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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-5th_Light_Infantry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5th_Light_Infantry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>5th Light Infantry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5th_Light_Infantry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disunity_and_discontent_in_regiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disunity_and_discontent_in_regiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Disunity and discontent in regiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disunity_and_discontent_in_regiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutiny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutiny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mutiny</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mutiny-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mutiny subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mutiny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malay_States_Guides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malay_States_Guides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Malay States Guides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malay_States_Guides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Killing_of_civilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Killing_of_civilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Killing of civilians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Killing_of_civilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_suppression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_suppression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Final suppression</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Final_suppression-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Final suppression subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Final_suppression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_role_and_reservations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_role_and_reservations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Russian role and reservations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_role_and_reservations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_role_and_reservations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_role_and_reservations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Japanese role and reservations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_role_and_reservations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inquiry_and_public_executions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inquiry_and_public_executions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Inquiry and public executions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inquiry_and_public_executions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ineffectiveness_of_commanding_officer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ineffectiveness_of_commanding_officer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ineffectiveness of commanding officer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ineffectiveness_of_commanding_officer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_pan-Islamism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_pan-Islamism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Role of pan-Islamism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_pan-Islamism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_connection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_connection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Global connection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_connection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Setting_up_of_Special_Branch_Unit_and_other_related_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting_up_of_Special_Branch_Unit_and_other_related_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Setting up of Special Branch Unit and other related initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting_up_of_Special_Branch_Unit_and_other_related_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AB_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9" title="১৯১৫ সিঙ্গাপুর বিদ্রোহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৯১৫ সিঙ্গাপুর বিদ্রোহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9" title="१९१५ का सिंगापुर विद्रोह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१९१५ का सिंगापुर विद्रोह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahagi_Singapura_1915" title="Dahagi Singapura 1915 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dahagi Singapura 1915" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahagi_Singapura_1915" title="Dahagi Singapura 1915 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dahagi Singapura 1915" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur_isyoni" title="Singapur isyoni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Singapur isyoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Singapore" title="Category:History of Singapore">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">History of <span class="fn org label">Singapore</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg/150px-Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg/225px-Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg/300px-Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2035" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Singapore" title="Early history of Singapore">Early history</a> (pre-1819)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 650–1377</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Ya_Men" title="Long Ya Men">Long Ya Men</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Ban_Zu" title="Ban Zu">Ban Zu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> c.14th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Kingdom of Singapura</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1299–1398</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1400–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1528–1819</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">British colonial era (1819–1942)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Founding_years_of_modern_Singapore" title="Founding years of modern Singapore">Founding</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1819–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1826–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements#Crown_colony_(1867–1942)" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Crown colony</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1867–1942</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese Occupation</a> (1942–1945)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Double_Tenth_incident" title="Double Tenth incident">Double Tenth incident</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1943</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Post-war period</a> (1945–1962)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore#First_Legislative_Council_(1948–1951)" title="History of Singapore">First Legislative Council</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1948–1951</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Hertogh_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Hertogh riots">Maria Hertogh riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1950</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore#Second_Legislative_Council_(1951–1955)" title="History of Singapore">Second Legislative Council</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1951–1955</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/1954_National_Service_riots" title="1954 National Service riots">Anti-National Service Riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1954</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Internal self-government</a> (1955–1963)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hock_Lee_bus_riots" title="Hock Lee bus riots">Hock Lee bus riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1955</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Glass_Factory_strikes" title="Singapore Glass Factory strikes">Singapore Glass Factory strikes</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Senang_prison_riots" title="Pulau Senang prison riots">Pulau Senang prison riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Merger with Malaysia</a> (1963–1965)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1962_Singaporean_integration_referendum" title="1962 Singaporean integration referendum">Singaporean referendum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Coldstore" title="Operation Coldstore">Operation Coldstore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">Race riots in Singapore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/MacDonald_House_bombing" title="MacDonald House bombing">MacDonald House bombing</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1965</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore" title="History of the Republic of Singapore">Republic of Singapore</a> (1965–present)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/1969_race_riots_of_Singapore" title="1969 race riots of Singapore">1969 race riots of Singapore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Laju_incident" title="Laju incident">Laju incident</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spectrum" title="Operation Spectrum">Operation Spectrum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Singapore" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1997</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_embassies_attack_plot" title="Singapore embassies attack plot">Embassies attack plot</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Asia#Singapore" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Asia">H1N1 pandemic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2009–2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2012_Singapore_bus_drivers%27_strike" title="2012 Singapore bus drivers' strike">Bus drivers' strike</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2013_Little_India_riot" title="2013 Little India riot">Little India riot</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content 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World War I"><span class="wrap">Asian and Pacific theatre</span></a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_Of_Chefoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occupation Of Chefoo (page does not exist)">Chefoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanning_Raid" title="Fanning Raid">Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" title="Allied occupation of German New Guinea">New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Australian occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bita_Paka" title="Battle of Bita Paka">Bita Paka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toma" title="Siege of Toma">Toma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Madang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Madang (page does not exist)">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_German_colonial_possessions" title="Japanese occupation of German colonial possessions">Pacific Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Papeete" title="Bombardment of Papeete">Papeete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Madras" title="Bombardment of Madras">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_Geier_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="SMS Geier Incident">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penang" title="Battle of Penang">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coronel" title="Battle of Coronel">Coronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cocos" title="Battle of Cocos">Cocos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Theatre_of_WWI" title="North-West Frontier Theatre of WWI">North-West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mahsuds_(1917)" title="Operations against the Mahsuds (1917)">Mahsuds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1s_a_Tierra" title="Battle of Más a Tierra">Más a Tierra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Rebellions_and_Attacks_during_WWI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean Rebellions and Attacks during WWI (page does not exist)">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_occupation_of_German_Tientsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese occupation of German Tientsin">German Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_occupation_of_German_Hankou" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese occupation of German Hankou">Hankou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_occupation_of_Austro-Hungarian_Tientsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese occupation of Austro-Hungarian Tientsin">Austro-Hungarian Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termination_of_the_German_and_Austro-Hungarian_Legations" title="Termination of the German and Austro-Hungarian Legations">German and Austro-Hungarian Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_SMS_Cormoran" title="Scuttling of SMS Cormoran">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Detzner#Adventures_in_New_Guinea" title="Hermann Detzner">German Resistance in New Guinea</a></li></ul> <p><i>See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></i> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>1915 Singapore Mutiny</b>, (also known as the <b>1915 Sepoy Mutiny</b> or the <b>Mutiny of the 5th Light Infantry</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> of elements of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/5th_Light_Infantry" title="5th Light Infantry">5th Light Infantry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">colony of Singapore</a>. Up to half of the regiment, which consisted of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Indian Muslims</a> predominantly from <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rajput" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Rajput">Muslim Rajput</a> background, mutinied on 15 February 1915 due to rumours that they would be sent to fight against the largely Muslim <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre of World War I</a>. The mutineers killed 36 soldiers and civilians before the mutiny was suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> forces. After the mutiny, more than 205 mutineers were tried by <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a>, and 47 were sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">execution by firing squad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5th_Light_Infantry">5th Light Infantry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 5th Light Infantry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/5th_Light_Infantry" title="5th Light Infantry">5th Light Infantry</a> was a long established regiment in the Indian Army, dating from 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-SingaporeMutiny_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SingaporeMutiny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had a good military record. It was initially known as the 2nd Battalion, 21st Bengal Native Infantry and was re-designated as the 42nd Bengal Native (Light) Infantry in 1843. After the Indian Mutiny, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, the surviving Bengal regiments were renumbered in 1861 and consequently the 42nd became the 5th Bengal Native (Light) Infantry. Following army reforms, the word ‘’Native’’ was dropped the regiment simply became known as the 5th Light Infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SingaporeMutiny_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SingaporeMutiny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regiment was well known for several battle honours, which included the Arakan, Afghanistan and Kandahar 1842, Ghunze 1842, Kabul and Moodkee, Ferozeshah and Sobroan 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-SingaporeMutiny_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SingaporeMutiny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also fought in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Afghan War</a> of 1879–80 and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Burmese War</a> of 1885–87, which led to the British annexation of Burma and its tributary Shan states.<sup id="cite_ref-SingaporeMutiny_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SingaporeMutiny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately prior to World War One, the regiment was employed in garrison duties in India. On 10 October 1914, the 5th Light Infantry was stationed in <a href="/wiki/Nowgong,_Chhatarpur" title="Nowgong, Chhatarpur">Nowgong</a> when it was posted to Singapore to replace the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Own_Yorkshire_Light_Infantry" title="King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry">King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry</a>, which had been ordered to France.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusually for 1914–15 the 5th Light Infantry was an entirely Muslim unit, mainly comprising <a href="/wiki/Ranghar" title="Ranghar">Ranghars</a> (Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> origin) and <a href="/wiki/Pathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathan">Pathans</a>, commanded by British and Indian officers. Upon arrival in Singapore, the 5th Light Infantry was based in Alexandra Barracks.<sup id="cite_ref-SingaporeMutiny_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SingaporeMutiny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disunity_and_discontent_in_regiment">Disunity and discontent in regiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disunity and discontent in regiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even before its departure from India the 5th Light Infantry suffered from weak senior leadership and discord amongst its British officers (see details of <a href="#Inquiry_and_public_executions">Court of Inquiry</a> report below). To compound the problem, the sepoys themselves were divided into two major cliques. One was led by the <a href="/wiki/Subedar-major" title="Subedar-major">Subedar Major</a> Khan Mohamed Khan and <a href="/wiki/Subedar" title="Subedar">Subedar</a> Wahid Ali and the other consisted of Subedar Dunde Khan plus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemedar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jemedar (page does not exist)">Jemedar</a> Chiste Khan and Abdul Ali Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-pustule_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pustule-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Court of Inquiry, discipline was compromised by this division and any particular policy innovation or other measure taken within the regiment was likely to be opposed by one faction or the other. </p><p>The sepoys were also reportedly unable to adjust and adapt to the living conditions in their new environment. While in India, the sepoys had a constant supply of goat meat and milk but because it was difficult to receive a constant supply of goats in Singapore, they had to make do with a substitute – chicken - and very little milk.<sup id="cite_ref-SingaporeMutiny_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SingaporeMutiny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sepoys resorted to buying their own meat and milk to make up for the insufficient amounts they received and the use of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_dollar" title="Straits dollar">dollar</a> versus the rupee irked them further. </p><p>The Court of Inquiry report, as well as contemporary accounts of the mutiny, saw it to be essentially an isolated affair - resulting from internal problems arising within a single poorly-led unit on overseas service. The possibility of German or Turkish involvement was closely examined but otherwise wider political and social implications were generally ignored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mutiny">Mutiny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mutiny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 January 1915, Colonel Martin announced that the 5th Light Infantry was to be transferred to Hong Kong for further garrison duties, replacing another Indian regiment. However, rumours were circulated among the sepoys that they might instead be sent to Europe or to the Ottoman Empire to fight against their Muslim co-religionists.