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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the article</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Makurakotoba" title="Talk:Makurakotoba">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>Makurakotoba</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">枕詞</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">pillow words</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span> are figures of speech used in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Waka_(poetry)" title="Waka (poetry)">waka</a></i></span> poetry in association with certain words. The set phrase can be thought of as a "pillow" for the noun or verb it describes, although the actual etymology is not fully known. It can also describe associations and allusions to older poems (see <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Honkadori" title="Honkadori">honkadori</a></i></span>). </p><p>Many have lost their original meaning but are still used. They are not to be confused with <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Utamakura" title="Utamakura">utamakura</a></i></span> ("poem pillow"), which are a category of poetic words used to add greater mystery and depth to poems. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Makurakotoba</i></span> are present in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i></span>, one of Japan's earliest chronicles.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_usage">History and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makurakotoba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Makurakotoba</i></span> are most familiar to modern readers in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Man'yōshū">Man'yōshū</a></i></span>, and when they are included in later poetry, it is to make allusions to poems in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Man'yōshū</i></span>. The exact origin of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">makurakotoba</i></span> remains contested to this day, though both the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i></span> and the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i></span>, two of Japan's earliest chronicles, use it as a literary technique.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of usage, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">makurakotoba</i></span> are often used at the beginning of a poem. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jokotoba" title="Jokotoba">jokotoba</a></i></span> is a similar figure of speech used in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Man'yōshū</i></span> poetry, used to introduce a poem. In fact, the 17th-century Buddhist priest and scholar <a href="/wiki/Keich%C5%AB" title="Keichū">Keichū</a> wrote that "if one says <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">jokotoba</i></span>, one speaks of long <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">makurakotoba</i></span>" in his <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Man'yō-taishōki</i></span>. Japanese scholar <a href="/wiki/Shinobu_Orikuchi" title="Shinobu Orikuchi">Shinobu Orikuchi</a> also echoes this statement, claiming that <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">makurakotoba</i></span> are <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">jokotoba</i></span> that have been compressed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">makurakotoba</i></span> still have meanings that add to the meaning of the following word, many others have lost their meanings. As <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">makurakotoba</i></span> became standardized and used as a way to follow Japanese poetic traditions, many were used only as decorative phrases in poems and not for their meanings. Many translators of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">waka</i></span> poems face difficulty when translating <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">makurakotoba</i></span>, because although they make up the first line, many have no substantial meaning, and it is impossible to discard the whole first line of a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">waka</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (April 2022)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> that <a href="/wiki/Sei_Sh%C5%8Dnagon" title="Sei Shōnagon">Sei Shōnagon</a> often used this technique in <a href="/wiki/The_Pillow_Book" title="The Pillow Book">The Pillow Book</a>, and some earlier scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> thought that they were named after the book, but most agree now that the practice was fairly common at the time she wrote the Pillow Book.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makurakotoba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many instances of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">makurakotoba</i></span> found in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Man'yōshū</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very first poem demonstrates how this was used: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ko mo yo mi-ko mochi <br /> fukushi mo yo mi-bukushi mochi<br /> kono oka ni na tsumasu ko<br /> ie kikana na norasane<br /> <b><em>sora mitsu</em></b> Yamato-no-kuni wa<br /> oshinabete ware koso ore<br /> shikinabete ware koso imase<br /> ware koso wa norame<br /> ie o mo na o mo</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Girl with your basket, your pretty basket,<br /> With your shovel, with your pretty shovel,<br /> Gathering shoots on the hillside here,<br /> I want to ask your home. Tell me your name!<br /> The land of Yamato, <b><em>seen by the gods on high</em></b>―<br /> It is all my realm in all of it I reign supreme.<br /> I will tell you my home and my name.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In this poem, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%9D%E3%82%89%E3%81%BF%E3%81%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:そらみつ"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sora mitsu</i></span></a> (literally "sky-seen" or "sky-spreading") modifies the place name Yamato. </p><p>Some historical <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">makurakotoba</i></span> have developed into the usual words for their meaning in modern Japanese, replacing the terms they originally alluded to. For example, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">niwa tsu tori</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">庭つ鳥</span></span>, bird of the garden)</span> was in classical Japanese a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">makurakotoba</i></span> for <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kake</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鶏</span></span>, chicken)</span>. In modern Japanese, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">niwatori</i></span> has displaced the latter word outright and become the everyday word for "chicken" (dropping the case marker <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsu</i></span> along the way). </p><p>Some more <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">makurakotoba</i></span> are