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id="toc-Related_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related periods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_periods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related periods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synodic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synodic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Synodic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synodic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_sidereal_and_synodic_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_sidereal_and_synodic_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples of sidereal and synodic periods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_of_sidereal_and_synodic_periods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples of sidereal and synodic periods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_sidereal_and_synodic_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synodic_periods_relative_to_other_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synodic_periods_relative_to_other_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Synodic periods relative to other planets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synodic_periods_relative_to_other_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_of_orbital_periods:_binary_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_of_orbital_periods:_binary_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Example of orbital periods: binary stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_of_orbital_periods:_binary_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orbital period</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umlaufzeit" title="Umlaufzeit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Umlaufzeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="कक्षीय अवधि – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कक्षीय अवधि" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="دور مداري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دور مداري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_orbital" title="Periodo orbital – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Periodo orbital" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodu_orbital" title="Periodu orbital – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Periodu orbital" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_d%C3%B6vr" title="Orbital dövr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orbital dövr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="কক্ষীয় পর্যায়কাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কক্ষীয় পর্যায়কাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Орбитален период – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Орбитален период" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitalni_period" title="Orbitalni period – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Orbitalni period" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADode_orbital" title="Període orbital – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Període orbital" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba_ob%C4%9Bhu" title="Doba oběhu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Doba oběhu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderisk_tid" title="Siderisk tid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Siderisk tid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umlaufzeit" title="Umlaufzeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umlaufzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideeriline_periood" title="Sideeriline periood – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sideeriline periood" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Περίοδος περιφοράς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περίοδος περιφοράς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_orbital" title="Período orbital – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Período orbital" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita_periodo" title="Orbita periodo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orbita periodo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita-periodo" title="Orbita-periodo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orbita-periodo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تناوب مداری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تناوب مداری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_de_r%C3%A9volution" title="Période de révolution – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Période de révolution" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9imhse_fhithiseach" title="Tréimhse fhithiseach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tréimhse fhithiseach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_orbital" title="Período orbital – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Período orbital" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%A0%84_%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0" title="공전 주기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공전 주기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սիդերիկ պարբերություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիդերիկ պարբերություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="कक्षीय अवधि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कक्षीय अवधि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophodno_vrijeme" title="Ophodno vrijeme – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ophodno vrijeme" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oge_Orbital" title="Oge Orbital – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Oge Orbital" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_orbit" title="Periode orbit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Periode orbit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_di_rivoluzione" title="Periodo di rivoluzione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Periodo di rivoluzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%94" title="זמן הקפה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זמן הקפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ორბიტალური პერიოდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორბიტალური პერიოდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipindi_cha_mzunguko" title="Kipindi cha mzunguko – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kipindi cha mzunguko" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Сидерикалык мезгил – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сидерикалык мезгил" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodus_orbitalis" title="Periodus orbitalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Periodus orbitalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apri%C5%86%C4%B7ojuma_periods" title="Apriņķojuma periods – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apriņķojuma periods" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Bmlafz%C3%A4it" title="Ëmlafzäit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ëmlafzäit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvaig%C5%BEdinis_periodas" title="Žvaigždinis periodas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žvaigždinis periodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kering%C3%A9si_id%C5%91" title="Keringési idő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keringési idő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Орбитален период – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Орбитален период" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3" title="परिभ्रमण काळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="परिभ्रमण काळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempoh_orbit" title="Tempoh orbit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tempoh orbit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omlooptijd_(astronomie)" title="Omlooptijd (astronomie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Omlooptijd (astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%BB%A2%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="公転周期 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="公転周期" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oml%C3%B8pstid" title="Omløpstid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Omløpstid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baneperiode" title="Baneperiode – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Baneperiode" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri%C3%B2de_de_revolucion" title="Periòde de revolucion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Periòde de revolucion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_davr" title="Orbital davr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Orbital davr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmlooptiet" title="Ümlooptiet – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ümlooptiet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okres_orbitalny" title="Okres orbitalny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okres orbitalny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_orbital" title="Período orbital – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Período orbital" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_sinodic%C4%83" title="Perioadă sinodică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Perioadă sinodică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Орбитальный период – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Орбитальный период" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periudha_orbitale" title="Periudha orbitale – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Periudha orbitale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piriudu_di_rivuluzzioni" title="Piriudu di rivuluzzioni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Piriudu di rivuluzzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="කක්ෂීය කාලාවර්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කක්ෂීය කාලාවර්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Orbital period" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obe%C5%BEn%C3%A1_doba_(astron%C3%B3mia)" title="Obežná doba (astronómia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obežná doba (astronómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitalna_perioda" title="Orbitalna perioda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Orbitalna perioda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94kres_%C3%B4rbitalny" title="Ôkres ôrbitalny – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ôkres ôrbitalny" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Орбитални период – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Орбитални период" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitalni_period" title="Orbitalni period – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Orbitalni period" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiertoaika" title="Kiertoaika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiertoaika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderisk_omloppstid" title="Siderisk omloppstid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Siderisk omloppstid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சுற்றுக்காலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுற்றுக்காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallit_tamezzayt" title="Tallit tamezzayt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tallit tamezzayt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF" title="కక్ష్యా వ్యవధి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కక్ష్యా వ్యవధి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3" title="คาบการโคจร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาบการโคจร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCnge_periyodu" title="Yörünge periyodu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yörünge periyodu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Орбітальний період – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орбітальний період" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_qu%E1%BB%B9_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o" title="Chu kỳ quỹ đạo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chu kỳ quỹ đạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="轨道周期 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="轨道周期" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F" title="軌道週期 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="軌道週期" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="轨道周期 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="轨道周期" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37640#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Astrodynamics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.85em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg/60px-Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg/90px-Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg/120px-Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.55em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics"><span style="font-size:110%;">Orbital mechanics</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">Orbital elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of periapsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_anomaly" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_node" title="Orbital node">Orbital nodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_anomaly" title="True anomaly">True anomaly</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Types of <a href="/wiki/Two-body_problem" title="Two-body problem">two-body orbits</a> by <br />eccentricity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_orbit" title="Circular orbit">Circular orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">Elliptic orbit</a></li></ul> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Transfer_orbit" title="Transfer orbit">Transfer orbit</a> <div class="hlist" style="font-size:90%"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit" title="Hohmann transfer orbit">Hohmann transfer orbit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-elliptic_transfer" title="Bi-elliptic transfer">Bi-elliptic transfer orbit</a>)</li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_trajectory" title="Parabolic trajectory">Parabolic orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_trajectory" title="Hyperbolic trajectory">Hyperbolic orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_trajectory" title="Radial trajectory">Radial orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">Decaying orbit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Equations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamical_friction" title="Dynamical friction">Dynamical friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_equation" title="Kepler's equation">Kepler's equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's laws of planetary motion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orbital period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">Orbital velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_orbital_energy" title="Specific orbital energy">Specific orbital energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-viva_equation" title="Vis-viva equation">Vis-viva equation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.55em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics"><span style="font-size:110%;">Celestial