<sup id="cite_ref-Sareen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sareen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three Indian officers, Subedar Dunde Khan, Jemedar Chiste Khan, and Jemedar Ali Khan, were later to be identified by a court of enquiry as key conspirators in the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the final order to sail to Hong Kong aboard the <i>Nile</i> arrived in February 1915, they and other ringleaders among the sepoys decided that it was time to rebel. On the morning of 15 February, the <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding">General Officer Commanding</a> Singapore addressed a farewell parade of the regiment, complimenting the sepoys on their excellent turnout and referring to their departure the next day, without mentioning Hong Kong as the destination. At 3:30 pm on the afternoon of the same day, four Rajput companies of the eight companies making up the 5th Light Infantry<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mutinied. The mostly Pathan sepoys of the remaining four companies did not join the mutiny but scattered in confusion. Two British officers of the regiment were killed as they attempted to restore order. </p><p>The mutineers divided themselves into three groups. A party of 100 went to obtain ammunition from Tanglin Barracks, where 309 Germans, including crew members from the German light cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Emden_(1906)" class="mw-redirect" title="SMS Emden (1906)">SMS <i>Emden</i></a>, had been interned by the British. The mutineers fired on the camp guards and officers without warning, killing ten British guards, three <a href="/wiki/Royal_Johor_Military_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Johor Military Force">Johore troops</a> present in the camp and one German internee. Amongst the dead were Second Lieutenant John Love Montgomerie,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rifles; Sergeant G. Wald,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Reserve) Engineers; Corporal D. McGilvray,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rifles; Corporal G.O. Lawson,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyclist Scouts; Lance Corporal J.G.E. Harper,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rifles; Private B.C. Cameron,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rifles; Private F.S. Drysdale,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rifles; Private A.J.G. Holt,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rifles and Stoker 1st Class C. F. Anscombe,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HMS Cadmus.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three Britons and one German were wounded but survived the attack, as did eight <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Royal Army Medical Corps">Royal Army Medical Corps</a> personnel in the camp hospital, including one who managed to escape under heavy fire to raise the alarm. The mutineers tried to persuade the Germans to join them, but many of the latter were shaken by the sudden violence and reluctant to do so. Some German sailors and reservists wanted to join with the mutineers, but the majority adopted a neutral stance, refusing to accept rifles from the Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirty-five Germans escaped but the rest remained in the barracks.<sup id="cite_ref-Sareen_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sareen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As it was the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>, most of the Chinese Volunteers Corps were on leave, leaving Singapore almost defenceless against the mutiny. The British government was caught unprepared, and other mutineers went on a killing spree at <a href="/wiki/Keppel_Harbour" title="Keppel Harbour">Keppel Harbour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasir_Panjang" title="Pasir Panjang">Pasir Panjang</a>, killing 19 European and local civilians. <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a> was imposed and every available man from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cadmus_(1903)" title="HMS Cadmus (1903)">HMS <i>Cadmus</i></a> went ashore to join with British, Malay and Chinese Volunteer units and the small number of British regular troops forming part of the garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British <a href="/wiki/Vice-Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Admiral">Vice-Admiral</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Jerram" title="Martyn Jerram">Martyn Jerram</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sent a radio message requesting help from any allied warships nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-Sareen_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sareen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A group of mutineers laid siege to the bungalow of the commanding officer of the 5th Light Infantry, Lieutenant-Colonel E. V. Martin, which effectively blocked the route into Singapore Town. Martin and a detachment of the hastily mobilised Malay States Volunteer Rifles held out through the night of the 15th, under sporadic fire. Loyal sepoys who tried to join them were ordered to "go to a safe place" to prevent them from being confused in the dark with mutineers. With daylight, the defenders were successful in retaking the regimental barracks, at the cost of one killed and five wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mutineers scattered, and despite sniper fire, the general population stayed calm while volunteers, sailors and marines fought sporadic skirmishes with the mutineers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malay_States_Guides">Malay States Guides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Malay States Guides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attached to the 5th Light Infantry at Alexandra Barracks were a detachment of 97 Indian officers and men of the Malay States Guides (MSG) Mule Battery. Raised in 1896 for the internal garrisoning of the Federated Malay States, the regiment was recruited from Sikhs, Pathans and Punjabis in both India and Malaya. The British officer commanding the battery was shot dead by an unknown sniper as he hastened to the gun park. The MSG gunners then dispersed when a large body of 5th Light Infantry mutineers approached their lines. The MSG artillery pieces were abandoned but not brought into action by the mutineers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seven men of the MSG were subsequently arrested in Outram Road, Singapore while they were carrying rifles, which had been fired. They were court-martialed and sentenced to a year in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Killing_of_civilians">Killing of civilians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Killing of civilians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the civilian fatalities during the mutiny were thirteen British men; one British woman, Mrs. G.B. Woolcombe (her death was later assumed by the British authorities to have possibly been unintended);<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two Chinese women; one Chinese man; and two Malay men.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that only one British woman was killed was often ignored in the reports that followed the mutiny. For instance, in a long letter detailing her experience during the mutiny, a British woman who was an eyewitness to the incident misleadingly wrote in to <i>The Times</i> that the sepoys had "deliberately shot at every European man or woman they saw" and that "21 English men and women were buried yesterday" (26 March 1915).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir Evelyn Ellis, a member of the Legislative Council in Singapore and of the official court of enquiry that investigated the mutiny, publicly described the revolt as "part of a scheme for the murder of women and children".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 15 years later, in 1932, a journalist in Penang, George Bilainkin, wrote that during the mutiny, the sepoys had "knifed and shot white men and women indiscriminately".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_suppression">Final suppression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Final suppression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 February, the French cruiser <i><a href="/wiki/French_armoured_cruiser_Montcalm" class="mw-redirect" title="French armoured cruiser Montcalm">Montcalm</a>,</i> followed by the Russian auxiliary cruiser <i>Orel</i> and Japanese warships<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Otowa" title="Japanese cruiser Otowa">Otowa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Tsushima" title="Japanese cruiser Tsushima">Tsushima</a></i> arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seventy-five Japanese sailors, 22 Russians and 190 French marines were landed to round up mutineers who had taken refuge in the jungle to the north of Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were joined in this operation by 60 soldiers of the 36th Sikhs who were passing through Singapore, plus Singaporean police, British sailors and Malay States Volunteer Rifles. Lacking strong leadership, the mutiny had started to lose direction – a large number of the mutineers surrendered immediately, and the rest scattered in small groups into the jungles. Many tried to cross the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Johore" class="mw-redirect" title="Strait of Johore">Strait of Johore</a>, but were quickly rounded up by the Royal Johor Military Force.<sup id="cite_ref-execution_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-execution-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While local media spoke of serious battles there were in fact only minor skirmishes between the allied landing parties and the now demoralized mutineers. By the evening of 17 February, 432 mutineers had been captured.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 February, companies of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Shropshire_Light_Infantry" title="King's Shropshire Light Infantry">1st/4th Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry (Territorials)</a> arrived from Rangoon to relieve the sailors and the marines. They succeeded in quickly rounding up the last of the mutineers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_role_and_reservations">Russian role and reservations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russian role and reservations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>News of the mutiny reached the Russian Consul-General in Singapore, N.A. Rospopov, on the morning of 16 February 1915 through a Russian citizen who was a patient at a charity hospital in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As offices were closed for the Chinese New Year and the town was in a state of siege, Rospopov had difficulty finding formal and conclusive information about the mutiny through official sources. It was only a day later, on 17 February, that the Russians, having been advised by their Japanese allies, dispatched the <i>Orel</i> to assist the British in putting down the mutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only on the 18 February that Rospopov eventually received a telegram from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and another from the Commander of the Russian Pacific Squadron, Admiral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximilian_von_Schulz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximilian von Schulz (page does not exist)">Schulz</a> <small>(<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Шульц, Максимилиан Фёдорович">ru</a>)</small>, instructing the <i>Orel</i> to depart quickly for Singapore from Penang and to exercise "extreme caution and military preparedness en route".