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claims of British subjects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convention_on_claims_of_British_subjects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_on_the_neutrality_of_Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_on_the_neutrality_of_Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Act on the neutrality of Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_on_the_neutrality_of_Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_of_looted_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_of_looted_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Return of looted art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_of_looted_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Treaty of Paris (1815)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_(1815)" title="معاهدة باريس (1815) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاهدة باريس (1815)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractat_de_Par%C3%ADs_(1815)" title="Tractat de París (1815) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tractat de París (1815)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_m%C3%ADrov%C3%A1_smlouva_(1815)" title="Pařížská mírová smlouva (1815) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pařížská mírová smlouva (1815)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Pariser_Frieden" title="Zweiter Pariser Frieden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweiter Pariser Frieden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Par%C3%ADs_(1815)" title="Tratado de París (1815) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratado de París (1815)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_(%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B1%DB%B5)" title="پیمان پاریس (۱۸۱۵) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیمان پاریس (۱۸۱۵)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Paris_(1815)" title="Traité de Paris (1815) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traité de Paris (1815)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%A6%AC_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD_(1815%EB%85%84)" title="파리 조약 (1815년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파리 조약 (1815년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Paris_Tahun_1815" title="Perjanjian Paris Tahun 1815 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perjanjian Paris Tahun 1815" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattato_di_Parigi_(1815)" title="Trattato di Parigi (1815) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trattato di Parigi (1815)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96_(1815)" title="חוזה פריז (1815) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוזה פריז (1815)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Secunda_Lutetiae" title="Pax Secunda Lutetiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pax Secunda Lutetiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1rizsi_b%C3%A9ke_(1815)" title="Párizsi béke (1815) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Párizsi béke (1815)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdrag_van_Parijs_(1815)" title="Verdrag van Parijs (1815) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verdrag van Parijs (1815)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AA%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84_(1815%E5%B9%B4)" title="パリ条約 (1815年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パリ条約 (1815年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-traktaten_av_1815" title="Paris-traktaten av 1815 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paris-traktaten av 1815" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parij_tinchlik_shartnomasi_(1815)" title="Parij tinchlik shartnomasi (1815) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Parij tinchlik shartnomasi (1815)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%B3j_paryski_(1815)" title="Pokój paryski (1815) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pokój paryski (1815)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Paris_(1815)" title="Tratado de Paris (1815) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tratado de Paris (1815)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_(1815)" title="Парижский мирный договор (1815) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парижский мирный договор (1815)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_(1815)" title="Париски мир (1815) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Париски мир (1815)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariisin_rauha_(1815)" title="Pariisin rauha (1815) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pariisin rauha (1815)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisfreden_(1815)" title="Parisfreden (1815) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parisfreden (1815)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8B_(1815)" title="Париж солыхы (1815) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Париж солыхы (1815)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Antla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1_(1815)" title="Paris Antlaşması (1815) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paris Antlaşması (1815)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(1815)" title="Паризька мирна угода (1815) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паризька мирна угода (1815)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1815%E5%B9%B4)" title="巴黎條約 (1815年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴黎條約 (1815年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Treaty ending the Napoleonic Wars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other treaties of Paris, see <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Treaty of Paris (disambiguation)">Treaty of Paris</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Treaty of Paris</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_d%27occupation_france_1815.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Carte_d%27occupation_france_1815.png/350px-Carte_d%27occupation_france_1815.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Carte_d%27occupation_france_1815.png/525px-Carte_d%27occupation_france_1815.