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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 India House </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-India_House-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle India House subsection </button> <ul id="toc-India_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_Home_Rule_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Home_Rule_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Indian Home Rule Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Home_Rule_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Indian_Sociologist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Indian_Sociologist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The Indian Sociologist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Indian_Sociologist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Savarkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savarkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Savarkar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Savarkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Transformation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culmination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culmination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Culmination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culmination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Countermeasures </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Countermeasures subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scotland_Yard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland_Yard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Scotland Yard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland_Yard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Criminal_Intelligence_Department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Criminal_Intelligence_Department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Central Criminal Intelligence Department </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Criminal_Intelligence_Department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Special_Branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Special_Branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Indian Special Branch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Special_Branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationalist_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalist_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nationalist movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalist_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_Houses_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_Houses_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 India Houses abroad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_Houses_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 World War I </div> </a> <ul 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a former Indian nationalist building in London. For the current functioning diplomatic mission, see <a href="/wiki/India_House,_London" title="India House, London">India House, London</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/India_House_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="India House (disambiguation)">India House (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_House_today.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/India_House_today.jpg/220px-India_House_today.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/India_House_today.jpg/330px-India_House_today.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/India_House_today.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>India House today. A number of <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaques</a> commemorate the stay of its various residents including <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_House_collage2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/India_House_collage2.jpg/220px-India_House_collage2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/77/India_House_collage2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Dhingra" title="Madan Lal Dhingra">Dhingra</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._V._S._Aiyar" title="V. V. S. Aiyar">Aiyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senapati_Bapat" class="mw-redirect" title="Senapati Bapat">Bapat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maud_Gonne" title="Maud Gonne">Gonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya" title="M. P. T. Acharya">Acharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anant_Laxman_Kanhere" title="Anant Laxman Kanhere">Kanhere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chempakaraman_Pillai" title="Chempakaraman Pillai">Pillai</a>. Centre: <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a>, September 1908 issue.</figcaption></figure> India House was a student residence that existed between 1905 and 1910 at Cromwell Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Highgate" title="Highgate">Highgate</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_London" title="North London">North London</a>. With the patronage of lawyer <a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a>, it was opened to promote nationalist views among Indian students in Britain. This institute used to grant scholarships to Indian youths for higher studies in England. The building rapidly became a hub for <a href="/wiki/Political_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political activism">political activism</a>, one of the most prominent for overseas <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">revolutionary Indian nationalism</a>. "India House" came to informally refer to the nationalist organisations that used the building at various times. Patrons of India House published an anti-colonialist newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> banned as "<a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">seditious</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FischerTine334-1">[1]</a> A number of prominent Indian revolutionaries and nationalists were associated with India House, including <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhikaji_Cama" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikaji Cama">Bhikaji Cama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">V.N. Chatterjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lala_Har_Dayal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lala Har Dayal">Lala Har Dayal</a>, <a href="/wiki/V.V.S._Aiyar" class="mw-redirect" title="V.V.S. Aiyar">V.V.S. Aiyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya" title="M. P. T. Acharya">M.P.T. Acharya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senapati_Bapat" class="mw-redirect" title="Senapati Bapat">P.M. Bapat</a>. In 1909, a member of India House, <a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Dhingra" title="Madan Lal Dhingra">Madan Lal Dhingra</a>, assassinated <a href="/wiki/William_Hutt_Curzon_Wyllie" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hutt Curzon Wyllie">Sir W.H. Curzon Wyllie</a>, political aide-de-camp to the Secretary of State for India. The investigations by <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Political_Intelligence_Office" title="Indian Political Intelligence Office">Indian Political Intelligence Office</a> that followed the assassination sent the organisation into decline. A crackdown on India House activities by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> prompted a number of its members to leave Britain for France, Germany and the United States. Many members of the house were involved in revolutionary conspiracies in India. The network created by India House played a key part in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a> for nationalist revolution in India during World War I. In the coming decades, India House <a href="/wiki/Alumni" title="Alumni">alumni</a> went on to play a leading role in the founding of <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">Indian communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> The consolidation of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a>'s rule in the Indian subcontinent during the 18th century brought about socio-economic changes which led to the rise of an Indian middle class and steadily eroded pre-colonial socio-religious institutions and barriers.<a href="#cite_note-Mitra63-2">[2]</a> The emerging economic and financial power of Indian business-owners and merchants and the professional class brought them increasingly into conflict with the British Raj. A rising political consciousness among the native Indian social elite (including lawyers, doctors, university graduates, government officials and similar groups) spawned an Indian identity<a href="#cite_note-Crotty158-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Desaixxxiii-4">[4]</a> and fed a growing nationalist sentiment in India in the last decades of the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-Desai30-5">[5]</a> The creation in 1885 of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in India by the political reformer <a href="/wiki/Allan_Octavian_Hume" title="Allan Octavian Hume">A.O. Hume</a> intensified the process by providing an important platform from which demands could be made for political liberalisation, increased autonomy, and social reform.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav6-6">[6]</a> The leaders of the Congress advocated dialogue and debate with the Raj administration to achieve their political goals. Distinct from these moderate voices (or loyalists) who did not preach or support violence was the nationalist movement, which grew particularly strong, radical and violent in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a>. Notable, if smaller, movements also appeared in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Madras">Madras</a> and other areas across the south.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav6-6">[6]</a> The controversial <a href="/wiki/1905_partition_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 partition of Bengal">1905 partition of Bengal</a> escalated the growing unrest, stimulating radical nationalist sentiments and becoming a driving force for Indian revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-Bose117-7">[7]</a> From its inception, the Congress had also sought to shape public opinion in Britain in favour of Indian political autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav6-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Owen63-8">[8]</a> The Congress's <a href="/wiki/British_Committee_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="British Committee of the Indian National Congress">British Committee</a>, established in 1889, published a periodical called India which featured moderate, loyalist opinion and provided information about India tailored to a British readership.<a href="#cite_note-Owen37-9">[9]</a> The committee was successful in calling the British public's attention to issues of civil liberties in India, but it largely failed to bring about political change, prompting socialists such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyndman" title="Henry Hyndman">Henry Hyndman</a> to advocate a more radical approach.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav7-10">[10]</a> In 1893 an "Indian committee" was established in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a> as a pressure group to influence policy directly,<a href="#cite_note-Yadav7-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Owen62-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pasricha32-12">[12]</a> but it grew increasingly distant from an emerging movement which advocated <a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">absolute Indian self-governance</a>. Nationalist leaders in India (such as <a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a>, who led the agitation against the Bengal partition) and Indian students in Britain criticised the committee for what they perceived as its overcautious approach.<a href="#cite_note-Owen63-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Owen62-11">[11]</a> Against this background, coincident with the political upheaval caused by the 1905 partition of Bengal, a nationalist lawyer named <a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a> founded India House in London.<a href="#cite_note-Abel110-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India_House">India House</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: India House">edit</a>]</div> India House is a large <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Mansion">Victorian Mansion</a> at 65 Cromwell Avenue, <a href="/wiki/Highgate" title="Highgate">Highgate</a>, North London. It was inaugurated on 1 July 1905 by Henry Hyndman in a ceremony attended by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Despard" title="Charlotte Despard">Charlotte Despard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhikaji_Cama" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikaji Cama">Bhikaji Cama</a><a href="#cite_note-OUIndiaHouse-14">[14]</a> When opened as a student-hostel in 1905, it provided accommodation for up to thirty students.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk44-15">[15]</a> In addition to being a student-hostel, the mansion also served as the headquarters for several organisations, the first of which was the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_Society" title="Indian Home Rule Society">Indian Home Rule Society</a> (IHRS). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Home_Rule_Society">Indian Home Rule Society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indian Home Rule Society">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madame_Cama_with_Stuttgart_Flag1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Madame_Cama_with_Stuttgart_Flag1907.jpg/220px-Madame_Cama_with_Stuttgart_Flag1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Madame_Cama_with_Stuttgart_Flag1907.jpg/330px-Madame_Cama_with_Stuttgart_Flag1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8f/Madame_Cama_with_Stuttgart_Flag1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bhikaji_Cama" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikaji Cama">Bhikaji Cama</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">Stuttgart flag</a>, 1907. A number of India House members attended the socialist conference that year, and Cama herself worked closely with Krishna Varma.</figcaption></figure> Krishna Varma admired <a href="/wiki/Swami_Dayananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Dayananda Saraswati">Swami Dayananda Saraswati</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">cultural nationalism</a> and believed in <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>'s dictum that "Resistance to aggression is not simply justified, but imperative".<a href="#cite_note-Qur123-16">[16]</a> A graduate of <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>, he returned to India in the 1880s and served as <a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">divan</a> (administrator) of a number of <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ratlam_State" title="Ratlam State">Ratlam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junagadh_State" title="Junagadh State">Junagadh</a>. He preferred this position to working under what he considered the alien rule of Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Qur123-16">[16]</a> However, a supposed conspiracy of local British officials at Junagadh, compounded by differences between Crown authority and British <a href="/wiki/Political_Resident" title="Political Resident">Political Residents</a> regarding the states, led to Varma's dismissal.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson119-17">[17]</a> He returned to England, where he found freedom of expression more favourable. Varma's views were staunchly <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-colonial</a>, extending even to support for the <a href="/wiki/Boere-Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Boere-Afrikaner">Boers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-Qur123-16">[16]</a> Krishna Varma co-founded the IHRS in February 1905,<a href="#cite_note-Majumdar299-18">[18]</a> with Bhikaji Cama, <a href="/wiki/S.R._Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="S.R. Rana">S.R. Rana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a> and others,<a href="#cite_note-Owen62-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Innes171-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Joseph59-20">[20]</a> as a rival organisation to the British Committee of the Congress.