<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Orel</i> brought with it 40 men, 2 machine-guns, and a doctor. Within 15 minutes of its arrival, the Russians were preparing for military action at the end of the railway line in the northern part of Singapore to intercept any fleeing mutineers.<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians were successful in capturing an estimated 180 mutineers.<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 February a detachment of 22 Russian sailors had skirmished with sepoys. The latter dispersed but later that evening exchanged heavy fire with a <a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">picket</a> of five Russians, wounding two.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russia_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the incident, published works on the 1915 mutiny described that the Russians "among all the Allies … had the closest encounter with near disaster avoided".<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides military involvement, the <i>Orel</i> also temporarily provided shelter for some of the residents who had evacuated the town. Rospopov reported on the 21 February that the <i>Orel</i> had to unexpectedly take in 42 women and 15 children abroad as a fire had broken out on board their other ship.<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_33-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Russians were quick to come to the aid of the British, the Anglo-Russian relationship was fraught with an underlying sense of distrust rooted in a long-standing history of competition. Just decades before the mutiny of 1915, Russia and Britain were already locked in imperialist rivalry. Spurred by the last tsar's Asiatic Mission and his visit to South East Asia as part of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_journey_of_Nicholas_II" title="Eastern journey of Nicholas II">his world tour of 1891</a>, the Russian government appointed its first ethnic-Russian Consul, V. Vyvodtsev, to Singapore as early as 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_33-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian presence in Southeast Asia during the last quarter of the 19th century was meant not only to safeguard its economic and strategic position in China but also to carefully observe the designs and advances of its imperialist rivals in the region, foremost among them being the British empire. Anglo-Russian relationship took a turn for the worse during the latter half of the 19th century when both Britain and Russia were locked in competition for Afghanistan and Persia as well as when Britain halted Russian advancement into the Balkans and Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_33-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain's alignment with Japan as an ally worsened Anglo-Russian relationship with the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese war of 1904–05.<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_33-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This history of suspicion and rivalry explains why Rospopov sent a secret telegram on 21 February expressing his reservations at placing the <i>Orel</i> and its accompanying men and guns under the command of the British military in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_33-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually the French admiral was able to assuage the fears of Rospopov and assured him that Russian aid at this point would serve as a good means to strengthen Anglo-Russian relations. When the mutiny was finally quelled, the Russian captain Vinokurov reportedly remarked to the British Governor to Singapore that the Russian assistance in suppressing the mutiny "would unite the two countries better than any treaty".<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_33-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_role_and_reservations">Japanese role and reservations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japanese role and reservations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 February 1915, the Third Squadron of the Japanese Navy received a telegram from the Military Attaché Araki Jiro via Ma-Kung in the Formosa Straits (the main base of the Squadron) requesting Japanese help.<sup id="cite_ref-Rainbow_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainbow-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Otowa</i> and <i>Tsushima</i> were sent immediately for Singapore. Although help was sent and well received by the British Navy in Singapore, the Japanese Navy was hesitant about doing so initially. Commanding Officer of the Third Squadron, Rear Admiral Tsuchiya Mitsukane apparently expressed his displeasure in dispatching help as he believed that being a signatory of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a>, Japan should not interfere in the internal affairs of another country without attaching collateral conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Rainbow_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainbow-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, Tsuchiya had recalled how a British ship once anchored at <a href="/wiki/Chilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilung">Chilung</a> had refused to help put down a Taiwanese revolt against Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Rainbow_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainbow-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing that he had no choice but to follow orders from the Japanese Government and Naval Headquarters, Tsuchiya secretly advised his land forces not to kill or wound any sepoy intentionally but to simply encourage them to surrender as the former had no enmity with the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-Rainbow_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainbow-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to The General Staff of the British Military Headquarters, “in reality the Japanese did not do much…and it was found desirable to disband them as early as possible”.<sup id="cite_ref-Rainbow_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainbow-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was apparently in reference to the organisation by their consul-general of 190 armed special constables from the Japanese community in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, from the point of view of Japanese politicians, Japan's involvement in suppressing the mutiny was also a form of projecting Japanese power and strength in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inquiry_and_public_executions">Inquiry and public executions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inquiry and public executions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1915_Singapore_Mutiny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1915_Singapore_Mutiny.jpg/220px-1915_Singapore_Mutiny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1915_Singapore_Mutiny.jpg/330px-1915_Singapore_Mutiny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1915_Singapore_Mutiny.jpg/440px-1915_Singapore_Mutiny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>The public executions of convicted sepoy mutineers at <a href="/wiki/Outram_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Outram Road">Outram Road</a>, Singapore, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> March 1915</span></figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 February 1915, a Court of Inquiry, headed by Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Aubrey_Hoghton" title="Frederick Aubrey Hoghton">F. A. Hoghton</a>, was held, at first meeting <i>in camera</i> but then in public sessions. It prepared a 450-page report dated 15 May 1915. Although extensive discord amongst both officers and men of the 5th Light Infantry was identified, the cause of the mutiny was not conclusively established. The focus of the report was on possible external German influences, plus internal regimental causes of the mutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 205 sepoys were tried by <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a>, and 47 were publicly executed,<sup id="cite_ref-tri1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tri1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Kassim Mansoor. Most soldiers killed were Muslims from the <a href="/wiki/Hisar_district" title="Hisar district">Hisar district</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rohtak_district" title="Rohtak district">Rohtak district</a> of current <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> state of India.<sup id="cite_ref-tri1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tri1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nur Alam Shah was not put on trial, although he was exposed as an active Indian nationalist with links to Ghadar.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he was detained and deported, as the British did not want to stir up trouble among their Muslim subjects. Sixty-four mutineers were transported for life, and 73 were given terms of imprisonment ranging from seven to 20 years. The public executions by firing squad took place at <a href="/wiki/Outram_Prison" title="Outram Prison">Outram Prison</a>, and were witnessed by an estimated 15,000 people. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a></i> reported: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>An enormous crowd, reliably estimated at more than 15,000 people, was packed on the slopes of Sepoy Lines looking down on the scene. The square as before was composed of regulars, local volunteers and Shropshire under the command of Colonel Derrick of the Singapore Volunteer Corps (SVC). The firing party consisted of men from the various companies of SVC under Captain Tongue and Lieutenant Blair and Hay.<sup id="cite_ref-execution_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-execution-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The remnants of the 5th Light Infantry, numbering 588 sepoys plus seven British and Indian officers, left Singapore on 3 July 1915 to see active service in the <a href="/wiki/Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroons">Cameroons</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>. They were not accompanied by Colonel Martin, who was heavily criticised by a court of inquiry and then retired from the Army. In 1922 the 5th Light Infantry was disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-Preface_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preface-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much the same fate befell the <a href="/wiki/Malay_States_Guides" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay States Guides">Malay States Guides</a>; they were sent to <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> to quell <a href="/wiki/Tok_Janggut" title="Tok Janggut">Tok Janggut</a>'s uprising at <a href="/wiki/Pasir_Puteh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasir Puteh">Pasir Puteh</a> in April 1915. Afterwards the Guides were sent to fight in Africa and were disbanded in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ineffectiveness_of_commanding_officer">Ineffectiveness of commanding officer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ineffectiveness of commanding officer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The specifically military grievances that led to the mutiny of the 5th Light Infantry centred on the personality of the commanding officer at the time, Lieutenant-Colonel E. V. Martin. He had been promoted from major in the regiment, but the previous colonel had reported that he was unpopular with his fellow officers and that he inspired little respect among the men. His appointment led to disunity amongst the British officers, which was reflected by division among the Indian officers over the promotion to commissioned rank of a colour-havildar. The issues, which might, under ordinary circumstances, have been of limited impact, were aggregated by the disruptive external influences of the Ghadar Party propaganda noted above and the entry of Turkey into the war.