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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condau_Venaicin" title="Condau Venaicin – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Condau Venaicin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comt%C3%A2t_Venecin" title="Comtât Venecin – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Comtât Venecin" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Comtat Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaiss%C3%AD" title="Comtat Venaissí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comtat Venaissí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venaissinsk%C3%A9_hrabstv%C3%AD" title="Venaissinské hrabství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Venaissinské hrabství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Comtat Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Comtat Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condado_Venaissin" title="Condado Venaissin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Condado Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Comtat Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comtat Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A9%ED%83%80_%EB%B8%8C%EB%84%A4%EC%83%9D" title="콩타 브네생 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콩타 브네생" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Comtat Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contado_Venassino" title="Contado Venassino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Contado Venassino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%9F" title="קונטה ונסן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונטה ונסן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagus_Vendascinus" title="Pagus Vendascinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pagus Vendascinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesenas" title="Venesenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Venesenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Comtat Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venaissin" title="Venaissin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaicin" title="Comtat Venaicin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Comtat Venaicin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrabstwo_Venaissin" title="Hrabstwo Venaissin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hrabstwo Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condado_Venaissino" title="Condado Venaissino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Condado Venaissino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Венессен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Венессен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Comtat Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grofija_Venaissin" title="Grofija Venaissin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grofija Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Comtat Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Comtat Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Comtat Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Венессенське графство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Венессенське графство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Comtat Venaissin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%A5%88%E6%A1%91%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%B0" title="沃奈桑伯爵领地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沃奈桑伯爵领地" 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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Comtat Venaissin</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Comtat Venaissin</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">Comtat Venessin</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Pagus Vendascinus/Venuxini Comitatus</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1274–1791</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Comtat_Venaissin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Comtat Venaissin"><img alt="Flag of Comtat Venaissin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Comtat_Venaissin.svg/125px-Flag_of_Comtat_Venaissin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Comtat_Venaissin.svg/188px-Flag_of_Comtat_Venaissin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Comtat_Venaissin.svg/250px-Flag_of_Comtat_Venaissin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City#Description" title="Flag of Vatican City">Flag of the Papal States</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlasonComtatVenaissin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Avignon Papacy of Comtat Venaissin"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Avignon Papacy of Comtat Venaissin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BlasonComtatVenaissin.svg/85px-BlasonComtatVenaissin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BlasonComtatVenaissin.svg/128px-BlasonComtatVenaissin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BlasonComtatVenaissin.svg/170px-BlasonComtatVenaissin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="965" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See#Origins_and_background" title="Coat of arms of the Holy See"> Coat of arms of the Avignon Papacy</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">Per lo Papa, per la nacion</i></span><br />("For the Pope, for the nation")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Comtat_venaissin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Comtat_venaissin.png/250px-Comtat_venaissin.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Comtat_venaissin.png/375px-Comtat_venaissin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Comtat_venaissin.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1748-1766_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/250px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/375px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/500px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2761" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal</a> <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Venasque" title="Venasque">Venasque</a> (1274-1320)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Carpentras" title="Carpentras">Carpentras</a> (1320–1791)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudal</a> <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Death of <a href="/wiki/Alphonse,_Count_of_Poitiers" title="Alphonse, Count of Poitiers">Alphonse,<br />Count of Poitiers</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 1271</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Acquired by papacy </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1274</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Capital