+and+Department+of+Art+History%2C+Indiana+University&rft.date=2001-08&rft.aulast=Naymark&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27959139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezakhani2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khodadad_Rezakhani" title="Khodadad Rezakhani">Rezakhani, Khodadad</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjVYDwAAQBAJ">ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity</a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0030-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0030-5"><bdi>978-1-4744-0030-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ReOrienting+the+Sasanians%3A+East+Iran+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5&rft.aulast=Rezakhani&rft.aufirst=Khodadad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVjVYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezakhani2017a" class="citation book cs1">Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017a). "From the Kushans to the Western Turks". In Touraj Daryaee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32671225">King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE)</a>. Ancient Iran Series. Vol. IV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-692-86440-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-692-86440-1"><bdi>978-0-692-86440-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Kushans+to+the+Western+Turks&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Seven+Climes%3A+A+History+of+the+Ancient+Iranian+World+%283000+BCE+-+651+CE%29&rft.series=Ancient+Iran+Series&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-692-86440-1&rft.aulast=Rezakhani&rft.aufirst=Khodadad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32671225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland1974" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Benjamin (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115041309/https://www.scribd.com/document/291810602/The-Art-of-Central-Asia-Art-of-the-World">The Art of Central Asia</a>. New York: Crown. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/291810602/The-Art-of-Central-Asia-Art-of-the-World">the original</a> on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F291810602%2FThe-Art-of-Central-Asia-Art-of-the-World&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofcentralasia00rowl">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundermannHintzede_Blois2009" class="citation book cs1">Sundermann, Werner; Hintze, Almut; de Blois, François (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3gOdaiXNKkC">Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05937-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05937-4"><bdi>978-3-447-05937-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exegisti+Monumenta%3A+Festschrift+in+Honour+of+Nicholas+Sims-Williams&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05937-4&rft.aulast=Sundermann&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Hintze%2C+Almut&rft.au=de+Blois%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db3gOdaiXNKkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaban1970" class="citation book cs1">Shaban, M. A. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_03AAAAIAAJ">The ʿAbbāsid Revolution</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29534-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29534-3"><bdi>0-521-29534-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%CA%BFAbb%C4%81sid+Revolution&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-521-29534-3&rft.aulast=Shaban&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_03AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2009" class="citation book cs1">West, Barbara A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC">Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1913-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCiNqFj3MQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu_Taishan2018" class="citation journal cs1">Yu Taishan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38799949">"The Illustration of Envoys Presenting Tribute at the Liang Court"</a>. Eurasian Studies. VI: 68–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Illustration+of+Envoys+Presenting+Tribute+at+the+Liang+Court&rft.volume=VI&rft.pages=68-122&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Yu+Taishan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38799949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeimal1994" class="citation journal cs1">Zeimal, E.V. (1994). "The Circulation of Coins in Central Asia during the Early Medieval Period (Fifth–Eighth Centuries A.D.)". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 8: 245–267. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-4464">0890-4464</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048777">24048777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Circulation+of+Coins+in+Central+Asia+during+the+Early+Medieval+Period+%28Fifth%E2%80%93Eighth+Centuries+A.D.%29&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=245-267&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24048777%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0890-4464&rft.aulast=Zeimal&rft.aufirst=E.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Zeimal, E.V. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA119">The Kidarite kingdom in Central Asia</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFLitvinskyGuang-daSamghabadi1996">Litvinsky, Guang-da & Samghabadi (1996)</a>, pp. 119–134.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dickens, Mark (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-2200?rskey=sTgHue&result=10">"Hephthalites (White Huns, Abdelai, Hayatila, Hua)"</a>. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity">The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hephthalites+%28White+Huns%2C+Abdelai%2C+Hayatila%2C+Hua%29&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-2200%3Frskey%3DsTgHue%26result%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrignaschi1980" class="citation journal cs1">Grignaschi, M. (1980). "La Chute De L'Empire Hephthalite Dans Les Sources Byzantines et Perses et Le Probleme Des Avar". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungarica. 28. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Antiqua+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungarica&rft.atitle=La+Chute+De+L%27Empire+Hephthalite+Dans+Les+Sources+Byzantines+et+Perses+et+Le+Probleme+Des+Avar&rft.volume=28&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Grignaschi&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaussig1983" class="citation book cs1">Haussig, Hans Wilhelm (1983). Die Geschichte Zentralasiens und der Seidenstraße in vorislamischer Zeit. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-534-07869-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-534-07869-1"><bdi>3-534-07869-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Geschichte+Zentralasiens+und+der+Seidenstra%C3%9Fe+in+vorislamischer+Zeit&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=3-534-07869-1&rft.aulast=Haussig&rft.aufirst=Hans+Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorony1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Morony, M. (1986). "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-ii">Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2</a>. pp. 203–210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFARAB+ii.+Arab+conquest+of+Iran&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Fasc.