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Court of Inquiry, 'the prime cause of this lamentable episode'<sup id="cite_ref-pustule_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pustule-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the responsibility of Colonel Martin. Described as a "loner" for whom officers had little respect, Martin's primary fault was that he was too trusting, to the point of naivety.<sup id="cite_ref-pustule_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pustule-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he cared for the welfare of his men and saw that their living conditions were improved, he was described as being too much of a "soldier’s friend",<sup id="cite_ref-pustule_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pustule-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the point that other British officers found that this attitude and work ethic of Martin's severely undermined their authority over the sepoys. Over time, that served to erode the respect that the British officers and even the sepoys had for him. </p><p>Colonel Egerton at the India Office commented that the British officers serving under Colonel Martin were comparable to "sheep without a shepherd", avoiding and avoided by Martin whom they should have looked to for guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-pustule_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pustule-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sepoys were accused of deftly noticing this discontent and disunity among their British officers and then taking advantage of it to mutiny. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_pan-Islamism">Role of pan-Islamism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Role of pan-Islamism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within less than a week of the mutiny, a Court of Inquiry was set up to investigate and collect evidence for the trial for the mutineers. Although the Court of Inquiry was meant to take place behind closed doors, in accordance with standard military procedures, the proceeding was held in public instead. According to Harper and Miller this was to give the public the impression that the mutineers “were being tried for mutiny and shooting with intent to kill and not, as alleged for refusal to go to the Ottoman Empire".<sup id="cite_ref-SingaporeMutiny_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SingaporeMutiny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Court of Inquiry was clearly trying to downplay the link between Turkey and the mutiny, with the declassification of new documents and evidence, another perception has emerged in explaining the cause of the mutiny and that is the role of pan-Islamism. Contrary to official British colonial authorities, the mutiny was not an isolated case of a purely local affair but was instead part of a wider anti-British and pro-Muslim battle. </p><p>When Turkey decided to join in the war on the side of the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy), the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed V. Reshad (1844–1918) declared a jihad against the Allied Powers (Britain, France and Russia) and issued a fatwa calling on Muslims all around the world to throw their lot with the Caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This move had a huge impact on Muslims throughout the world as the Ottoman Sultan was revered as the Caliph of Islam and long considered by Indian Muslims as the final bulwark of Muslim power following the collapse of the Mughal empire in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Racial_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racial-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overnight, Muslims serving under the British Army, such as the sepoys, faced an existential dilemma and their loyalty being torn between their ummah (community, brotherhood) and their British colonial superiors. </p><p>For the Muslim sepoys in the 5th Light Infantry, interaction with Kasim Mansur, who was an Indian Muslim merchant in Singapore, served to fuel this sense of divided loyalties further. Kasim Mansur together with a local imam, Nur Alam Shah, would often host members of the 5th Light Infantry at Mansur's home and it was then that the duo persuaded the Muslim sepoys to adhere to the fatwa issued by the Ottoman Sultan. They were encouraged to turn their guns against their British commanding officers and contribute towards the war against the kafirs who were battling Muslim brothers who were defending the Caliphate in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-Racial_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racial-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was within this context that the plan was hatched for the mutiny. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_connection">Global connection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Global connection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is difficult to identify any one reason as being the main cause or catalyst of the mutiny. However, a recent perspective has emerged of the role of global connections. The mutiny had revealed the permeable nature of colonial boundaries and the way that external influences affected the <a href="/wiki/British_possessions" class="mw-redirect" title="British possessions">British possessions</a> in Southeast Asia. The sepoys of the 5th Light Infantry were constantly receiving information about what was happening outside Singapore. </p><p>The British Court of Inquiry speculated that as the news of the fatwa issued by the Ottoman Sultan spread, an anti-British movement spearheaded by the <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Party</a> was also disseminating special pamphlets in a variety of languages which were reaching the sepoys through secret channels. Acrimonious slogans against the British only fuelled the anti-colonial sentiment among the sepoys. Some of the slogans were “the wicked English and their allies are now attacking Islam, but the German Emperor and the Sultan of Turkey have sworn to liberate Asia from the tyranny. Now is the time to rise.... Only your strength and religious zeal are required”. The sepoys were clearly being bombarded with a lot of anti-British sentiments while being stationed on the small island of Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ghadar sources in the United States of America revealed that there was very little evidence to connect the Singapore Mutiny to the Ghadar Party itself, and even though the Ghadar Party did seek to take credit for the mutiny after the event, the Ghadar Party headquarters in San Francisco had so little contact with the accused in the ensuing trials that its publications were reporting that the "Indians of Singapore were still executing the British" and that "some of the portion is under the possession of the Ghadar party" as late as April 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was also awareness in Singapore of the <a href="/wiki/Komagata_Maru_incident" title="Komagata Maru incident">Komagata Maru incident</a> in which Canadian authorities refused to allow a ship with 376 Indian passengers to land and forced them to stay aboard for two months in difficult conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On its way back to India, while the ship docked in Singapore, the Governor-General of Singapore remarked that “though the ship had no communication with the land, yet it left a bad effect” on the Indian troops stationed there.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears that information was reaching the sepoys through a wide range of channels, from origins as diverse and distant as North America, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and India. Much of this information was obtained locally, but even so it was being mediated through a host of international and external actors, including a wide array of Indians from across the subcontinent, British officers and Arab and Malay co-religionists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1915_Singapore_Mutiny_Memorial_Tablet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1915_Singapore_Mutiny_Memorial_Tablet.jpg/220px-1915_Singapore_Mutiny_Memorial_Tablet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1915_Singapore_Mutiny_Memorial_Tablet.jpg/330px-1915_Singapore_Mutiny_Memorial_Tablet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1915_Singapore_Mutiny_Memorial_Tablet.jpg/440px-1915_Singapore_Mutiny_Memorial_Tablet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>The 1915 Singapore Mutiny Memorial <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Plaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Plaque">Tablet</a> at the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Memorial Hall">Victoria Memorial Hall</a>, Singapore</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setting_up_of_Special_Branch_Unit_and_other_related_initiatives">Setting up of Special Branch Unit and other related initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Setting up of Special Branch Unit and other related initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1915 mutiny was a watershed event in the way that the British viewed security in their Malayan colonies. More importance than ever was placed on political intelligence, espionage, and the surveillance of potential subversives.