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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_servant_and_lawyer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_servant_and_lawyer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Civil servant and lawyer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_servant_and_lawyer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislator_and_Indian_independence_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislator_and_Indian_independence_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legislator and Indian independence movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislator_and_Indian_independence_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_of_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prime Minister of Bengal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_of_Bengal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister of Bengal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_of_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Premiership_(1937-1941)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Premiership_(1937-1941)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First Premiership (1937-1941)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Premiership_(1937-1941)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debt_relief_and_Permanent_Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debt_relief_and_Permanent_Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Debt relief and Permanent Settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debt_relief_and_Permanent_Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lahore_Resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lahore_Resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Lahore Resolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lahore_Resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rift_with_the_Muslim_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rift_with_the_Muslim_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Rift with the Muslim League</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rift_with_the_Muslim_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Premiership_(1941-1943)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Premiership_(1941-1943)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Second Premiership (1941-1943)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Premiership_(1941-1943)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cabinet_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tensions_with_the_Governor_and_WWII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tensions_with_the_Governor_and_WWII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Tensions with the Governor and WWII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tensions_with_the_Governor_and_WWII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career_in_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career_in_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political career in Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career_in_Pakistan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career in Pakistan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career_in_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_leader_and_language_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_leader_and_language_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Opposition leader and language movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_leader_and_language_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_quotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_quotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable quotations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_quotations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable quotations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_quotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quotes_by_Fazlul_Huq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotes_by_Fazlul_Huq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Quotes by Fazlul Huq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotes_by_Fazlul_Huq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotes_about_Fazlul_Huq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotes_about_Fazlul_Huq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Quotes about Fazlul Huq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotes_about_Fazlul_Huq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">A. K. Fazlul Huq</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82" title="أبو القاسم فضل الحق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبو القاسم فضل الحق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95" title="আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82" title="ابوالقاسم فضل الحق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابوالقاسم فضل الحق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Kasem_Fazlul_Huq" title="Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="A. K. Fazlul Huq" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F.%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87._%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95" title="ए.के. फजलुल हक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ए.के. फजलुल हक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95" title="আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হক – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A.K. Fazlul Huq – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="A.K. Fazlul Huq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="აბულ კასემ ფაზლულ ჰაქი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბულ კასემ ფაზლულ ჰაქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82" title="ابو القاسم فضل الحق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابو القاسم فضل الحق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95" title="एके फजलुल हक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एके फजलुल हक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82" title="مولوی فضل الحق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مولوی فضل الحق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazul_Haq" title="Fazul Haq – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fazul Haq" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="A. K. Fazlul Huq" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Хак, Абул Касем Фазлул – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хак, Абул Касем Фазлул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82" title="مولوی فضل الحق – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مولوی فضل الحق" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A.K. Fazlul Huq – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="A.K. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bengali statesman and jurist (1873–1962)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sher-e-Bangla" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sher-e-Bangla (disambiguation)">Sher-e-Bangla (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Sher-e-Bangla</i></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="bn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হক</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A. K. Fazlul Huq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg/220px-A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg/330px-A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg/440px-A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of East Pakistan">Governor of East Pakistan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 March 1956 – 13 April 1958</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amiruddin_Ahmad" title="Amiruddin Ahmad">Amiruddin Ahmad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hamid_Ali" title="Muhammad Hamid Ali">Muhammad Hamid Ali</a> (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Pakistan">Interior Minister of Pakistan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 August 1955 – 9 March 1956</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Iskander Mirza</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Muhammad_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Muhammad Ali">Chaudhry Muhammad Ali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Sattar_(president)" title="Abdus Sattar (president)">Abdus Sattar</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_East_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of East Bengal">Chief Minister of East Bengal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 April 1954 – 29 May 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman" title="Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman">Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nurul_Amin" title="Nurul Amin">Nurul Amin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hussain_Sarkar" title="Abu Hussain Sarkar">Abu Hussain Sarkar</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 April 1937 – 29 March 1943</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Victor Hope</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">John Anderson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knatchbull,_5th_Baron_Brabourne" title="Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne">Micheal Knatchbull</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Herbert_(Conservative_politician)" title="John Herbert (Conservative politician)">John Herbert</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Pre-independence roles</th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1913–1916</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League" title="Bengal Provincial Muslim League">Secretary of Bengal Provincial Muslim League</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1916–1921</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">President of All India Muslim League</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1916–1918</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">General Secretary of the Indian National Congress</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1924</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency#Dyarchy_(1920–1937)" title="Bengal Presidency">Education Minister of Bengal</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1935–1936</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Calcutta">Mayor of Calcutta</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1947–1952</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_East_Pakistan" title="Government of East Pakistan">Advocate-general of East Bengal</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1873-10-26</span>)</span>26 October 1873<br /><a href="/wiki/Backergunge_District" title="Backergunge District">Backergunge District</a>, Bengal Presidency, British India<sup id="cite_ref-birthplace_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birthplace-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1962<span style="display:none">(1962-04-27)</span> (aged 88)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacca">Dacca</a>, East Pakistan, Pakistan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_three_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleum of three leaders">Mausoleum of three leaders</a>, Dhaka, Bangladesh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Subject" class="mw-redirect" title="British Subject">British Raj</a> (1873–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani">Pakistan</a> (1947–1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Krishak_Sramik_Party" title="Krishak Sramik Party">Krishak Sramik Party</a> (1953–1958)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">All India Muslim League</a> (1912–1929)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (1914–?) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishak_Praja_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishak Praja Party">Krishak Praja Party</a> (1929–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_League_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim League (Pakistan)">Muslim League</a> (1946–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Khurshid Talat Begum</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(divorced)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Jannatunnesa Begum</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(died)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Khadija Begum</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1943)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2 daughters and <a href="/wiki/A._K._Faezul_Huq" title="A. K. Faezul Huq">A. K. Faezul Huq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Razia_Banu" title="Razia Banu">Razia Banu</a> (granddaughter)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta University">Calcutta University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Lawyer</li> <li>author</li> <li>politician</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (26 October 1873 – 27 April 1962),<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> popularly known as <b>Sher-e-Bangla</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> lawyer and politician who presented the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> which had the objective of creating an independent <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ds1May2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as the first and longest <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a> during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. </p><p>Born in 1873 to a <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim">Bengali Muslim</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">British Bengal</a>, Fazlul Huq held important political offices in the subcontinent, including president of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">All India Muslim League</a> (1916–1921), general secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (1916–1918), education minister of Bengal (1924), mayor of <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> (1935), prime minister of Bengal (1937–1943), <a href="/wiki/Advocate_general" title="Advocate general">advocate general</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> (1947–1952), <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_East_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of East Bengal">chief minister of East Bengal</a> (1954), <a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Pakistan">home minister of Pakistan</a> (1955–1956) and Governor of East Pakistan (1956–1958). Fazlul Huq was first elected to the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Council" title="Bengal Legislative Council">Bengal Legislative Council</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> in 1913; and served on the council for 21 years until 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fazlul Huq was a key figure in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan movement">Pakistan movement</a>. In 1919, he had the unique distinction of concurrently serving as president of the All India Muslim League and general secretary of the Indian National Congress. He was also a member of the Congress Party's committee enquiring into the <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritsar massacre">Amritsar massacre</a>. Fazlul Huq was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Legislative_Assembly" title="Central Legislative Assembly">Central Legislative Assembly</a> from 1934 to 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1937 and 1947, he was an elected member of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bengal Legislative Assembly">Bengal Legislative Assembly</a>, where he was prime minister and leader of the house for six years.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a>, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bengal Legislative Assembly">East Bengal Legislative Assembly</a>, where he was chief minister for 2 months; and to the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Constituent Assembly of Pakistan">Constituent Assembly of Pakistan</a>, where he was home minister for one year during the 1950s. </p><p>Fazlul Huq boycotted titles and a <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">knighthood</a> granted by the British government. He was notable for his English <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">oratory</a> during speeches to the Bengali legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fazlul Huq courted the votes of the Bengali middle classes and rural communities. He pushed for <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> and curbing the influence of <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As prime minister, Fazlul Huq used legal and administrative measures to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a> of millions of farmers subjected to <a href="/wiki/Tenancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenancy">tenancy</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Settlement" title="Permanent Settlement">Permanent Settlement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fazlul Huq was considered a <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrat">social democrat</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>. His ministries were marked by intense factional infighting. </p><p>In 1940, Fazlul Huq had one of his most notable political achievements when he presented the Lahore Resolution which called for the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> in the Muslim-majority eastern and northwestern parts of British India. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Fazlul Huq joined the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>'s Defence Council and supported the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> war efforts. Under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Bengal">governor of Bengal</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Quit India">Quit India</a> movement and after the withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> from his cabinet, Fazlul Huq resigned from the post of premier in March 1943. In the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>, Fazlul Huq worked for five years as East Bengal's <a href="/wiki/Attorney_general" title="Attorney general">attorney general</a> and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a>. He was elected as chief minister, served as a federal minister and was a provincial governor in the 1950s. </p><p>Fazlul Huq died in <a href="/wiki/Dacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacca">Dacca</a>, East Pakistan on 27 April 1962. He is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Three_Leaders" title="Mausoleum of Three Leaders">Mausoleum of Three Leaders</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_Nagar" title="Sher-e-Bangla Nagar">Sher-e-Bangla Nagar</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshad_Bhaban" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban">National Parliament</a> is located, is named in honour of Fazlul Huq. His son <a href="/wiki/A._K._Faezul_Huq" title="A. K. Faezul Huq">A. K. Faezul Huq</a> was a Bangladeshi politician. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturia_Zamindar_Bari,_Jhalokathi_(65).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Saturia_Zamindar_Bari%2C_Jhalokathi_%2865%29.jpg/220px-Saturia_Zamindar_Bari%2C_Jhalokathi_%2865%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Saturia_Zamindar_Bari%2C_Jhalokathi_%2865%29.jpg/330px-Saturia_Zamindar_Bari%2C_Jhalokathi_%2865%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Saturia_Zamindar_Bari%2C_Jhalokathi_%2865%29.jpg/440px-Saturia_Zamindar_Bari%2C_Jhalokathi_%2865%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Fazlul Huq's birthplace, the Saturia Mia Bari at <a href="/wiki/Rajapur_Upazila" title="Rajapur Upazila">Rajapur Upazila</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Jhalokati_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhalokati District">Jhalokati District</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcutta_High_Court_-_Kolkata_2011-12-18_0322.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Calcutta_High_Court_-_Kolkata_2011-12-18_0322.JPG/170px-Calcutta_High_Court_-_Kolkata_2011-12-18_0322.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Calcutta_High_Court_-_Kolkata_2011-12-18_0322.JPG/255px-Calcutta_High_Court_-_Kolkata_2011-12-18_0322.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Calcutta_High_Court_-_Kolkata_2011-12-18_0322.JPG/340px-Calcutta_High_Court_-_Kolkata_2011-12-18_0322.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a>, where Fazlul Huq practised law for over 40 years</figcaption></figure> <p>Fazlul Huq was born on 26 October 1873, in his maternal home, the Mia Bari of Saturia in <a href="/wiki/Backergunge_District" title="Backergunge District">Backergunge District</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Barisal_Division" title="Barisal Division">Barsial</a>, Bangladesh).<sup id="cite_ref-birthplace_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birthplace-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He belonged to a <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim">Bengali Muslim</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Kazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Kazi">Qadis</a> hailing from Bilbilash in <a href="/wiki/Bauphal_Upazila" title="Bauphal Upazila">Bauphal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patuakhali_District" title="Patuakhali District">Patuakhali</a>. His ancestors had settled in Bilbilash in the eighteenth century, having arrived from <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a> in Bihar. His father, Qazi Muhammad Wajid, was a well-regarded lawyer<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Barisal Bar and his grandfather, Qazi Akram Ali, also worked in the Barisal Court and was a <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar" title="Mukhtar">Mukhtar</a> as well as a scholar of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Persian</a> languages. His mother, Begum Sayedunnesa, was a descendant of Shaykh Ahmad Sajenda, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Khan_Jahan_Ali" title="Khan Jahan Ali">Khan Jahan Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <p>Initially home schooled,<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fazlul Huq later attended the <a href="/wiki/Barisal_Zilla_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Barisal Zilla School">Barisal District School</a>, where he passed the FA Examination in 1890. Fazlul Huq was so brilliant that upon turning the page of a book he could memorise the whole page which astonished his father. Fazlul Huq moved to <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> for his higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sat for his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> exam in 1894, in which he achieved triple honours in chemistry, mathematics and physics from the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency College</a> (now Presidency University). He then obtained a master's degree in mathematics from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> in 1896. He obtained his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_in_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor in Law">Bachelor in Law</a> from the University Law College in Calcutta in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_servant_and_lawyer">Civil servant and lawyer</h2></div> <p>From 1908 to 1912, Fazlul Huq was the assistant registrar of co-operatives. He resigned from the public service and opted for public life and law. Based on advice from Sir <a href="/wiki/Ashutosh_Mukherjee" title="Ashutosh Mukherjee">Ashutosh Mukherjee</a>, he joined the bar council of the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a> and started a legal practice.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He practised in the Calcutta High Court for 40 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislator_and_Indian_independence_movement">Legislator and Indian independence movement</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg/220px-All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg/330px-All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg/440px-All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>Fazlul Huq joined the All India Muhammadan Education Conference in Dhaka in 1906, which founded the All India Muslim League.