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Carte_d%27occupation_france_1815.png/700px-Carte_d%27occupation_france_1815.png 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="1392" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Zone of occupation of France from June 1815 to November 1818. <br />The French territory where the occupation came into force: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #ff0000 ; color:black;"> </span>  British occupation zone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #55ff55 ; color:black;"> </span>  Prussian occupation zone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #3771c8 ; color:white;"> </span>  Russian occupation zone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #ff9955 ; color:black;"> </span>  Baden and Saxony occupation zone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #ffcc00 ; color:black;"> </span>  Bavarian occupation zone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #d35f5f ; color:black;"> </span>  Hesse and Württemberg occupation zone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #B3CBD3 ; color:black;"> </span>  Swiss occupation zone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #00ffff ; color:black;"> </span>  Sardinian occupation zone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #338000 ; color:white;"> </span>  Austrian occupation zone</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Bilateral treaty</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 1815<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1815-11-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original<br />signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">France</a><hr /></li> <li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Prussia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Treaty of Paris (1815)">Treaty of Paris (1815)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Treaty of Paris</b> of 1815, also known as the <b>Second Treaty of Paris</b>, was signed on 20 November 1815, after the defeat and the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Napoleon_(1815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdication of Napoleon (1815)">second abdication</a> of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> Bonaparte. In February, Napoleon had escaped from his exile on <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, entered Paris on 20 March and began the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a> of his restored rule. After France's defeat at the hands of the Seventh Coalition at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon was persuaded to abdicate again, on 22 June. King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>, who had fled the country when Napoleon arrived in Paris, took the throne for a second time on 8 July. </p><p>The 1815 treaty had more punitive terms than the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">treaty of the previous year</a>. France was ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities, and its borders were reduced to those that had existed on 1 January 1790. France was to pay additional money to cover the cost of providing additional defensive fortifications to be built by neighbouring Coalition countries. Under the terms of the treaty, parts of France were to be occupied by up to 150,000 soldiers for five years, with France covering the cost. However, the Coalition occupation under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> was deemed necessary for only three years; the foreign troops withdrew from France in 1818 (<a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1818)" title="Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)">Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996337_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996337-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEM_staff1918161_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEM_staff1918161-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the definitive peace treaty between France and Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia, there were four additional conventions and an act confirming the neutrality of Switzerland, signed on the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-BFO-280_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFO-280-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitive_treaty">Definitive treaty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitive treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gains_territoriaux_de_la_France_en_1814.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gains_territoriaux_de_la_France_en_1814.svg/220px-Gains_territoriaux_de_la_France_en_1814.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gains_territoriaux_de_la_France_en_1814.svg/330px-Gains_territoriaux_de_la_France_en_1814.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gains_territoriaux_de_la_France_en_1814.svg/440px-Gains_territoriaux_de_la_France_en_1814.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption>In pink, territories left to France in 1814 but removed after the Treaty of Paris of 1815.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_map_of_the_Eastern_boundary_of_France_to_illustrate_The_Second_Peace_of_Paris_20th_Nov_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_map_of_the_Eastern_boundary_of_France_to_illustrate_The_Second_Peace_of_Paris_20th_Nov_1815.jpg/220px-A_map_of_the_Eastern_boundary_of_France_to_illustrate_The_Second_Peace_of_Paris_20th_Nov_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_map_of_the_Eastern_boundary_of_France_to_illustrate_The_Second_Peace_of_Paris_20th_Nov_1815.jpg/330px-A_map_of_the_Eastern_boundary_of_France_to_illustrate_The_Second_Peace_of_Paris_20th_Nov_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_map_of_the_Eastern_boundary_of_France_to_illustrate_The_Second_Peace_of_Paris_20th_Nov_1815.jpg/440px-A_map_of_the_Eastern_boundary_of_France_to_illustrate_The_Second_Peace_of_Paris_20th_Nov_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="1626" /></a><figcaption><i>A map of the Eastern boundary of France to illustrate The Second Peace of Paris 20th Nov. 1815</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South-east_frontier_of_France_after_the_Treaty_of_Paris,_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/South-east_frontier_of_France_after_the_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1815.jpg/220px-South-east_frontier_of_France_after_the_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/South-east_frontier_of_France_after_the_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1815.jpg/330px-South-east_frontier_of_France_after_the_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/South-east_frontier_of_France_after_the_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1815.jpg/440px-South-east_frontier_of_France_after_the_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2130" /></a><figcaption>Southeast frontier of France after the Treaty of Paris, 1815</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1815 peace treaties were drawn up entirely in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of contemporary diplomacy. There were four treaties, between France and each of the four major <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Coalition">Seventh Coalition</a> powers: Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia. All four treaties were signed on the same day (20 November 1815), had verbatim stipulations, and were styled the same way (for example the "Definitive Treaty between Great Britain and France").