<sup id="cite_ref-Branch_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branch-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the mutiny, a political intelligence bureau was established in Singapore under direct command and control of Major General Dudley Howard Ridout, General-Officer-Commanding (GOC) Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-Genesis_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genesis-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This eventually paved the way for the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Division" title="Security and Intelligence Division">Criminal Intelligence Department</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special_Branch#Singapore" title="Special Branch">Special Branch</a>) set up in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Branch_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branch-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other institutions were also formed with the purpose of providing feedback and monitoring activities on the ground. To enhance the protection of its crown colony further from internal skirmishes and attacks, in August 1915, the legislative council passed the Reserve Force and Civil Guard Ordinance.<sup id="cite_ref-Genesis_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genesis-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first Act passed in a British colony which imposed compulsory military service on all male subjects between the ages 15 to 55 who were not in the armed forces, volunteers, or police.<sup id="cite_ref-Genesis_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genesis-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a Reserve force in the Volunteer Corps was created for fit men over the age 40.<sup id="cite_ref-Genesis_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genesis-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the slew of new initiatives enforced, it was clear that the British had taken the debacle of the mutiny as a serious lesson to learn from and to prevent from happening again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, there are only two fictional works in English that deal with the subject of the Singapore mutiny. The first is Isobel Mountain's novel, <i>A Maiden in Malaya</i>, written shortly after the mutiny in 1919. The other is <i> Rogue Raider: The Tale of Captain Lauterbach and the Singapore Mutiny</i>, written in 2006. The two stories deal with very different narratives. In Mountain's novel, the plot revolves around a romance between the protagonist Elizabeth Tain and Peter Fenton, a rubber planter. The author projects the mutineers in a standard imperial or colonialist interpretation, with the mutineers being painted in wholly unattractive colours, with no redeeming qualities while hinting at their lustful nature.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountain's representation of the sepoys can be considered an echo of the colonial reportage of the rogue sepoys. </p><p>Barley, however, took on a humorous tone and revolved around the adventures of the Captain Julius Lauterbach of the German Imperial Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The humorous nature of the book underplays and potentially undermines the actual set of events. Supported by the <a href="/wiki/Media_Development_Authority#Singapore_Film_Commission" title="Media Development Authority">Singapore Film Commission</a> and the Singapore High Commission in India, <a href="/wiki/Daljit_Ami" title="Daljit Ami">Daljit Ami</a> made an <a href="/wiki/Objectifs#Residency" title="Objectifs">Objectifs Residency</a>-sponsored 2017 feature-length documentary <i>Singapore Mutiny – A Reclamation</i> in English and <i>Saada Singapore</i> in Punjabi.<sup id="cite_ref-tri1_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tri1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To commemorate the event and the British soldiers and civilians killed during the mutiny, two memorial <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Plaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Plaque">tablets</a> were erected at the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Memorial Hall">Victoria Memorial Hall</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">plaques</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Singapore" title="St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore">St Andrew's Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, three roads were later named in memory of three of the casualties as Walton Road, Harper Road, Holt Road, after Gunner Philip Walton of the Singapore Volunteer Artillery, Corporal J. Harper and Private A.J.G. Holt respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Indians in Singapore <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army_in_Singapore" title="Indian National Army in Singapore">Indian National Army in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporeans" title="Indian Singaporeans">Indian Singaporeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singaporean_Indians" title="History of Singaporean Indians">History of Singaporean Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Context <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKnut_A._Jacobsen,_Kristina_Myrvold2012" class="citation book cs1">Knut A. Jacobsen, Kristina Myrvold (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdZLAQAAQBAJ&dq=singapore+mutiny+1915+indian+muslim+sikhs&pg=PA41"><i>Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441113870" title="Special:BookSources/9781441113870"><bdi>9781441113870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhs+Across+Borders%3A+Transnational+Practices+of+European+Sikhs&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781441113870&rft.au=Knut+A.+Jacobsen%2C+Kristina+Myrvold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZdZLAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsingapore%2Bmutiny%2B1915%2Bindian%2Bmuslim%2Bsikhs%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SingaporeMutiny-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SingaporeMutiny_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingaporeMutiny_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingaporeMutiny_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingaporeMutiny_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingaporeMutiny_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingaporeMutiny_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingaporeMutiny_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper,_R.W.E.Miller,_Harry1984" class="citation book cs1">Harper, R.W.E.; Miller, Harry (1984). <i>Singapore Mutiny</i>. Singapore: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7"><bdi>978-0-19-582549-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Mutiny&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-582549-7&rft.au=Harper%2C+R.W.E.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indianinfantry/5thltinf.htm">"Armed Forces: Units: Indian Infantry: 5th Light Infantry"</a>. British Empire<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armed+Forces%3A+Units%3A+Indian+Infantry%3A+5th+Light+Infantry&rft.pub=British+Empire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishempire.co.uk%2Fforces%2Farmyunits%2Findianinfantry%2F5thltinf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1915/05/02/archives/vivid-story-of-singapore-mutiny-little-has-leaked-out-about-the.html">"Vivid Story of Singapore Mutiny"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 2 May 1915. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Vivid+Story+of+Singapore+Mutiny&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1915-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1915%2F05%2F02%2Farchives%2Fvivid-story-of-singapore-mutiny-little-has-leaked-out-about-the.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pustule-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pustule_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pustule_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pustule_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pustule_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pustule_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarling1982" class="citation journal cs1">Tarling, Nicholas (1982). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The merest pustule': The Singapore Mutiny of 1915". <i>Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>55</b> (2): 26–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=%27The+merest+pustule%27%3A+The+Singapore+Mutiny+of+1915&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=26-59&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sareen-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sareen_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sareen_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sareen_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSareen1995" class="citation book cs1">Sareen, T.R. (1995). <i>Secret Documents on Singapore Mutiny 1915</i>. New Delhi: Mounto Publishing House. pp. 11–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7451-009-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7451-009-9"><bdi>978-81-7451-009-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Documents+on+Singapore+Mutiny+1915&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=11-14&rft.pub=Mounto+Publishing+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7451-009-9&rft.aulast=Sareen&rft.aufirst=T.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper,_R.W.E.Miller,_Harry1984" class="citation book cs1">Harper, R.W.E.; Miller, Harry (1984). <i>Singapore Mutiny</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7"><bdi>978-0-19-582549-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Mutiny&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-582549-7&rft.au=Harper%2C+R.W.E.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Mason, pages 426–427 "A Matter of Honour", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-41837-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-41837-9">0-333-41837-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/7672245">"Life story of John Love Montgomerie from Lives of the First World War"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+story+of+John+Love+Montgomerie+from+Lives+of+the+First+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesofthefirstworldwar.org%2Flifestory%2F7672245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/7672272">"Life story of George Wald from Lives of the First World War"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+story+of+George+Wald+from+Lives+of+the+First+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesofthefirstworldwar.org%2Flifestory%2F7672272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/7672256">"Life story of Donald McGilvray from Lives of the First World War"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+story+of+Donald+McGilvray+from+Lives+of+the+First+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesofthefirstworldwar.org%2Flifestory%2F7672256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/7672258">"Life story of Gordon Onslow Lawson from Lives of the First World War"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+story+of+Gordon+Onslow+Lawson+from+Lives+of+the+First+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesofthefirstworldwar.org%2Flifestory%2F7672258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/7672252">"Life story of J G E Harper from Lives of the First World War"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+story+of+J+G+E+Harper+from+Lives+of+the+First+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesofthefirstworldwar.org%2Flifestory%2F7672252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/7672255">"Life story of Bernard Cuthbert Cameron from Lives of the First World War"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+story+of+Bernard+Cuthbert+Cameron+from+Lives+of+the+First+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesofthefirstworldwar.org%2Flifestory%2F7672255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/7672284">"Life story of Frank Stuart Drysdale from Lives of the First World War"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+story+of+Frank+Stuart+Drysdale+from+Lives+of+the+First+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesofthefirstworldwar.org%2Flifestory%2F7672284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bancroftians.net/cgi-bin/bancms3.pl?dn=centholtajg">"Life story of Alec John Grice Holt from Old Bancroftians Website"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+story+of+Alec+John+Grice+Holt+from+Old+Bancroftians+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bancroftians.