moved to<br /><a href="/wiki/Carpentras" title="Carpentras">Carpentras</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1320</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> purchased from<br /><a href="/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples" title="Joanna I of Naples">Joanna, Countess of Provence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1348</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">French</a> occupation </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1663, 1668, 1768–74</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Reversed into <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a><br />by <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 September 1791</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tolentino" title="Treaty of Tolentino">Treaty of Tolentino</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1797</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_scudo" title="Roman scudo">Roman scudo</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Banner_of_Occitania.svg/20px-Banner_of_Occitania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Banner_of_Occitania.svg/30px-Banner_of_Occitania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Banner_of_Occitania.svg/40px-Banner_of_Occitania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Toulouse" title="County of Toulouse">County of Toulouse</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vexillum_Sanctae_Romanae_Ecclesiae.svg/20px-Vexillum_Sanctae_Romanae_Ecclesiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vexillum_Sanctae_Romanae_Ecclesiae.svg/30px-Vexillum_Sanctae_Romanae_Ecclesiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vexillum_Sanctae_Romanae_Ecclesiae.svg/40px-Vexillum_Sanctae_Romanae_Ecclesiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Comtat Venaissin</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kɔ̃ta<span class="wrap"> </span>vənɛsɛ̃]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>: <i lang="oc">lo Comtat Venaicin</i>; 'County of Venaissin'), often called the <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Comtat</i></span></b> for short, was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> from 1274 to 1791, in what is now the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a></span></span> region of <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">Southern France</a>. </p><p>The region was an <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>, comprising the area around the city of <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> (itself always a separate <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">comtat</i></span>) roughly between the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Durance" title="Durance">Durance</a> and <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mont_Ventoux" title="Mont Ventoux">Mont Ventoux</a></span></span>, and a small <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> located to the north around the town of <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Valr%C3%A9as" title="Valréas">Valréas</a></span></span> purchased by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a>. The <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Comtat</span></span> also bordered (and mostly surrounded) the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Orange" title="Principality of Orange">Principality of Orange</a>. The region is still known informally as the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Comtat Venaissin</i></span>, although this no longer has any political meaning. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comtat_Venaissin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1096, the Comtat was part of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Provence#House_of_Toulouse" title="List of rulers of Provence">Margraviate of Provence</a> that was inherited by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse">Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse</a> from <a href="/wiki/William_Bertrand_of_Provence" title="William Bertrand of Provence">William Bertrand of Provence</a>. These lands in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> belonged to <a href="/wiki/Joan,_Countess_of_Toulouse" title="Joan, Countess of Toulouse">Joan, Countess of Toulouse</a>, and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Alphonse,_Count_of_Poitiers" title="Alphonse, Count of Poitiers">Alphonse, Count of Poitiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alphonse <a href="/wiki/Bequest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bequest">bequeathed</a> it to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> on his death in 1271. Since this happened during an <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a>, there was no <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> to protect Joan's rights.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Comtat became a <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal territory</a> in 1274. The region was named after its former capital, <a href="/wiki/Venasque" title="Venasque">Venasque</a>, which was replaced as capital by <a href="/wiki/Carpentras" title="Carpentras">Carpentras</a> in 1320. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oranje1547.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Oranje1547.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the Comtat and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Orange" title="Principality of Orange">Principality of Orange</a> in 1547</figcaption></figure> <p>Avignon was sold to the papacy by <a href="/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples" title="Joanna I of Naples">Joanna I</a>, Queen of Naples and Countess of Provence, in 1348,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereupon the two <i>comtats</i> were joined to form a unified papal enclave geographically, though retaining their separate political identities. </p><p>The enclave's inhabitants did not pay taxes and were not subject to <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a>, making life in the Comtat considerably more attractive than under the French Crown. It became a haven for <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">French Jews</a>, who received better treatment under papal rule than in the rest of France. The <a href="/wiki/Carpentras" title="Carpentras">Carpentras</a> <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, built in the 14th century, is the oldest in France, and until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> preserved a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Hachmei_Provence" title="Hachmei Provence">Provençal Jewish tradition</a>. </p><p>Successive French rulers