<sup id="cite_ref-BFO-280_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFO-280-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treaty was harsher towards France than the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of 1814</a>, which had been negotiated through the manoeuvre of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a>, because of reservations raised by the recent widespread support for Napoleon in France. France lost the territorial gains of the Revolutionary armies in 1790–92, which the previous treaty had allowed France to keep; the nation was reduced to its 1790 boundaries (plus the enclaves of the <a href="/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin">Comtat Venaissin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Montb%C3%A9liard" title="County of Montbéliard">County of Montbéliard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Stadtrepublik Mülhausen</a>, which France was allowed to keep, but minus a few patches of territory along the northern border, including <a href="/wiki/Landau" title="Landau">Landau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saarlouis" title="Saarlouis">Saarlouis</a> exclave, which had been French since 1697, as well as six French communes bordering Lake Geneva which were ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Geneva">Republic of Geneva</a> so that it be connected to the rest of Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France was now also ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities, in five yearly instalments,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to maintain at its own expense a Coalition army of occupation of 150,000 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the eastern border territories of France, from the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> to the border with Switzerland, for a maximum of five years.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The twofold purpose of the military occupation was rendered self-evident by the convention annexed to the treaty outlining the incremental terms by which France would issue negotiable bonds covering the indemnity: in addition to safeguarding the neighboring states from a revival of revolution in France, it guaranteed fulfilment of the treaty's financial clauses.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although some of the Allies, notably <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, initially demanded that France cede significant territory in the East, rivalry among the powers and the general desire to secure the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> made the peace settlement less onerous than it might have been.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The treaty was signed for <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Lord Castlereagh</a> and the Duke of Wellington and by the <a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">duc de Richelieu</a> for France; parallel treaties with France were signed by <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, and Prussia, forming in effect the first <a href="/wiki/Pre-1945_ideas_on_European_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-1945 ideas on European unity">confederation of Europe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Quadruple_Alliance_(1815)" title="Quadruple Alliance (1815)">Quadruple Alliance</a> was reinstated in a separate treaty also signed 20 November 1815, introducing a new concept in European diplomacy, the peacetime congress "for the maintenance of peace in Europe"<sup id="cite_ref-BFO-281_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFO-281-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the pattern of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, which had concluded 9 June 1815. </p><p>The treaty is brief. In addition to having "preserved France and Europe from the convulsions with which they were menaced by the late enterprise of Napoleon Bonaparte",<sup id="cite_ref-BFO-281_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFO-281-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the signers of the Treaty also repudiated "the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">revolutionary system</a> reproduced in France".<sup id="cite_ref-BFO-281_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFO-281-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treaty is presented "in the desire to consolidate, by maintaining inviolate the Royal authority, and by restoring the operation of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1814" title="Charter of 1814">Constitutional Charter</a>, the order of things which had been happily re-established in France". The first <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a>, of 30 May 1814, and the Final Act of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, of 9 June 1815, were confirmed. On the same day, in a separate document, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia renewed the <a href="/wiki/Quadruple_Alliance_(1815)" title="Quadruple Alliance (1815)">Quadruple Alliance</a>. The princes and free towns, who were not signatories, were invited to accede to its terms,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby the treaty became a part of the public law by which Europe, with the exclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established "relations from which a system of real and permanent <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a> in Europe is to be derived".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_on_the_slave_trade">Article on the slave trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Article on the slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An additional article appended to the treaty addressed the issue of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. It reaffirmed the <i>Declaration of the Powers, on the Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Trade">Slave Trade</a>, of 8th of February 1815</i> (which also formed <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Final_Act_of_the_Congress_of_Vienna/Act_XV" class="extiw" title="s:Final Act of the Congress of Vienna/Act XV">ACT, No. XV.</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Act_of_the_Congress_of_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Act of the Congress of Vienna">Final Act of the Congress of Vienna</a>) and added that the governments of the contracting parties should "without loss of time, ... [find] the most effectual measures for the entire and definitive abolition of a Commerce so odious, and so strongly condemned by the laws of religion and of nature".