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fazlul Huq became secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League" title="Bengal Provincial Muslim League">Bengal Provincial Muslim League</a> in 1913. After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">First Partition of Bengal</a>, Fazlul Huq attended the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muhammadan_Educational_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muhammadan Educational Conference">All India Muhammadan Educational Conference</a> hosted by Sir <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Salimullah" title="Khwaja Salimullah">Khwaja Salimullah</a> in Dacca, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a>. The conference led to the formation of the All India Muslim League. The annulment of the partition led to the formation of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League, in which Fazlul Huq became secretary. With the patronage of Sir Salimullah and <a href="/wiki/Syed_Nawab_Ali_Chowdhury" title="Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury">Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury</a>, he was elected to the Bengal Legislative Council from the Dacca Division in 1913. </p><p>In 1916, Fazlul Huq was elected president of the All India Muslim League. Fazlul Huq was one of those who was instrumental in formulating the <a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a> of 1916 between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. In 1917 Fazlul Huq was a Joint Secretary of the Indian National Congress and from 1918 to 1919 he served as the organisation's general secretary. He was the only person to concurrently hold the presidency of the League and the general secretary's position in the Congress. In 1918, Fazlul Huq presided over the Delhi Session of the All India Muslim League.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, Fazlul Huq was chosen as a member of the Punjab Enquiry Committee along with <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a> and other prominent leaders which was set up by the Indian National Congress to investigate the <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritsar massacre">Amritsar massacre</a>. Fazlul Huq was the president of the Midnapore Session of the Bengal Provincial Conference in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat movement">Khilafat movement</a>, Fazlul Huq led the pro-British faction within the Bengal Provincial Muslim League, while his rival <a href="/wiki/Maniruzzaman_Islamabadi" title="Maniruzzaman Islamabadi">Maniruzzaman Islamabadi</a> led the pro-<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> faction. Fazlul Huq also differed with the Congress leadership during its non-cooperation movement. Fazlul Huq favoured working within the constitutional framework rather than boycotting legislatures and colleges. He later resigned from the Congress. </p><p>In 1923, Fazlul Huq served as education minister of Bengal for six months under the <a href="/wiki/Legislatures_of_British_India#Dyarchy" title="Legislatures of British India">dyarchy</a> system. </p><p>In 1929, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Krishak_Praja_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishak Praja Party">All Bengal Tenants Association</a>, which evolved into a political platform, including as a part of the post-partition United Front. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_of_Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Premiership_(1937-1941)"><span id="First_Premiership_.281937-1941.29"></span>First Premiership (1937-1941)</h3></div> <p>The dyarchy was replaced by provincial autonomy in 1935, with the first general elections held in 1937. Fazlul Huq transformed the All Bengal Tenants Association into the <a href="/wiki/Krishak_Praja_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishak Praja Party">Krishak Praja Party</a>. During the election campaign period, Fazlul Huq emerged as a major <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> figure in Bengal. His party won 35 seats in the Bengal Legislative Assembly in the <a href="/wiki/1937_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1937 Indian provincial elections">1937 Indian provincial elections</a>. It was the third largest party after the Bengal Congress and Bengal Provincial Muslim League. Fazlul Huq formed a coalition with the Bengal Provincial Muslim League and independent legislators. He was elected as the leader of the house and the first prime minister of Bengal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cabinet">Cabinet</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AK_Fazlul_Huq_Cabinet_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/AK_Fazlul_Huq_Cabinet_1937.jpg/220px-AK_Fazlul_Huq_Cabinet_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/AK_Fazlul_Huq_Cabinet_1937.jpg/330px-AK_Fazlul_Huq_Cabinet_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/AK_Fazlul_Huq_Cabinet_1937.jpg/440px-AK_Fazlul_Huq_Cabinet_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Fazlul Huq's first cabinet in 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>Fazlul Huq's cabinet included <a href="/wiki/Nalini_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Nalini Ranjan Sarkar">Nalini Ranjan Sarkar</a> (finance), <a href="/wiki/Bijoy_Prasad_Singh_Roy" title="Bijoy Prasad Singh Roy">Bijoy Prasad Singh Roy</a> (revenue), Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Srish_Chandra_Nandy" title="Srish Chandra Nandy">Srish Chandra Nandy</a> (communications and public works), Prasanna Deb Raikut (forest and excise), Mukunda Behari Mallick (cooperative credit and rural indebtedness), <a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin</a> (home), Nawab <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Habibullah" title="Khwaja Habibullah">Khwaja Habibullah</a> (agriculture and industry), <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a> (commerce and labour), <a href="/wiki/Musharraf_Hussain_(nawab)" class="mw-redirect" title="Musharraf Hussain (nawab)">Nawab Musharraf Hussain</a> (judicial and legislative), and <a href="/wiki/Syed_Nausher_Ali" title="Syed Nausher Ali">Syed Nausher Ali</a> (public health and local self-government).<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debt_relief_and_Permanent_Settlement">Debt relief and Permanent Settlement</h4></div> <p>Under Fazlul Huq, the Bengal government used administrative and legal measures to relieve the debt of millions of tenant farmers under the <i><a href="/wiki/Zamindari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamindari">zamindari</a></i> system of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Settlement" title="Permanent Settlement">Permanent Settlement</a>. Fazlul Huq hailed from a middle class zamindar family. Many of his colleagues were also from the zamindar class. But Fazlul Huq represented a new generation of Bengali middle-class political consciousness which won support among both <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a>. The Krishak Praja Party promoted <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>. Fazlul Huq's tenure saw the enactment of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors' Act (1938), the Money Lenders' Act (1938) and the Bengal Tenancy (Amendment) Act (1938). Debt Settlement Boards were created in all districts. The Land Revenue Commission, appointed by the government of Bengal on 5 November 1938 with Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Floud" title="Francis Floud">Francis Floud</a> as chairman, submitted its final report on 21 March 1940. This was a valuable document relating to the land system of the country. The Tenancy Act of 1885 was amended by suspending rent provisions for ten years. Fazlul Huq abolished informal taxes imposed traditionally by the zamindars on tenants. The tenants obtained the right to transfer their tenancy without paying any transfer fee to the zamindars. The law reduced the interest rate for arrears of rent from 12.50% to 6.25%. The tenants also obtained the right to gain possession of the <span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">nadi sekasti</i></span> (land lost through river erosion which then reappeared) by payment of four years' rent within twenty years of the erosion. These measures resulted in debt relief for millions of Bengali peasants. But Fazlul Huq failed to fully implement his rice and lentils program which he campaigned for during the 1937 election.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lahore_Resolution">Lahore Resolution</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_India_Muslim_League_Working_Committee_Lahore_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/All_India_Muslim_League_Working_Committee_Lahore_1940.jpg/220px-All_India_Muslim_League_Working_Committee_Lahore_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/All_India_Muslim_League_Working_Committee_Lahore_1940.jpg/330px-All_India_Muslim_League_Working_Committee_Lahore_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/All_India_Muslim_League_Working_Committee_Lahore_1940.jpg/440px-All_India_Muslim_League_Working_Committee_Lahore_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>The Working Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> in 1940. Prime Minister Fazlul Huq is standing beside M. A. Jinnah (third from left on the bottom row)</figcaption></figure> <p>A seminal moment in Fazlul Huq's political career was the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a>. The resolution was passed by the All India Muslim League at its annual session in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> on 23 March 1940. When Fazlul Huq arrived at the Lahore meeting, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> remarked "When the tiger (Fazlul Huq) arrives, the lamb (Jinnah) must give away".<sup id="cite_ref-fe8Aug2017_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fe8Aug2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fazlul Huq formally proposed the resolution at the annual session. The resolution called for Muslim-majority provinces in British India to be grouped into "Independent States in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial wording of the resolution suggested that the Muslim League wanted multiple states instead of a single state. Fazlul Huq later accused Jinnah of not working hard enough to ensure an <a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">undivided Bengal</a> with Calcutta included.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been varying interpretations of the Lahore Resolution ever since. One interpretation is that the plural spelling of 'states' indicated that Fazlul Huq wanted a separate Muslim-majority state covering Bengal and parts of Assam as early as the 1940s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education_2">Education</h4></div> <p>Fazlul Huq held the education portfolio in his cabinet. He introduced the Primary Education Bill in the Bengal Legislative Assembly, which was passed into law and made primary education free and compulsory. However, there was a storm of protests from the opposition members and the press when Fazlul Huq introduced the Secondary Education Bill in the assembly as it incorporated 'principles of communal division in the field of education' at the secondary stage. Fazlul Huq was a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> for Bengali Muslims. Fazlul Huq was associated with the foundation of many educational institutions in Bengal, including Calcutta's <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad_College" title="Maulana Azad College">Islamia College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Brabourne_College" title="Lady Brabourne College">Lady Brabourne College</a>, Wajid Memorial Girls' High School and Chakhar College. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rift_with_the_Muslim_League">Rift with the Muslim League</h4></div> <p>In 1941, Fazlul Huq joined the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy's</a> Defence Council, which was formed to oversee the war effort of British India during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Fazlul Huq was joined by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Sikandar_Hayat_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan">Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Punjab">Prime Minister of the Punjab</a>. The growing influence of provincial Muslim League leaders like Fazlul Huq and Khan was resented by Jinnah. The Muslim League leadership, led by Jinnah and his allies, demanded that both the Bengal and Punjab PMs withdraw from the Defence Council. Khan eventually complied but Huq refused. The breakdown in relations between Fazlul Huq and Jinnah led to Fazlul Huq's ouster from the Muslim League. Jinnah's allies in Bengal thereafter worked to bring down Fazlul Huq's government.<sup id="cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ds1May2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jinnah felt the Defence Council was tilted towards the Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 December 1941, Fazlul Huq resigned and Governor's rule was imposed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Premiership_(1941-1943)"><span id="Second_Premiership_.281941-1943.29"></span>Second Premiership (1941-1943)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tagore_and_Sher-e-Bangla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tagore_and_Sher-e-Bangla.jpg/220px-Tagore_and_Sher-e-Bangla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tagore_and_Sher-e-Bangla.jpg/330px-Tagore_and_Sher-e-Bangla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tagore_and_Sher-e-Bangla.jpg/440px-Tagore_and_Sher-e-Bangla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Fazlul Huq with <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:53fazl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/53fazl.jpg/220px-53fazl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/53fazl.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Fazlul Huq in his trademark <a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">Fez</a> cap</figcaption></figure> <p>The second Fazlul Huq coalition government was formed on 12 December 1941. The coalition was supported by most members in the Bengal Legislative Assembly, except for the Muslim League. Supporters included the secular faction of the Krishak Praja Party led by Shamsuddin Ahmed, the <a href="/wiki/Forward_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward Bloc">Forward Bloc</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhash Chandra Bose">Subhash Chandra Bose</a>, pro-Bose members of the Bengal Congress and the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cabinet_2">Cabinet</h4></div> <p>The cabinet included Nawab Bahadur Khwaja Habibullah, Khan Bahadur Abdul Karim, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Bahadur_Hasem_Ali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Bahadur Hasem Ali Khan">Khan Bahadur Hashem Ali Khan</a>, Shamsuddin Ahmed, Syama Prasad Mukherjee, Santosh Kumar Bose and Upendranath Barman.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tensions_with_the_Governor_and_WWII">Tensions with the Governor and WWII</h4></div> <p>Despite Fazlul Huq enjoying the confidence of most of the assembly, he had tense relations with the Governor of Bengal, <a href="/wiki/John_Herbert_(Conservative_politician)" title="John Herbert (Conservative politician)">John Herbert</a>. The governor favoured the provincial Muslim League leaders and patrons, including Sir <a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a>, the Leader of the Opposition; and the "Calcutta Trio" in the assembly (<a href="/wiki/Abul_Hassan_Isphani" title="Abul Hassan Isphani">Abul Hassan Isphani</a>, Khwaja Nooruddin and <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Siddiqui" title="Abdur Rahman Siddiqui">Abdur Rahman Siddiqui</a>). The focal point of the League's campaign against Fazlul Huq was that he was growing closer to Syama Prasad Mukherjee of the Hindu Mahasabha, who was alleged to be working against the political and religious interests of the Muslims. The League appealed to the governor to dismiss the Fazlul Huq ministry. </p><p>The fear of a <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Japanese invasion</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a> and the implementation by the military of a 'denial policy' implemented in 1942 caused considerable hardship to the delta region. A devastating cyclone and tidal waves whipped the coastal region on 26 October but relief efforts were hindered due to bureaucratic interference. On 3 August, a number of prisoners were shot in Dhaka jail but no inquiry could be held due to bureaucratic intervention. Another severe strain on the administration was caused when the Congress launched the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Quit India">Quit India</a> movement on 9 August, which was followed by British political repression. The entire province reverberated with protest. The situation was further complicated when Mukherjee resigned, bitterly complaining about the interference of the governor in the work of the ministry. Fazlul Huq also called for the resurrection of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thedailystar1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedailystar1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 March 1943, the Prime Minister disclosed on the floor of the Assembly that on several occasions, under the guise of discretionary authority, the governor disregarded the advice tendered by the ministry and listed those occasions. The governor did not take those allegations kindly, and, largely due to his initiative, no-confidence motions were voted in the assembly on 24 March and 27 March. On both occasions, the motions were defeated, although by narrow margins. To enforce his writ, the governor asked Fazlul Huq to sign a prepared letter of resignation on 28 March 1943 and assigned himself the responsibility of administering the province under the provision of Section 92 of the constitution. A month later a League-dominated ministry was commissioned with Nazimuddin as the Prime Minister. Fazlul Huq bitterly criticised John Herbert for forcing his resignation and imposing <a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor's rule">Governor's rule</a>, calling it "an outrage on the Constitution".<sup id="cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ds1May2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fazlul Huq also criticised the colonial bureaucracy's role against his government, stating that "the steel frame of the Imperial Service" made a mockery of the authority of the elected government of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ds1May2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fazlul Huq accused John Herbert of being an ignorant administrator, stating "After all, even busy Governors absent themselves from town on private business".<sup id="cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ds1May2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fazlul Huq paraphrased the ancient Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, stating "The mills of God grind slowly but they grind exceeding small; and sooner perhaps than Sir John Herbert or the supporters of the Ministers may think, Nemesis will overtake those who [Nazimuddin] had rushed to office not to serve the people but to enjoy the sweets of power emoluments".<sup id="cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ds1May2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fazlul Huq's party won significantly fewer seats during the <a href="/wiki/1946_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1946 Indian provincial elections">1946 Indian provincial elections</a> in which the Muslim League led by <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a> triumphed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career_in_Pakistan">Political career in Pakistan</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1954_east_bengal_cabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1954_east_bengal_cabinet.jpg/220px-1954_east_bengal_cabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1954_east_bengal_cabinet.jpg/330px-1954_east_bengal_cabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1954_east_bengal_cabinet.jpg/440px-1954_east_bengal_cabinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Fazlul Huq's short lived cabinet in East Bengal, which included <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> (standing beside Fazlul Huq; 2nd from left on bottom row)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangla_Academy_Inside_2_by_Ashfaq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bangla_Academy_Inside_2_by_Ashfaq.jpg/170px-Bangla_Academy_Inside_2_by_Ashfaq.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bangla_Academy_Inside_2_by_Ashfaq.jpg/255px-Bangla_Academy_Inside_2_by_Ashfaq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bangla_Academy_Inside_2_by_Ashfaq.jpg/340px-Bangla_Academy_Inside_2_by_Ashfaq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Fazlul Huq spearheaded efforts to establish the <a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_leader_and_language_movement">Opposition leader and language movement</h3></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of British India">partition of British India</a>, Fazlul Huq settled in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_general" title="Attorney general">attorney general</a> of the government of <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served in this position between 1947 and 1952. Fazlul Huq was active in the civil society and social life of Dhaka. On 31 December 1948, while delivering a presidential address at a literary conference, Fazlul Huq proposed a <a href="/wiki/Language_academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Language academy">language academy</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a> in 1952. Fazlul Huq was injured during police action against demonstrators demanding that Bengali be made a state language of Pakistan. Fazlul Huq emerged as one of the principal opposition leaders against the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="Pakistan Muslim League">Pakistan Muslim League</a>. East Bengal became the epicentre of Pakistan's political opposition. The Bengalis of East Bengal were the demographic majority of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>. Fazlul Huq was one of the founding statesmen of Pakistan due to his role in presenting the Lahore Resolution in 1940. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_government">In government</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_legislative_election,_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bengali legislative election, 1954">East Bengali legislative election, 1954</a> was the first major democratic election in Pakistan's history. Fazlul Huq was the leader of the opposition <a href="/wiki/United_Front_(East_Pakistan)" title="United Front (East Pakistan)">United Front</a> alliance, which included his <a href="/wiki/Krishak_Sramik_Party" title="Krishak Sramik Party">Krishak Sramik Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ganatantri_Dal" title="Ganatantri Dal">Ganatantri Dal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nizam-e-Islam_Party" title="Nizam-e-Islam Party">Nizam-e-Islam Party</a>. Fazlul Huq toured the districts of East Bengal extensively during the election campaign. He was joined by Awami League leader <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a> and Suhrawardy's protege <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Bhashani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Bhashani">Maulana Bhashani</a> also supported Fazlul Huq. Suhrawardy and Fazlul Huq jointly campaigned in several districts, including <a href="/wiki/Faridpur_District" title="Faridpur District">Faridpur</a>. </p><p>The United Front won a landslide victory during the 1954 election. The Muslim League was routed and reduced to only a few seats in the <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bengal Legislative Assembly">East Bengal Legislative Assembly</a>. Fazlul Huq himself defeated his arch rival Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin in the constituency of <a href="/wiki/Patuakhali" title="Patuakhali">Patuakhali</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barisal_Division" title="Barisal Division">Barisal</a>. </p><p>Fazlul Huq served as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister">Chief Minister</a> for two months. During his short lived government, he took measures to establish the <a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General of Pakistan">Governor General's rule</a> was imposed which ended Fazlul Huq's leadership of the provincial government. Pakistan's political parties continued to squabble, particularly over power sharing between the provinces. In August 1955, a coalition between the Krishak Sramik Party in East Pakistan and the Muslim League in <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> allowed <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Mohammad_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Mohammad Ali">Chaudhry Mohammad Ali</a> to become prime minister and A. K. Fazlul Huq to become <a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Pakistan">Home Minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">first constitution of Pakistan</a> was enacted under this coalition in March 1956. The coalition was later dismissed by President <a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a>, who in turn allowed a coalition of the Awami League and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Pakistan)" title="Republican Party (Pakistan)">Republican Party</a> to form government. Fazlul Huq's former ally Suhrawardy became prime minister. As a result, the Krishak Sramik Party and the Muslim League formed the main opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fazlul Huq and Surhawardy were once again on opposite ends. Fazlul Huq was appointed Governor of <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> in 1956. He served in the position for two years until the <a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Pakistani coup d'état">1958 Pakistani coup d'état</a>. The coup ended the dominance of Fazlul Huq, Suhrawardy and Nazimuddin in Bengali politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2></div> <p>A.K. Fazlul Huq wrote a book <i>Bengal Today</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was translated into Bengali.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of three owner-cum-directors of the well regarded evening daily <i><a href="/wiki/Nabajug" title="Nabajug">Nabajug</a></i> which came often under British-Indian government's proscription because of its anti-imperialist premise. The paper is no longer published.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_quotations">Notable quotations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotes_by_Fazlul_Huq">Quotes by Fazlul Huq</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nehru1920.jpg/220px-Nehru1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Nehru1920.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> was Fazlul Huq's political secretary between 1918 and 1919</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_smoking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_smoking.jpg/220px-Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_smoking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_smoking.jpg/330px-Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_smoking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_smoking.jpg/440px-Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_smoking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>In 1940, Muhammad Ali Jinnah compared Fazlul Huq to a tiger and himself as a lamb. Fazlul Huq's support was crucial for the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a>. The two men often differed and disagreed.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Someday sooner or later, they will be humbled to dust even; as tyrants and oppressors of humanity have met their doom in the chequered history of mankind."<sup id="cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ds1May2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Fazlul Huq's criticism of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></cite></div></blockquote></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"A Budget, whose figures in cold print, creep through the marrow of our bones till we stand aghast at the national calamity with which we are faced."<sup id="cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ds1May2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Fazlul Huq's speech on the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a> during a budget session of the Bengal Legislative Assembly</cite></div></blockquote></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"I want you to consent to the formation of a Bengali Army of a hundred thousand young Bengalis consisting of Hindu and Muslim youths on a fifty-fifty basis. There is an insistent demand for such a step to be taken at once, and the people of Bengal will not be satisfied with any excuses. It is a national demand which must be immediately conceded."<sup id="cite_ref-thedailystar1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedailystar1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Writing to Governor John Herbert regarding demands for forming a Bengal Army during World War II</cite></div></blockquote></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Administrative measures must be suited to the genius and traditions of the people and not fashioned according to the whims and caprices of hardened bureaucrats, to many of whom autocratic ideas are bound up with the very breath of their lives."<sup id="cite_ref-thedailystar1_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedailystar1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>In a letter to the Governor of Bengal</cite></div></blockquote></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"They were lions in their own days and we have the descendants of the lions of Indian journalism in our midst today. But the difference between the two classes of lions is very significant. Those were lions whose roars used to reverberate from Bengal across the seven seas to the homes of the British nation, but in the case of the present lions they are as docile as lions in a circus show. The roar of the lions of old used to make thrones tremble, but most of the present lions only know how to crouch beneath the throne and wag their tails in approbation of government policy."<sup id="cite_ref-thedailystar1_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedailystar1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Commenting on critical journalists on the floor of the Bengal Legislative Assembly</cite></div></blockquote></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Mr Speaker, I can jolly well face the music, but I cannot face a monkey. Mr. Speaker, I never mentioned any honourable member of this House. But if any honourable member thinks that the cap fits him, I withdraw my remark."<sup id="cite_ref-thedailystar1_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedailystar1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>A controversial remark against an opponent in the Bengal Legislative Assembly</cite></div></blockquote></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"I am the living history of Bengal and East Pakistan of the last sixty years. I am the last survivor of that band of unselfish and courageous Muslims who fought fearlessly against terrific odds..."<sup id="cite_ref-dt26Apr2014_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dt26Apr2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>On his role in the politics of Bengal (particularly Bangladesh)</cite></div></blockquote></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotes_about_Fazlul_Huq">Quotes about Fazlul Huq</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>"Exceptionally brilliant, equipped with a sharp memory, deep knowledge and ability to understand peoples' feelings and characters with sharp wit and speech that provokes Bengali people's emotion."</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy">Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy</a></cite></div></blockquote></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>"When the tiger arrives, the lamb must give away."</i><sup id="cite_ref-fe8Aug2017_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fe8Aug2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></cite></div></blockquote></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>"He who in 1943 had wanted to see Nazimuddin and Suhrawardy bite the dust now shares the same stretch of the earth with them. All three are buried, side by side, in the grounds of the Dhaka High Court. For a while, the two of them were called Prime Ministers of Pakistan. Fazlul Huq was not. But only he was spoken of as the Royal Bengal Tiger."</i><sup id="cite_ref-dt26Apr2014_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dt26Apr2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Rajmohan Gandhi</a></cite></div></blockquote></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleum_of_three_leaders_in_Dhaka_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mausoleum_of_three_leaders_in_Dhaka_02.jpg/220px-Mausoleum_of_three_leaders_in_Dhaka_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mausoleum_of_three_leaders_in_Dhaka_02.jpg/330px-Mausoleum_of_three_leaders_in_Dhaka_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mausoleum_of_three_leaders_in_Dhaka_02.jpg/440px-Mausoleum_of_three_leaders_in_Dhaka_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5756" data-file-height="3838" /></a><figcaption>Fazlul Huq is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Three_Leaders" title="Mausoleum of Three Leaders">Mausoleum of Three Leaders</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fazlul Huq was married three times. His first wife was Khurshid Talat Begum, the granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Nawab_Abdul_Latif" title="Nawab Abdul Latif">Nawab Abdul Latif</a>, with whom he had two daughters. Khurshid left him and obtained a maintenance allowance in court. His second wife was Musammat Jannatunissa Begum, daughter of Ibn Ahmad of <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a>, but she died without having any children. In 1943, he married Khadija Begum of <a href="/wiki/Meerut_district" title="Meerut district">Meerut</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="United Provinces (1937–1950)">United Provinces</a>. They had one son together, <a href="/wiki/A._K._Faezul_Huq" title="A. K. Faezul Huq">A. K. Faezul Huq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who played an active role in Bangladeshi politics. </p><p>Fazlul Huq was fluent in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, English, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, Arabic, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_the_Nation,_In_the_Day_of_Election_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/House_of_the_Nation%2C_In_the_Day_of_Election_2.jpg/220px-House_of_the_Nation%2C_In_the_Day_of_Election_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/House_of_the_Nation%2C_In_the_Day_of_Election_2.jpg/330px-House_of_the_Nation%2C_In_the_Day_of_Election_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/House_of_the_Nation%2C_In_the_Day_of_Election_2.jpg/440px-House_of_the_Nation%2C_In_the_Day_of_Election_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_Nagar" title="Sher-e-Bangla Nagar">Sher-e-Bangla Nagar</a>, which houses the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Bangladesh">Parliament of Bangladesh</a>, is named in honour of Fazlul Huq</figcaption></figure> <p>Fazlul Huq founded several educational and technical institutions for Bengali Muslims, including <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad_College" title="Maulana Azad College">Islamia College in Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baker_Hostel" title="Baker Hostel">Baker Hostel</a> and Carmichael hostel residence halls for Muslim students