mechanics</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Gravitational influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barycenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycenter">Barycenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">Perturbations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence_(astrodynamics)" title="Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/N-body_problem" title="N-body problem">N-body orbits</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrangian points</a> <div class="hlist" style="font-size:90%"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Halo_orbit" title="Halo orbit">Halo orbits</a>)</li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lissajous_orbit" title="Lissajous orbit">Lissajous orbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyapunov_stability" title="Lyapunov stability">Lyapunov orbits</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.55em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering"><span style="font-size:110%;">Engineering and efficiency</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Preflight engineering</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_ratio" title="Mass ratio">Mass ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_fraction" title="Payload fraction">Payload fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propellant_mass_fraction" title="Propellant mass fraction">Propellant mass fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation" title="Tsiolkovsky rocket equation">Tsiolkovsky rocket equation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Efficiency measures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberth_effect" title="Oberth effect">Oberth effect</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Propulsive maneuvers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_maneuver" title="Orbital maneuver">Orbital maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_insertion" title="Orbit insertion">Orbit insertion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astrodynamics" title="Template:Astrodynamics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astrodynamics" title="Template talk:Astrodynamics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astrodynamics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astrodynamics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>orbital period</b> (also <b>revolution period</b>) is the amount of time a given <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical object</a> takes to complete one <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> around another object. In <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, it usually applies to <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> orbiting the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moons" class="mw-redirect" title="Moons">moons</a> orbiting planets, <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a> orbiting other <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary stars</a>. It may also refer to the time it takes a <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> orbiting a planet or moon to complete one orbit. </p><p>For celestial objects in general, the orbital period is determined by a 360° revolution of <a href="/wiki/Orbiting_body" title="Orbiting body">one body</a> around its <a href="/wiki/Primary_body" title="Primary body">primary</a>, <i>e.g.</i> Earth around the Sun. </p><p>Periods in astronomy are expressed in units of time, usually hours, days, or years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Small_body_orbiting_a_central_body">Small body orbiting a central body</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_period&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Small body orbiting a central body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellipse_semi-major_and_minor_axes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ellipse_semi-major_and_minor_axes.svg/260px-Ellipse_semi-major_and_minor_axes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ellipse_semi-major_and_minor_axes.svg/390px-Ellipse_semi-major_and_minor_axes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ellipse_semi-major_and_minor_axes.svg/520px-Ellipse_semi-major_and_minor_axes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>The semi-major axis (<i>a</i>) and semi-minor axis (<i>b</i>) of an ellipse</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's Third Law</a>, the orbital period <i>T</i> of two point masses orbiting each other in a circular or <a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">elliptic orbit</a> is:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateMuellerWhite197133_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateMuellerWhite197133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element" data-qid="Q37640"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MathWikibase&qid=Q37640" style="color:inherit;"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{GM}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{GM}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3ae321ec91231d53924aa0408065ed6f8e701e36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:14.658ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{GM}}}}"></a></span></dd></dl> <p>where: </p> <ul><li><i>a</i> is the orbit's <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">semi-major axis</a></li> <li><i>G</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a>,</li> <li><i>M</i> is the mass of the more massive body.</li></ul> <p>For all ellipses with a given semi-major axis the orbital period is the same, regardless of eccentricity. </p><p>Inversely, for calculating the distance where a body has to orbit in order to have a given orbital period T: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {GMT^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mroot> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </mroot> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {GMT^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/acc0794d19344d83b82ba93518c68a0fccd0b31b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:14.531ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {GMT^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>For instance, for completing an orbit every 24 <a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hours</a> around a mass of 100 <a href="/wiki/Kg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">kg</a>, a small body has to orbit at a distance of 1.08 <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">meters</a> from the central body's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a>. </p><p>In the special case of perfectly circular orbits, the semimajor axis a is equal to the radius of the orbit, and the orbital velocity is constant and equal to </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element" data-qid="Q120630325"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MathWikibase&qid=Q120630325" style="color:inherit;"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\text{o}}={\sqrt {\frac {GM}{r}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>o</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\text{o}}={\sqrt {\frac {GM}{r}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c526bfa361f846f7f1debc98398bab142d3cb3e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:12.709ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\text{o}}={\sqrt {\frac {GM}{r}}}}"></a></span></dd></dl> <p>where: </p> <ul><li><i>r</i> is the circular orbit's radius in meters,</li></ul> <p>This corresponds to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">√2</span></span> times (≈ 0.707 times) the <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape velocity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_central_body's_density"><span id="Effect_of_central_body.27s_density"></span>Effect of central body's density</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_period&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Effect of central body's density"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a perfect sphere of uniform <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>, it is possible to rewrite the first equation without measuring the mass as: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T={\sqrt {{\frac {a^{3}}{r^{3}}}{\frac {3\pi }{G\rho }}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T={\sqrt {{\frac {a^{3}}{r^{3}}}{\frac {3\pi }{G\rho }}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/77835ac8758fdba23eb3679c69aafe75c81cb8f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:14.043ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T={\sqrt {{\frac {a^{3}}{r^{3}}}{\frac {3\pi }{G\rho }}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where: </p> <ul><li><i>r</i> is the sphere's radius</li> <li><i>a</i> is the orbit's semi-major axis in metres,</li> <li><i>G</i> is the gravitational constant,</li> <li><i>ρ</i> is the density of the sphere in kilograms per cubic metre.</li></ul> <p>For instance, a small body in circular orbit 10.5 <a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">cm</a> above the surface of a sphere of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> half a metre in radius would travel at slightly more than 1 <a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">mm</a>/<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a>, completing an orbit every hour. If the same sphere were made of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> the small body would need to orbit just 6.7 <a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">mm</a> above the surface for sustaining the same orbital period. </p><p>When a very small body is in a circular orbit barely above the surface of a sphere of any radius and mean density <i>ρ</i> (in kg/m<sup>3</sup>), the above equation simplifies to (since <span class="nowrap"><i>M</i> = <i>Vρ</i> = <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">4</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span><i>a</i><sup>3</sup><i>ρ</i></span>) </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T={\sqrt {\frac {3\pi }{G\rho }}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T={\sqrt {\frac {3\pi }{G\rho }}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4c7405ba72eb2b78be6b40722c5698e51163423" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:10.923ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T={\sqrt {\frac {3\pi }{G\rho }}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Thus the orbital period in low orbit depends only on the density of the central body, regardless of its size. </p><p>So, for the Earth as the central body (or any other spherically symmetric body with the same mean density, about 5,515 kg/m<sup>3</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> with 5,427 kg/m<sup>3</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> with 5,243 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) we get: </p> <dl><dd><i>T</i> = 1.41 hours</dd></dl> <p>and for a body made of water (<i>ρ</i> ≈ 1,000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or bodies with a similar density, e.g. Saturn's moons <a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a> with 1,088 kg/m<sup>3</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a> with 984 kg/m<sup>3</sup> we get: </p> <dl><dd><i>T</i> = 3.30 hours</dd></dl> <p>Thus, as an alternative for using a very small number like <i>G</i>, the strength of universal gravity can be described using some reference material, such as water: the orbital period for an orbit just above the surface of a spherical body of water is 3 hours and 18 minutes. Conversely, this can be used as a kind of "universal" <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">unit of time</a> if we have a unit of density. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Two_bodies_orbiting_each_other">Two bodies orbiting each other</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_period&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Two bodies orbiting each other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_system_orbital_period_vs_semimajor_axis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Solar_system_orbital_period_vs_semimajor_axis.svg/260px-Solar_system_orbital_period_vs_semimajor_axis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Solar_system_orbital_period_vs_semimajor_axis.svg/390px-Solar_system_orbital_period_vs_semimajor_axis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Solar_system_orbital_period_vs_semimajor_axis.svg/520px-Solar_system_orbital_period_vs_semimajor_axis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Log-log plot of period <i>T</i> vs semi-major axis <i>a</i> (average of aphelion and perihelion) of some Solar System orbits (crosses denoting Kepler's values) showing that <i>a</i>³/<i>T</i>² is constant (green line)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a>, when both orbiting bodies' masses have to be taken into account, the orbital period <i>T</i> can be calculated as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{G\left(M_{1}+M_{2}\right)}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{G\left(M_{1}+M_{2}\right)}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3e3b818e77117af84080cc6130389c9908f2fde8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:23.869ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{G\left(M_{1}+M_{2}\right)}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where: </p> <ul><li><i>a</i> is the sum of the <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">semi-major axes</a> of the ellipses in which the centers of the bodies move, or equivalently, the semi-major axis of the ellipse in which one body moves, in the frame of reference with the other body at the origin (which is equal to their constant separation for circular orbits),</li> <li><i>M</i><sub>1</sub> + <i>M</i><sub>2</sub> is the sum of the masses of the two bodies,</li> <li><i>G</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a>.</li></ul> <p>In a parabolic or hyperbolic trajectory, the motion is not periodic, and the duration of the full trajectory is infinite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_periods">Related periods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_period&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Related periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lunar_month#Types" title="Lunar month">Lunar month § Types</a></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Celestial_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial objects">celestial objects</a> in general, the <b>orbital period</b> typically refers to the <b>sidereal period</b>, determined by a 360° revolution of <a href="/wiki/Orbiting_body" title="Orbiting body">one body</a> around its <a href="/wiki/Primary_body" title="Primary body">primary</a> relative to the <a href="/wiki/Fixed_stars" title="Fixed stars">fixed stars</a> <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">projected in the sky</a>. For the case of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> orbiting around the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, this period is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">sidereal year</a>. This is the orbital period in an inertial (non-rotating) <a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">frame of reference</a>. </p><p><b>Orbital periods</b> can be defined in several ways. The <b>tropical period</b> is more particularly about the position