listed below:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Makurakotoba</i></span></b> </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Modifies </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E4%B8%B9%E3%82%88%E3%81%97#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:青丹よし">青丹よし</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">aoni yoshi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> </td> <td>"good blue-black clay" </td> <td>place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E8%89%AF#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:奈良">奈良</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a></i></span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8C%9C%E3%81%95%E3%81%99#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:茜さす">茜さす</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">akane sasu</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"shining madder red" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:日">日</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hi</i></span>, "sun")</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%BC#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:昼">昼</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hiru</i></span>, "daytime")</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%9B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:君">君</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kimi</i></span>, "lord")</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E5%B1%B1%E3%81%AE#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:秋山の">秋山の</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">akiyama no</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"autumn mountain" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%81%B5#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:したふ">したふ</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shitau</i></span>, "for leaves to turn red")</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:色">色</a></span><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%87%90%E3%81%8B%E3%81%97%E3%81%84#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:懐かしい">なつかし</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">iro natsukashi</i></span>, "emotionally moving colors")</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%91%A6%E3%81%8C%E6%95%A3%E3%82%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:葦が散る">葦が散る</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ashi ga chiru</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"scattered reeds" </td> <td>place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A3%E6%B3%A2#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:難波">難波</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Naniwa</i></span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E8%A3%B3%E3%82%88%E3%81%97#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:麻裳よし">麻裳よし</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">asamo yoshi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> </td> <td>"good hemp" </td> <td>place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:紀伊">紀</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kii_Province" title="Kii Province">Ki</a></i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E5%BC%95%E3%81%8D%E3%81%AE#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:足引きの">足引きの</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ashi-hiki no</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>uncertain, possibly "foot-dragging" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:山">山</a></span></span></span> <span style="margin-right:.09em">(</span><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">yama</i></span>, "mountain")</span>, words beginning with <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yama</i></span>, etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A2%93%E5%BC%93#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:梓弓">梓弓</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">azusa yumi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Betula_grossa" title="Betula grossa">birchwood</a> bow", erroneously "<a href="/wiki/Catalpa_ovata" title="Catalpa ovata">catalpa</a> bow" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E3%81%8F#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:引く">引く</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hiku</i></span>, "to pull")</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%83#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:元">元</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">moto</i></span>, "base")</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A2#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:矢">矢</a></span></span></span> <span style="margin-right:.09em">(</span><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ya</i></span>, "arrow")</span>, etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AF%A8%E5%8F%96%E3%82%8A#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:鯨取り">鯨取り</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">isana tori</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> </td> <td>"whale hunting" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:海">海</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">umi</i></span>, "sea")</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%81%98#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:灘">灘</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">nada</i></span>, "open sea")</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B5%9C#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:浜">浜</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hama</i></span>, "beach")</span>, etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%B6%B1%E3%81%AE#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:石綱の">石綱の</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">iwatsuna no</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"ivy-colored rocks" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E3%81%A1%E8%BF%94%E3%82%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:復ち返る">復ち返る</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ochikaeru</i></span>, "to get younger")</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%B5%B0%E3%82%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:石走る">石走る</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">iwa-bashiru</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"rock-running" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BB%9D#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:滝">滝</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">taki</i></span>, "waterfall")</span>, place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E6%B1%9F#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:近江">近江</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ōmi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%89%93%E3%81%A1%E9%9D%A1%E3%81%8F#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:打ち靡く">打ち靡く</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">uchinabiku</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"fluttering, streaming" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:春">春</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">haru</i></span>, "spring")</span>, place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E9%A6%99#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:草香">草香</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kusaka</i></span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%89%93%E3%81%A1%E5%AF%84%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:打ち寄する">打ち寄する</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">uchiyosuru</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"rush