<a href="#cite_note-Joseph58-21">[21]</a> Subsequently, Krishna Varma used his considerable financial resources to offer scholarships to Indian students in memory of leaders of the <a href="/wiki/1857_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="1857 uprising">1857 uprising</a>, on the condition that the recipients would not accept any paid post or honorary office from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> upon their return home.<a href="#cite_note-Qur123-16">[16]</a> These scholarships were complemented by three endowments of 2000 Rupees courtesy <a href="/wiki/S._R._Rana" title="S. R. Rana">S.R. Rana</a>, in memory of <a href="/wiki/Rana_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rana Pratap Singh">Rana Pratap Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bose2002p4-22">[22]</a> Open to "Indians only", the IHRS garnered significant support from Indians – especially students – living in Britain. Funds received by Indian students as scholarships and bursaries from universities also found their way to the organisation. Following the model of Victorian public institutions,<a href="#cite_note-Owen67-23">[23]</a> the IHRS adopted a constitution. The aim of the IHRS, clearly articulated in this constitution, was to "secure Home Rule for India, and to carry on a genuine Indian propaganda in this country by all practicable means".<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-Tine-24">[24]</a> It recruited young Indian activists, raised funds, and possibly collected arms and maintained contact with revolutionary movements in India. When Savarkar came, he changed it as Indian Home Rule Society.<a href="#cite_note-Owen63-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parekh158-25">[25]</a> The group professed support for causes in sympathy with its own, such as Turkish, Egyptian and Irish republican nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-Innes171-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Indian_Society" title="Paris Indian Society">Paris Indian Society</a>, a branch of the IHRS, was launched in 1905 under the patronage of Bhikaji Cama, Sardar Singh Rana and B.H. Godrej.<a href="#cite_note-Sareen38-26">[26]</a> A number of India House members who later rose to prominence – including V.N. Chatterjee, Har Dayal and Acharya and others, first encountered the IHRS through this Paris Indian Society.<a href="#cite_note-Baruwa2004p24-27">[27]</a> Cama herself was at this time deeply involved with the Indian revolutionary cause, and she nurtured close links with both <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">French</a> and exiled Russian socialists.<a href="#cite_note-Mahmud1994p67-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bose2002pxix-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>'s views are thought to have influenced Cama's works at this time, and Lenin is believed to have visited India House during one of his stays in London.<a href="#cite_note-AdhikariSenandRao1970p136-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-31">[31]</a> In 1907, Cama, along with V.N. Chatterjee and S.R. Rana, attended the Socialist Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>. There, supported by Henry Hyndman, she demanded recognition of self-rule for India and in a famous gesture unfurled one of the first <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">Flags of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mahmud1994p47-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Indian_Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Indian Sociologist">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Chirol" title="Valentine Chirol">Valentine Chirol</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Indian_Sociologist_(masthead)_(Vol._5,_no._8_-_August_1909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/The_Indian_Sociologist_%28masthead%29_%28Vol._5%2C_no._8_-_August_1909%29.jpg/220px-The_Indian_Sociologist_%28masthead%29_%28Vol._5%2C_no._8_-_August_1909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/The_Indian_Sociologist_%28masthead%29_%28Vol._5%2C_no._8_-_August_1909%29.jpg/330px-The_Indian_Sociologist_%28masthead%29_%28Vol._5%2C_no._8_-_August_1909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/The_Indian_Sociologist_%28masthead%29_%28Vol._5%2C_no._8_-_August_1909%29.jpg/440px-The_Indian_Sociologist_%28masthead%29_%28Vol._5%2C_no._8_-_August_1909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption>August 1909 issue of The Indian Sociologist. <a href="/wiki/Guy_Aldred" title="Guy Aldred">Guy Aldred</a> was prosecuted for his comments in this issue purportedly supporting <a href="/wiki/Madanlal_Dhingra" class="mw-redirect" title="Madanlal Dhingra">Dhingra</a> and supporting anti-colonial <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1904, Krishna Varma founded <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a> (TIS), a penny monthly (with Spencer's dictum as its motto),<a href="#cite_note-Qur123-16">[16]</a> as a challenge to the British Committee's Indian.<a href="#cite_note-Owen63-8">[8]</a> The title of the publication was intended to convey Krishna Varma's conviction that the ideological basis of Indian independence from Britain was to the discipline of sociology.<a href="#cite_note-Parekh159-33">[33]</a> TIS was critical of the moderate loyalist approach and its appeal to British liberalism, exemplified by the work of Indian leader <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">G.K. Gokhale</a>; instead, TIS advocated Indian self-rule. It was critical of the British Committee, whose members – being mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a> – were in Krishna Varma's view complicit in exploitation of India.<a href="#cite_note-Owen63-8">[8]</a> TIS quoted extensively from the works of British writers, which Krishna Varma interpreted to explain his views that the Raj was colonial exploitation, and that the Indians had a right to oppose it, by violence if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-Owen63-8">[8]</a> It advocated confrontation and demands rather than petition and accommodation.<a href="#cite_note-Israel246-34">[34]</a> However, Krishna Varma's views and justifications of political violence in nationalist struggle were still cautious, considering violence as a last resort. His support was initially intellectual, and he was not actively involved in planning revolutionary violence.<a href="#cite_note-Owen64-35">[35]</a> Freedom of the press and the liberal approach of the British establishment meant Krishna Varma could air views that would have been rapidly suppressed in India.<a href="#cite_note-Owen63-8">[8]</a> The views expressed in TIS drew criticisms from ex-Indian civil servants in the British press and Parliament. Highlighting Krishna Varma's citation of British writers and lack of reference to Indian tradition or values, they argued that he was disconnected from the Indian situation and Indian feelings, and was intellectually dependent on Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Owen66-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Chirol" title="Valentine Chirol">Valentine Chirol</a>, foreign editor of The Times, who had close associations with the Raj, accused Krishna Varma of preaching "disloyal sentiments" to Indian students, and demanded he be prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-Owen65-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yadav8-38">[38]</a> Chirol later described India House as "the most dangerous organisation outside India".<a href="#cite_note-Yadav7-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chirol148-39">[39]</a> Krishna Varma and TIS also drew the attention of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>. Greatly concerned, the King asked <a href="/wiki/John_Morley,_1st_Viscount_Morley_of_Blackburn" class="mw-redirect" title="John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn">John Morley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, to stop the publication of such messages.<a href="#cite_note-Lee379-40">[40]</a> Morley refused to take any action contrary to his liberal political principles, but Chirol's tirade against TIS and Krishna Varma forced the Government to investigate.<a href="#cite_note-Owen64-35">[35]</a> Detectives visited India House and interviewed the printers of its publication. Krishna Varma saw these actions as the start of a crackdown on his work and, fearing arrest, moved to Paris in 1907; he never returned to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Owen65-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnson119-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Savarkar">Savarkar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Savarkar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/V.D._Savarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="V.D. Savarkar">V.D. Savarkar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/V.N._Chatterjee" class="mw-redirect" title="V.N. Chatterjee">V.N. Chatterjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/V.V.S._Aiyar" class="mw-redirect" title="V.V.S. Aiyar">V.V.S. Aiyar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hind_Swaraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Hind Swaraj">Hind Swaraj</a></div> After Krishna Varma's departure, the organisation found a new leader in <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a>, a law student who had first arrived in London in 1906 on scholarship from Krishna Varma. Savarkar was an admirer of the Italian nationalist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> and a protégé of the Indian Congress leader, <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Owen66-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhatt80-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Joseph61-42">[42]</a> He was associated with the nationalist movement in India, having founded the <a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat_Society" title="Abhinav Bharat Society">Abhinav Bharat Society</a> (Young India Society) in 1906 while studying at <a href="/wiki/Fergusson_College" title="Fergusson College">Fergusson College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> (these links put him in contact with the still largely unknown <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Owen66-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot26-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Puniyani212-44">[44]</a>) In London, Savarkar's fiery nationalist views had at first alienated the residents of India House, most significantly <a href="/wiki/V.V.S._Aiyar" class="mw-redirect" title="V.V.S. Aiyar">V.V.S. Aiyar</a>. Over time, however, he became a central figure in the organisation.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav12-45">[45]</a> He devoted his efforts to writing nationalist material, organising public meetings and demonstrations,<a href="#cite_note-Innes171-19">[19]</a> and establishing branches of Abhinav Bharat in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Parel123-46">[46]</a> He kept in touch with B.G. Tilak in India, to whom he passed on manuals on bomb-making.<a href="#cite_note-Wolpert1962p169-47">[47]</a> Impressed and influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian wars of Independence</a>, Savarkar believed in an armed revolution in India and was prepared to seek assistance from Germany toward this end. He proposed the indoctrination of Indian soldiery in the British army, just as the <a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a> movement had indoctrinated Italians serving in the Austrian forces.<a href="#cite_note-Ghodke123-48">[48]</a> In London, Savarkar founded the <a href="/wiki/Free_India_Society" title="Free India Society">Free India Society</a> (FIS), and in December 1906 he opened a branch of Abhinav Bharat.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav4-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yadav82-50">[50]</a> This organisation drew a number of radical Indian students, including <a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Mahadev_Bapat" title="Pandurang Mahadev Bapat">P.M. Bapat</a>, V.V.S. Aiyar, Madanlal Dhingra, and <a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">V.N. Chatterjee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav9-51">[51]</a> Savarkar had lived in Paris for some time, and frequently visited the city after moving to London.<a href="#cite_note-Joseph61-42">[42]</a> By 1908, he had recruited to the organisation a number of Indian businessmen residing in Paris. During one visit, Savarkar met Gandhi again when the latter visited India House in 1906 and 1909, and his hardline views may have influenced Gandhi's opinion on nationalist violence.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt83-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transformation">Transformation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transformation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya" title="M. P. T. Acharya">M. P. T. Acharya</a></div> India House, which now housed the Abhinav Bharat Society and its relatively peaceful front the Free India Society, rapidly developed into a radical meeting ground quite different from the IHRS. Unlike the latter, it became wholly self-reliant with regard to finances and organisation, and it developed independent nationalist ideologies that moved away from European philosophies. Under Savarkar's influence, it drew inspiration from past Indian revolutionary movements, religious scriptures (including the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>), and Savarkar's own studies in Indian history, including <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_War_of_Independence_(book)" title="The Indian War of Independence (book)">The Indian War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Owen67-23">[23]</a> Savarkar translated <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>'s autobiography into <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> and extolled the virtues of secret societies.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav8-38">[38]</a> India House was soon transformed into the headquarters of the Indian revolutionary movement in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk44-15">[15]</a> Its newest members were young men and women in London who came from all over India.<a href="#cite_note-Owen70-53">[53]</a> A large number, each comprising about a quarter of the total membership, were from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a>, while a significant but smaller group came from <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Owen70-53">[53]</a> The Free India Society had a semi-religious oath of initiation, and served as a cover for the Abhinav Bharat Society's meetings.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav9-51">[51]</a> The members were predominantly Hindus. Most were students in their mid-twenties, and usually belonged to the Indian social elite, from families of millionaires, mill owners, lawyers and doctors. Nearly seventy people, including several women, regularly attended the Sunday evening meetings at which Savarkar gave lectures on topics ranging from the philosophy of revolution to bomb-making and assassination techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk44-15">[15]</a> Only a small proportion of these recruits to the society were known to have previously engaged in political activity or the <a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-Owen70-53">[53]</a> Abhinav Bharat Society had two goals: to create through propaganda in Europe and North America an Indian public opinion in favour of nationalist revolution, and to raise funds, knowledge and supplies to carry out such a revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt81-54">[54]</a> It emphasised actions of self-sacrifice by its members for the Indian cause. These were revolutionary activities which the masses could emulate, but which did not require a mass movement.<a href="#cite_note-Owen70-53">[53]</a> The outbuilding of India House was converted to a "war workshop" where chemistry students attempted to produce explosives and manufacture bombs, while the printing press turned out "seditious" literature, including bomb-making manuals and pamphlets promoting violence toward Europeans in India. In the house was an arsenal of small arms that were intermittently dispatched to India through different avenues.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk44-15">[15]</a> Savarkar was at the heart of these, spending a great deal of time in the explosives workshop and emerging on some evenings, according to a fellow revolutionary, "with telltale yellow stains of <a href="/wiki/Picric_acid" title="Picric acid">picric acid</a> on his hands".<a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk45-55">[55]</a> The residents of India House and members of Abhinav Bharat practiced shooting at a range in Tottenham Court Road in central London, and rehearsed assassinations they planned to carry out.