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But up to one per cent of" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/9954672/Role_of_mutator_alleles_in_adaptive_evolution" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Role of mutator alleles in adaptive evolution" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Because most newly arising mutations are neutral or deleterious, it has been argued that the mutation rate has evolved to be as low as possible, limited only by the cost of error-avoidance and error-correction mechanisms. But up to one per cent of" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://univ-montp2.academia.edu/BernardGODELLE" /> <meta name="description" content="Because most newly arising mutations are neutral or deleterious, it has been argued that the mutation rate has evolved to be as low as possible, limited only by the cost of error-avoidance and error-correction mechanisms. But up to one per cent of" /> <title>(PDF) Role of mutator alleles in adaptive evolution | Bernard GODELLE - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/23070552/Role_of_mutator_alleles_in_adaptive_evolution" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732793024000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732793024000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Because most newly arising mutations are neutral or deleterious, it has been argued that the mutation rate has evolved to be as low as possible, limited only by the cost of error-avoidance and error-correction mechanisms. But up to one per cent of natural bacterial isolates are `mutator\u0026#39; clones that have high mutation rates. We consider here whether high mutation rates might playan important role in adaptive evolution. Models of large, asexual, clonal populations adapting to a new environment show that strong mutator genes (such as those that increase mutation rates by 1,000-fold) can accelerate adaptation, even if the mutator gene remains at a very low frequency (for example, 10-5). Less potent mutators (10 to 100-fold increase) can become fixed in a fraction of finite populations. The parameters of the model have been set to values typical for Escherichia coli cultures, which behave in a manner similar to the model in long-term adaptation experiments.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Bernard GODELLE"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2014-12-30","dateModified":"2014-12-30","datePublished":"1997-01-01","headline":"Role of mutator alleles in adaptive evolution","inLanguage":"en","keywords":[],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Nature","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/9954672/Role_of_mutator_alleles_in_adaptive_evolution","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"univ-montp2"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link 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But up to one per cent of natural bacterial isolates are `mutator' clones that have high mutation rates. We consider here whether high mutation rates might playan important role in adaptive evolution. Models of large, asexual, clonal populations adapting to a new environment show that strong mutator genes (such as those that increase mutation rates by 1,000-fold) can accelerate adaptation, even if the mutator gene remains at a very low frequency (for example, 10-5). Less potent mutators (10 to 100-fold increase) can become fixed in a fraction of finite populations. The parameters of the model have been set to values typical for Escherichia coli cultures, which behave in a manner similar to the model in long-term adaptation experiments.","publication_date":"1997,,","publication_name":"Nature"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Role of mutator alleles in adaptive evolution","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [24187206]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":47594313,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Role of mutator alleles in adaptive evolution”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/47594313/mini_magick20190206-16574-7jhwg8.png?1549468933" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Role of mutator alleles in adaptive evolution</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24187206" href="https://univ-montp2.academia.edu/BernardGODELLE"><img alt="Profile image of Bernard GODELLE" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Bernard GODELLE</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1997, Nature</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">3 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 9954672; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=9954672"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Because most newly arising mutations are neutral or deleterious, it has been argued that the mutation rate has evolved to be as low as possible, limited only by the cost of error-avoidance and error-correction mechanisms. But up to one per cent of natural bacterial isolates are `mutator' clones that have high mutation rates. We consider here whether high mutation rates might playan important role in adaptive evolution. Models of large, asexual, clonal populations adapting to a new environment show that strong mutator genes (such as those that increase mutation rates by 1,000-fold) can accelerate adaptation, even if the mutator gene remains at a very low frequency (for example, 10-5). Less potent mutators (10 to 100-fold increase) can become fixed in a fraction of finite populations. The parameters of the model have been set to values typical for Escherichia coli cultures, which behave in a manner similar to the model in long-term adaptation experiments.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":47594313,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/9954672/Role_of_mutator_alleles_in_adaptive_evolution"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":47594313,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/9954672/Role_of_mutator_alleles_in_adaptive_evolution"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="47594313" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/9954672/Role_of_mutator_alleles_in_adaptive_evolution" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="6119252" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6119252/Mutation_rate_dynamics_in_a_bacterial_population_reflect_tension_between_adaptation_and_genetic_load">Mutation rate dynamics in a bacterial population reflect tension between adaptation and genetic load</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="152058" href="https://michiganstate.academia.edu/MikeWiser">Mike Wiser</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mutation rate dynamics in a bacterial population reflect tension between adaptation and genetic load","attachmentId":49011030,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6119252/Mutation_rate_dynamics_in_a_bacterial_population_reflect_tension_between_adaptation_and_genetic_load","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free 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class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Science, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Adaptive Mutations in Bacteria: High Rate and Small Effects","attachmentId":47156027,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26891615/Adaptive_Mutations_in_Bacteria_High_Rate_and_Small_Effects","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26891615/Adaptive_Mutations_in_Bacteria_High_Rate_and_Small_Effects"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="106002601" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/106002601/The_rise_and_fall_of_mutator_bacteria">The rise and fall of mutator bacteria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47971327" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MiroslavRadman">Miroslav Radman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current Opinion in Microbiology, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The rise and fall of mutator 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href="https://www.academia.edu/9954675/Mutators_Population_Size_Adaptive_Landscape_and_the_Adaptation_of_Asexual_Populations_of_Bacteria">Mutators, Population Size, Adaptive Landscape and the Adaptation of Asexual Populations of Bacteria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24187206" href="https://univ-montp2.academia.edu/BernardGODELLE">Bernard