sought to annex the region to France. It was invaded by French troops in 1663, 1668 and 1768–1774 during disputes between the Crown and the Church. It was also subjected to trade and customs restrictions during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV</a>. </p><p>Papal control continued until 1791, when an unauthorized <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a>, under pressure from French revolutionaries, was held and the inhabitants voted for annexation by France. The process was facilitated by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Antoine_Antonelle" title="Pierre-Antoine Antonelle">Pierre-Antoine Antonelle</a>, then mayor of <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a>. A few years later, <a href="/wiki/Vaucluse" title="Vaucluse">Vaucluse</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">département</a></i> was created based on <i>Comtat Venaissin</i> including the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Valr%C3%A9as" title="Canton of Valréas">exclave of Valréas</a> and a part of the <a href="/wiki/Luberon" title="Luberon">Luberon</a> for the southern half. The papacy did not recognise this formally until 1814. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comtat_Venaissin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Counts of Toulouse, the chief officer of the Comtat Venaissin was the Seneschal.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1294 to 1791 the chief administrator of the Comtat Venaissin was the Rector, who was appointed directly by the Pope. Most of the incumbents were in fact prelates, either Archbishops or Bishops, and the Rector therefore had the right to wear a purple garb, similar to that of an Apostolic Chamberlain.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His official residence was in Carpentras. He had no authority over Avignon, however, which was administered by a Cardinal Legate or a Vice-Legate, also appointed directly by the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually, however, the power of the Vice-Legate encroached on that of the Rector, until the Cardinal virtually held the position of a governor, and the Rector had the functions of a judge. In both cases their tenure was for a period of three years, renewable.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rector had the right to receive the feudal oaths of homage of all the papal vassals. He also had the right to receive the oaths of bishops who held property by virtue of their office which was in feudal tenure from the pope. The Rector named the Notaries of the Comtat. He presided at the negotiation and payment of revenues of the Apostolic Chamber. His court was the Supreme Court of the Comtat Venaissin, and he had both criminal and civil jurisdiction of the first instance, and appellate jurisdiction from the courts of the regular judges of the three judicial circuits.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rector was seconded by a Vice-Rector, named the Lieutenant of the Rector, also a papal appointee. He had judicial powers similar to those of the Rector. </p><p>The administration of the Comtat was in the hands of the Estates of the Comtat, which consisted of the Élu (a nobleman), the Bishop of Carpentras, the Bishop of Cavaillon, the Bishop of Vaison, and eighteen representatives of the three judicial districts into which the Comtat was divided. The Estates held their meetings at Carpentras.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Apostolic Camera (Treasury of the Holy Roman Church) had a permanent office in Carpentras, with full jurisdiction in all financial matters concerning the rights of the Holy See in the Comtat. This included the obligations of bishops and other ecclesiastical persons to the papacy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comtat_Venaissin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comtat_Venaissin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madaule, Jacques. <i>The Albigensian Crusade</i>. New York, Fordham University Press, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDiana_Wood2002" class="citation book cs1">Diana Wood (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZgRYuVQEtEC&pg=PA49"><i>Clement VI: The Pontificate and Ideas of an Avignon Pope</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89411-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89411-1"><bdi>978-0-521-89411-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clement+VI%3A+The+Pontificate+and+Ideas+of+an+Avignon+Pope&rft.pages=47-50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89411-1&rft.au=Diana+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ZgRYuVQEtEC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComtat+Venaissin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Expilly, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Expilly, p. 92 column 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A list of the Legates and Vice-Legates can be found in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_de_Sainte-Marthe1715" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Denis de Sainte-Marthe (1715). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IYUsAQAAMAAJ"><i>Gallia christiana, in provincias ecclesiasticas distributa</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. Tomus primus. Paris: Coignard. pp. 841–850.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallia+christiana%2C+in+provincias+ecclesiasticas+distributa&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=841-850&rft.pub=Coignard&rft.date=1715&rft.au=Denis+de+Sainte-Marthe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIYUsAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComtat+Venaissin" class="Z3988"></span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Vallentin_Du_Cheylard1890" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roger Vallentin Du Cheylard (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-VIxDRrq5QIC"><i>Notes sur la chronologie des vice-légats d'Avignon au XVIe siècle: extrait des Mémoires de l'Académie de Vaucluse</i></a> (in French). Seguin frères.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+sur+la+chronologie+des+vice-l%C3%A9gats+d%27Avignon+au+XVIe+si%C3%A8cle%3A+extrait+des+M%C3%A9moires+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+de+Vaucluse&rft.pub=Seguin+fr%C3%A8res&rft.date=1890&rft.au=Roger+Vallentin+Du+Cheylard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-VIxDRrq5QIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComtat+Venaissin" class="Z3988"></span> [Extrait des Mémoires de l'Académie de Vaucluse 9 (1890) 200–213].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Séguin de Pazzis, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Expilly, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Séguin de Pazzis, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Expilly, p. 92 column 2.