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Convention_on_pecuniary_indemnity">Convention on pecuniary indemnity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Convention on pecuniary indemnity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A convention on pecuniary indemnity regulated the mode of liquidating the indemnity of 700 millions francs to be paid by France, in conformity to the fourth article of the treaty. The sum was to be paid, day by day, in equal portions, in the space of five years, from 1 December 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-159-160_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-159-160-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, France was required to pay on account of this convention 383,251 francs every day for five years, equal to about 16,000 pounds sterling at the exchange rate of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-159-160_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-159-160-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this daily quota, the French government had to give assignations on the French treasury, payable to bearer, day by day. In the first instance, however, the Coalition Commissioners were to receive the whole of the 700 million in fifteen bonds of 46⅔ million each; the first of which was payable on 31 March 1816, the second on 21 July 1816, and so on, every fourth month. In the month preceding the commencement of each of these four monthly periods, France was to redeem successively one of these bonds for 46⅔ millions, by exchanging it against the first-mentioned daily assignations payable to bearer, which assignations, for the purpose of convenience and negotiability, were again subdivided into <i><a href="/wiki/Coupon#Other_uses" title="Coupon">coupures</a></i>, or sets of smaller sums. As a guarantee for the regular payment of these assignations, and to provide for deficiencies, France assigned, moreover, to the allies, a fund of interest, to be inscribed in the <i><a href="/wiki/General_ledger" title="General ledger">Grand Livre</a></i> of her public debt, of seven millions francs on a capital of 140 millions. A liquidation was to take place every six months, when the assignations duly discharged by the French Treasury were to be received as payments to their amount, and the deficiency arising from assignations not honoured would be made good, with interest, at five percent from the fund of interest inscribed in the <i>Grand Livre</i>, in a manner specified in this convention.<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-159-160_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-159-160-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The distribution of the sum among the Coalition Powers, agreed to be paid by France in this convention, was regulated by a separate convention, the <i>Protocol for the pecuniary indemnity to be furnished by France</i> and the <i>Table of allotment</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-159-160_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-159-160-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th colspan="3">State </th> <th>Francs </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Austria </td> <td>100,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Russia </td> <td>100,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Great Britain </td> <td>100,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Prussia </td> <td>100,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>Subtotal</b> </td> <td><b>400,000,000</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">State </th> <th>Men </th> <th>Francs </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">The German States, together with the Netherlands and Sardinia, a like sum of 100 million, to be shared at the rate of 425 francs 89 centimes and a fraction for each man furnished by them respectively:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="29"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </td> <td>60,000 </td> <td>25,517,798 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>50,000 </td> <td>21,264,832 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a> </td> <td>20,000 </td> <td>8,505,932 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a> </td> <td>16,000 </td> <td>6,804,746 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a> </td> <td>16,000 </td> <td>6,804,746 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a> </td> <td>15,000 </td> <td>6,379,419 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Hessen">Hessen-Kassel</a> </td> <td>12,000 </td> <td>5,103,559 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a> </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>4,252,966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse Darmstadt</a> </td> <td>8,000 </td> <td>3,408,373 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg Schwerin</a> </td> <td>3,200 </td> <td>1,616,127 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a> </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>1,275,889 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a> </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>1,275,889 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanse Towns</a> </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>1,275,889 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Saxe-Gotha</a> </td> <td>2,200 </td> <td>935,632 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar</a> </td> <td>1,600 </td> <td>680,474 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhalt">Anhalt</a> </td> <td>1,600 </td> <td>680,474 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a> </td> <td>1,600 </td> <td>680,474 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburgh</a> </td> <td>1,300 </td> <td>552,885 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe">Lippe</a> </td> <td>1,300 </td> <td>552,885 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reuss_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss (state)">Reuss</a> </td> <td>900 </td> <td>382,766 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a> </td> <td>800 </td> <td>340,837 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Saxe Coburg</a> </td> <td>800 </td> <td>340,837 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck</a> </td> <td>800 </td> <td>340,837 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> </td> <td>750 </td> <td>318,972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Saxe-Meiningen</a> </td> <td>600 </td> <td>255,177 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Saxe-Hildburghausen</a> </td> <td>400 </td> <td>170,118 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a> </td> <td>386 </td> <td>164,164 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hohenzollern-Hechingen</a> </td> <td>194 </td> <td>82,507 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> </td> <td>100 </td> <td>42,529 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Subtotal</b> </td> <td><b>234,530</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>100,000,000</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">State </th> <th>Francs </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Spain</td> <td>5,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Portugal</td> <td>2,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Denmark</td> <td>2,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Switzerland</td> <td>3,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>Subtotal</b> </td> <td><b>12,500,000</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">Gratuity to the British and Prussian armies under Wellington and Blücher, for their exertions at Waterloo and their capture of Paris, 25 million each </td> <td><b>50,000,000</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">State </th> <th>Francs </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">For the erection of fortresses against France: </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"></td> <td colspan="2">Netherlands</td> <td>60,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Prussia (besides <a href="/wiki/Saarlouis" title="Saarlouis">Saarlouis</a>, valued at 50 mill.)