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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modernity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counting_hours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counting_hours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Counting hours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Counting_hours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Counting hours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Counting_hours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Counting_from_dawn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counting_from_dawn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Counting from dawn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counting_from_dawn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unequal_hours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unequal_hours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Unequal hours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unequal_hours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counting_from_sunset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counting_from_sunset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Counting from sunset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counting_from_sunset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counting_from_noon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counting_from_noon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Counting from noon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counting_from_noon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counting_from_midnight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counting_from_midnight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Counting from midnight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counting_from_midnight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_timekeeping_in_other_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_timekeeping_in_other_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History of timekeeping in other cultures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_timekeeping_in_other_cultures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of timekeeping in other cultures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_timekeeping_in_other_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Derived measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hour</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uur" title="Uur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Uur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunde" title="Stunde – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stunde" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%93%E1%89%B5_(%E1%8B%A8%E1%8C%8A%E1%8B%9C_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%80%E1%8B%B5)" title="ሰዓት (የጊዜ አሀድ) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰዓት (የጊዜ አሀድ)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_(%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="ساعة (وحدة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساعة (وحدة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%A5%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܫܥܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܥܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora" title="Hora – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hora" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipahikahneaw" title="Tipahikahneaw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Tipahikahneaw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravo" title="Aravo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Aravo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC)" title="ঘণ্টা (সময়) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঘণ্টা (সময়)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A1m-cheng" title="Tiám-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiám-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гадзіна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гадзіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гадзіна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гадзіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="घंटा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="घंटा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Час – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Час" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat_(jedinica)" title="Sat (jedinica) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sat (jedinica)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur" title="Eur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora" title="Hora – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hora" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82_(%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%85%C4%83%D1%82)" title="Сехет (вăхăт) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сехет (вăхăт)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodina" title="Hodina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hodina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguva_dzezuva" title="Nguva dzezuva – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nguva dzezuva" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora" title="Ora – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ora" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awr" title="Awr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Awr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time" title="Time – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Time" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="ساعة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ساعة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diibmu" title="Diibmu – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Diibmu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunde" title="Stunde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stunde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3%C5%BAina" title="Góźina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Góźina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tund" title="Tund – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tund" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8F%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Ώρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ώρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cra" title="Ōra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ōra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora" title="Hora – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horo" title="Horo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Horo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ordu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA_(%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="ساعت (زمان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساعت (زمان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heure" title="Heure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Heure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oere" title="Oere – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oere" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore" title="Ore – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ore" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uair" title="Uair – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uair" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oor" title="Oor – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Oor" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uair" title="Uair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora" title="Hora – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hora" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95" title="કલાક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કલાક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A1m-ch%C3%BBng" title="Tiám-chûng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tiám-chûng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C_(%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84)" title="시 (단위) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시 (단위)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Ժամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="घंटा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="घंटा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hod%C5%BAina" title="Hodźina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hodźina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat" title="Sat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horo" title="Horo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Horo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam" title="Jam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora" title="Hora – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hora" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klukkustund" title="Klukkustund – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Klukkustund" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora" title="Ora – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ora" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%94" title="שעה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שעה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam" title="Jam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91%C9%A9%C9%A9y%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Ñɩɩyʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ñɩɩyʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86_(%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8)" title="ಗಂಟೆ (ಕಾಲದ ಏಕಮಾನ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಂಟೆ (ಕಾಲದ ಏಕಮಾನ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="საათი (ერთეული) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საათი (ერთეული)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saa" title="Saa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8_(tan)" title="Lè (tan) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lè (tan)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora" title="Hora – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hora" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunda" title="Stunda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stunda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonn" title="Stonn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stonn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valanda" title="Valanda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valanda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oer" title="Oer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngonga" title="Ngonga – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ngonga" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_(temp)" title="Ora (temp) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ora (temp)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ra_(id%C5%91egys%C3%A9g)" title="Óra (időegység) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Óra (időegység)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="घण्टा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="घण्टा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Час – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Час" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora" title="Ora – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ora" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC" title="മണിക്കൂർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മണിക്കൂർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="तास – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तास" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%87_(%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="ساعه (وحده) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ساعه (وحده)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%8D%E1%80%B3" title="နာဍဳ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="နာဍဳ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam" title="Jam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam" title="Jam – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jam" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%93ng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng" title="Dēng-cṳ̆ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dēng-cṳ̆ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE_(%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA)" title="နာရီ (ယူနစ်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နာရီ (ယူနစ်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auwa" title="Auwa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Auwa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uur" title="Uur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%8E%E1%90%B8%E1%90%A6%E1%90%84%E1%91%B2%E1%93%90" title="ᑎᐸᐦᐄᑲᓐ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="ᑎᐸᐦᐄᑲᓐ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="घण्टा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="घण्टा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93_(%E5%8D%98%E4%BD%8D)" title="時間 (単位) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="時間 (単位)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BCnj" title="Stünj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stünj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(tidsenhet)" title="Time (tidsenhet) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Time (tidsenhet)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time" title="Time – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Time" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heure" title="Heure – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Heure" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_(temps)" title="Ora (temps) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ora (temps)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soat_(o%CA%BBlchov_birligi)" title="Soat (oʻlchov birligi) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soat (oʻlchov birligi)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%98%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਘੰਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਘੰਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%DA%BE%D8%A7" title="گھینٹھا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گھینٹھا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure" title="Eure – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Eure" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora" title="Ora – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ora" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BCnn" title="Stünn – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Stünn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzina" title="Godzina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Godzina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora" title="Hora – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hora" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saat" title="Saat – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Saat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C4%83" title="Oră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ura" title="Ura – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ura" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Година – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Година" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Час – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Час" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Чаас – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чаас" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oor_(time)" title="Oor (time) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Oor (time)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uure" title="Uure – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Uure" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iri" title="Iri – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Iri" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_(nj%C3%ABsi_kohe)" title="Ora (njësi kohe) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ora (njësi kohe)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BA" title="ඔරලෝසු පැය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔරලෝසු පැය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour" title="Hour – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hour" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AA" title="ڪلاڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪلاڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodina" title="Hodina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hodina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ura" title="Ura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8A" title="Часъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Часъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saac" title="Saac – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Saac" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سەعات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەعات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat_(jedinica)" title="Sat (jedinica) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sat (jedinica)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam" title="Jam – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jam" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunti" title="Tunti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tunti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timme" title="Timme – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Timme" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மணித்தியாலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மணித்தியாலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasragt" title="Tasragt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasragt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F_(%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82)" title="గంట (కాలమానం) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గంట (కాలమానం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87" title="ชั่วโมง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชั่วโมง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Соат – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saat_(zaman)" title="Saat (zaman) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saat (zaman)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Година – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Година" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%81" title="گھنٹہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گھنٹہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%AA" title="سائەت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سائەت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cungdaeuz" title="Cungdaeuz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cungdaeuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BB%9D" title="Giờ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giờ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure" title="Eure – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Eure" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82_(%E4%B9%85)" title="時 (久) – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="時 (久)" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oras_(yunit)" title="Oras (yunit) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Oras (yunit)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxtu" title="Waxtu – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Waxtu" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%9F%E5%A4%B4" title="钟头 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钟头" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A1k%C3%A0t%C3%AD" title="Wákàtí – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Wákàtí" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%98%E9%A0%AD" title="鐘頭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鐘頭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C4%ABna" title="Adīna – Samogitian" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unit of time equal to 60 minutes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hour_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hour (disambiguation)">Hour (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Hour</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:AnalogClockAnimation1_2hands_1h_in_6sec.