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk45-55">[55]</a> The deliveries of weapons to India included, among others, a number of Browning pistols smuggled by Chaturbhuj Amin, Chanjeri Rao, and V. V. S. Aiyar when they returned to India.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewellp133-56">[56]</a> Revolutionary literature was shipped under false covers and from different addresses to prevent detection by Indian postal authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk45-55">[55]</a> Savarkar's The Indian War of Independence was published (in 1909) and was considered inflammatory enough to be removed from the catalogue of the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> to prevent Indian students from accessing it.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk46-57">[57]</a> Sometime in 1908, India House acquired a manual for making bombs. Some suggest Savarkar acquired this in the French capital from a bomb manual given to <a href="/wiki/Hemchandra_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemchandra Das">Hemchandra Das</a> – a Bengali revolutionary of the <a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a> – by a Russian revolutionary in Paris by the name of Nicholas Safranski.<a href="#cite_note-Calrev-58">[58]</a> Others opine that it was acquired through Russian revolutionaries in Paris by Bapat.<a href="#cite_note-Heehs1993p90to91-59">[59]</a> Bapat was declared absconder (a fugitive) in the <a href="/wiki/Alipore_bomb_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore bomb case">Alipore bomb case</a> of 1909, which followed the attempt to bomb a district magistrate's carriage in Bengal by <a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell98-60">[60]</a> By 1908, the popularity of the India House group had overtaken the <a href="/wiki/London_Indian_Society" title="London Indian Society">London Indian Society</a> (LIS), established in 1865 by <a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a> and until then the largest association of Indians in London. Subsequently, India House took over the control of LIS when, at the annual general meeting that year, members of India House packed the gathering and ousted the old guard of the society.<a href="#cite_note-Owen72-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culmination">Culmination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culmination">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Dhingra" title="Madan Lal Dhingra">Madan Lal Dhingra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Bande_Mataram_17_August_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Paris_Bande_Mataram_17_August_1909.jpg/220px-Paris_Bande_Mataram_17_August_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Paris_Bande_Mataram_17_August_1909.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the <a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(Paris_publication)" title="Bande Mataram (Paris publication)">Paris Bande Mataram</a> following Madanlal Dhingra's execution in August 1909. The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Indian_Society" title="Paris Indian Society">Paris Indian Society</a> replaced India House as the hotbed of seditious activities in the continent after 1909.</figcaption></figure> The activities of India House did not go unnoticed. In addition to questions raised in official Indian and British circles, Savarkar's unrestrained views had been published in English newspapers including the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Guardian">Manchester Guardian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Dispatch" title="Sunday Dispatch">Dispatch</a>. By 1909, India House was under surveillance from Scotland Yard and Indian intelligence, and its activities were considerably curtailed.<a href="#cite_note-Owen71-62">[62]</a> Savarkar's elder brother Ganesh was arrested in India in June of that year, and was tried and exiled to the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">penal colony in the Andamans</a> for publication of seditionist literature.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav15-63">[63]</a> Savarkar's speeches grew increasingly strident and called for revolution, widespread violence, and murder of all Englishmen in India.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav15-63">[63]</a> The culmination of these events was the assassination of <a href="/wiki/William_Hutt_Curzon_Wyllie" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hutt Curzon Wyllie">Sir William H. Curzon Wyllie</a>, the political <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Madanlal_Dhingra" class="mw-redirect" title="Madanlal Dhingra">Madanlal Dhingra</a> on the evening of 1 July 1909, at a meeting of Indian students in the Imperial Institute in London.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav15-63">[63]</a> Dhingra was arrested and later tried and executed. In the aftermath of the assassination, India House was rapidly shut down. Investigations into the killing were expanded to look for broader conspiracies originating from India House; although <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> stated that none existed, Indian intelligence sources suggested otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell131-64">[64]</a> These sources further suggested that Dhingra's intended target was <a href="/wiki/John_Morley" title="John Morley">John Morley</a>, the Secretary of State for India himself. Savarkar possessed a copy of a written political statement by Dhingra which was confiscated at the latter's arrest. Its existence was denied by police, but through Irish sympathiser <a href="/wiki/David_Garnett" title="David Garnett">David Garnett</a> Savarkar had this published in the <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_News_(UK)" title="The Daily News (UK)">Daily News</a> on the day Dhingra was sentenced to death.<a href="#cite_note-Fryer269-65">[65]</a> A number of sources suggested the assassination was in fact Savarkar's idea, and that he planned further action in Britain as well as India.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell131-64">[64]</a> In March 1910, Savarkar was arrested upon his return to London from Paris and later deported to India.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk49-66">[66]</a> While he was held at Brixton Prison during the deportation hearing, an attempt was made in May 1910 by the remnant of India House to storm his prison van and free him. This plot was coordinated with help from Irish republicans led by <a href="/wiki/Maud_Gonne" title="Maud Gonne">Maud Gonne</a>. However, the plan failed when the ambush stormed an empty decoy van while Savarkar was transported along a different route.<a href="#cite_note-McMinn299-67">[67]</a> In the following year, police and political sources brought pressure on the residents of India House to leave England. While some of its leaders like Krishna Varma had already fled to Europe, others like Chattopadhyaya moved to Germany. Many others moved to Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav22-68">[68]</a> With the influence and work of a large number of nationalist students moving to the city, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Indian_Society" title="Paris Indian Society">Paris Indian Society</a> gradually took India House's place as the centre of Indian nationalism on the continent.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav26-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Countermeasures">edit</a>]</div> Although India House had stated its goals in The Indian Sociologist, the threat arising from the organisation was initially not considered serious by either Indian intelligence or British <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Metropolitan_Police)" title="Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)">Special Branch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk46-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell127-70">[70]</a> This was compounded by a lack of clarity and communication from the Department of Criminal Intelligence operating in India under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cleveland_(rugby_union)" title="Charles Cleveland (rugby union)">Charles Cleveland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a>'s Special Branch.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk46-57">[57]</a> Lack of direction and information from Indian political intelligence, compounded by Lord Morley's reluctance to engage in postal censorship,<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell128-71">[71]</a> led to Special Branch underestimating the threat.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell128-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland_Yard">Scotland Yard</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scotland Yard">edit</a>]</div> In spite of these problems, and although Special Branch was wholly inexperienced in dealing with political crime,<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell127-70">[70]</a> the first observations of India House by Scotland Yard began as early as 1905. Detectives attended Sunday meetings at India House in May 1907, where they gained access to seditious literature.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell128-71">[71]</a> The appearance of one agent, disguised as an Irish-American by the name of O'Brien, convinced Krishna Varma of the need to decamp to Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell128-71">[71]</a> In June 1908, concrete plans for cooperation between Indian and British police were arranged between <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">India Office</a> and Scotland Yard; the decision was made to place an ex-Indian policeman in charge of surveillance of India House.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell129-72">[72]</a> The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">B.C. Pal</a> and <a href="/wiki/G.S._Khaparde" class="mw-redirect" title="G.S. Khaparde">G.S. Khaparde</a> in London in 1908 further stirred the matter, since both were known to have been radical nationalist politicians in India. By September 1908, an agent had been installed within India House who was able to invite detectives to the Sunday night meetings of the Free India Society (attendance for Europeans was by invitation only).<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell129-72">[72]</a> The agent passed on some additional information, but was not able to infiltrate Savarkar's inner circle. Savarkar himself did not come under special scrutiny as a dangerous suspect until November 1909, when the agent delivered information about discussions of assassinations at Indian House. The agent may have been a young Maharashtrian by the name of Kirtikar, who had arrived at India House as an acquaintance of V.V.S. Aiyar, ostensibly to study dentistry in London. Kirtikar was discovered after Aiyar made enquiries at the London Hospital where he was supposed to be training, and was one night forced by Savarkar to confess at gun-point.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav11-73">[73]</a> After this incident, Kirtikar's reports were probably screened by Savarkar before they were passed on to Scotland Yard. M.P.T. Acharya was at this time instructed by Aiyar and Savarkar to set himself up as an informer to Scotland Yard; they believed this would provide information to the police and help corroborate the reports sent by Kirtikar.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav12-45">[45]</a> Although it pursued Indian students and shadowed them closely, Scotland Yard was severely criticised for its inability to penetrate the organisation. The Viceroy's secretary, William Lee-Warner, was assaulted twice in London: he was slapped in the face in his office by a young Bengali student named Kunjalal Bhattacharji and assaulted in a London park by another Indian student. The Yard's inefficiency was blamed for these events.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell129-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Criminal_Intelligence_Department">Central Criminal Intelligence Department</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Central Criminal Intelligence Department">edit</a>]</div> Unknown to Scotland Yard,<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell130-74">[74]</a> by the beginning of 1909 the Indian Department of Criminal Intelligence (DCI) had made covert efforts of its own to infiltrate India House, with more success. An agent named "C" had been residing in India House for nearly a year; after convincing the residents that he was a genuine patriot, he began reporting back to India.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell130-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andreas74-75">[75]</a> Possible reasons why DCI did not inform the Yard include a wish not to interfere with London investigations, a desire to maintain control over "C", and a fear of being accused of "deviousness" by the Yard.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell130-74">[74]</a> However, the DCI agent's first reports in early 1909 were of little value. Only in the months immediately preceding the Curzon Wyllie assassination did they prove useful. In June, the agent described the shooting practice at Tottenham Court range and rifle practice in the back of India House. This was followed by reports of Savarkar and V.V.S. Aiyar (who was considered his lieutenant) advising M.P.T. Acharya on acts of martyrdom.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell130-74">[74]</a> Following the arrest and subsequent transportation of Savarkar's elder brother Ganesh in India on 9 June 1909,<a href="#cite_note-Yadav15-63">[63]</a> C reported increasing ferocity and calls for vengeance in Savarkar's speeches.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav15-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell130-74">[74]</a> In the following weeks, Savarkar was barred from joining the bar due to his political activity.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell131-64">[64]</a> These were the events leading up to the assassination of Sir Curzon Wyllie. Although it was believed that Savarkar may have personally instructed or trained Dhingra, Metropolitan police were unable to bring a prosecution against the former since he had an alibi for the night.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk50-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Special_Branch">Indian Special Branch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indian Special Branch">edit</a>]</div> In the aftermath of Curzon Wyllie's assassination, <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch" title="Special Branch">Metropolitan Police Special Branch</a> was reorganised in July 1909 following a meeting between <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">India Office</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_of_the_Metropolis" title="Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis">Commissioner of Police</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Henry" title="Edward Henry">Sir Edward Henry</a>. This led to the opening of an Indian Special Branch with a staff of 38 officers by the end of July.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell132-77">[77]</a> It received considerable resources during the investigation of Curzon Wyllie's assassination, and satisfied the demands of Indian Criminal Intelligence with regard to monitoring the Indian seditionist movement in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell132-77">[77]</a> The police brought strong pressure on India House and began gathering intelligence on Indian students in London. These, along with threats to their careers, robbed India House of its student support base. It slowly began to disassemble as a centre of radical Indian Nationalism. As <a href="/wiki/Thirumal_Acharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumal Acharya">Thirumal Acharya</a> described bitterly, the residence was treated akin to a "<a href="/wiki/Leper" class="mw-redirect" title="Leper">leper</a>'s home" by the Indian students in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Owen73-78">[78]</a> In addition, although student political activism could not be curtailed too heavily for fear of accusations of repression, the British Government successfully implemented laws to curtail the publication and distribution of nationalist or seditious material from Britain. Among these was <a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Pal</a>'s Swaraj, which was forced to close, an event which ultimately drove Pal to penury and mental collapse in London.