</td> <td>20,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Bavaria</td> <td>15,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Spain</td> <td>7,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Sardinia</td> <td>10,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">To strengthen <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></td> <td>5,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">To erect a new fortress of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="German Confederacy">German Confederacy</a> on the Upper Rhine<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>20,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>Subtotal</b> </td> <td><b>137,500,000</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>Total in francs</b> </td> <td><b>700,000,000</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Convention_on_the_military_line">Convention on the military line</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Convention on the military line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A convention on the military line regulated all matters concerning the temporary occupation of the frontiers of France by a Coalition army of 150,000 men, conforming to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)/Definitive_Treaty#ART.V" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Paris (1815)/Definitive Treaty">Article V of the definitive treaty</a>. The military line to be occupied, would extend along the frontiers which separated the departments of the Pas de Calais, of the North of the Ardennes, of the Meuse, of the Moselle, of the Lower Rhine, and of the Upper Rhine, from the interior of France.<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-161-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also agreed that neither the Coalition nor the French troops would occupy (unless for particular reasons and by mutual agreement), the following territories and districts:<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-161-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Somme" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Somme">Somme</a>, all the country north of that river, from <a href="/wiki/Ham,_Somme" title="Ham, Somme">Ham</a>, to where it falls into the sea;</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Aisne" title="Aisne">Aisne</a>, the districts of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_Aisne" title="Saint-Quentin, Aisne">Saint-Quentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vervins" title="Vervins">Vervins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a>;</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Marne_(department)" title="Marne (department)">Marne</a>, those of <a href="/wiki/Rheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheims">Rheims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Menehould" title="Sainte-Menehould">Sainte-Menehould</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitry-le-Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Vitry-le-François">Vitry</a>;</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Haute-Marne" title="Haute-Marne">Haute-Marne</a>, those of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Dizier" title="Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joinville,_Haute-Marne" title="Joinville, Haute-Marne">Joinville</a>;</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Meurthe_(department)" title="Meurthe (department)">Meurthe</a>, those of <a href="/wiki/Toul" title="Toul">Toul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieuze" title="Dieuze">Dieuze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarrebourg" title="Sarrebourg">Sarrebourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blamont" title="Blamont">Blamont</a>;</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a>, those of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Di%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Dié">Saint-Dié</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruy%C3%A8res" title="Bruyères">Bruyères</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remiremont" title="Remiremont">Remiremont</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/District_of_Lure" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Lure">district of Lure</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Haute-Saône">Haute-Saône</a>; and that of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Hippolyte,_Doubs" title="Saint-Hippolyte, Doubs">Saint-Hippolyte</a> in <a href="/wiki/Doubs" title="Doubs">Doubs</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float: right;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Name </th> <th>Men </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Men </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a></td> <td>1000 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> and its forts</td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gravelines" title="Gravelines">Gravelines</a></td> <td>500 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_de_Scarpe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort de Scarpe (page does not exist)">Fort de Scarpe</a></td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bergues" title="Bergues">Bergues</a></td> <td>500 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a></td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a></td> <td>1500 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></td> <td>3000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9thune" title="Béthune">Béthune</a></td> <td>500 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Lauterbourg" title="Lauterbourg">Lauterbourg</a></td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Montreuil,_Pas-de-Calais" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreuil, Pas-de-Calais">Montreuil</a></td> <td>500 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wissembourg" title="Wissembourg">Wissembourg</a></td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hesdin" title="Hesdin">Hesdin</a></td> <td>250 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Lichtenberg,_Bas-Rhin" title="Lichtenberg, Bas-Rhin">Lichtenberg</a></td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ardres" title="Ardres">Ardres</a></td> <td>150 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Petite_Pierre" class="mw-redirect" title="Petite Pierre">Petite Pierre</a></td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Aire-sur-la-Lys" title="Aire-sur-la-Lys">Aire</a></td> <td>500 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Phalsbourg" title="Phalsbourg">Phalsbourg</a></td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a></td> <td>1000 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></td> <td>3000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne</a></td> <td>300 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lestat" title="Sélestat">Sélestat</a></td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Venant" title="Saint-Venant">Saint-Venant</a></td> <td>300 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Neuf-Brisach" title="Neuf-Brisach">Neuf-Brisach</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Mortier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Mortier (page does not exist)">Fort Mortier</a></td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></td> <td>3000 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Belfort" title="Belfort">Belfort</a></td> <td>1000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Within the line occupied by the Coalition army, 26 fortresses were allowed to have garrisons (see the table on the right), but without any materiel or equipment of artillery and engineer stores.