+2&rft.pages=203-210&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Morony&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farab-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheophylaktos_Simokates" class="citation book cs1">Theophylaktos Simokates. P. Schreiner (ed.). Geschichte.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte&rft.au=Theophylaktos+Simokates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hephthalites" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/Tezcan_Apar.pdf">"The Ethnonym Apar in the Turkish Inscriptions of the VIII. Century and Armenian Manuscripts" Dr. Mehmet Tezcan.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicalchina.net/admin/WebEdit/UploadFile/AfrasiabXH.pdf">The Anthropology of Yanda (Chinese)</a> pdf</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040710093544/http://www.geocities.com/pak_history/hephthalites.html">The Silkroad Foundation</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_(diplomat)" title="Charles Eliot (diplomat)">Eliot, Charles Norton Edgcumbe</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ephthalites">"Ephthalites" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). pp. 679–680.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ephthalites&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=679-680&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=Charles+Norton+Edgcumbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHephthalites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Hephthalite">Columbia Encyclopedia: Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anythinganywhere.com/commerce/coins/coinpics/indi-heph.htm">Hephthalite coins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027002731/http://geocities.com/ziadnumis/home">Hephthalite History and Coins of the Kashmir Smast Kingdom- Waleed Ziad</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 27 October 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310060957/http://www.rick-heli.info/silkroad/eph.html">The Hephthalites of Central Asia – by Richard Heli</a> (long article with a timeline)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050209163941/http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/exhibit/hephthalites/essay.html">The Hephthalites</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 9 February 2005) Article archived from the University of Washington's Silk Road exhibition – has a slightly adapted form of the Richard Heli timeline.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/Tezcan_Apar.pdf">(pdf)</a> The Ethnonym Apar in the Turkish Inscriptions of the VIII. Century and Armenian Manuscripts – Mehmet Tezcan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38822653/Records_Relevant_to_the_Hephthalites_in_Ancient_Chinese_Historical_Works">Records Relevant to the Hephthalites in Ancient Chinese Historical Works</a>, collected by Yu Taishan (2016).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Central_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" title="Template:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">Ancient Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/ dates</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></th> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Trans-Jaxartes steppes</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="13">Preceded by: <a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology">Chronology of the Neolithic period</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3500–2500 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="13">(Eastern migration of the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>,as far as the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> region) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="12" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400–2000 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Goddess,_Western_Central_Asia,_Bronze_Age_Bactria,_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE,_chlorite_and_limestone,_Miho_Museum,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/35px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/53px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/70px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2138" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–1900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronovo Culture">Andronovo Culture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="3"><big><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a></big> <a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a> <a href="/wiki/Tomyris" title="Tomyris">Tomyris</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> <a href="/wiki/Skunkha" title="Skunkha">Skunkha</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan culture</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazyryk Culture">Pazyryk Culture</a>) <a href="/wiki/File:PazyrikHorseman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/30px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/45px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/60px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><big><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></big> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–256 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><big>Hellenistic Period</big> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander I</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>256–160 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><big><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></big> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="1" rowspan="8"><big><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></big> <a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a> <a href="/wiki/Laoshang" title="Laoshang">Laoshang</a> <big><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnic tribes">Hunnic tribes</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>160–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><big><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></big> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a> <a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Eucratides" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucratides">Eucratides</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">141 BCE–30 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3"><big><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></big> <a href="/wiki/Arseiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Arseiles">Arseiles</a> <a href="/wiki/Sapadbizes" title="Sapadbizes">Sapadbizes</a> <a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">30 –224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><big><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></big> <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> <a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a> <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka I</a> <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">224–350 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2" rowspan="7"><big><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></big> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a> <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><big><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushano-Sasanians">Kushano-Sasanians</a></big> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I_Kushanshah" title="Ardashir I Kushanshah">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I_Kushanshah" title="Peroz I Kushanshah">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd I Kushanshah">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd II Kushanshah">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_II_Kushanshah" title="Peroz