of the parent star. It is the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Solar_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar year">solar year</a>, and respectively the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_year" title="Calendar year">calendar year</a>. </p><p>The <b>synodic period</b> refers not to the orbital relation to the parent star, but to other <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">celestial objects</a>, making it not a merely different approach to the orbit of an object around its parent, but a period of orbital relations with other objects, normally Earth, and their orbits around the Sun. It applies to the elapsed time where planets return to the same kind of phenomenon or location, such as when any planet returns between its consecutive observed <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">conjunctions</a> with or <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">oppositions</a> to the Sun. For example, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Synodic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic period">synodic period</a> of 398.8 days from Earth; thus, Jupiter's opposition occurs once roughly every 13 months. </p><p>There are many <a href="/wiki/Periodic_function" title="Periodic function">periods</a> related to the orbits of objects, each of which are often used in the various fields of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>, particularly they must not be confused with other revolving periods like <a href="/wiki/Rotational_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotational period">rotational periods</a>. Examples of some of the common orbital ones include the following: </p> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="Synodic_period-"></span>The <b>synodic period</b> is the amount of time that it takes for an object to reappear at the same point in relation to two or more other objects. In common usage, these two objects are typically Earth and the Sun. The time between two successive <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(planets)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (planets)">oppositions</a> or two successive <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">conjunctions</a> is also equal to the synodic period. For celestial bodies in the solar system, the synodic period (with respect to Earth and the Sun) differs from the tropical period owing to Earth's motion around the Sun. For example, the synodic period of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>'s orbit as seen from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, relative to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, is 29.5 mean solar days, since the Moon's phase and position relative to the Sun and Earth repeats after this period. This is longer than the sidereal period of its orbit around Earth, which is 27.3 mean solar days, owing to the motion of Earth around the Sun.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Draconitic_period"></span><span class="anchor" id="Draconic_period"></span>The <b>draconitic period</b> (also <b>draconic period</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Nodal_period" title="Nodal period">nodal period</a></b>), is the time that elapses between two passages of the object through its <a href="/wiki/Orbital_node" title="Orbital node">ascending node</a>, the point of its orbit where it crosses the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> from the southern to the northern hemisphere. This period differs from the sidereal period because both the orbital plane of the object and the plane of the ecliptic precess with respect to the fixed stars, so their intersection, the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of nodes">line of nodes</a>, also precesses with respect to the fixed stars. Although the plane of the ecliptic is often held fixed at the position it occupied at a specific <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">epoch</a>, the orbital plane of the object still precesses, causing the draconitic period to differ from the sidereal period.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Anomalistic_period"></span>The <b>anomalistic period</b> is the time that elapses between two passages of an object at its <a href="/wiki/Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">periapsis</a> (in the case of the planets in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a>), the point of its closest approach to the attracting body. It differs from the sidereal period because the object's <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">semi-major axis</a> typically advances slowly.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Tropical_period"></span>Also, the <b>tropical period</b> of Earth (a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">tropical year</a>) is the interval between two alignments of its rotational axis with the Sun, also viewed as two passages of the object at a <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a> of <a href="/wiki/Equinox_(celestial_coordinates)" title="Equinox (celestial coordinates)">0 hr</a>. One Earth <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">year</a> is slightly shorter than the period for the Sun to complete one circuit along the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">sidereal year</a>) because the <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">inclined axis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">equatorial plane</a> slowly <a href="/wiki/Axial_precession" title="Axial precession">precess</a> (rotate with respect to <a href="/wiki/Fixed_stars" title="Fixed stars">reference stars</a>), realigning with the Sun before the orbit completes. This cycle of axial precession for Earth, known as <i>precession of the equinoxes</i>, recurs roughly every 25,772 years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Periods can be also defined under different specific astronomical definitions that are mostly caused by the small complex external gravitational influences of other celestial objects. Such variations also include the true placement of the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">centre of gravity</a> between two <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical bodies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barycenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycenter">barycenter</a>), <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbations</a> by other planets or bodies, <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonance</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, etc. Most are investigated by detailed complex astronomical theories using <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a> using precise positional observations of celestial objects via <a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">astrometry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synodic_period">Synodic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_period&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Synodic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the observable characteristics of two bodies which orbit a third body in different orbits, and thus have different orbital periods, is their <b>synodic period</b>, which is the time between <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">conjunctions</a>. </p><p>An example of this related period description is the repeated cycles for celestial bodies as observed from the Earth's surface, the <b>synodic period</b>, applying to the elapsed time where planets return to the same kind of phenomenon or <span class="nowrap">location<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>—<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span></span>for example, when