<a href="#cite_note-Owen73-78">[78]</a> India House ceased to be an influence in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewellp138to140and142-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> Political activities at India House were chiefly aimed at young Indians, especially students, in Britain. Political discontent was at the time growing steadily among this group, especially those in touch with the professional class in India and those studying in depth the philosophies of European liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-Lahiri125-80">[80]</a> Their discontent was noted among British academic and political circles quite early on, with some voicing fear that these students would take refuge in extremist politics.<a href="#cite_note-Lahiri125-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalist_movement">Nationalist movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nationalist movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/A.M.T._Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="A.M.T. Jackson">A.M.T. Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anant_Kanhere" class="mw-redirect" title="Anant Kanhere">Anant Kanhere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hind_Swaraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Hind Swaraj">Hind Swaraj</a></div> A committee set up in 1907 under <a href="/wiki/William_Lee-Warner" title="William Lee-Warner">Sir William Lee-Warner</a> to investigate political unrest among Indian students in Britain noted the strong influence that India House had on this group.<a href="#cite_note-Chambers2015p-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lahiri124to126-82">[82]</a> This was while India House was under the stewardship of Shyamji Krishna Varma.<a href="#cite_note-Lahiri124to128-83">[83]</a> Indian students who discussed the community at the time described the growing influence of India House – especially in the context of the <a href="/wiki/1905_partition_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 partition of Bengal">1905 partition of Bengal</a> – and attributed to this influence the decrease in the number of Indian applicants for Government posts and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a>. The Indian Sociologist attracted considerable attention in London newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-Lahiri126-84">[84]</a> Others, however, disagreed with these views and described India House's appeal as limited. S.D. Bhaba, president of the Indian Christian Union, once described Krishna Varma as a man "whose bark was worse than his bite".<a href="#cite_note-Lahiri126-84">[84]</a> Under Savarkar, the organisation became the focus of the Indian revolutionary movement abroad and one of the most important links between revolutionary violence in India and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav15-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk49-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk50-76">[76]</a> Although the organisation welcomed both moderates and those with extremist views, the former outnumbered the latter.<a href="#cite_note-Lahiri126-84">[84]</a> Significantly, a number of the residents, especially those who agreed with Savarkar's views, did not have any history of participation in nationalist movements in India, suggesting they were indoctrinated during their stay at India House.<a href="#cite_note-Owen70-53">[53]</a> More significantly, India House was a source of arms and seditious literature that was rapidly distributed in India. In addition to The Indian Sociologist, pamphlets like Bande Mataram and Oh Martyrs! by Savarkar extolled revolutionary violence. Direct influences and incitement from India House were noted in several incidents of political violence, including assassinations, in India at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav4-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk46-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Majumdar1966p-85">[85]</a> One of the two charges against Savarkar during his trial in Bombay was for abetting the murder of the District Magistrate of <a href="/wiki/Nasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasik">Nasik</a>, <a href="/wiki/A.M.T._Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="A.M.T. Jackson">A.M.T. Jackson</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Anant_Kanhere" class="mw-redirect" title="Anant Kanhere">Anant Kanhere</a> in December 1909. The arms used were directly traced through an Italian courier to India House. Ex-India House residents M.P.T. Acharya and V.V.S. Aiyar were noted in the <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowlatt report">Rowlatt report</a> to have aided and influenced political assassinations, including the murder of Robert D'Escourt Ashe at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Vanchi_Iyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanchi Iyer">Vanchi Iyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav4-49">[49]</a> The Paris-Safranski link was strongly suggested by French police to be involved in the 1907 attempt in Bengal to derail the train carrying the Lieutenant-Governor <a href="/wiki/Sir_Andrew_Fraser" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Andrew Fraser">Sir Andrew Fraser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell135-86">[86]</a> The activities of nationalists abroad is believed to have shaken the loyalty of a number of native regiments of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lahiri129-87">[87]</a> The assassination of Curzon Wyllie was highly publicised.<a href="#cite_note-OxfordDNBMadanlalDhingra-88">[88]</a> The symbolic impact of Dhingra's actions on the colonial authorities and on the Indian revolutionary movement was profound at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Tickellp137-89">[89]</a> The British empire had never been targeted in its own metropolis.<a href="#cite_note-OxfordDNBMadanlalDhingra-88">[88]</a> Dhingra's last statement is said to have earned the admiration of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, who described it as the finest ever made in the name of Patriotism.<a href="#cite_note-OxfordDNBMadanlalDhingra-88">[88]</a> India House and its activities had some influence on the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolent philosophy</a> adopted by Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt83-52">[52]</a> He had met some members of India House, including Savarkar, in London as well as in India, and disagreed with the adoption of nationalist and political philosophies from the west. Gandhi dismissively labelled this revolutionary violence as anarchist and its practitioners as "The Modernists".<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt83-52">[52]</a> Some of his subsequent writings, including <a href="/wiki/Hind_Swaraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Hind Swaraj">Hind Swaraj</a>, were opposed to the activities of Savarkar and Dhingra, and disputed the argument that violence was innocent if perpetrated under a nationalist identity or while under Colonial victimhood.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt83-52">[52]</a> It was against this strategy of revolutionary violence – and in recognition of its consequences – that the formative background of Gandhian nonviolence was framed.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt83-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_Houses_abroad">India Houses abroad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: India Houses abroad">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Barkatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Barkatullah">Mohammed Barkatullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taraknath_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Taraknath Das">Taraknath Das</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar party">Ghadar party</a></div> Following the example laid by the original India House, India Houses were opened in the United States and in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-Tinē333-90">[90]</a> Krishna Varma had built close contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican movement">Irish Republican movement</a>. As a result, articles from The Indian Sociologist were reprinted in the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic American">Gaelic American</a>. In addition, with the efforts of the growing Indian student population, other organisations mirroring India House emerged. The first of these was the Pan-Aryan Association, modelled after the Indian Home Rule Society, opened in 1906 through the joint Indo-Irish efforts of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Barkatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Barkatullah">Mohammed Barkatullah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S.L._Joshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.L. Joshi (page does not exist)">S.L. Joshi</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Freeman_(newspaper_editor)" title="George Freeman (newspaper editor)">George Freeman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FischerTine334-1">[1]</a> Barkatullah himself had been closely associated with Krishna Varma during his earlier stay in London, and his subsequent career in Japan put Barkatullah at the heart of Indian political activities there.<a href="#cite_note-FischerTine334-1">[1]</a> The American branch also invited Bhikaji Cama – who at the time was close to the works of Krishna Varma – to give a series of lectures in the United States. An India House, though not officially allied to the London organisation, was founded in Manhattan in New York in January 1908 with funds from a wealthy lawyer of Irish descent named Myron Phelps. Phelps admired <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Vedanta Society</a> (established by the Swami) in New York was at the time under <a href="/wiki/Swami_Abhedananda" title="Swami Abhedananda">Swami Abhedananda</a>, who was considered "seditionist" by the British.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-Tinē333-90">[90]</a> In New York, Indian students and ex-residents of London India House took advantage of liberal press laws to circulate The Indian Sociologist and other nationalist literature.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-Tinē333-90">[90]</a> New York increasingly became an important centre for the global Indian movement; Free Hindustan, a political revolutionary journal published by <a href="/wiki/Taraknath_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Taraknath Das">Taraknath Das</a>, closely mirroring The Indian Sociologist, moved from Vancouver and Seattle to New York in 1908. Das collaborated extensively with the Gaelic American with help from George Freeman before Free Hindustan was proscribed in 1910 under British diplomatic pressure.<a href="#cite_note-FischerTine335-91">[91]</a> After 1910, the American east coast activities began to decline and gradually shifted to San Francisco. The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a> around this time bridged the gap between the intellectual agitators and the predominantly Punjabi labour workers and migrants, laying the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FischerTine335-91">[91]</a> An India House was opened in Tokyo in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-FischerTine337-92">[92]</a> The city – like London and New York – had by the end of the 19th century a steadily growing Indian student population, with whom Krishna Varma kept in close contact. However, Krishna Varma was initially concerned about spreading his resources too thin, especially since the Japanese centre lacked a strong leadership. He further feared interference from Japan, which was on friendly terms with Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FischerTine337-92">[92]</a> Nonetheless, the presence of revolutionaries from Bengal and close correspondence between the London and Tokyo houses allowed the latter to gain prominence in The Indian Sociologist. The India House in Tokyo was a residence for sixteen Indian students in 1908; it accepted students from other Asian countries including <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, aiming to build a broad foundation for Indian nationalism based on <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">pan-Asiatic</a> values. The movement gained new momentum after Barkatullah, on the advice of Krishna Varma and George Freeman, moved from New York to Tokyo in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-FischerTine337-92">[92]</a> Taking up the post of Professor of <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo University">Tokyo University</a>, Barkatullah was responsible for East Asian distribution of The Indian Sociologist and other nationalist literature from London. His work at the time also included the publication of Islamic Fraternity, which was financed by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Barkatullah transformed it into an anti-British mouthpiece, invited contributions from Krishna Varma, and advocated <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Muslim_unity" title="Hindu–Muslim unity">Hindu–Muslim unity</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-FischerTine338-93">[93]</a> He published other nationalist pamphlets which found their way to the Pacific coast and East Asian settlements. Further, Barkatullah established links with prominent Japanese politicians including <a href="/wiki/Okawa_Shumei" class="mw-redirect" title="Okawa Shumei">Okawa Shumei</a>, whom he won over to the Indian cause.<a href="#cite_note-FischerTine338-93">[93]</a> British CID, concerned about the threat that Barkatullah's work posed to the empire, exerted diplomatic pressure to have Islamic Fraternity closed down in 1912. Barkatullah was denied tenure and was forced to leave Japan in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-FischerTine338-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_for_the_East" title="Intelligence Bureau for the East">Intelligence Bureau for the East</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/180px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/270px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_di_gunj" title="Ghadar di gunj">Ghadar di gunj</a>, an early <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadarite</a> compilation of nationalist and socialist literature, was banned in India in 1913. The Ghadrite movement was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a> during WWI.</figcaption></figure> Following the liquidation of India House in 1909 and 1910, its members gradually dispersed to different countries in Europe, including France and Germany, as well as the United States. The network founded at India House was to be key in the efforts by the Indian revolutionary movement against the British Raj through World War I. During the war, the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a> in Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a> in North America, and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Indian revolutionary underground</a> attempted to transport men and arms from United States and East Asia into India, intended for a revolution and mutiny in the British Indian Army. During the conspiracy, the revolutionaries collaborated extensively with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, Japanese patriotic societies, Ottoman Turkey and, most prominently, the German Foreign Office. The conspiracy has since been called the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hoover252-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-GBrown300-95">[95]</a> Among other efforts, the alliance <a href="/wiki/Niedermayer%E2%80%93Hentig_Expedition" title="Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition">attempted to rally</a> Afghanistan against British India.<a href="#cite_note-Strachan788-96">[96]</a> A number of failed mutinies erupted in India in 1914 and 1915, of which the <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Conspiracy">Ghadar Conspiracy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a> were the most notable. The threat posed by the conspiracy was key in the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act_1915" title="Defence of India Act 1915">Defence of India Act 1915</a>, and suppression of the movement necessitated an international counter-intelligence operation on the part of the British empire lasting nearly ten years.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkirk41-97">[97]</a> Among the more famous recruits of this intelligence operation was <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a>, tasked to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">V. N. Chatterjee</a>, who worked with the Berlin committee.