II Kushanshah">Peroz II</a> <a href="/wiki/Varahran_Kushanshah" title="Varahran Kushanshah">Varahran</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><big><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></big> Wanunkhur </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">320 CE–467 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><big><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></big> Yosada <a href="/wiki/Kirada" title="Kirada">Kirada</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_(Kidarite)" title="Peroz (Kidarite)">Peroz</a> <a href="/wiki/Kidara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidara">Kidara</a> <a href="/wiki/Grumbates" title="Grumbates">Grumbates</a> Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II) <a href="/wiki/Goboziko" class="mw-redirect" title="Goboziko">Goboziko</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">370 CE–540 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><big><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></big> <a href="/wiki/Khingila" class="mw-redirect" title="Khingila">Khingila</a> <a href="/wiki/Javukha" title="Javukha">Javukha</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehama" title="Mehama">Mehama</a> Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman <a href="/wiki/Toramana" title="Toramana">Toramana</a> <a href="/wiki/Mihirakula" title="Mihirakula">Mihirakula</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">440 CE–560 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><big><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hephthalites</a></big> <a href="/wiki/Akhshunwar" title="Akhshunwar">Akhshunwar</a> Kun-khi Ghadfar </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">560 CE–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><big><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></big> (<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuwu" title="Ashina Tuwu">Ashina Tuwu</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bumin_Qaghan" title="Bumin Qaghan">Bumin Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Issik_Qaghan" title="Issik Qaghan">Issik Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Muqan_Qaghan" title="Muqan Qaghan">Muqan Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Taspar_Qaghan" title="Taspar Qaghan">Taspar Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Amrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrak">Ashina Anluo</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Qaghan" title="Ishbara Qaghan">Ishbara Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Qaghan" title="Bagha Qaghan">Bagha Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulan_Qaghan" title="Tulan Qaghan">Tulan Qaghan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%A4mi" title="Istämi">Istämi</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Empress_Ashina" title="Empress Ashina">Empress Ashina</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Apa_Qaghan" title="Apa Qaghan">Apa Qaghan</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Yangsu_Tegin" title="Yangsu Tegin">Yangsu Tegin</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Tamgan" title="Tamgan">Tamgan</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">560 CE–625 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><big><a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turks</a></big> (vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> 657–742) <a href="/wiki/Niri_Qaghan" title="Niri Qaghan">Niri Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Heshana_Khagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshana Khagan">Heshana Khagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheguy" title="Sheguy">Sheguy</a> <a href="/wiki/Tong_Yabghu_Qaghan" title="Tong Yabghu Qaghan">Tong Yabghu Qaghan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">625 CE–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></big> <a href="/wiki/Tardush_Shad" title="Tardush Shad">Tardush Shad</a> Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Sibir" title="Külüg Sibir">Külüg Sibir</a> <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Bolun_Cabgu" class="mw-redirect" title="Irbis Bolun Cabgu">Irbis Bolun Cabgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Duolu_Qaghan" title="Duolu Qaghan">Duolu Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Tolis" title="Ishbara Tolis">Ishbara Tolis</a> <a href="/wiki/Yukuk_Shad" title="Yukuk Shad">Yukuk Shad</a> <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Seguy" title="Irbis Seguy">Irbis Seguy</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Helu" title="Ashina Helu">Ashina Helu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>651–673 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>673–751 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="3"><big><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><big><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East">Rulers of the Ancient Near-East</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Magadha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Perm" title="Great Perm">Permian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kyivan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Huns" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Huns" title="Template:Huns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Huns" title="Template talk:Huns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Huns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Huns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Huns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Huns" title="Origin of the Huns">Origin of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Huns" title="List of Huns">List of Huns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Huns" title="List of kings of the Huns">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balamber" title="Balamber">Balamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uldin" title="Uldin">Uldin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octar" title="Octar">Octar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaton" title="Charaton">Charaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugila" title="Rugila">Rugila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleda" title="Bleda">Bleda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellac" title="Ellac">Ellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengizich" title="Dengizich">Dengizich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernak" title="Ernak">Ernak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilgibis" title="Zilgibis">Zilgibis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigan_(Hun_commander)" title="Aigan (Hun commander)">Aigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathar" title="Alathar">Alathar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althias" title="Althias">Althias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambazuces" title="Ambazuces">Ambazuces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsich" title="Apsich">Apsich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascan" title="Ascan">Ascan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascum" title="Ascum">Ascum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basich" title="Basich">Basich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochas_(Hun)" title="Bochas (Hun)">Bochas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalazar" title="Chalazar">Chalazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelchal" title="Chelchal">Chelchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cours_(Byzantine_general)" title="Cours (Byzantine general)">Cours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmingir" title="Elmingir">Elmingir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glom_(Hun)" title="Glom (Hun)">Glom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormidac" title="Hormidac">Hormidac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursich" title="Kursich">Kursich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudaricus" title="Laudaricus">Laudaricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundus_(magister_militum)" title="Mundus (magister militum)">Mundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odolgan" title="Odolgan">Odolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optila" title="Optila">Optila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnaris" title="Ragnaris">Ragnaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanoeces" title="Sanoeces">Sanoeces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigizan" title="Sigizan">Sigizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmas" title="Simmas">Simmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunicas" title="Sunicas">Sunicas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrach" title="Tarrach">Tarrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraustila" title="Thraustila">Thraustila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuldila" title="Tuldila">Tuldila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgun" title="Turgun">Turgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranx" title="Tyranx">Tyranx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uldach" title="Uldach">Uldach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolban" title="Zolban">Zolban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noblemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atakam" title="Atakam">Atakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emnetzur" title="Emnetzur">Emnetzur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordas" title="Gordas">Gordas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamas_(Hun_prince)" title="Mamas (Hun prince)">Mamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundzuk" title="Mundzuk">Mundzuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oebarsius" title="Oebarsius">Oebarsius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onegesius" title="Onegesius">Onegesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultzindur" title="Ultzindur">Ultzindur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berichus" title="Berichus">Berichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edeko" title="Edeko">Edeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eslas" title="Eslas">Eslas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottas" title="Scottas">Scottas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable Huns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamis" title="Adamis">Adamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatus_(Huns)" title="Donatus (Huns)">Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskam" title="Eskam">Eskam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskam%27s_daughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskam's daughter">Eskam's daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ildico" title="Ildico">Ildico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreka" title="Kreka">Kreka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadamerca" title="Vadamerca">Vadamerca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerco" title="Zerco">Zerco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_language" title="Hunnic language">Hunnic language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_invasion_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" title="Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire">Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tanais_River" title="Battle of the Tanais River">Battle of the Tanais River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(405)" title="Siege of Florence (405)">Siege of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faesulae_(406)" title="Battle of Faesulae (406)">Battle of Faesulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arles_(435)" title="Battle of Arles (435)">Battle of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Utus" title="Battle of the Utus">Battle of the Utus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains" title="Battle of the Catalaunian Plains">Battle of the Catalaunian Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Aquileia" title="Sack of Aquileia">Sack of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Padua" title="Sack of Padua">Sack of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Milan" title="Siege of Milan">Siege of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nedao" title="Battle of Nedao">Battle of Nedao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassianae" title="Battle of Bassianae">Battle of Bassianae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Hunnic peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchons</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hephthalites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadiseni" title="Cadiseni">Cadiseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Hunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Huns" title="Iranian Huns">Iranian Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_Huns" title="North Caucasian Huns">North Caucasian Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Huns" title="White Huns">White Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xionites" title="Xionites">Xionites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attila_in_popular_culture" title="Attila in popular culture">Attila in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akatziri" title="Akatziri">Akatziri tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Origin of the Székelys">Origin of the Székelys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&oldid=1257662021">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hephthalites&oldid=1257662021</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hephthalites" title="Category:Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nomadic_groups_in_Eurasia" title="Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia">Nomadic groups in Eurasia</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFBlänsdorfNadeauGrootesHüls2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonasli2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosworth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosworth1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosworthClauson1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheginiNikitin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCompareti2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCompareti2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosmoMaas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniLitvinskyZamir_Safi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Wilmshurst2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDecker2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDignasWinter2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinesh_Prasad_Saklani1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliot1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnoki1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnoki1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsin1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedorov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisherYarshater1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrye\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrye2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGRENETRIBOUD2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGankovsky1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsworthy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraff2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenet\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenet2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenetRiboud2003\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGrenetur_RahmanSims-Williams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrignaschi1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrousset1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarmattaLitvinsky1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaussig1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidemann2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigham2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiyama2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyun_Jin_Kim2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHärtelYaldiz1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlyasov2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKURBANOV2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKagayama2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKageyama2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKageyama2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKausch2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubik2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurbanov2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurbanov2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurbanov2013a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurbanov2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuwayama2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLerner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLernerSims-Williams2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitvinsky1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitvinskyGuang-daSamghabadi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivshits2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLomazoffRalby2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLung2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM.A._Shaban1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMUZIO2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargottini2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaršak1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNicollBall1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehmet_Tezcan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillward2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillward2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinorsky\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgenstierne1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorony1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaymark2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeelis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson2018\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFNilüfer_Köşker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPei_裴2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotts2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPourshariati2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRakhmanov2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezakhani2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezakhani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezakhani2017a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchottky\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchottky2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaban1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinor1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkupniewicz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolovev2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolovyov2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthern2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSundermannHintzede_Blois2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheobald2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTheophylaktos_Simokates\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpendra_Thakur1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenturi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitfield2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitfield2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFYu_Taishan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu_Taishan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeimal1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeimal1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Vaissiere2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Annotated image\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotation\"] = 25,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 6,\n [\"Center\"] = 9,\n [\"Central Asian history\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 79,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Continental Asia in 500 CE\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"Empires\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Gbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 30,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 3,\n [\"History of Central Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Huns\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Kennedy-The Great Arab Conquests\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 3,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 36,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 9,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"ODLA\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rulers of the Ancient Central Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 190,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"SimpleNuclide\"] = 1,\n [\"The Arab Conquests in Central Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nMark placed outside map boundaries without outside flag set. x = 103.125, y = 3.0769230769231\nParent is Template:Location map~\nargs = table#1 {\n metatable = table#2\n \"India\",\n \"N\",\n \"E\",\n [\"label\"] = \"[[Northern Wei|\u003Cdiv class=\\\"center\\\" style=\\\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;\\\"\u003ENorthern Wei\u003C/div\u003E]]\",\n [\"label_size\"] = \"80\",\n [\"lat\"] = \"36.5\",\n [\"long\"] = \"100\",\n [\"mark\"] = \"1000x1.png\",\n [\"marksize\"] = \"0\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","620","22.3"],["?","540","19.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","220","7.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","4.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","4.3"],["type","100","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","100","3.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","2.9"],["[others]","600","21.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-hp6sh","timestamp":"20241123151406","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hephthalites","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hephthalites","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q26576","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q26576","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-02T01:59:52Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T01:47:50Z","headline":"nomadic confederation in Central Asia during the late antiquity period"}</script> </body> </html>