any planet returns between its consecutive observed <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">conjunctions</a> with or <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">oppositions</a> to the Sun. For example, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> has a synodic period of 398.8 days from Earth; thus, Jupiter's opposition occurs once roughly every 13 months. </p><p>If the orbital periods of the two bodies around the third are called <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> and <i>T</i><sub>2</sub>, so that <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> < <i>T</i><sub>2</sub>, their synodic period is given by:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T_{\mathrm {syn} }}}={\frac {1}{T_{1}}}-{\frac {1}{T_{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T_{\mathrm {syn} }}}={\frac {1}{T_{1}}}-{\frac {1}{T_{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9eabb286567d2ab016cc5c7cf5c3cbd5c0636ba3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:17.29ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T_{\mathrm {syn} }}}={\frac {1}{T_{1}}}-{\frac {1}{T_{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_sidereal_and_synodic_periods">Examples of sidereal and synodic periods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_period&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples of sidereal and synodic periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Table of synodic periods in the Solar System, relative to Earth:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Object </th> <th colspan="2">Sidereal period </th> <th colspan="2">Synodic period </th></tr> <tr> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">yr</a>) </th> <th>(<abbr title="day">d</abbr>) </th> <th>(<abbr title="year">yr</abbr>) </th> <th>(<abbr title="day">d</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> </td> <td>0.240846 </td> <td>87.9691 days </td> <td>0.317 </td> <td>115.88 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> </td> <td>0.615 </td> <td>224.7 days<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.599 </td> <td>583.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> </td> <td><b>1</b> </td> <td>365.25636 <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar days</a> </td> <td colspan="2">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> </td> <td>1.881 </td> <td>687.0<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2.135 </td> <td>779.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> </td> <td>11.86 </td> <td>4331<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.092 </td> <td>398.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> </td> <td>29.46 </td> <td>10,747<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.035 </td> <td>378.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> </td> <td>84.01 </td> <td>30,589<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.012 </td> <td>369.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> </td> <td>164.8 </td> <td>59,800<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.006 </td> <td>367.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">134340 Pluto</a> </td> <td>248.1 </td> <td>90,560<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.004 </td> <td>366.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> </td> <td>0.0748 </td> <td>27.32 days </td> <td>0.0809 </td> <td>29.5306 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/99942_Apophis" title="99942 Apophis">99942 Apophis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth asteroid">near-Earth asteroid</a>) </td> <td>0.886 </td> <td> </td> <td>7.769 </td> <td>2,837.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a> </td> <td>3.629 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.380 </td> <td>504.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">1 Ceres</a> </td> <td>4.600 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.278 </td> <td>466.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">10 Hygiea</a> </td> <td>5.557 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.219 </td> <td>445.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron" title="2060 Chiron">2060 Chiron</a> </td> <td>50.42 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.020 </td> <td>372.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">50000 Quaoar</a> </td> <td>287.5 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.003 </td> <td>366.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">136199 Eris</a> </td> <td>557 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.002 </td> <td>365.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" class="mw-redirect" title="90377 Sedna">90377 Sedna</a> </td> <td>12050 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.0001 </td> <td>365.3<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In the case of a planet's <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moon</a>, the synodic period usually means the Sun-synodic period, namely, the time it takes the moon to complete its illumination phases, completing the solar phases for an astronomer on the planet's surface. The Earth's motion does not determine this value for other planets because an Earth observer is not orbited by the moons in question. For example, <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a>'s synodic period is 1.2648 days, 0.18% longer than Deimos's sidereal period of 1.2624 d.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synodic_periods_relative_to_other_planets">Synodic periods relative to other planets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_period&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Synodic periods relative to other planets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of synodic period applies not just to the Earth, but also to other planets as well, and the formula for computation is the same as the one given above. Here is a table which lists the synodic periods of some planets relative to each other: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Orbital period (years) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Relative to </th> <th>Mars </th> <th>Jupiter </th> <th>Saturn </th> <th>Chiron </th> <th>Uranus </th> <th>Neptune </th> <th>Pluto </th> <th>Quaoar </th> <th>Eris </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> </th> <td>1.881 </td> <td>11.86 </td> <td>29.46 </td> <td>50.42 </td> <td>84.01 </td> <td>164.8 </td> <td>248.1 </td> <td>287.5 </td> <td>557.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td>2.236 </td> <td>2.009 </td> <td>1.954 </td> <td>1.924 </td> <td>1.903 </td> <td>1.895 </td> <td>1.893 </td> <td>1.887 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td>19.85 </td> <td>15.51 </td> <td>13.81 </td> <td>12.78 </td> <td>12.46 </td> <td>12.37 </td> <td>12.12 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td>70.87 </td> <td>45.37 </td> <td>35.87 </td> <td>33.43 </td> <td>32.82 </td> <td>31.11 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron" title="2060 Chiron">2060 Chiron</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td>126.1 </td> <td>72.65 </td> <td>63.28 </td> <td>61.14 </td> <td>55.44 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td>171.4 </td> <td>127.0 </td> <td>118.7 </td> <td>98.93 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td>490.8 </td> <td>386.1 </td> <td>234.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td>1810.4 </td> <td>447.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">50000 Quaoar</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td>594.