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell234-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_political_intelligence">Indian political intelligence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Indian political intelligence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Political_Intelligence_Office" title="Indian Political Intelligence Office">Indian Political Intelligence Office</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Arnold_Wallinger" class="mw-redirect" title="John Arnold Wallinger">John Arnold Wallinger</a></div> At this time, the foundation was laid for <a href="/wiki/British_Counter-intelligence_against_the_Indian_revolutionary_movement_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="British Counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I">British counter-intelligence operations</a> against the Indian revolutionary movement. In January 1910, <a href="/wiki/John_Arnold_Wallinger" class="mw-redirect" title="John Arnold Wallinger">John Arnold Wallinger</a>, the Superintendent of Police at Bombay, was reassigned to the India Office in London, where he established the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Political_Intelligence_Office" title="Indian Political Intelligence Office">Indian Political Intelligence Office</a>. Wallinger used his considerable skills to establish contacts with police officials in London, Paris and throughout continental Europe, creating a network of informants and spies.<a href="#cite_note-Andreas75-99">[99]</a> During World War I, this organisation, working with the French Political Police, called the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9" title="Sûreté">Sûreté</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> was key in tracing the Indo-German conspiracy and attempted to assassinate ex-members of India House who were at the time planning a nationalist mutiny in British India.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell234-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Maugham" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset Maugham">Somerset Maugham</a>, who was among Wallinger's recruits, later based some of his characters and stories on his experiences during the war.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell230-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_communism">Indian communism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Indian communism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">Communism in India</a></div> From the time it was founded, India House cultivated a close relationship with socialist movements in Europe. Prominent Socialists of the time like Henry Hyndman were closely linked to the house. Cama cultivated a close relationship with French Socilaists and Russian communists. The IHRS delegation to Stuttgart in 1907 is known to have met with Hyndman, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a>. Chatterjee moved to Paris in 1909 and joined the <a href="/wiki/French_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Socialist Party">French Socialist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sinha2014p48-102">[102]</a> M.P.T. Acharya was introduced to the socialist circle in Paris in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav24-103">[103]</a> With the help of the socialists in Paris, notably <a href="/wiki/Jean_Longuet" title="Jean Longuet">Jean Longuet</a>, the Paris Indian Society brought pressure on the French Government when Savarkar was rearrested at <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> after escaping from a ship that was deporting him to India.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav25-104">[104]</a> Acharya utillused press freedom in France and the socialist platform to press for Savarkar's re-extradition to France and built French public opinion in support of such moves. Under public pressure at home, the French Government conceded and made a request to Britain, which was ultimately settled in Britain's favour at the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav25-104">[104]</a> The Paris Indian Society became one of the most powerful Indian organisations outside India at the time,<a href="#cite_note-Yadav26-69">[69]</a> and grew to initiate contacts with not only French Socialists, but also those in continental Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav26-69">[69]</a> It sent delegates to the International Socialist Congress in August 1910, where Krishna Varma and Iyer succeeded in having a resolution passed demanding Savarkar's release and his extradition to France.<a href="#cite_note-Yadav25-104">[104]</a> After World War I, ex-members of India House and erstwhile members of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a> and the Indian revolutionary movement increasingly turned to the young Soviet Union, becoming closely associated with communism. The Berlin India Committee moved to Stockholm after the war. Led by V. N. Chatterjee, the committee wrote to <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> to secure Bolshevik aid for the accused at the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy_Trial" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial">Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Many involved in the conspiracy subsequently moved to Soviet Russia. When the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> was founded in Tashkent in October 1920, a number of its founding members, including M. P. T. Acharya, Virendranath Chatterjee, Champakaraman Pillai and Abdul Rab, had been associated with India House or the Paris Indian Society.<a href="#cite_note-Radhan120-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yadav53-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strachan815-108">[108]</a> Individuals like Acharya attended the second congress of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>. Chatterjee and Acharya later worked with the <a href="/wiki/League_against_Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="League against Imperialism">League against Imperialism</a>. Moving to <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a> after the war, Chatterjee's program of revolutionary nationalism developed into the Indian Independence Party in 1922 which won <a href="/wiki/Chicherin" title="Chicherin">Chicherin</a>'s approval and Comintern funding.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Chatto later joined the German Communist party. In 1927, Chatto accompanied <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> Conference of the <a href="/wiki/League_against_Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="League against Imperialism">League against Imperialism</a>. However support from Soviet Russia for Chatterjee's program waned as <a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a>, a Bengali revolutionary in Moscow previously of the <a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a> was considered more close to ideology of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> than Chatterjee's aims of nationalist revolution. Roy steadily developed the Indian Communist Party with Stalin's encouragement and support. Chatterjee and Pillai later moved to Soviet Russia where they are believed to have been shot in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_nationalism">Hindu nationalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hindu nationalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></div> A branch of the nationalist and revolutionary philosophy that arose from India House, especially from the works of V.D. Savarkar, was consolidated in India in the 1920s as an explicit ideology of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a>. Exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a>, it was distinct from <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Gandhian devotionalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt83-52">[52]</a> and acquired the support of a mass movement that has been described by some as chauvinist.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt83-52">[52]</a> The Indian War of Independence is considered one of Savarkar's most influential works in developing and framing ideas of masculine Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-Bannerjee50-110">[110]</a> Amongst Savarkar's work during his stay at India House was a history of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a> which he described as an exemplary Hindu empire (Hindu Padpadshahi).<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt83-52">[52]</a> Further, the <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencerian</a> theories of evolutionism and functionalism that Savarkar examined at India House strongly influenced his social and political philosophy, and helped lay the foundations of early Hindu nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt81-54">[54]</a> It charted the latter's approach to state, society and colonialism, and Spencer's doctrines led Savarkar to stress a "rationalist" and "scientific" approach to national evolution, as well as military aggression for national survival. A number of his ideas featured prominently in Savarkar's works well into his political writings and works with the Hindu Mahasabha.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatt81-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhatt82-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Commemoration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varma_Memorial.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Varma_Memorial.JPG/220px-Varma_Memorial.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Varma_Memorial.JPG/330px-Varma_Memorial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Varma_Memorial.JPG/440px-Varma_Memorial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Kranti Tirth, Shyamji Krishna Varma Memorial, <a href="/wiki/Mandvi" title="Mandvi">Mandvi</a>, Kutch. Replica of India House is visible in background.</figcaption></figure> Krishna Varma's ashes along with those of his wife Bhanuben were repatriated to India in 2003 from Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/Kachchh_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachchh University">Kachchh University</a>, established by <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat government">Gujarat government</a>, is named in his honour. In 2010, a memorial named Kranti Teerth (Lit: Warrior's rest) was unveiled in his home town of Mandavi in Gujarat by (then) chief minister of Gujarat <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TOI-112">[112]</a> Spread over 52 acres, the memorial complex houses a replica of India House building at Highgate along with statues of Krishna Varma and his wife. Urns containing Krishna Verma's ashes, those of his wife, and a gallery dedicated to earlier activists of Indian independence movement is housed within the memorial. Krishna Verma was disbarred from the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Temple" title="Inner Temple">Inner Temple</a> in 1909. This decision was revisited in 2015, and a unanimous decision taken to posthumously re-instate him.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-31">[31]</a> Savarkar's stay at India House is today commemorated with a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> by <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>. Members of India House have been commemorated at various times independent India. Bhikaji Cama, Krishna Varma, Savarkar, among others have had commemorative postage stamps released by India Post. <a href="/wiki/V._N._Chatterjee" class="mw-redirect" title="V. N. Chatterjee">V. N. Chatterjee</a> is commemorated at the Nehru Memorial Museum in New Delhi, where his name and photo is exhibited in a room for Indian revolutionaries. Dimitrov Museum in Leipzig housed a section on Chatterjee before it closed in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-Kara1986p17-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FischerTine334-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FischerTine334_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FischerTine334_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FischerTine334_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer-Tinē2007">Fischer-Tinē 2007</a>, p. 334 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitra63-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitra63_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitra2006">Mitra 2006</a>, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-Crotty158-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Crotty158_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCroittMjøset2001">Croitt & Mjøset 2001</a>, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-Desaixxxiii-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Desaixxxiii_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesai2005">Desai 2005</a>, p. xxxiii </li> <li id="cite_note-Desai30-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Desai30_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesai2005">Desai 2005</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav6-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav6_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav6_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav6_6-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bose117-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Bose117_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoseJalal1998">Bose & Jalal 1998</a>, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen63-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Owen63_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen63_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen63_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen63_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen63_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen63_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen63_8-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen2007">Owen 2007</a>, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen37-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Owen37_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen2007">Owen 2007</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav7-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav7_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav7_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav7_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen62-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Owen62_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen62_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen62_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen2007">Owen 2007</a>, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasricha32-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Pasricha32_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPasricha2008">Pasricha 2008</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Abel110-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Abel110_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbel2005">Abel 2005</a>, p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-OUIndiaHouse-14"><a href="#cite_ref-OUIndiaHouse_14-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Open University. 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The Guardian. Retrieved 12 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Indian+lawyer+disbarred+from+Inner+Temple+a+century+ago+is+reinstated.&rft.date=2015-11-11&rft.au=Bowcott%2C+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2015%2Fnov%2F11%2Findian-lawyer-disbarred-from-inner-temple-one-century-ago-reinstated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahmud1994p47-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Mahmud1994p47_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahmud1994">Mahmud 1994</a>, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parekh159-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Parekh159_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParekh1999">Parekh 1999</a>, p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-Israel246-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Israel246_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsrael2002">Israel 2002</a>, p. 