of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Brabourne_College" title="Lady Brabourne College">Lady Brabourne College</a>, Adina Fazlul Huq College in <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi" title="Rajshahi">Rajshahi</a>, Eliot hostel, Tyler Hostel, Medical College hostel, Engineering College hostel, Muslim Institute Building, Dhaka <a href="/wiki/Eden_Girls%27_College,_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Eden Girls' College, Bangladesh">Eden Girls' College</a> Building, Fazlul Huq College at Chakhar, <a href="/wiki/Fazlul_Huq_Muslim_Hall" title="Fazlul Huq Muslim Hall">Fazlul Huq Muslim Hall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dhaka_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka University">Dhaka University</a>), Fazlul Huq Hall (Bangladesh Agricultural University, then East Pakistan Agricultural University), Sher-e-Bangla Hall (<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology">Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_Agricultural_University" title="Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University">Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University</a> (SAU) Dhaka-1207, Bulbul Music Academy and Central Women's College. Fazlul Huq significantly contributed to founding the leading university of Bangladesh: Dhaka University. During his premiership <a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a> was founded and Bengali New Year's Day (<a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a>) was declared a public holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-MD_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Bangladesh, he is revered as one of the most important Bengali statesmen of the 20th century and for his role as a leading voice of Bengali Muslims in British India. Throughout Bangladesh, educational institutions (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Barisal" title="Barisal">Barisal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_Medical_College" title="Sher-e-Bangla Medical College">Sher-e-Bangla Medical College</a>), roads, neighbourhoods (<a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_Nagor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sher-e-Bangla Nagor">Sher-e-Bangla Nagor</a>), and stadiums (<a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_Mirpur_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sher-e-Bangla Mirpur Stadium">Sher-e-Bangla Mirpur Stadium</a>) have been named after him. </p><p>In Pakistan, he is remembered as one of the country's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistan_Movement_activists" title="List of Pakistan Movement activists">founding statesmen</a>. One of the main roads in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, Pakistan A.K. Fazal-ul-Huq Road is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislatures_of_British_India" title="Legislatures of British India">Legislatures of British India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হক</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">Ābul Kāsem Fôzlul Huq</i></span>, Bengali pronunciation: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ˈaːbul<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkaːsem<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈfɔd͡ʒlul<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɦuk]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">শেরে বাংলা</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">Śērē Bānglā</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Tiger of Bengal', Bengali pronunciation: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ˈʃeːre<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbaŋla]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-birthplace-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birthplace_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birthplace_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Huq,_AK_Fazlul">"Huq, AK Fazlul"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia</a></i>. 17 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Huq%2C+AK+Fazlul&rft.btitle=Banglapedia&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%2FHuq%2C_AK_Fazlul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Gandhi, Rajmohan</a> (1986). <i>Eight Lives</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Sher-e-Bangla+in+Search+of+a+National+Soul&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fin-focus%2Fnews%2Fsher-e-bangla-search-national-soul-1984125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ds1May2021-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ds1May2021_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/literature/news/k-fazlul-huqs-english-prose-2086661">"A. K. Fazlul Huq's English Prose"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 1 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=A.+K.+Fazlul+Huq%27s+English+Prose&rft.date=2021-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fliterature%2Fnews%2Fk-fazlul-huqs-english-prose-2086661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-banglapedia1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Huq,_AK_Fazlul">"Huq, AK Fazlul"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329025149/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Huq,_AK_Fazlul">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Huq%2C+AK+Fazlul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHuq%2C_AK_Fazlul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDharitri_Bhattacharjee2012" class="citation web cs1">Dharitri Bhattacharjee (13 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/42181/caveat-bengal-time-to-remember-a-certain-huq/">"It's Time Bengal Remembered a Certain Huq"</a>. <i>The Wire</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805060200/https://thewire.in/42181/caveat-bengal-time-to-remember-a-certain-huq/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=It%27s+Time+Bengal+Remembered+a+Certain+Huq&rft.date=2012-04-13&rft.au=Dharitri+Bhattacharjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2F42181%2Fcaveat-bengal-time-to-remember-a-certain-huq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Fell_McDermottLeonard_A._GordonAinslie_T._Embree2014" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Fell McDermott; Leonard A. Gordon; Ainslie T. 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Columbia University Press. p. 836. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51092-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51092-9"><bdi>978-0-231-51092-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Indian+Traditions%3A+Modern+India%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+Bangladesh&rft.pages=836&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51092-9&rft.au=Rachel+Fell+McDermott&rft.au=Leonard+A.+Gordon&rft.au=Ainslie+T.+Embree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw8qJAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Bandyopadhyay2004" class="citation journal cs1">D. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rajapur.jhalakathi.gov.bd/node/1092596/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%8F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95">the original</a> on 25 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC+%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%8F+%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95+-+Rajapur+Upazilla+-+%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE&rft.date=2016-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frajapur.jhalakathi.gov.bd%2Fnode%2F1092596%2F%25E0%25A6%2585%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4-%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0-%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A7%259F-%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE-%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B0-%25E0%25A6%2587-%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BE-%25E0%25A6%258F-%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2587-%25E0%25A6%25AB%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B2-%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A6%2595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRai,_Khosalchandra2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rai, Khosalchandra (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.266618/page/n373/mode/2up">"পরিশিষ্ট"</a>. <bdi lang="bn">বৃহত্তর বাকরগঞ্জের ইতিহাস</bdi> [<i>History of Greater Bakarganj</i>] (in Bengali). Radical Kolkata. p. 363.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F&rft.btitle=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Radical+Kolkata&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Rai%2C+Khosalchandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.266618%2Fpage%2Fn373%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulbul,_Sayful_Ahsan2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Bulbul, Sayful Ahsan (2012). 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Dhaka. 8 August 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://print.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2014/04/26/30773/print">the original</a> on 8 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=When+the+tiger+appears%2C+the+lamb+must+give+way&rft.date=2017-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprint.thefinancialexpress-bd.com%2F2014%2F04%2F26%2F30773%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRab1967" class="citation book cs1">Rab, A. S. M. Abdur (1967). <i>A. K. Fazlul Haq: Life and Achievements</i>. Lahore: Ferozsons. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8784376">8784376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A.+K.+Fazlul+Haq%3A+Life+and+Achievements&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Ferozsons&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8784376&rft.aulast=Rab&rft.aufirst=A.+S.+M.+Abdur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/the-tiger-of-bengal-21275">"The Tiger of Bengal"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 25 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=The+Tiger+of+Bengal&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fthe-tiger-of-bengal-21275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanyopadhyaya2004" class="citation book cs1">Banyopadhyaya, Sekhara (2004). <i>From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India</i>. Orient Longman. pp. <span class="nowrap">445–</span>446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2596-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2596-2"><bdi>978-81-250-2596-2</bdi></a>. <q>Both Huq and Khan were censored in July 1941 when they agreed to join—without Jinnah's approval—the Viceroy's National Defence Council, which in terms of its membership structure did not recognise the Muslim claim of parity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Plassey+to+Partition%3A+A+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E445-%3C%2Fspan%3E446&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2596-2&rft.aulast=Banyopadhyaya&rft.aufirst=Sekhara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thedailystar1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thedailystar1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thedailystar1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thedailystar1_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thedailystar1_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thedailystar1_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed_Ashraf_Ali" class="citation news cs1">Syed Ashraf Ali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-60600">"Sher-e-Bangla: A natural leader"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154149/http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-60600">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Sher-e-Bangla%3A+A+natural+leader&rft.au=Syed+Ashraf+Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fnews-detail-60600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Academy">"Bangla Academy"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610050558/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Academy">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Bangla+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBangla_Academy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafez_Ahmed" class="citation news cs1">Hafez Ahmed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805100542/http://print.