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_of_orbital_periods:_binary_stars">Example of orbital periods: binary stars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_period&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Example of orbital periods: binary stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary star</a></th> <th>Orbital period. </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AM_Canum_Venaticorum" title="AM Canum Venaticorum">AM Canum Venaticorum</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">17.146 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beta_Lyrae" title="Beta Lyrae">Beta Lyrae</a> AB </td> <td style="text-align: right">12.9075 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a> AB </td> <td style="text-align: right">79.91 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a> AB </td> <td style="text-align: right">500,000 years or more </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_period&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit_derivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geosynchronous orbit derivation">Geosynchronous orbit derivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotation period">Rotation period</a> – time that it takes to complete one revolution around its axis of rotation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_revisit_period" title="Satellite revisit period">Satellite revisit period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">Sidereal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">Opposition (astronomy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periodic_comets" title="List of periodic comets">List of periodic comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_period&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateMuellerWhite197133-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateMuellerWhite197133_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBateMuellerWhite1971">Bate, Mueller & White (1971)</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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class="external text" href="http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=density+of+water"><i>Density of water</i></a>, wolframalpha.com</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Density+of+water&rft.pub=wolframalpha.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wolframalpha.com%2Finput%2F%3Fi%3Ddensity%2Bof%2Bwater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbital+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradley W. 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Springer Science & Business Media. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67280-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67280-7"><bdi>978-3-540-67280-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satellite+Orbits%3A+Models%2C+Methods%2C+and+Applications&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-540-67280-7&rft.au=Oliver+Montenbruck%2C+Eberhard+Gill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhABRnDlDkyQC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbital+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/PrecessionOfTheEarthsAxis/">"Precession of the Earth's Axis - Wolfram Demonstrations Project"</a>. <i>demonstrations.wolfram.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demonstrations.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Precession+of+the+Earth%27s+Axis+-+Wolfram+Demonstrations+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemonstrations.wolfram.com%2FPrecessionOfTheEarthsAxis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbital+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannu_Karttunen2016" class="citation book cs1">Hannu Karttunen; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndd2DQAAQBAJ"><i>Fundamental Astronomy</i></a> (6th ed.). Springer. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783662530450" title="Special:BookSources/9783662530450"><bdi>9783662530450</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Astronomy&rft.pages=145&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783662530450&rft.au=Hannu+Karttunen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dndd2DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbital+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomycafe.net/qadir/q1166.html">"Questions and Answers - Sten's Space Blog"</a>. <i>www.astronomycafe.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.astronomycafe.net&rft.atitle=Questions+and+Answers+-+Sten%27s+Space+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomycafe.net%2Fqadir%2Fq1166.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbital+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/">"Planetary Fact Sheet"</a>. <i>nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Planetary+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbital+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_period&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateMuellerWhite1971" class="citation cs2">Bate, Roger B.; Mueller, Donald D.; White, Jerry E. 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synodic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:synodic">synodic</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gravitational_orbits" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbits" title="Template:Orbits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbits" title="Template talk:Orbits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gravitational_orbits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gravitational <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbits" title="List of orbits">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_orbit" title="Box orbit">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_trajectory" title="Parabolic trajectory">Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_orbit" title="Circular orbit">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">Elliptical</a> / <a href="/wiki/Highly_elliptical_orbit" title="Highly elliptical orbit">Highly elliptical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_trajectory" title="Parabolic trajectory">Escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_orbit" title="Horseshoe orbit">Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_trajectory" title="Hyperbolic trajectory">Hyperbolic trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_orbit" title="Inclined orbit">Inclined</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-inclined_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-inclined orbit">Non-inclined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_orbit" title="Kepler orbit">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Osculating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_trajectory" title="Parabolic trajectory">Parabolic trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_orbit" title="Parking orbit">Parking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">Prograde / Retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_orbit" title="Synchronous orbit">Synchronous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semi-synchronous_orbit" title="Semi-synchronous orbit">semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsynchronous_orbit" title="Subsynchronous orbit">sub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit" title="Hohmann transfer orbit">Transfer orbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">Geostationary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">Geostationary transfer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graveyard_orbit" title="Graveyard orbit">Graveyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Earth_orbit" title="High Earth orbit">High Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit" title="Medium Earth orbit">Medium Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_orbit" title="Molniya orbit">Molniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-equatorial_orbit" title="Near-equatorial