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen64-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Owen64_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen64_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen2007">Owen 2007</a>, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen66-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Owen66_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen66_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen66_36-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen2007">Owen 2007</a>, p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen65-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Owen65_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen65_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen2007">Owen 2007</a>, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav8-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav8_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav8_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-Chirol148-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Chirol148_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChirol1910">Chirol 1910</a>, p. 148 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee379-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Lee379_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2004">Lee 2004</a>, p. 379 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhatt80-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt80_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhatt2001">Bhatt 2001</a>, p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph61-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph61_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph61_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoseph2003">Joseph 2003</a>, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelot26-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot26_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot1996">Jaffrelot 1996</a>, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-Puniyani212-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Puniyani212_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuniyani2005">Puniyani 2005</a>, p. 212 </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav12-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav12_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav12_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parel123-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Parel123_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParel2000">Parel 2000</a>, p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolpert1962p169-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert1962p169_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert1962">Wolpert 1962</a>, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghodke123-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Ghodke123_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGhodke1990">Ghodke 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href="#cite_ref-Owen70_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen70_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen70_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen70_53-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen2007">Owen 2007</a>, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhatt81-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt81_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt81_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatt81_54-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhatt2001">Bhatt 2001</a>, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkirk45-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkirk45_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkirk45_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkirk45_55-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkirk2001">Hopkirk 2001</a>, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-Popplewellp133-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Popplewellp133_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPopplewell1995">Popplewell 1995</a>, p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkirk46-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkirk46_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkirk46_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkirk46_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkirk46_57-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkirk2001">Hopkirk 2001</a>, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-Calrev-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Calrev_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 300 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heehs1993p90to91-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Heehs1993p90to91_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeehs1993">Heehs 1993</a>, p. 90,91 </li> <li id="cite_note-Popplewell98-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell98_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPopplewell1995">Popplewell 1995</a>, p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen72-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Owen72_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen2007">Owen 2007</a>, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen71-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Owen71_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen2007">Owen 2007</a>, p. 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav15-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav15_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav15_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav15_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav15_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav15_63-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav15_63-5">f</a> <a 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Retrieved 12 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Modi+dedicates+%27Kranti+Teerth%27+memorial+to+Shyamji+Krishna+Verma&rft.date=2010-12-13&rft.au=TNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Frajkot%2FModi-dedicates-Kranti-Teerth-memorial-to-Shyamji-Krishna-Verma%2Farticleshow%2F7095227.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kara1986p17-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Kara1986p17_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKara1986">Kara 1986</a>, p. 17 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdhikariRaoSen1970" class="citation cs2">Adhikari, G; Rao, MB; Sen, Mohit (1970), Lenin and India, Jhansi, India: People's Publishing House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin+and+India&rft.place=Jhansi%2C+India&rft.pub=People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Adhikari&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Rao%2C+MB&rft.au=Sen%2C+Mohit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbel2005" class="citation cs2">Abel, M (2005), Glimpses of Indian National Movement, Hyderabad, India: ICFAI University press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7881-420-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-7881-420-X"><bdi>81-7881-420-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Indian+National+Movement&rft.place=Hyderabad%2C+India&rft.pub=ICFAI+University+press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-7881-420-X&rft.aulast=Abel&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreasNadelmann2006" class="citation cs2">Andreas, Peter; Nadelmann, Avram (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/policingglobecri0000andr">Policing the Globe: Criminalization and Crime Control in International Relations</a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press US, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508948-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-508948-0"><bdi>0-19-508948-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+the+Globe%3A+Criminalization+and+Crime+Control+in+International+Relations&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-508948-0&rft.aulast=Andreas&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Nadelmann%2C+Avram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolicingglobecri0000andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannerjee2005" class="citation cs2">Bannerjee, Sikata (2005), Make Me a Man! Masculinity, Hinduism, and Nationalism in India, Albany, New York: SUNY press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-6367-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-6367-2"><bdi>0-7914-6367-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Make+Me+a+Man%21+Masculinity%2C+Hinduism%2C+and+Nationalism+in+India&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=SUNY+press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7914-6367-2&rft.aulast=Bannerjee&rft.aufirst=Sikata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaruwa2004" class="citation cs2">Baruwa, Niroda Kumara (2004), Chatto, the Life and Times of an Indian Anti-imperialist in Europe., Oxford University Press India, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566547-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566547-5"><bdi>978-0-19-566547-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chatto%2C+the+Life+and+Times+of+an+Indian+Anti-imperialist+in+Europe.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+India&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566547-5&rft.aulast=Baruwa&rft.aufirst=Niroda+Kumara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatt2001" class="citation cs2">Bhatt, Chetan (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindunationalism00chet">Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths</a>, Oxford: Berg Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-348-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85973-348-4"><bdi>1-85973-348-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism%3A+Origins%2C+Ideologies+and+Modern+Myths&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85973-348-4&rft.aulast=Bhatt&rft.aufirst=Chetan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindunationalism00chet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2002" class="citation cs2">Bose, Arun (2002), Indian Revolutionaries Abroad, 1905–1927: Select Documents, Volume 1, New Delhi: ICHR, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7211-123-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7211-123-1"><bdi>81-7211-123-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Revolutionaries+Abroad%2C+1905%E2%80%931927%3A+Select+Documents%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=ICHR&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-7211-123-1&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Arun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2015" class="citation cs2">Chambers, Claire (2015), Britain Through Muslim Eyes: Literary Representations, 1780–1988, New Delhi: Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-25259-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-25259-2"><bdi>978-0-230-25259-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+Through+Muslim+Eyes%3A+Literary+Representations%2C+1780%E2%80%931988&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-230-25259-2&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoseJalal1998" class="citation cs2">Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (1998), Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16952-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16952-6"><bdi>0-415-16952-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+South+Asia%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Political+Economy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-415-16952-6&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sugata&rft.au=Jalal%2C+Ayesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1948" class="citation cs2">Brown, Giles (1948), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phr.ucpress.edu/content/17/3/299.full.pdf">"The Hindu Conspiracy, 1914–1917"</a> (PDF), The Pacific Historical Review, 17 (3), University of California Press: 299–310, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3634258">10.2307/3634258</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8684">0030-8684</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3634258">3634258</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Hindu+Conspiracy%2C+1914%E2%80%931917&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=299-310&rft.date=1948&rft.issn=0030-8684&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3634258%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3634258&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphr.ucpress.edu%2Fcontent%2F17%2F3%2F299.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍].</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirol1910" class="citation cs2">Chirol, Valentine (1910), Indian Unrest, London: MacMillan and Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-543-94122-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-543-94122-1"><bdi>0-543-94122-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Unrest&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=0-543-94122-1&rft.aulast=Chirol&rft.aufirst=Valentine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroittMjøset2001" class="citation cs2">Croitt, Raymond D; Mjøset, Lars (2001), When Histories Collide, Oxford, UK: AltaMira, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0158-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0158-2"><bdi>0-7591-0158-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Histories+Collide&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=AltaMira&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7591-0158-2&rft.aulast=Croitt&rft.aufirst=Raymond+D&rft.au=Mj%C3%B8set%2C+Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai2005" class="citation cs2">Desai, A.R (2005), Social Background of Indian Nationalism, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7154-667-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7154-667-6"><bdi>81-7154-667-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Background+of+Indian+Nationalism&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-7154-667-6&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=A.R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoverGoodmanHilleband2013" class="citation cs2">Dover, Robert; Goodman, Michael; Hilleband, Claudia (2013), Routledge Companion to Intelligence Studies, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-50752-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-50752-3"><bdi>978-0-415-50752-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Companion+to+Intelligence+Studies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-50752-3&rft.aulast=Dover&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Michael&rft.au=Hilleband%2C+Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryer1984" class="citation cs2">Fryer, Peter (1984), Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain, University of Alberta, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86104-749-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86104-749-9"><bdi>978-0-86104-749-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staying+Power%3A+The+History+of+Black+People+in+Britain&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-86104-749-9&rft.aulast=Fryer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodke1990" class="citation cs2">Ghodke, H.M. (1990), Revolutionary nationalism in western India:On the contribution of Maharashtra to the Indian freedom struggle., Classical Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7054-112-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7054-112-3"><bdi>81-7054-112-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+nationalism+in+western+India%3AOn+the+contribution+of+Maharashtra+to+the+Indian+freedom+struggle.&rft.pub=Classical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=81-7054-112-3&rft.aulast=Ghodke&rft.aufirst=H.