GODELLE</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mutators, Population Size, Adaptive Landscape and the Adaptation of Asexual Populations of Bacteria","attachmentId":36102946,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9954675/Mutators_Population_Size_Adaptive_Landscape_and_the_Adaptation_of_Asexual_Populations_of_Bacteria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9954675/Mutators_Population_Size_Adaptive_Landscape_and_the_Adaptation_of_Asexual_Populations_of_Bacteria"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="93106772" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93106772/The_Evolution_of_Mutator_Genes_in_Bacterial_Populations_The_Roles_of_Environmental_Change_and_Timing">The Evolution of Mutator Genes in Bacterial Populations: The Roles of Environmental Change and Timing</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33875516" href="https://emory.academia.edu/BruceLevin">Bruce Levin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Genetics, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Recent studies have found high frequencies of bacteria with increased genomic rates of mutation in both clinical and laboratory populations. These observations may seem surprising in light of earlier experimental and theoretical studies. Mutator genes (genes that elevate the genomic mutation rate) are likely to induce deleterious mutations and thus suffer an indirect selective disadvantage; at the same time, bacteria carrying them can increase in frequency only by generating beneficial mutations at other loci. When clones carrying mutator genes are rare, however, these beneficial mutations are far more likely to arise in members of the much larger nonmutator population. How then can mutators become prevalent? To address this question, we develop a model of the population dynamics of bacteria confronted with ever-changing environments. Using analytical and simulation procedures, we explore the process by which initially rare mutator alleles can rise in frequency. We demonstrate that ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Evolution of Mutator Genes in Bacterial Populations: The Roles of Environmental Change and Timing","attachmentId":95936936,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93106772/The_Evolution_of_Mutator_Genes_in_Bacterial_Populations_The_Roles_of_Environmental_Change_and_Timing","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93106772/The_Evolution_of_Mutator_Genes_in_Bacterial_Populations_The_Roles_of_Environmental_Change_and_Timing"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="10428046" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10428046/Evolution_of_mutation_rates_in_bacteria">Evolution of mutation rates in bacteria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25613481" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IMati%C4%87">Ivan Matić</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Molecular Microbiology, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolution of mutation rates in bacteria","attachmentId":47393253,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10428046/Evolution_of_mutation_rates_in_bacteria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10428046/Evolution_of_mutation_rates_in_bacteria"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="10618859" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10618859/Normal_Mutation_Rate_Variants_Arise_in_a_Mutator_Mut_S_Escherichia_coli_Population">Normal Mutation Rate Variants Arise in a Mutator (Mut S) Escherichia coli Population</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25966776" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MBaquero">Maria Baquero</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLoS ONE, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Normal Mutation Rate Variants Arise in a Mutator (Mut S) Escherichia coli Population","attachmentId":47259051,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10618859/Normal_Mutation_Rate_Variants_Arise_in_a_Mutator_Mut_S_Escherichia_coli_Population","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10618859/Normal_Mutation_Rate_Variants_Arise_in_a_Mutator_Mut_S_Escherichia_coli_Population"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="14430074" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14430074/Evolution_of_high_mutation_rates_in_experimental_populations_of_E_coli">Evolution of high mutation rates in experimental populations of E. coli</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33930957" href="https://michiganstate.academia.edu/RichardLenski">Richard Lenski</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33368872" href="https://upenn.academia.edu/PaulSniegowski">Paul Sniegowski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nature, 1997</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">1 . None- theless, evolutionary theory predicts that high mutation rates can evolve under certain circumstances 2-4 . Empirical observations have previously been limited to short-term studies of the fates of mutator strains deliberately introduced into laboratory popu- lations of Escherichia coli 5-7 , and to the effects of intense selective events on mutator frequencies in E. coli 8 .</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolution of high mutation rates in experimental populations of E. coli","attachmentId":44153863,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14430074/Evolution_of_high_mutation_rates_in_experimental_populations_of_E_coli","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14430074/Evolution_of_high_mutation_rates_in_experimental_populations_of_E_coli"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="74156536" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74156536/Diminishing_Returns_from_Mutation_Supply_Rate_in_Asexual_Populations">Diminishing Returns from Mutation Supply Rate in Asexual Populations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50566687" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PGerrish">Philip Gerrish</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Science, 1999</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Mutator genotypes with increased mutation rates may be especially important in microbial evolution if genetic adaptation is generally limited by the supply of mutations. In experimental populations of the bacterium Escherichia coli , the rate of evolutionary adaptation was proportional to the mutation supply rate only in particular circumstances of small or initially well-adapted populations. These experiments also demonstrate a “speed limit” on adaptive evolution in asexual populations, one that is independent of the mutation supply rate.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Diminishing Returns from Mutation Supply Rate in Asexual Populations","attachmentId":83654458,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74156536/Diminishing_Returns_from_Mutation_Supply_Rate_in_Asexual_Populations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74156536/Diminishing_Returns_from_Mutation_Supply_Rate_in_Asexual_Populations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="53606432" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53606432/Adapting_the_engine_to_the_fuel_mutator_populations_can_reduce_the_mutational_load_by_reorganizing_their_genome_structure">Adapting the engine to the fuel: mutator populations can reduce the mutational load by reorganizing their genome structure</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32814333" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GuillaumeBeslon">Guillaume Beslon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BMC Evolutionary Biology</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Adapting the engine to the fuel: mutator populations can reduce the mutational load by reorganizing their genome structure","attachmentId":70373585,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53606432/Adapting_the_engine_to_the_fuel_mutator_populations_can_reduce_the_mutational_load_by_reorganizing_their_genome_structure","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53606432/Adapting_the_engine_to_the_fuel_mutator_populations_can_reduce_the_mutational_load_by_reorganizing_their_genome_structure"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47594313,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47594313,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_47594313" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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