<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-161-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France was to supply all the needs of the 150,000 Coalition troops who remained in the country. Lodging, fuel, light, provisions, and forage were to be furnished in kind, to an extent not exceeding 200,000 daily rations for men, and 50,000 daily rations for horses; and for pay, equipment, clothing, &c.<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-161-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France was to pay to the Coalition 50 million francs per annum during the five-year occupation: the allies, however, were content with only 30 million, on account, for the first year. The territories and fortresses definitively ceded by France, as well as the fortresses to be provisionally occupied by the Coalition troops for five years, were to be given up to them within ten days from the signature of the principal treaty, and all the Coalition forces, except 150,000 which were to remain, were to evacuate France within 21 days from that date.<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-161-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The direct expense entailed upon France by this convention greatly exceeded the 700 million francs of the indemnity. Estimating the value of the soldier's portion and allowances at 1½ francs, and the cavalry ration at 2 francs, the annual cost of the deliveries in kind for 200,000 portions and 50,000 rations would have been 146 million in francs, which, with the addition of 50 million franc of money per annum, formed a total of 196 million francs per year, equal to 22,370 sterling per day at the exchange rate of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-161-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Convention_on_private_claims_upon_France">Convention on private claims upon France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Convention on private claims upon France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A convention on private claims upon France assured the payment of money due by France to the subjects of the Coalition powers, in conformity with <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">the treaty of 1814</a> and to the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)/Definitive_Treaty#ART.VIII" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Paris (1815)/Definitive Treaty">Article VIII</a> of the <a href="#Definitive_Treaty">1815 peace treaty</a>. There were twenty-six articles in the convention, which provided for the following:<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-161-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the liquidation of all claims arising from articles furnished by individuals, and partnerships, by virtue of contracts and other arrangements with French administrative authorities;</li> <li>arrears of pay to military persons or employees no longer subjects of France;</li> <li>deliveries to French hospitals;</li> <li>loans contracted by French military or civil authorities;</li> <li>losses of money confided to the French post-office etcetera;</li> <li>the restitution of the funds of the Hamburg bank, seized by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Davout" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Nicolas Davout">Davout</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be regulated by a separate convention between commissioners from that city and those of Louis XVIII.<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-161-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This issue was already contentious and had been subject to secret articles in both of the 1814 Convention for a suspension of hostilities with France and the 1814 Paris Peace Treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The matter was settled when the French government agreed to pay compensation in a special convention signed by the parties on 27 October 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the payment of a claim of upwards of forty million francs to the Counts of <a href="/wiki/Bentheim-Steinfurt" title="Bentheim-Steinfurt">Bentheim and Steinfurt</a>.</li></ul> <p>All these claims were to be sent in within a year after the ratification of the treaty or they would be voided (Article XVI), and committees for their liquidation were to be appointed. </p><p>Articles XVII–XIX related to the payment of the claims and their inscription in the <i>Grand Livre</i> (<a href="/wiki/General_ledger" title="General ledger">general ledger</a>). The claims under this convention were immense, so it was impossible for the parties to have a clear idea of the necessary amount at the time of the treaty's signing. As a guarantee of payment, Article XX provided that a capital, bearing 3½ millions of francs in interest, be inscribed in the <i>Grand Livre</i>, the interest of which was to be received half yearly by joint-commissioners.<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-161-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Convention_on_claims_of_British_subjects">Convention on claims of British subjects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Convention on claims of British subjects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fourth convention related exclusively to the liquidation of the claims of British subjects on the government of France, in conformity with the Paris peace treaty of 1814, and the Article VIII of the Paris Peace Treaty of 1815. All British subjects who had suffered loss of property in France since 1 January 1791, by sequestration or confiscation by the French government, were to be indemnified. The amount of permanent stock lost was to be inscribed in the <i>Grand Livre</i>, and to bear interest from 22 March 1816; excepting, however, such holders as had, since 1797, voluntarily submitted to receive their dividends at a third. The same was to be the case in regard to former life annuities from the French government.<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-161-162_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-161-162-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indemnification was further granted for the loss of immovable property by sequestration, confiscation, or sale; and particular regulations were laid down for ascertaining its value in the fairest possible manner. A separate account was to be kept of arrears that had accrued for all types of property, for which arrears were to be calculated at an interest of four percent per annum. Movable properly, lost through the above causes, was also to be paid for by inscriptions according to its value, with interest calculated on it at three percent per annum. From this indemnity, however, were excluded ships, cargoes, and other movable property seized in conformity to the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a> and the prohibitory decrees. All claims of the above, or any other description, were to be given in, within three months after the date of the signing fourth convention (20 November 1815) from Europe, six months from the western colonies, and twelve months from the East Indies, &c.