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeehs1993" class="citation cs2">Heehs, Peter (1993), The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India, 1900–1910, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563350-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563350-4"><bdi>978-0-19-563350-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bomb+in+Bengal%3A+The+Rise+of+Revolutionary+Terrorism+in+India%2C+1900%E2%80%931910&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563350-4&rft.aulast=Heehs&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkirk1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hopkirk" title="Peter Hopkirk">Hopkirk, Peter</a> (1997), Like Hidden Fire: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire, Kodansha Globe, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56836-127-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56836-127-0"><bdi>1-56836-127-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Like+Hidden+Fire%3A+The+Plot+to+Bring+Down+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Kodansha+Globe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-56836-127-0&rft.aulast=Hopkirk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer-Tinē2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Fischer-Tin%C3%A9" title="Harald Fischer-Tiné">Fischer-Tinē, Harald</a> (2007), "Indian Nationalism and the 'world forces': Transnational and diasporic dimensions of the Indian freedom movement on the eve of the First World War", Journal of Global History, 2 (3), Cambridge University Press: 325–344, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1740022807002318">10.1017/S1740022807002318</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1740-0228">1740-0228</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145323846">145323846</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+History&rft.atitle=Indian+Nationalism+and+the+%27world+forces%27%3A+Transnational+and+diasporic+dimensions+of+the+Indian+freedom+movement+on+the+eve+of+the+First+World+War&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-344&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145323846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1740-0228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1740022807002318&rft.aulast=Fischer-Tin%C4%93&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoover1985" class="citation cs2">Hoover, Karl (1985), "The Hindu Conspiracy in California, 1913–1918", German Studies Review, 8 (2), German Studies Association: 245–261, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1428642">10.2307/1428642</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-7952">0149-7952</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1428642">1428642</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+Hindu+Conspiracy+in+California%2C+1913%E2%80%931918&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-261&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0149-7952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1428642%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1428642&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkirk2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hopkirk" title="Peter Hopkirk">Hopkirk, Peter</a> (2001), On Secret Service East of Constantinople, Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280230-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280230-5"><bdi>0-19-280230-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Secret+Service+East+of+Constantinople&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+Paperbacks&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-280230-5&rft.aulast=Hopkirk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnes2002" class="citation cs2">Innes, Catherine Lynnette (2002), A History of Black and Asian Writing in Britain, 1700–2000, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64327-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64327-9"><bdi>0-521-64327-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Black+and+Asian+Writing+in+Britain%2C+1700%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-64327-9&rft.aulast=Innes&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Lynnette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2002" class="citation cs2">Israel, Milton (2002), Communications and Power: Propaganda and the Press in the Indian National Struggle, 1920–1947, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46763-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46763-6"><bdi>978-0-521-46763-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communications+and+Power%3A+Propaganda+and+the+Press+in+the+Indian+National+Struggle%2C+1920%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-46763-6&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot1996" class="citation cs2">Jaffrelot, Christofer (1996), The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics, London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-301-1"><bdi>1-85065-301-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Nationalist+Movement+and+Indian+Politics&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-85065-301-1&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christofer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1994" class="citation cs2">Johnson, K. Paul (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mastersrevealedm0000john">The Masters Revealed: Madame Blavatsky and the Myth of the Great White Lodge</a>, Albany, New York: SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2063-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2063-9"><bdi>0-7914-2063-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Masters+Revealed%3A+Madame+Blavatsky+and+the+Myth+of+the+Great+White+Lodge&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7914-2063-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=K.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmastersrevealedm0000john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2003" class="citation cs2">Joseph, George Verghese (2003), George Joseph, the Life and Times of a Kerala Christian Nationalist, Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-2495-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-250-2495-6"><bdi>81-250-2495-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Joseph%2C+the+Life+and+Times+of+a+Kerala+Christian+Nationalist&rft.place=Hyderabad%2C+India&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-250-2495-6&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=George+Verghese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahiri2000" class="citation cs2">Lahiri, Shompa (2000), Indians in Britain: Anglo-Indian Encounters, Race and Identity, 1880–1930, London: Frank Cass publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-8049-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-8049-4"><bdi>0-7146-8049-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indians+in+Britain%3A+Anglo-Indian+Encounters%2C+Race+and+Identity%2C+1880%E2%80%931930&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7146-8049-4&rft.aulast=Lahiri&rft.aufirst=Shompa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKara1986" class="citation cs2">Kara, Maniben, ed. (1986), The Radical Humanist, Vol 50, Bombay: Indian Renaissance Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Humanist%2C+Vol+50&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Indian+Renaissance+Institute&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2004" class="citation cs2">Lee, Sidney (2004), King Edward VII: A Biography Part II, Oxford, UK: Kessinger Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4179-3235-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4179-3235-X"><bdi>1-4179-3235-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Edward+VII%3A+A+Biography+Part+II&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4179-3235-X&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmud1994" class="citation cs2">Mahmud, Syed Jafar (1994), Pillars of Modern India, New Delhi: Ashis Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7024-586-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7024-586-9"><bdi>81-7024-586-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pillars+of+Modern+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Ashis+Publishing+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=81-7024-586-9&rft.aulast=Mahmud&rft.aufirst=Syed+Jafar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1971" class="citation cs2">Majumdar, Ramesh C (1971), History of the Freedom Movement in India (Vol I), Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7102-099-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7102-099-2"><bdi>81-7102-099-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Freedom+Movement+in+India+%28Vol+I%29&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Firma+K.+L.+Mukhopadhyay&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=81-7102-099-2&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1966" class="citation cs2">Majumdar, Bemanbehari (1966), Militant Nationalism in India and Its Socio-religious Background, 1897–1917, Calcutta: General Printers and Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militant+Nationalism+in+India+and+Its+Socio-religious+Background%2C+1897%E2%80%931917&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=General+Printers+and+Publishers&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Bemanbehari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMinn1992" class="citation cs2">McMinn, Joseph (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalism0000unse_c8p5">The Internationalism of Irish Literature and Drama</a>, Savage, Maryland: Barnes & Noble, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-389-20962-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-389-20962-7"><bdi>0-389-20962-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Internationalism+of+Irish+Literature+and+Drama&rft.place=Savage%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-389-20962-7&rft.aulast=McMinn&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationalism0000unse_c8p5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitra2006" class="citation cs2">Mitra, Subrata K (2006), The Puzzle of India's Governance: Culture, Context and Comparative Theory, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34861-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34861-7"><bdi>0-415-34861-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puzzle+of+India%27s+Governance%3A+Culture%2C+Context+and+Comparative+Theory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-34861-7&rft.aulast=Mitra&rft.aufirst=Subrata+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2007" class="citation cs2">Owen, Nicholas (2007), The British Left and India, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923301-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923301-4"><bdi>978-0-19-923301-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Left+and+India&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923301-4&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParekh1999" class="citation cs2">Parekh, Bhiku C. (1999), Colonialism, Tradition and Reform: An Analysis of Gandhi's Political Discourse, New Delhi: Sage Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-9383-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-9383-5"><bdi>0-7619-9383-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism%2C+Tradition+and+Reform%3A+An+Analysis+of+Gandhi%27s+Political+Discourse&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7619-9383-5&rft.aulast=Parekh&rft.aufirst=Bhiku+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasricha2008" class="citation cs2">Pasricha, Ashu (2008), The Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Co, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-491-2"><bdi>978-81-8069-491-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+Eminent+Thinkers&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-491-2&rft.aulast=Pasricha&rft.aufirst=Ashu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParel2000" class="citation cs2">Parel, Antony (2000), Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-rule, Oxford: Lexington Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0137-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-0137-4"><bdi>0-7391-0137-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%2C+Freedom%2C+and+Self-rule&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7391-0137-4&rft.aulast=Parel&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopplewell1995" class="citation cs2">Popplewell, Richard J (1995), Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924, London: Frank Cass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4580-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-4580-X"><bdi>0-7146-4580-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligence+and+Imperial+Defence%3A+British+Intelligence+and+the+Defence+of+the+Indian+Empire+1904%E2%80%931924&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7146-4580-X&rft.aulast=Popplewell&rft.aufirst=Richard+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2005" class="citation cs2">Price, Ruth (2005), The Lives of Agnes Smedley, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534386-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534386-1"><bdi>978-0-19-534386-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+Agnes+Smedley&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534386-1&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuniyani2005" class="citation cs2">Puniyani, Ram (2005), Religion, power & violence, New Delhi: Sage Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-3338-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-3338-7"><bdi>0-7619-3338-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+power+%26+violence&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7619-3338-7&rft.aulast=Puniyani&rft.aufirst=Ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQur2005" class="citation cs2">Qur, Moniruddin (2005), History of Journalism, New Delhi: Anmol Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-2355-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-261-2355-9"><bdi>81-261-2355-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Journalism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-261-2355-9&rft.aulast=Qur&rft.aufirst=Moniruddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhan2002" class="citation cs2">Radhan, O.P (2002), Encyclopaedia of Political Parties, New Delhi: Anmol, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7488-865-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7488-865-9"><bdi>81-7488-865-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Political+Parties&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Anmol&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-7488-865-9&rft.aulast=Radhan&rft.aufirst=O.P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSareen1979" class="citation cs2">Sareen, Tilak Raj (1979), Indian Revolutionary Movement Abroad, 1905–1921., New Delhi: Sterling</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Revolutionary+Movement+Abroad%2C+1905%E2%80%931921.&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Sareen&rft.aufirst=Tilak+Raj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha2014" class="citation cs2">Sinha, Babli (2014), South Asian Transnationalisms: Cultural Exchange in the Twentieth Century., Oxford: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415556187" title="Special:BookSources/9780415556187"><bdi>9780415556187</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Transnationalisms%3A+Cultural+Exchange+in+the+Twentieth+Century.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780415556187&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Babli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2001" class="citation cs2">Strachan, Hew (2001), The First World War. Volume I: To Arms, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926191-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926191-1"><bdi>0-19-926191-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War.+Volume+I%3A+To+Arms&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-926191-1&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=Hew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTickell2013" class="citation cs2">Tickell, Alex (2013), Terrorism, Insurgency and Indian-English Literature, 1830-1947, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926191-8"><bdi>978-0-19-926191-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism%2C+Insurgency+and+Indian-English+Literature%2C+1830-1947&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926191-8&rft.aulast=Tickell&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Pochhammer2005" class="citation cs2">von Pochhammer, Wilhelm (2005), India's Road to Nationhood. (2nd edition), Mumbai: Allied Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7764-715-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7764-715-6"><bdi>81-7764-715-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Road+to+Nationhood.+%282nd+edition%29&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-7764-715-6&rft.aulast=von+Pochhammer&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert1962" class="citation cs2">Wolpert, Stanley (1962), Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India, University of California Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tilak+and+Gokhale%3A+Revolution+and+Reform+in+the+Making+of+Modern+India&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav1992" class="citation cs2">Yadav, B.D (1992), M.P.T. Acharya, Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary, New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7041-470-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7041-470-9"><bdi>81-7041-470-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M.P.T.+Acharya%2C+Reminiscences+of+an+Indian+Revolutionary&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+Pvt+ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=81-7041-470-9&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=B.D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+House" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bose, Arun. Indian Revolutionaries Abroad, 1905–1922. 