toward" </td> <td>place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A7%BF%E6%B2%B3#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:駿河">駿河</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Suruga_Province" title="Suruga Province">Suruga</a></i></span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%A2%A8%E3%81%AE#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:神風の">神風の</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamikaze no</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Kamikaze_(typhoon)" title="Kamikaze (typhoon)">divine wind</a>" </td> <td>place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%8B%A2#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:伊勢">伊勢</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ise,_Mie" title="Ise, Mie">Ise</a></i></span>)</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E9%88%B4#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:五十鈴">五十鈴</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Isuzu_River" title="Isuzu River">Isuzu</a></i></span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E6%9E%95#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:草枕">草枕</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kusamakura</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"grass pillow" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%85#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:旅">旅</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tabi</i></span>, "journey")</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E3%81%B6#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:結ぶ">結ぶ</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">musubu</i></span>, "to tie")</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B2#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:露">露</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsuyu</i></span>, "dew")</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E5%96%A7%E3%81%8F#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:言喧く">言喧く</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">koto saeku</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"twittered words" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:韓">韓</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kara</i></span>, Korea)</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%B8%88#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:百済">百済</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kudara</i></span>, "<a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>")</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%BA%97%E5%89%A3#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:高麗剣">高麗剣</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Koma tsurugi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> </td> <td>"Korean sword" </td> <td>place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B0%84%E8%A6%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:和射見">和射見</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Wazami</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9A%A0%E3%82%8A%E3%81%8F%E3%81%AE#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:隠りくの">隠りくの</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">komoriku no</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"hidden land" </td> <td>place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E7%80%AC#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:初瀬">初瀬</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hatsuse</i></span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%9D%E3%82%89%E3%81%BF%E3%81%A4#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:そらみつ">そらみつ</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sora mitsu</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>uncertain, possibly "sky-seen" or "sky-spreading" </td> <td>place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%92%8C#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:大和">大和</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yamato_Province" title="Yamato Province">Yamato</a></i></span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E8%97%BB%E3%82%88%E3%81%97#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:玉藻よし">玉藻よし</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tamamo yoshi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> </td> <td>"good jeweled seaweed" </td> <td>place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AE%83%E5%B2%90#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:讃岐">讃岐</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sanuki_Province" title="Sanuki Province">Sanuki</a></i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B2%E7%B8%84%E3%81%AE#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:栲縄の">栲縄の</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">takunawa no</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"hemp rope" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E3%81%97#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:長し">長し</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">nagashi</i></span>, "long")</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%B0%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:千尋">千尋</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chihiro</i></span>, "extremely long")</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E8%A1%A3%E3%81%AE#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:玉衣の">玉衣の</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tamaginu no</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"jeweled clothes" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A8%92%E9%A8%92#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:騒騒">騒騒</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">saisai</i></span>, "rustling")</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AD%82%E6%A5%B5%E3%82%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:魂極る">魂極る</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tama kiwaru</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"soul ending" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%91%BD#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:命">命</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">inochi</i></span>, "life")</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:世">世</a></span></span></span> <span style="margin-right:.09em">(</span><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">yo</i></span>, "world")</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E8%A5%B7#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:玉襷">玉襷</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tamadasuki</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> </td> <td>"jeweled