<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-161-162_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-161-162-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The claims were to be examined and decided on by a mixed commission of liquidation: and, if their votes were equal, an arbitrator would be chosen by lot from a mixed commission of arbitration. As a guarantee for the payment of claims sanctioned under this convention, there was to be inscribed in the <i>Grand Livre</i>, before 1 January 1816, a capital bearing 3½ millions francs of interest, in the name of a further mixed commission of English and French officers, who were to receive such interest; without, however, disposing of the same otherwise than by placing it in the public funds, at accumulating interest for the benefit of the creditors. As soon as the inscription had been effected, Britain would restore the French colonies as agreed in the treaty of 1814, including the islands of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, which had been provisionally re-occupied by the British troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Philological-Society-161-162_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philological-Society-161-162-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Act_on_the_neutrality_of_Switzerland">Act on the neutrality of Switzerland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Act on the neutrality of Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation#Old_Swiss_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation">Swiss Confederation</a> had been internationally recognised as an independent neutral state at the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in 1648. During the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic Wars</a> it failed to remain neutral, as some cantons had been annexed into other states and, under French influence, the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Mediation" title="Act of Mediation">Act of Mediation</a> was signed, replacing the Swiss Confederation with the more centralised <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a>, allied to France. With the fall of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in 1814, the cantons of Switzerland started the process of writing a new, less centralised constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Oppenheim-176_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oppenheim-176-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 March 1815, at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, the European powers (Austria, France, Great Britain, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Spain and Sweden) agreed to recognise permanently an independent, neutral Switzerland, and on 27 May Switzerland acceded to this declaration. </p><p>However, during Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a> the Seventh Coalition suspended the signing of the Act of Acknowledgement and Guarantee of the perpetual Neutrality of Switzerland until after Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated; this allowed Coalition forces to pass through Swiss territory. So with Article 84 of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Act_of_the_Congress_of_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Act of the Congress of Vienna">Final Act of the Congress of Vienna</a> dated 20 November 1815, the four major Coalition powers (Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia) and France gave their formal and authentic acknowledgement of the perpetual neutrality of Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-Oppenheim-176_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oppenheim-176-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_of_looted_art">Return of looted art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Return of looted art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art" title="Napoleonic looting of art">Napoleonic looting of art</a></div> <p>Much art had been looted from across Europe by the French armies since 1793. The First Treaty of Paris had made no demands in this respect, but the second treaty required that stolen artworks be returned to their countries of origin. The process was haphazard, as some states had ceased to exist, but the treaty was one of the first in history to require the return of war booty on a large scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties" title="List of treaties">List of treaties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/battle-of-waterloo">"Battle of Waterloo"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. 29 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Waterloo&rft.date=2022-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fbritish-history%2Fbattle-of-waterloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Paris+%281815%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996337-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996337_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEM_staff1918161-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEM_staff1918161_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEM_staff1918">EM staff 1918</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFO-280-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BFO-280_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFO-280_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreat_Britain_Foreign_Office1838">Great Britain Foreign Office 1838</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YT4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA280280">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael G. Fry, Erik Goldstein and Richard Langhorne, <i>Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy</i>, "The Congress and Concert of Europe, 1814–1830" p, 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 9; the 1814 treaty had required only that France honour public and private debts incurred by the Napoleonic regime; see André Nicolle, "The Problem of Reparations after the Hundred Days" <i>The Journal of Modern History</i> <b>25</b>.4 (December 1953:343–354)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Articles 4 and 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The army of occupation and the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>'s moderating transformation from soldier to statesman are discussed in Thomas Dwight Veve, <i>The Duke of Wellington and the British Army of Occupation in France, 1815–1818</i> (Westport CT:Greenwood Press) 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A point made by Nicolle 1953:344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFO-281-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BFO-281_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFO-281_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFO-281_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>British and Foreign State Papers</i>, p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Act of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, Article 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turkey had been excluded from the Congress of Vienna by the express wish of Russia (K. Strupp, <i>et al.