orbit">Near-equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon" title="Orbit of the Moon">Orbit of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_orbit" title="Polar orbit">Polar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatmospheric_orbit" title="Transatmospheric orbit">Transatmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_orbit" title="Tundra orbit">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_low_Earth_orbit" title="Very low Earth orbit">Very low Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">About<br />other points</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areocentric_orbit" title="Areocentric orbit">Areocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areosynchronous_orbit" title="Areosynchronous orbit">Areosynchronous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areostationary_orbit" title="Areostationary orbit">Areostationary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lagrange points <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distant_retrograde_orbit" title="Distant retrograde orbit">Distant retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_orbit" title="Halo orbit">Halo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissajous_orbit" title="Lissajous orbit">Lissajous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libration_point_orbit" title="Libration point orbit">Libration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">Lunar</a></li> <li>Sun <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">Heliocentric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_cycler" title="Mars cycler">Mars cycler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Heliosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_cycler" title="Lunar cycler">Lunar cycler</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">Parameters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Shape</li><li>Size</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">e</span>  <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">a</span>  <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">b</span>  <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-minor axis</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Q</span>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">q</span>  <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apsides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Orientation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">i</span>  <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Ω</span>  <a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node" title="Longitude of the ascending node">Longitude of the ascending node</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ω</span>  <a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of periapsis</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ϖ</span>  <a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitude of the periapsis">Longitude of the periapsis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Position</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">M</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mean_anomaly" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ν</span>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">θ</span>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">f</span>  <a href="/wiki/True_anomaly" title="True anomaly">True anomaly</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">E</span>  <a href="/wiki/Eccentric_anomaly" title="Eccentric anomaly">Eccentric anomaly</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">L</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mean_longitude" title="Mean longitude">Mean longitude</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">l</span>  <a href="/wiki/True_longitude" title="True longitude">True longitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Variation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orbital period</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mean_motion" title="Mean motion">Mean motion</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">v</span>  <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">Orbital speed</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml"><i>t</i><sub>0</sub></span>  <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_maneuver" title="Orbital maneuver">Maneuvers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-elliptic_transfer" title="Bi-elliptic transfer">Bi-elliptic transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collision_avoidance_(spacecraft)" title="Collision avoidance (spacecraft)">Collision avoidance (spacecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-v" title="Delta-v">Delta-v</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-v_budget" title="Delta-v budget">Delta-v budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_turn" title="Gravity turn">Gravity turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit" title="Hohmann transfer orbit">Hohmann transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination_change" title="Orbital inclination change">Inclination change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-energy_transfer" title="Low-energy transfer">Low-energy transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberth_effect" title="Oberth effect">Oberth effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_phasing" title="Orbit phasing">Phasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation" title="Tsiolkovsky rocket equation">Rocket equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">Rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">Trans-lunar injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposition,_docking,_and_extraction" title="Transposition, docking, and extraction">Transposition, docking, and extraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Orbital<br />mechanics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_coordinate_systems" title="Astronomical coordinate systems">Astronomical coordinate systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characteristic_energy" title="Characteristic energy">Characteristic energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_coordinate_system" title="Equatorial coordinate system">Equatorial coordinate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground track">Ground track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_Transport_Network" title="Interplanetary Transport Network">Interplanetary Transport Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's laws of planetary motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrangian point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-body_problem" title="N-body problem"><i>n</i>-body problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_equation" title="Orbit equation">Orbit equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_state_vectors" title="Orbital state vectors">Orbital state vectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">Perturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">Retrograde and prograde motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_orbital_energy" title="Specific orbital energy">Specific orbital energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_angular_momentum" title="Specific angular momentum">Specific angular momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-line_element_set" title="Two-line element set">Two-line elements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_orbits" title="List of orbits">List of orbits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/17px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/34px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span 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