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comtat_Venaissin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré1847" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">André, J. F. (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PpwAAAAAcAAJ"><i>Histoire du gouvernement des Recteurs pontificaux dans le Comtat-Venaissin: D'après les notes recueillies par Charles Cottier</i></a> (in French). Carpentras: Devillario.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+gouvernement+des+Recteurs+pontificaux+dans+le+Comtat-Venaissin%3A+D%27apr%C3%A8s+les+notes+recueillies+par+Charles+Cottier&rft.place=Carpentras&rft.pub=Devillario&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpwAAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComtat+Venaissin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnaud1884" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arnaud, Eugène (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredesprote01arna_1"><i>Histoire des protestants de Provence, comtat Venaissin et de la principauté d'Orange</i></a> (in French). Paris: Grassart. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredesprote01arna_1/page/n171">140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+protestants+de+Provence%2C+comtat+Venaissin+et+de+la+principaut%C3%A9+d%27Orange&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Grassart&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Arnaud&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoiredesprote01arna_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComtat+Venaissin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmann1984" class="citation book cs1">Calmann, Marianne (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bsRtAAAAMAAJ"><i>The carrière of Carpentras</i></a>. Published for the Littman Library by Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-710037-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-710037-0"><bdi>978-0-19-710037-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+carri%C3%A8re+of+Carpentras&rft.pub=Published+for+the+Littman+Library+by+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-710037-0&rft.aulast=Calmann&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbsRtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComtat+Venaissin" class="Z3988"></span> [The Jewish community of the Comtat Venaissin]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharpenne1886" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Charpenne, Pierre (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ejUbAAAAYAAJ"><i>Histoire des réunions temporaires d'Avignon et du Comtat Venaissin à la France</i></a> (in French). Paris: Calmann Lévy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+r%C3%A9unions+temporaires+d%27Avignon+et+du+Comtat+Venaissin+%C3%A0+la+France&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Calmann+L%C3%A9vy&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Charpenne&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DejUbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComtat+Venaissin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExpilly,_Jean-Joseph1764" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Expilly, Jean-Joseph (1764). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DslTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA101"><i>Dictionnaire géographique, historique et politique des Gaules et de la France</i></a> (in French). Vol. Tome II. Amsterdam: Desaint et Saillant.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+g%C3%A9ographique%2C+historique+et+politique+des+Gaules+et+de+la+France&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Desaint+et+Saillant&rft.date=1764&rft.au=Expilly%2C+Jean-Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDslTAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComtat+Venaissin" class="Z3988"></span> [article 'Carpentras']</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouliérac-Lamoureux1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mouliérac-Lamoureux, Rose Leone (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HNQAAAAAMAAJ"><i>Le Comtat Venaissin pontifical: 1229-1791</i></a> (in French). Vedene: Comptoir Général du Livre Occitan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Comtat+Venaissin+pontifical%3A+1229-1791&rft.place=Vedene&rft.pub=Comptoir+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+du+Livre+Occitan&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Mouli%C3%A9rac-Lamoureux&rft.aufirst=Rose+Leone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHNQAAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComtat+Venaissin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoulinas1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moulinas, René (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b47iAAAAMAAJ"><i>Les juifs du Pape: Avignon et le Comtat Venaissin</i></a> (in French). Paris: Editions Albin Michel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-226-05866-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-226-05866-9"><bdi>978-2-226-05866-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+juifs+du+Pape%3A+Avignon+et+le+Comtat+Venaissin&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+Albin+Michel&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-2-226-05866-9&rft.aulast=Moulinas&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db47iAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComtat+Venaissin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSéguin_de_Pazzis1808" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Séguin de Pazzis, Maxime (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aDkAev8rG8sC"><i>Mémoire statistique sur le département de Vaucluse</i></a> (in French). Carpentras: Imprimerie de D.G. Quenin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moire+statistique+sur+le+d%C3%A9partement+de+Vaucluse&rft.place=Carpentras&rft.pub=Imprimerie+de+D.G.+Quenin&rft.date=1808&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9guin+de+Pazzis&rft.aufirst=Maxime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaDkAev8rG8sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComtat+Venaissin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoullier1844" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Soullier, Charles (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzoOAAAAQAAJ"><i>Histoire de la révolution d'Avignon et du Comté-Venaissin, en 1789 & années suivantes</i></a> (in French). Paris: Seguin aîné.