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbancms3.pl%3Fdn%3Dcentholtajg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/6387895">"Life story of Charles Frederick Anscombe from Lives of the First World War"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+story+of+Charles+Frederick+Anscombe+from+Lives+of+the+First+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesofthefirstworldwar.org%2Flifestory%2F6387895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Overseas/SingaporeMutiny.html">"Roll of Honour"</a>. <i>roll-of-honour.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=roll-of-honour.com&rft.atitle=Roll+of+Honour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roll-of-honour.com%2FOverseas%2FSingaporeMutiny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper,_R.W.E.Miller,_Harry1984" class="citation book cs1">Harper, R.W.E.; Miller, Harry (1984). <i>Singapore Mutiny</i>. Singapore: Oxford University Press. pp. 62–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7"><bdi>978-0-19-582549-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Mutiny&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=62-71&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-582549-7&rft.au=Harper%2C+R.W.E.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert2003" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Edwin (2003). <i>Small Wars and Skirmishes: 1902–1918 – Early Twentieth-century Colonial Campaigns in Africa, Asia and the Americas</i>. Foundry books. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901543-05-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901543-05-6"><bdi>978-1-901543-05-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Wars+and+Skirmishes%3A+1902%E2%80%931918+%E2%80%93+Early+Twentieth-century+Colonial+Campaigns+in+Africa%2C+Asia+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Foundry+books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-901543-05-6&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper,_R.W.E.Miller,_Harry1984" class="citation book cs1">Harper, R.W.E.; Miller, Harry (1984). <i>Singapore Mutiny</i>. Singapore: Oxford University Press. pp. 122–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7"><bdi>978-0-19-582549-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Mutiny&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=122-123&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-582549-7&rft.au=Harper%2C+R.W.E.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/7664914">"Life story of Thomas Henry Martyn Jerram from Lives of the First World War"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+story+of+Thomas+Henry+Martyn+Jerram+from+Lives+of+the+First+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesofthefirstworldwar.org%2Flifestory%2F7664914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19150426-1.2.60">"Narrative of Their Doings in the Mutiny"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a></i>. 26 April 1915. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Narrative+of+Their+Doings+in+the+Mutiny&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1915-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes19150426-1.2.60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper,_R.W.E.Miller,_Harry1984" class="citation book cs1">Harper, R.W.E.; Miller, Harry (1984). <i>Singapore Mutiny</i>. Singapore: Oxford University Press. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7"><bdi>978-0-19-582549-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Mutiny&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-582549-7&rft.au=Harper%2C+R.W.E.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper,_R.W.E.Miller,_Harry1984" class="citation book cs1">Harper, R.W.E.; Miller, Harry (1984). <i>Singapore Mutiny</i>. Singapore: Oxford University Press. pp. 15, 96 & 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7"><bdi>978-0-19-582549-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Mutiny&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=15%2C+96+%26+168&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-582549-7&rft.au=Harper%2C+R.W.E.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper,_R.W.E.Miller,_Harry1984" class="citation book cs1">Harper, R.W.E.; Miller, Harry (1984). <i>Singapore Mutiny</i>. Singapore: Oxford University Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7"><bdi>978-0-19-582549-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Mutiny&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-582549-7&rft.au=Harper%2C+R.W.E.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran2002" class="citation journal cs1">Doran, Christine (April 2002). "Gender Matters in the Singapore Mutiny". <i>Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia</i>. <b>17</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sojourn%3A+Journal+of+Social+Issues+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=Gender+Matters+in+the+Singapore+Mutiny&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002-04&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerraine1984" class="citation book cs1">Terraine, John (1984). <i>The First World War 1914-18</i>. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-37913-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-37913-4"><bdi>978-0-333-37913-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War+1914-18&rft.pages=54-55&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-333-37913-4&rft.aulast=Terraine&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSareen1995" class="citation book cs1">Sareen, T.R. 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New Delhi: Mounto Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7451-009-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7451-009-9"><bdi>978-81-7451-009-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Documents+on+Singapore+Mutiny+1915&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Mounto+Publishing+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7451-009-9&rft.aulast=Sareen&rft.aufirst=T.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBan2001" class="citation book cs1">Ban, Kah Choon (2001). <i>The Untold Story of Special Branch Operations in Singapore 1915–1942</i>. 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"Racial Profiling' Revisited: The 1915 Indian Sepoy Mutiny in Singapore and the Impact of Profiling on Religious and Ethnic Minorities". <i>Politics, Religion & Ideology</i>. <b>1</b> (12): 89–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21567689.2011.564404">10.1080/21567689.2011.564404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144958370">144958370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics%2C+Religion+%26+Ideology&rft.atitle=Racial+Profiling%27+Revisited%3A+The+1915+Indian+Sepoy+Mutiny+in+Singapore+and+the+Impact+of+Profiling+on+Religious+and+Ethnic+Minorities&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=89-100&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21567689.2011.564404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144958370%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=A.+Noor&rft.aufirst=Farish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Global_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreets-Salter2013" class="citation journal cs1">Streets-Salter, Heather (September 2013). 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"The Singapore Mutiny (1915) and the Genesis of Political Intelligence in Singapore". <i>Intelligence and National Security</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 529–541. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684520903069462">10.1080/02684520903069462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154217090">154217090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=The+Singapore+Mutiny+%281915%29+and+the+Genesis+of+Political+Intelligence+in+Singapore&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=529-541&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684520903069462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154217090%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Comber&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarley2006" class="citation book cs1">Barley, Nigel (2006). <i>Rogue raider: the tale of Captain Lauterbach and the Singapore mutiny</i>. Singapore Monsoon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogue+raider%3A+the+tale+of+Captain+Lauterbach+and+the+Singapore+mutiny&rft.pub=Singapore+Monsoon&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Barley&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_570_2005-01-24.html">"1915 Indian (Singapore) Mutiny"</a>. Singapore Infopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1915+Indian+%28Singapore%29+Mutiny&rft.pub=Singapore+Infopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Finfopedia%2Farticles%2FSIP_570_2005-01-24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550221-1.2.102">"Another Memorial"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. 21 February 1955. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Another+Memorial&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1955-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes19550221-1.2.102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSareen1995" class="citation book cs1">Sareen, T.R. (1995). <i>Secret Documents on Singapore Mutiny 1915</i>. New Delhi: Mounto Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7451-009-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7451-009-9"><bdi>978-81-7451-009-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Documents+on+Singapore+Mutiny+1915&rft.pub=New+Delhi%3A+Mounto+Publishing+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7451-009-9&rft.aulast=Sareen&rft.aufirst=T.