1971. Bharati Bhawan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_House&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhavans.info/heritage/shyamji_verma.asp">Shyamji Krishna Verma and India House</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141115093056/http://www.bhavans.info/heritage/shyamji_verma.asp">Archived</a> 15 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Vidya_Bhavan" title="Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan">Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan</a>, Mumbai.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:India_House" title="Template:India House"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_House" title="Template talk:India House"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_House" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India House"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_House" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India House</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">revolutionary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Committee_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="British Committee of the Indian National Congress">British Committee of the Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Rana" title="S. R. Rana">S. R. Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyndman" title="Henry Hyndman">Henry Hyndman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_Society" title="Indian Home Rule Society">Indian Home Rule Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">V. D. Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._S._Aiyar" title="V. V. S. Aiyar">V. V. S. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">V. N. Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senapati_Bapat" class="mw-redirect" title="Senapati Bapat">P.M. Bapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya" title="M. P. T. Acharya">M.P.T. Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Dhingra" title="Madan Lal Dhingra">Madanlal Dhingra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_Mohamed_Barakatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah">Mohamed Barkatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">B.C. Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._S._Khaparde" title="G. S. Khaparde">G. S. Khaparde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat_Society" title="Abhinav Bharat Society">Abhinav Bharat Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_India_Society" title="Free India Society">Free India Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_War_of_Independence_(book)" title="The Indian War of Independence (book)">The Indian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Indian_Society" title="Paris Indian Society">Paris Indian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(Paris_publication)" title="Bande Mataram (Paris publication)">Bande Mataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talvar" title="Talvar">Talvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:India_House" title="Category:India House">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Template:Indian Revolutionary Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Revolutionary Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Revolutionary Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Indian Revolutionary Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat_Society" title="Abhinav Bharat Society">Abhinav Bharat Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Volunteers" title="Bengal Volunteers">Bengal Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Consolidation" title="Communist Consolidation">Communist Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Anushilan_Samiti" title="Dhaka Anushilan Samiti">Dhaka Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a> (Yugantar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naujawan_Bharat_Sabha" title="Naujawan Bharat Sabha">Naujawan Bharat Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Indian_Society" title="Paris Indian Society">Paris Indian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_and_Peasants_Party_(India)" title="Workers and Peasants Party (India)">Workers and Peasants Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinash_Chandra_Bhattacharya" title="Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya">Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Chakrabarty" title="Ambika Chakrabarty">Ambika Chakrabarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajoy_Ghosh" title="Ajoy Ghosh">Ajoy Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anant_Laxman_Kanhere" title="Anant Laxman Kanhere">Anant Laxman Kanhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Singh" title="Ananta Singh">Ananta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantahari_Mitra" title="Anantahari Mitra">Anantahari Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atul_Krishna_Ghosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Atul Krishna Ghosh">Atul Krishna Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badal_Gupta" title="Badal Gupta">Badal Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikuntha_Shukla" title="Baikuntha Shukla">Baikuntha Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banwari_Lal_(revolutionary)" title="Banwari Lal (revolutionary)">Banwari Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanta_Kumar_Biswas" title="Basanta Kumar Biswas">Basanta Kumar Biswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batukeshwar_Dutt" title="Batukeshwar Dutt">Batukeshwar Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoy_Basu" title="Benoy Basu">Benoy Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Singh_Gyanee" title="Bhagwan Singh Gyanee">Bhagwan Singh Gyanee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwati_Charan_Vohra" title="Bhagwati Charan Vohra">Bhagwati Charan Vohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Balmukund" title="Bhai Balmukund">Bhai Balmukund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Parmanand" title="Bhai Parmanand">Bhai Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta" title="Bhupendranath Datta">Bhupendranath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_Das" title="Bina Das">Bina Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binod_Bihari_Chowdhury" title="Binod Bihari Chowdhury">Binod Bihari Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Behari_Ganguli" title="Bipin Behari Ganguli">Bipin Behari Ganguli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chempakaraman_Pillai" title="Chempakaraman Pillai">Chempakaraman Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittapriya_Ray_Chaudhuri" title="Chittapriya Ray Chaudhuri">Chittapriya Ray Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deba_Gupta" title="Deba Gupta">Deba Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Gupta" title="Dinesh Gupta">Dinesh Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgawati_Devi" title="Durgawati Devi">Durgawati Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Ganesh Damodar Savarkar">Ganesh Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Ghosh" title="Ganesh Ghosh">Ganesh Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya_Prasad_Katiyar" title="Gaya Prasad Katiyar">Gaya Prasad Katiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Kaur" title="Gulab Kaur">Gulab Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guran_Ditt_Kumar" title="Guran Ditt Kumar">Guran Ditt Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Konar" title="Hare Krishna Konar">Hare Krishna Konar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridas_Dutta" title="Haridas Dutta">Haridas Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harigopal_Bal" title="Harigopal Bal">Harigopal Bal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Kishan_Talwar" title="Hari Kishan Talwar">Hari Kishan Talwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnam_Singh_Saini" title="Harnam Singh Saini">Harnam Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemchandra_Kanungo" title="Hemchandra Kanungo">Hemchandra Kanungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadugopal_Mukherjee" title="Jadugopal Mukherjee">Jadugopal Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiban_Ghoshal" title="Jiban Ghoshal">Jiban Ghoshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanendra_Das_Gupta" title="Jnanendra Das Gupta">Jnanendra Das Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogesh_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee">Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanailal_Dutta" title="Kanailal Dutta">Kanailal Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpana_Datta" title="Kalpana Datta">Kalpana Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Das" title="Kalyani Das">Kalyani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaji_Gopal_Karve" title="Krishnaji Gopal Karve">Krishnaji Gopal Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartar_Singh_Sarabha" title="Kartar Singh Sarabha">Kartar Singh Sarabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Kishori_Lal" title="Pandit Kishori Lal">Kishori Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Pratap_Singh_Barhath" title="Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath">Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushal_Konwar" title="Kushal Konwar">Kushal Konwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokenath_Bal" title="Lokenath Bal">Lokenath Bal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Dhingra" title="Madan Lal Dhingra">Madan Lal Dhingra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Singh_(revolutionary)" title="Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)">Mahavir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmath_Nath_Gupta" title="Manmath Nath Gupta">Manmath Nath Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoranjan_Bhattacharya_(revolutionary)" title="Manoranjan Bhattacharya (revolutionary)">Manoranjan Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangini_Hazra" title="Matangini Hazra">Matangini Hazra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohit_Moitra" title="Mohit Moitra">Mohit Moitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Kishore_Namadas" title="Mohan Kishore Namadas">Mohan Kishore Namadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Roy" title="Motilal Roy">Motilal Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya" title="M. P. T. Acharya">M. P. T. Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundi_Lal" title="Mukundi Lal">Mukundi Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsha_Singh_Dukhi" title="Munsha Singh Dukhi">Munsha Singh Dukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Mohan_Sen" title="Narendra Mohan Sen">Narendra Mohan Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niranjan_Sengupta" title="Niranjan Sengupta">Niranjan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Jibon_Ghosh" title="Nirmal Jibon Ghosh">Nirmal Jibon Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Kanshi_Ram" title="Pandit Kanshi Ram">Pandit Kanshi Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchanan_Chakraborty" title="Panchanan Chakraborty">Panchanan Chakraborty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Mahadev_Bapat" title="Pandurang Mahadev Bapat">Pandurang Mahadev Bapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Khankhoje" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje">Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Ranjan_Choudhury" title="Pramod Ranjan Choudhury">Pramod Ranjan Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratul_Chandra_Ganguli" title="Pratul Chandra Ganguli">Pratul Chandra Ganguli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyot_Kumar_Bhattacharya" title="Pradyot Kumar Bhattacharya">Pradyot Kumar Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Krishna_Khanna" title="Prem Krishna Khanna">Prem Krishna Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulin_Behari_Das" title="Pulin Behari Das">Pulin Behari Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Kurian" title="P. V. Kurian">P. V. Kurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajat_Sen" title="Rajat Sen">Rajat Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Lahiri" title="Rajendra Lahiri">Rajendra Lahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Bharadwaj" title="Ram Chandra Bharadwaj">Ram Chandra Bharadwaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Biswas" title="Ramakrishna Biswas">Ramakrishna Biswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Rakha" title="Ram Rakha">Ram Rakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshan_Singh" title="Roshan Singh">Roshan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Bakshi" title="Sachindra Bakshi">Sachindra Bakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Nath_Sanyal" title="Sachindra Nath Sanyal">Sachindra Nath Sanyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosh_Kumar_Mitra" title="Santosh Kumar Mitra">Santosh Kumar Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Bosu" title="Satyendranath Bosu">Satyendranath Bosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Sardar" title="Satish Sardar">Satish Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Verma" title="Shiv Verma">Shiv Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaram_Rajguru" title="Shivaram Rajguru">Shivaram Rajguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrish_Chandra_Ghosh" title="Shrish Chandra Ghosh">Shrish Chandra Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Singh_Bhakna" title="Sohan Singh Bhakna">Sohan Singh Bhakna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohanlal_Pathak" title="Sohanlal Pathak">Sohanlal Pathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srish_Pal" title="Srish Pal">Srish Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subodh_Roy" title="Subodh Roy">Subodh Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Thapar" title="Sukhdev Thapar">Sukhdev Thapar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suniti_Choudhury" title="Suniti Choudhury">Suniti Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarakeswar_Dastidar" title="Tarakeswar Dastidar">Tarakeswar Dastidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarakeswar_Sengupta" title="Tarakeswar Sengupta">Tarakeswar Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Kesari_Singh_Barhath" title="Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath">Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Zorawar_Singh_Barhath" title="Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath">Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh">Udham Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullaskar_Dutta" title="Ullaskar Dutta">Ullaskar Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._S._Aiyar" title="V. V. S. Aiyar">V. V. S. Aiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Bhai_Kotwal" title="Veer Bhai Kotwal">Veer Bhai Kotwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Ganesh_Pingle" title="Vishnu Ganesh Pingle">Vishnu Ganesh Pingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Vaishampayan" title="Vishwanath Vaishampayan">Vishwanath Vaishampayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(publication)" title="Bande Mataram (publication)">Bande Mataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(Paris_publication)" title="Bande Mataram (Paris publication)">Bande Mataram (Paris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Ghadar" title="Hindustan Ghadar">Hindustan Ghadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar_Patrika" title="Jugantar Patrika">Jugantar Patrika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore_Bomb_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore Bomb case">Alipore Bomb case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barisal_Conspiracy_Case" title="Barisal Conspiracy Case">Barisal Conspiracy Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Armoury_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittagong Armoury Raid">Chittagong Armoury Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi conspiracy case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Conspiracy_Commission" title="Delhi Conspiracy Commission">Delhi Conspiracy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Mutiny" title="Ghadar Mutiny">Ghadar Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy_Trial" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial">Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah-Sibpur_Conspiracy_case" title="Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case">Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Conspiracy_Case_trial" title="Lahore Conspiracy Case trial">Lahore Conspiracy Case trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodda_company_arms_heist" title="Rodda company arms heist">Rodda company arms heist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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