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/old/2008/11/26/51770.html">"Mohan Mia, the forgotten child of history"</a>. <i>The Financial Express</i>. Dhaka. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Mohan+Mia%2C+the+forgotten+child+of+history&rft.au=Hafez+Ahmed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprint.thefinancialexpress-bd.com%2Fold%2F2008%2F11%2F26%2F51770.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalahuddin_Ahmed2004" class="citation book cs1">Salahuddin Ahmed (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA147"><i>Bangladesh: Past and Present</i></a>. APH Publishing. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-469-5"><bdi>978-81-7648-469-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-469-5&rft.au=Salahuddin+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSzfqq7ruqWgC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samsadbook.com/product-details/bengal-today">"Shishu Sahitya Samsad Private Limited"</a>. <i>samsadbook.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101134740/http://samsadbook.com/product-details/bengal-today">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=samsadbook.com&rft.atitle=Shishu+Sahitya+Samsad+Private+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamsadbook.com%2Fproduct-details%2Fbengal-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rokomari.com/book/990/bengol-today"><bdi lang="bn">বেঙ্গল টুডে – এ কে ফজলুল হক</bdi></a>. <i>rokomari.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101134731/https://www.rokomari.com/book/990/bengol-today">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rokomari.com&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87+%E2%80%93+%E0%A6%8F+%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rokomari.com%2Fbook%2F990%2Fbengol-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Nabajug,_The">"Nabajug, The"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101141309/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Nabajug,_The">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Nabajug%2C+The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%2FNabajug%2C_The&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dt26Apr2014-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dt26Apr2014_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dt26Apr2014_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAK_Fazlul_Huq_Jr2014" class="citation news cs1">AK Fazlul Huq Jr (26 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/04/26/sher-e-bangla-the-tiger-of-bengal">"Sher-e-Bangla: The Tiger of Bengal"</a>. <i>Dhaka Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180610061200/https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/04/26/sher-e-bangla-the-tiger-of-bengal">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=Sher-e-Bangla%3A+The+Tiger+of+Bengal&rft.date=2014-04-26&rft.au=AK+Fazlul+Huq+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Funcategorized%2F2014%2F04%2F26%2Fsher-e-bangla-the-tiger-of-bengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuhrawardy2009" class="citation book cs1">Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed (2009). <i>Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardsy: With A Brief Account of His Life and Work 1st Edition</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195477221" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195477221"><bdi>978-0195477221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Huseyn+Shaheed+Suhrawardsy%3A+With+A+Brief+Account+of+His+Life+and+Work+1st+Edition&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0195477221&rft.aulast=Suhrawardy&rft.aufirst=Huseyn+Shaheed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Gandhi, Rajmohan</a> (1986). <i>Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter</i>. State University of New York Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-196-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-196-7"><bdi>978-0-88706-196-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eight+Lives%3A+A+Study+of+the+Hindu-Muslim+Encounter&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-196-7&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MD-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MD_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070908201012/http://www.muktadhara.net/page67.html">"Great Politicians"</a>. <i>Sher-e-Bangla AK Fazlul Huq (Krisak Proja Party)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sher-e-Bangla+AK+Fazlul+Huq+%28Krisak+Proja+Party%29&rft.atitle=Great+Politicians&rft.pages=67&rft.date=2001-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muktadhara.net%2Fpage67.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/A.K.+Fazl-ul-Haq+Rd,+Blue+Area,+Islamabad,+Islamabad+Capital+Territory,+Pakistan/@33.7175534,73.0724857,17z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x38dfbf9bb36a8881:0x5e7c4f5d8b1cc29f!8m2!3d33.7168796!4d73.0719493?shorturl=1">"A.K.M. Fazl-ul-Haq Rd · Blue Area, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan"</a>. <i>A.K.M. Fazl-ul-Haq Rd · Blue Area, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A.K.M.+Fazl-ul-Haq+Rd+%C2%B7+Blue+Area%2C+Islamabad%2C+Islamabad+Capital+Territory%2C+Pakistan&rft.atitle=A.K.M.+Fazl-ul-Haq+Rd+%C2%B7+Blue+Area%2C+Islamabad%2C+Islamabad+Capital+Territory%2C+Pakistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2FA.K.%2BFazl-ul-Haq%2BRd%2C%2BBlue%2BArea%2C%2BIslamabad%2C%2BIslamabad%2BCapital%2BTerritory%2C%2BPakistan%2F%4033.7175534%2C73.0724857%2C17z%2Fdata%3D%214m5%213m4%211s0x38dfbf9bb36a8881%3A0x5e7c4f5d8b1cc29f%218m2%213d33.7168796%214d73.0719493%3Fshorturl%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+K.+Fazlul+Huq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>A. K. Fazlul Huq</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:A._K._Fazlul_Huq" class="extiw" title="c:Category:A. K. Fazlul Huq">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" class="extiw" title="q:A. K. Fazlul Huq">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3242246" class="extiw" title="d:Q3242246">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chief_Minister_of_East_Pakistan93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chief_Minister_of_East_Pakistan" title="Template:Chief Minister of East Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chief_Minister_of_East_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Chief Minister of East Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/160px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurul_Amin" title="Nurul Amin">Nurul Amin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hussain_Sarkar" title="Abu Hussain Sarkar">Abu Hussain Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataur_Rahman_Khan" title="Ataur Rahman Khan">Ataur Rahman Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/80px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/120px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/160px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr 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href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakistan_Movement402" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_Movement" title="Template:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_Movement" title="Template talk:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_Movement402" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pakistani_history_(1947%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Pakistani history (1947–present)">timeline: 1947–present)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuddhi movement">Shuddhi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Address" title="Allahabad Address">Allahabad Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration" title="Pakistan Declaration">Now or Never pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_nation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Two nation theory">Two nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round Table Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectives_Resolution" title="Objectives Resolution">Objectives Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani monarchy">Pakistani monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Day (Pakistan)">Republic Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Protestant Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party,_1940_(Photo_429-6).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre."><img alt="The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/70px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/105px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/140px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.</figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Pakistan"><img alt="Flag of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/105px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/140px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Pakistan</figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State emblem of Pakistan"><img alt="State emblem of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/105px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/140px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>State emblem of Pakistan</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Muslim_League" title="Punjab Muslim League">Punjab Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League" title="Bengal Provincial Muslim League">Bengal Branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionist Muslim League">Unionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_Students_Federation" title="All India Muslim Students Federation">Student Federations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaksars">Khaksars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Renaissance_Society" title="East Pakistan Renaissance Society">Renaissance Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophical Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Pakistan" title="List of newspapers in Pakistan">Print media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)"><i>Dawn</i> </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Jang" title="Daily Jang">Daily <i>Jang</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaiwaqt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawaiwaqt"><i>Nawa-i-Waqt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar_(newspaper)" title="Zamindar (newspaper)"><i>Contractor</i> </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Pakistan_Movement" title="Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Salimullah" title="Khwaja Salimullah">Khwaja Salimullah</a> (Nawab Salimullah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ameer_Ali" title="Syed Ameer Ali">Syed Ameer Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Ali_(freedom_fighter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaukat Ali (freedom fighter)">Maulana Shaukat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Mohammad_Khan_V" title="Sadeq Mohammad Khan V">Sadeq Mohammad Khan V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Shafi" title="Mian Muhammad Shafi">Mian Muhammad Shafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Abdul_Rashid" title="Mian Abdul Rashid">Mian Abdul Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqar-ul-Mulk" title="Waqar-ul-Mulk">Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsin-ul-Mulk" title="Mohsin-ul-Mulk">Mohsin-ul-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Yar_Jung" title="Bahadur Yar Jung">Bahadur Yar Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haq_(Urdu_scholar)" title="Abdul Haq (Urdu scholar)">Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Abdul Qayyum Khan">Abdul Qayyum Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rab_Nishtar" title="Abdur Rab Nishtar">Abdur Rab Nishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman" title="Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman">Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Choudhary