cord" </td> <td>place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%95%9D%E5%82%8D#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:畝傍">畝傍</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Unebi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%87%B8%E3%81%8F#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:懸く">懸く</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaku</i></span>, "attach")</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B2#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:雲">雲</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kumo</i></span>, "clouds")</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E6%97%A9%E6%8C%AF%E3%82%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:千早振る">千早振る</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chihayaburu</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"powerful, mighty", erroneously "thousand-rock smashing" </td> <td>place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E6%B2%BB#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:宇治">宇治</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Uji</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:神">神</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>, "gods")</span>, etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E3%81%A4%E9%A2%A8#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:時つ風">時つ風</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">toki tsu kaze</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"seasonal/timely wind" </td> <td>place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%B9%E9%A3%AF#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:吹飯">吹飯</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Fukei</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%81%AF%E7%81%AB%E3%81%AE#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:灯火の">灯火の</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tomoshibi no</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"lamplight" </td> <td>place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%9F%B3#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:明石">明石</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Akashi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B6%8F%E3%81%8C%E9%B3%B4%E3%81%8F#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:鶏が鳴く">鶏が鳴く</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tori ga naku</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"bird-calling" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:東">東</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">azuma</i></span>, "eastland")</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A6%BB%E7%B1%A0%E3%82%82%E3%82%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:妻籠もる">妻籠もる</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsuma-gomoru</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"spouse-hiding" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B1%8B#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:屋">屋</a></span></span></span> <span style="margin-right:.09em">(</span><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ya</i></span>, "home, roof")</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A2#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:矢">矢</a></span></span></span> <span style="margin-right:.09em">(</span><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ya</i></span>, "arrow")</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E9%9C%9E#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:春霞">春霞</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">haru-gasumi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> </td> <td>"spring mist/haze" </td> <td>place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E6%97%A5#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:春日">春日</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kasuga</i></span>)</span>, <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%A4#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:立つ">立つ</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatsu</i></span>, "rise")</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:日の本の">日の本の</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hi no moto no</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"source of the sun" </td> <td>place name <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大和</span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yamato</i></span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%9C%B7%E3%81%AE%E8%85%B8#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:蜷の腸">蜷の腸</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">mina no wata</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"marsh(-black) snail guts" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8B%E9%BB%92%E3%81%97#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:か黒し">か黒し</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaguroshi</i></span>, "completely black")</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%95%B7%E3%81%AE#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:百敷の">百敷の</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">momoshiki no</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>"many-stoned" </td> <td><span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%AE#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:大宮">大宮</a></span></span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ōmiya</i></span>, "great palace")</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makurakotoba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Honkadori" title="Honkadori">Honkadori</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jokotoba" title="Jokotoba">Jokotoba</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kakekotoba" title="Kakekotoba">Kakekotoba</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">Onomatopoeia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pillow_Book" title="The Pillow Book">The Pillow Book</a></i></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Utamakura" title="Utamakura">Utamakura</a></i></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makurakotoba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makurakotoba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PbQTeyDpbZUC&q=the+kojiki+and+english"><i>The Holy Kojiki -- Including, the Yengishiki</i></a>. Cosimo, Inc. 2007-07-01. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59605-997-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59605-997-9"><bdi>978-1-59605-997-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Kojiki+--+Including%2C+the+Yengishiki&rft.pub=Cosimo%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1-59605-997-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPbQTeyDpbZUC%26q%3Dthe%2Bkojiki%2Band%2Benglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMakurakotoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qOvnhnN_VqsC&q=nihongi"><i>Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A</i></a>. Cosimo, Inc. 2008-01-01. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-145-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-145-0"><bdi>978-1-60520-145-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihongi%3A+Chronicles+of+Japan+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+A&rft.pub=Cosimo%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60520-145-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqOvnhnN_VqsC%26q%3Dnihongi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMakurakotoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orikuchi Shinobu Complete Works (折口信夫全集) Volume 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough1985" class="citation book cs1">McCullough, Helen Craig (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8PjRkVxrrgC&q=kokin+wakash%C5%AB"><i>Kokin WakashÅ«: The First Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry : with Tosa Nikki and Shinsen Waka</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1258-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1258-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-1258-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kokin+Wakash%C3%85%C2%AB%3A+The+First+Imperial+Anthology+of+Japanese+Poetry+%3A+with+Tosa+Nikki+and+Shinsen+Waka&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1258-3&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=Helen+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh8PjRkVxrrgC%26q%3Dkokin%2Bwakash%25C5%25AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMakurakotoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonda1967" class="citation book cs1">Honda, Heihachirō (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MHsLAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Manyoshu: a New and Complete Translation</i></a>. Hokuseido Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manyoshu%3A+a+New+and+Complete+Translation&rft.pub=Hokuseido+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Honda&rft.aufirst=Heihachir%C5%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMHsLAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMakurakotoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2014" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Ian Hideo (2014). <i><a href="/wiki/Kakinomoto_no_Hitomaro" title="Kakinomoto no Hitomaro">Hitomaro</a> and the Birth of Japanese Lyricism</i>. Volume 734 of Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400855834" title="Special:BookSources/9781400855834"><bdi>9781400855834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitomaro+and+the+Birth+of+Japanese+Lyricism&rft.series=Volume+734+of+Princeton+Legacy+Library&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781400855834&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Ian+Hideo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMakurakotoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wakapoetry.net/commentary/makura-kotoba/">"Makura kotoba | Waka Poetry"</a>. 19 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Makura+kotoba+%7C+Waka+Poetry&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wakapoetry.net%2Fcommentary%2Fmakura-kotoba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMakurakotoba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_sources">Additional sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makurakotoba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Additional sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuthie2007" class="citation cs2">Duthie, Torquil (2007), "Man'yōshū (Collection of Myriad Leaves, CA.785): Introduction", in Shirane, Haruo; Arntzen, Sonja (eds.), <i>Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600</i>, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 60–63</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Man%E2%80%99y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB+%28Collection+of+Myriad+Leaves%2C+CA.785%29%3A+Introduction&rft.btitle=Traditional+Japanese+Literature%3A+An+Anthology%2C+Beginnings+to+1600&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=60-63&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Duthie&rft.aufirst=Torquil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMakurakotoba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuley2016" class="citation cs2">McAuley, Thomas (19 January 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wakapoetry.net/commentary/makura-kotoba/">"Makura Kotoba"</a>, <i>Waka Poetry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waka+Poetry&rft.atitle=Makura+Kotoba&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft.aulast=McAuley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wakapoetry.net%2Fcommentary%2Fmakura-kotoba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMakurakotoba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsson" class="citation cs2">Larsson, Kris, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510120044/http://mll.kenyon.edu/~japanese02/J28sp99/projects/larsson/1/index.html"><i>The Man'yoshu</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mll.kenyon.edu/~japanese02/J28sp99/projects/larsson/1/index.html">the original</a> on 10 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man%27yoshu&rft.aulast=Larsson&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmll.kenyon.edu%2F~japanese02%2FJ28sp99%2Fprojects%2Flarsson%2F1%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMakurakotoba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene1964" class="citation cs2">Keene, Donald (May 1964), "Problems of Translating Decorative Language", <i>The Journal-Newsletter of the Association of Teachers of Japanese</i>, <b>2</b> (1/2): 4–12, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F488700">10.2307/488700</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/488700">488700</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal-Newsletter+of+the+Association+of+Teachers+of+Japanese&rft.atitle=Problems+of+Translating+Decorative+Language&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=4-12&rft.date=1964-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F488700&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F488700%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMakurakotoba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachacek1994" class="citation cs2">Machacek, Gregory (Autumn 1994), "The Occasional Contextual Appropriateness of Formulaic Diction in the Homeric Poems", <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>, <b>115</b> (3): 321–335, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F295361">10.2307/295361</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/295361">295361</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Occasional+Contextual+Appropriateness+of+Formulaic+Diction+in+the+Homeric+Poems&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=321-335&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F295361&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F295361%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Machacek&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMakurakotoba" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makurakotoba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wakapoetry.net/commentary/makura-kotoba/"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Makurakotoba</i></span></a> on wakapoetry.net</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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