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBan2001" class="citation book cs1">Ban, Kah Choon (2001). <i>Absent History: The Untold Story of Special Branch Operations in Singapore 1915–1942</i>. Singapore: SNP Media Asia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4071-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4071-02-4"><bdi>978-981-4071-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absent+History%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Special+Branch+Operations+in+Singapore+1915%E2%80%931942&rft.pub=Singapore%3A+SNP+Media+Asia&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-981-4071-02-4&rft.aulast=Ban&rft.aufirst=Kah+Choon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuwajima1988" class="citation book cs1">Kuwajima, Sho (1988). <i>First World War and Asia–Indian Mutiny in Singapore (1915)</i>. Japan: <a href="/wiki/Osaka_University" title="Osaka University">Osaka University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+World+War+and+Asia%E2%80%93Indian+Mutiny+in+Singapore+%281915%29&rft.pub=Japan%3A+Osaka+University&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Kuwajima&rft.aufirst=Sho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_R_SavageBrenda_S_A_Yeoh2004" class="citation book cs1">Victor R Savage; Brenda S A Yeoh (2004). <i>Toponymics–A Study of Singapore Street Names (2nd Ed)</i>. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-210-364-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-210-364-2"><bdi>978-981-210-364-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toponymics%E2%80%93A+Study+of+Singapore+Street+Names+%282nd+Ed%29&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Eastern+Universities+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-981-210-364-2&rft.au=Victor+R+Savage&rft.au=Brenda+S+A+Yeoh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarley2006" class="citation book cs1">Barley, Nigel (2006). <i>Rogue Raider – The Tale of Captain Lauterbach and the Singapore Mutiny</i>. Singapore: Monsoon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-05-5949-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-05-5949-6"><bdi>978-981-05-5949-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogue+Raider+%E2%80%93+The+Tale+of+Captain+Lauterbach+and+the+Singapore+Mutiny&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Monsoon+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-981-05-5949-6&rft.aulast=Barley&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComber2009" class="citation journal cs1">Comber, Leon (2009). "The Singapore Mutiny (1915) and the Genesis of Political Intelligence in Singapore". <i>Intelligence and National Security</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 529–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684520903069462">10.1080/02684520903069462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154217090">154217090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=The+Singapore+Mutiny+%281915%29+and+the+Genesis+of+Political+Intelligence+in+Singapore&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=529-41&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684520903069462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154217090%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Comber&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper,_R._W._E.Miller,_Harry1984" class="citation book cs1">Harper, R. W. E. & Miller, Harry (1984). <i>Singapore Mutiny</i>. Singapore: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-582549-7"><bdi>978-0-19-582549-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Mutiny&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-582549-7&rft.au=Harper%2C+R.+W.+E.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113155950/http://nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-June09/25_Kuwajima_3.pdf">"Indian Mutiny in Singapore, 1915: People who Observed the Scene and People who Heard the News"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, volume 11, No. 1</i>. June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-June09/25_Kuwajima_3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Asian+Studies%2C+volume+11%2C+No.+1&rft.atitle=Indian+Mutiny+in+Singapore%2C+1915%3A+People+who+Observed+the+Scene+and+People+who+Heard+the+News&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzasia.org.nz%2Fdownloads%2FNZJAS-June09%2F25_Kuwajima_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Singapore_Mutiny&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1915/05/02/archives/vivid-story-of-singapore-mutiny-little-has-leaked-out-about-the.html">"Vivid Story of Singapore Mutiny"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 2 May 1915. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Vivid+Story+of+Singapore+Mutiny&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1915-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1915%2F05%2F02%2Farchives%2Fvivid-story-of-singapore-mutiny-little-has-leaked-out-about-the.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1915+Singapore+Mutiny" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu–German_Conspiracy" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Chatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chempakaraman_Pillai" title="Chempakaraman Pillai">Champak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Pillai" title="A. R. Pillai">A. R. Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya" title="M. P. T. Acharya">M. P. T. Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_Mohamed_Barakatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah">Barkatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta" title="Bhupendranath Datta">Bhupendranath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinash_Bhattacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhinash Bhattacharya">Abhinash Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Pratap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Pratap">Mahendra Pratap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herambalal_Gupta" title="Herambalal Gupta">Herambalal Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Nath_Sanyal" title="Sachindra Nath Sanyal">Sachin Sanyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Pritam_Singh_Dhillon" title="Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon">Pritam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarendranath_Chatterjee" title="Amarendranath Chatterjee">Amarendranath Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atulkrishna_Ghosh" title="Atulkrishna Ghosh">Atulkrishna Ghosh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud al-Hasan">Mahmud al-Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_Amba_Prasad" title="Sufi Amba Prasad">Sufi Amba Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Zimmermann" title="Arthur Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_for_the_East" title="Intelligence Bureau for the East">Intelligence Bureau for the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Oppenheim" title="Max von Oppenheim">Max von Oppenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Bernstorff" title="Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff">von Bernstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodiek" title="George Rodiek">George Rodiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Otto_von_Hentig" title="Werner Otto von Hentig">Hentig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_von_Niedermayer" title="Oskar von Niedermayer">Niedermayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conspiracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Larsen_affair" title="Annie Larsen affair">Annie Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Maverick" title="SS Maverick">SS <i>Maverick</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Mutiny" title="Ghadar Mutiny">February plot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Conspiracy_Case_trial" title="Lahore Conspiracy Case trial">Lahore Conspiracy Case trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Letter_Movement" title="Silk Letter Movement">Silk Letter Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niedermayer%E2%80%93Hentig_Expedition" title="Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition">Kabul Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy_Trial" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial">Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_counter-intelligence_against_the_Indian_revolutionary_movement_during_World_War_I" title="British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I">Counter-intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._C._Hopkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="W. C. Hopkinson">W. C. Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wallinger" title="John Wallinger">John Wallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Political_Intelligence_Office" title="Indian Political Intelligence Office">Indian Political Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Thomson" title="Basil Thomson">Basil Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5(g)" title="MI5(g)">MI5(g)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Kell" title="Vernon Kell">Vernon Kell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nathan_(intelligence_officer)" title="Robert Nathan (intelligence officer)">Robert Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirpal_Singh_(spy)" title="Kirpal Singh (spy)">Kirpal Singh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oren_(spy)" title="Oren (spy)">Oren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Kraft" title="Vincent Kraft">Vincent Kraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Wiseman,_10th_Baronet" title="Sir William Wiseman, 10th Baronet">William Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tegart" title="Charles Tegart">Charles Tegart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gaunt" title="Guy Gaunt">Guy Gaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seistan_Force" title="Seistan Force">East Persia Cordon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">Lawrence of Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act_1915" title="Defence of India Act 1915">Defence of India Act 1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingress_into_India_Ordinance,_1914" title="Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914">Ingress into India Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rowlatt" title="Sidney Rowlatt">Sidney Rowlatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dyama_Mitsuru" title="Tōyama Mitsuru">Tōyama Mitsuru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4560078#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit 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