Rahmat Ali">Choudhary Rahmat Ali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ali_Shah" title="Jamaat Ali Shah">Jamaat Ali Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Syed" title="G. M. Syed">G. M. Syed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazanfar_Ali_Khan" title="Ghazanfar Ali Khan">Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Khan_Jamali" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafar Khan Jamali">Jafar Khan Jamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Bhik_Nairang" title="Ghulam Bhik Nairang">Ghulam Bhik Nairang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasrat_Mohani" title="Hasrat Mohani">Hasrat Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Mohammad_Ismail_Khan" title="Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan">Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogendra_Nath_Mandal" title="Jogendra Nath Mandal">Jogendra Nath Mandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Khurshid" class="mw-redirect" title="K. H. Khurshid">K. H. Khurshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Husain" title="Mahmud Husain">Mahmud Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amir_Ahmed_Khan" title="Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan">Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan</a> (Raja Saheb of Mahmudabad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zafarullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Zafarullah Khan">Muhammad Zafarullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Mohammad_Isa" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Mohammad Isa">Qazi Mohammad Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27ana_Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan">Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi" title="Ashraf Ali Thanwi">Ashraf Ali Thanwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Shabbir Ahmad Usmani">Shabbir Ahmad Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Ali_Khan" title="Zafar Ali Khan">Zafar Ali Khan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Pakistan_Movement" title="Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Movement_activists" title="Category:Pakistan Movement activists">Activists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Nizami" title="Hamid Nizami">Hamid Nizami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Haroon" title="Abdullah Haroon">Abdullah Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Haroon" title="Yusuf Haroon">Yusuf Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Haroon" title="Mahmoud Haroon">Mahmoud Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaf_Husain" title="Altaf Husain">Altaf Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamjee_Haji_Dawood" title="Adamjee Haji Dawood">Adamjee Haji Dawood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shafi_Deobandi" title="Muhammad Shafi Deobandi">Muhammad Shafi Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Zafar Ahmad Usmani">Zafar Ahmad Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ali_Lahori" title="Ahmed Ali Lahori">Ahmed Ali Lahori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Barkat_Ali" title="Malik Barkat Ali">Malik Barkat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslam_Khattak" title="Aslam Khattak">Aslam Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khattak" title="Yusuf Khattak">Yusuf Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Iftikharuddin" title="Mian Iftikharuddin">Mian Iftikharuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnawaz_Khan_Mamdot" title="Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot">Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Hussain_Khan_Mamdot" title="Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot">Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Hayat_Khan" title="Sikandar Hayat Khan">Sikandar Hayat Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Hayat_Khan" title="Shaukat Hayat Khan">Shaukat Hayat Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Ahmad" title="Ziauddin Ahmad">Ziauddin Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Ahmad_Haleem" title="Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem">Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem</a></li> <li>Maulana <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Rasool_Mehr" title="Ghulam Rasool Mehr">Ghulam Rasool Mehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim Said">Hakeem Mohammad Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Ghulam_Abbas" title="Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas">Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan">Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Ibrahim_Khan" title="Sardar Ibrahim Khan">Sardar Ibrahim Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_Mohammad_Khan" title="Fida Mohammad Khan">Fida Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_(Muslim_leader)" title="Abdul Qadir (Muslim leader)">Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._M._Sharif" title="M. M. Sharif">M. M. Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Abdul_Qayyum" title="Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum">Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaludin_Abdur_Rahim" title="Jalaludin Abdur Rahim">Jalaludin Abdur Rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._A._Suleri" title="Z. A. Suleri">Z. A. Suleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Allana" title="G. Allana">G. Allana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtiaq_Hussain_Qureshi" title="Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi">Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Baba" title="Jalal Baba">Jalal Baba</a> of NWFP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Abdul_Ghafoor_Hazarvi" title="Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi">Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Karam_Shah_al-Azhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari">Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_ul-Hasanat" title="Amin ul-Hasanat">Amin ul-Hasanat</a> (Pir of Manki Sharif)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Wajid_Ali" title="Syed Wajid Ali">Syed Wajid Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafeez_Jalandhari" title="Hafeez Jalandhari">Hafeez Jalandhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Shahnawaz" title="Jahanara Shahnawaz">Jahanara Shahnawaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Abdullah_Haroon" title="Lady Abdullah Haroon">Lady Abdullah Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ismail_Zabeeh" title="Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh">Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Begum_(politician)" title="Fatima Begum (politician)">Fatima Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naseer_Ahmad_Malhi" title="Naseer Ahmad Malhi">Naseer Ahmad Malhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Saeed_Nagi" title="Ahmed Saeed Nagi">Ahmed Saeed Nagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niaz_Ali_Khan_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niaz Ali Khan (politician)">Niaz Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Habibullah_Khan_Saadi" title="Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi">Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Rahimtoola" title="Habib Rahimtoola">Habib Rahimtoola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al_Mujahid" title="Sharif al Mujahid">Sharif al Mujahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Sughra_Begum" title="Fatima Sughra Begum">Fatima Sughra Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Sattar_Khan_Niazi" title="Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi">Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viqar-un-Nisa_Noon" title="Viqar-un-Nisa Noon">Viqar-un-Nisa Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Rokhri" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri">Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Qadri_Badayuni" title="Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni">Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Aurang_Zeb_Khan" title="Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan">Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ropari" title="Abdullah Ropari">Abdullah Ropari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibrahim_Mir_Sialkoti" title="Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti">Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Movement_activists" title="Category:Pakistan Movement activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Pakistan" title="Category:Books about Pakistan">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idea_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea of Pakistan"><i>Idea of Pakistan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah:_India,_Partition,_Independence" title="Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence"><i>Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Afghanistan_and_Baluchistan" title="Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan"><i>Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan:_A_Personal_History" title="Pakistan: A Personal History"><i>Pakistan: A Personal History</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto"><i>The Myth of Independence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Lieven" title="Anatol Lieven"><i>Pakistan: A Hard Country</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?"><i>Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan"><i>Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minar-e-Pakistan" title="Minar-e-Pakistan">Minar-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab-e-Pakistan" title="Bab-e-Pakistan">Bab-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Monument" title="Pakistan Monument">Pakistan Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziarat_Residency" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziarat Residency">Ziarat Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Muhammad_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal's Tom'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Mansion" title="Wazir Mansion">Wazir Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Pakistan" title="National Library of Pakistan">National Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaliq_Deena_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaliq Deena Hall">Deena Public Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab-e-Khyber" title="Bab-e-Khyber">Bab-e-Khyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Terminal">Jinnah Terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">In Memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Day" title="Pakistan Day"><i>Youm-e-Pakistan</i> <small>(<b>23 March</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Constitution Day (Pakistan)"><i>Youm-e-Dastur</i> <small>(<b>10 April</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youm-e-Takbir" title="Youm-e-Takbir"><i>Youm-e-Takbir</i> <small>(<b>28 May</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)"><i>Youm-e-Azadi</i> <small>(<b>14 August</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Day" title="Defence Day"><i>Youm-e-Difah</i> <small>(<b>6 September</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir_Day" title="Azad Kashmir Day"><i>Youm-e-Tasees</i> <small>(<b>24 October</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Day" title="Iqbal Day"><i>Youm-e-Iqbal</i> <small>(<b>9 November</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bara_Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Bara Din"><i>Youm-e-Viladat</i> <small>(<b>25 December</b>)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008225627X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/48088010">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/77505/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm9fXGFX8JbBB77yPyfMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1146249780">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81090798">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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