</i>, <i>Wörterbuch des Völkerrechts</i>, (Berlin, 1960–62) <i>s.v.</i> "Wiener Kongress").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The wording is from the 20 May 1814 treaty, quoted in Hugh McKinnon Wood, "The Treaty of Paris and Turkey's Status in International Law" <i>The American Journal of International Law</i> <b>37</b>.2 (April 1943:262–274) p 263 and note 6; Wood's main subject is the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris (1856)</a>, terminating the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803 to the Present Time, Published by s.n., 1816 Volume 32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I8ETAAAAYAAJ&pg=P74">p. 200</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>British and Foreign State Papers</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YT4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA280">p. 292</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philological-Society-159-160-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-159-160_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-159-160_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-159-160_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-159-160_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff. <i>The European Magazine, and London Review</i>, Philological Society (Great Britain), January 1918 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA159">pp. 159,160</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To divide up the sum of 100 million more precisely for this number of men the payment would be 426 francs 38.50 cents per man.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delayed until after the 1840 <a href="/wiki/Rhine_crisis" title="Rhine crisis">Rhine crisis</a>. In 1841 the German Confederacy decided to erect two fortresses in <a href="/wiki/Rastatt" title="Rastatt">Rastatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philological-Society-161-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-161_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff. <i>The European Magazine, and London Review</i>, Philological Society (Great Britain), January 1918 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161">p. 161</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Gentleman's Magazine</i>, Volume 84, Part 2, F. Jefferies, 1814. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSns0IYklU4C&pg=PA175">p. 175</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Wellesley 2nd Duke of Wellington, John Gurwood. <i>The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington, K.G.: During His Various Campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France</i>, J. Murray, 1838 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xG9jAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA159">pp. 159–161</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Blunt . <i>The American Annual Register</i>, G. & C. Carvill, 1835. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYpdAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA208">p. 208</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Executive Documents: 13th Congress, 2d Session–49th Congress, 1st Session</i>, United States Congress, 1832. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=544FAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA14-PA73">p. 73</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philological-Society-161-162-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-161-162_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-161-162_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philological-Society-161-162_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff. <i>The European Magazine, and London Review</i>, Philological Society (Great Britain), January 1918 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161">pp. 161–162</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oppenheim-176-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oppenheim-176_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oppenheim-176_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lassa Oppenheim, Ronald Roxburgh (2005). <i>International Law</i>, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-609-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-609-3">978-1-58477-609-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vxJ1Jwmyw0EC&dq=1815+Act+on+the+Neutrality+of+Switzerland&pg=PA176">p. 173</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803 to the Present Time</i>, Volume 32 (1 February to 6 March 1816), Hansard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I8ETAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA123">p. 308</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain_Foreign_Office1838" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Great Britain Foreign Office (1838), <i>British and Foreign State Papers</i>, vol. 3 (1815–1816), Great Britain Foreign and Commonwealth Office, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YT4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA280">280</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+and+Foreign+State+Papers&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Great+Britain+Foreign+and+Commonwealth+Office&rft.date=1838&rft.au=Great+Britain+Foreign+Office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Paris+%281815%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTombs1996" class="citation cs2">Tombs, Robert (1996), <i>France 1814–1914</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49314-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49314-5"><bdi>0-582-49314-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+1814%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-582-49314-5&rft.aulast=Tombs&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Paris+%281815%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Webster, Charles K. <i>The Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815</i> (1918) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/congressofvienna00webs">online</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEM_staff1918" class="citation cs2">EM staff (January 1918), "France 1814–1914", <i><a href="/wiki/The_European_Magazine,_and_London_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Magazine, and London Review">The European Magazine, and London Review</a></i>, Philological Society (Great Britain): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA159">159</a>–161</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Magazine%2C+and+London+Review&rft.atitle=France+1814%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=159-161&rft.date=1918-01&rft.au=EM+staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Paris+%281815%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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