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+r%C3%A9volution+d%27Avignon+et+du+Comt%C3%A9-Venaissin%2C+en+1789+%26+ann%C3%A9es+suivantes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Seguin+a%C3%AEn%C3%A9&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Soullier&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzoOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComtat+Venaissin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">Historical provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Alsace" title="Province of Alsace">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angoumois" title="Angoumois">Angoumois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou#Province_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunis" title="Aunis">Aunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry,_France" title="Berry, France">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais" title="Bourbonnais">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Foix" title="County of Foix">Foix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franche-Comté (province)">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Hainaut" title="French Hainaut">Hainaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="History of Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_(province)" title="Limousin (province)">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_and_Barrois" title="Lorraine and Barrois">Lorraine and Barrois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonnais" title="Lyonnais">Lyonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_La_Marche" title="County of La Marche">Marche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Navarre" title="Lower Navarre">Lower Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivernais" title="Nivernais">Nivernais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais" title="Orléanais">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perche" title="Perche">Perche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Saintonge" title="County of Saintonge">Saintonge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touraine" title="Touraine">Touraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Trois-Évêchés</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_of_France_(numered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Provinces of France before the revolution"><img alt="Provinces of France before the revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/80px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/120px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/160px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor provinces and regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenais" title="Agenais">Agenais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Armagnac" title="County of Armagnac">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaujolais_(province)" title="Beaujolais (province)">Beaujolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigorre" title="Bigorre">Bigorre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bresse" title="Bresse">Bresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugey" title="Bugey">Bugey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Cambrésis">Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9vennes" title="Cévennes">Cévennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comminges" title="Comminges">Comminges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couserans" title="Couserans">Couserans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombes" title="Dombes">Dombes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forez" title="Forez">Forez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2tinais" title="Gâtinais">Gâtinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9vaudan" title="Gévaudan">Gévaudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Gex" class="mw-redirect" title="Pays de Gex">Gex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labourd" title="Labourd">Labourd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9bouzan" title="Nébouzan">Nébouzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigord" title="Périgord">Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponthieu" title="Ponthieu">Ponthieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercy" title="Quercy">Quercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouergue" title="Rouergue">Rouergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soule" title="Soule">Soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valromey" class="mw-redirect" title="Valromey">Valromey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velay" title="Velay">Velay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermandois" title="Vermandois">Vermandois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarais" title="Vivarais">Vivarais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign territories in 1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Kriechingen" title="County of Kriechingen">Créhange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Dagsburg" title="County of Dagsburg">Dabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cities_of_Menton_and_Roquebrune" title="Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune">Menton and Roquebrune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Montb%C3%A9liard" title="County of Montbéliard">Montbéliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mulhouse" title="Republic of Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm-Salm" title="Salm-Salm">Salm-Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Saarwerden" title="County of Saarwerden">Sarrewerden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">Tende</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Tende" class="extiw" title="fr:Comté de Tende">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comtat Venaissin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Comtat_Venaissin&params=44_5_N_5_0_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°5′N</span> <span class="longitude">5°0′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.083°N 5.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.083; 5.000</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122980#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122980#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122980#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4216584-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83200771">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb115807671">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb115807671">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Venaissin (Francie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131273&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562110805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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