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AnalogClockAnimation1_2hands_1h_in_6sec.gif/220px-AnalogClockAnimation1_2hands_1h_in_6sec.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AnalogClockAnimation1_2hands_1h_in_6sec.gif/330px-AnalogClockAnimation1_2hands_1h_in_6sec.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AnalogClockAnimation1_2hands_1h_in_6sec.gif/440px-AnalogClockAnimation1_2hands_1h_in_6sec.gif 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Midnight (or <a href="/wiki/Noon" title="Noon">noon</a>) to 1 on a 12-hour clock with an analogue face</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">Unit system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">h, hr</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Conversions </th></tr><tr class="nowrap"><td>1 h <i>in ...</i></td><td><i>... is equal to ...</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/SI_units" class="mw-redirect" title="SI units">SI units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003360000000000000♠"></span>3600 <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span>Non-SI units</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003360000000000000♠"></span>60 <a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">min</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DigitalClock_1hour.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DigitalClock_1hour.gif/220px-DigitalClock_1hour.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DigitalClock_1hour.gif/330px-DigitalClock_1hour.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DigitalClock_1hour.gif/440px-DigitalClock_1hour.gif 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Midnight" title="Midnight">Midnight</a> to 1 a.m. on a 24-hour clock with a digital face</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>hour</b> (<a href="/wiki/Metric_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric symbol">symbol</a>: <b>h</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also abbreviated <b>hr</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_measurement" title="Unit of measurement">unit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> historically reckoned as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">24</span></span> of a <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day</a> and defined contemporarily as exactly 3,600 <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">seconds</a> (<a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a>). There are 60 minutes in an hour, and 24 hours in a day. </p><p>The hour was initially established in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a> as a variable measure of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">12</span></span> of the <a href="/wiki/Night" title="Night">night</a> or <a href="/wiki/Daytime" title="Daytime">daytime</a>. Such <b>seasonal hours</b>, also known as <b>temporal hours</b> or <a href="/wiki/Unequal_hours" title="Unequal hours">unequal hours</a>, varied by <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">season</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>. </p><p><b>Equal hours</b> or <b>equinoctial hours</b> were taken as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">24</span></span> of the day as measured from noon to noon; the minor seasonal variations of this unit were eventually smoothed by making it <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">24</span></span> of the <a href="/wiki/Mean_solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean solar day">mean solar day</a>. Since this unit was not constant due to <a href="/wiki/%CE%94T_(timekeeping)" title="ΔT (timekeeping)">long term variations</a> in the Earth's rotation, the hour was finally separated from the Earth's rotation and defined in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Second#"Atomic"_second" title="Second">atomic or physical second</a>. </p><p>In the modern <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>, hours are an <a href="/wiki/Units_accepted_for_use_with_SI" class="mw-redirect" title="Units accepted for use with SI">accepted unit</a> of time defined as 3,600 atomic seconds. However, on rare occasions an hour may incorporate a positive or negative <a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">leap second</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> effectively making it appear to last 3,599 or 3,601 seconds, in order to keep <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> within 0.9 seconds of <a href="/wiki/UT1" class="mw-redirect" title="UT1">UT1</a>, the latter of which is based on measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Mean_solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean solar day">mean solar day</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology<span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Names"></span><span class="anchor" id="Time_of_Day"></span><span class="anchor" id="Time_of_day"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Hour</i> is a development of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <i><span title="Anglo-Norman-language text"><i lang="xno">houre</i></span></i> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">ure</i></span></i>, first attested in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-hoed_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoed-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It displaced <b>tide</b> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tid#Old_English" class="extiw" title="wikt:tid">tīd</a>, 'time'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''tide,_''n''_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED''tide,_''n''-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>stound</b> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stund#Old_English" class="extiw" title="wikt:stund">stund</a>, <i>span of time</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''stound,_''n.¹''_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED''stound,_''n.¹''-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anglo-Norman term was a <a href="/wiki/Borrowing_(linguistics)" title="Borrowing (linguistics)">borrowing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">ure</i></span></i>, a variant of <i><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">ore</i></span></i>, which derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">hōra</i></span></i> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <i>hṓrā</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%A5%CF%81%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὥρα">ὥρα</a></span></span>). </p><p>Like Old English <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">tīd</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">stund</i></span></i>, <i>hṓrā</i> was originally a vaguer word for any span of time, including <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">years</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> has been <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> as <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yeh%E2%82%81-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yeh₁-">*yeh₁-</a></span></span></i> ("year, <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summer</a>"), making <i>hour</i> distantly <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">year</a></i>. </p><p>The <b>time of day</b> is typically expressed in English in terms of hours. Whole hours on a <a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a> are expressed using the contracted phrase <i>o'clock</i>, from the older <i>of the clock</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''clock,_''n.¹'',_&_o'clock,_''adv.''_(and_''n.'')_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED''clock,_''n.¹'',_&_o'clock,_''adv.''_(and_''n.'')-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (10 am and 10 pm are both read as "ten o'clock".) </p><p>Hours on a <a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a> ("military time") are expressed as "hundred" or "hundred hours".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''hundred,_''n.''_and_''adj.''_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED''hundred,_''n.''_and_''adj.''-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1000 is read "ten hundred" or "ten hundred hours"; 10 pm would be "twenty-two hundred".) </p><p>Fifteen and thirty minutes past the hour is expressed as "a quarter past" or "after"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''quarter,_''n''_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED''quarter,_''n''-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "half past", respectively, from their fraction of the hour. Fifteen minutes before the hour may be expressed as "a quarter to", "of", "till", or "before" the hour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''quarter,_''n''_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED''quarter,_''n''-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (9:45 may be read "nine forty-five" or "a quarter till ten".) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient Egypt the <a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">flooding of the Nile</a> was, and still is, an important annual event, crucial for agriculture. It was accompanied by the rise of <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> before the sunrise, and the appearance of 12 constellations across the night sky, to which the Egyptians assigned some significance. Influenced by this, the Egyptians divided the night into 12 equal intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were <a href="/wiki/Unequal_hours" title="Unequal hours">seasonal hours</a>, shorter in the summer than in the winter. Subsequently, the day was divided into intervals as well, which eventually became more important than the nightly intervals. These subdivisions of a day spread to Greece, and later to Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a></div> <p>The ancient Greeks kept time differently than is done today. Instead of dividing the time between one midnight and the next into 24 equal hours, they divided the time from sunrise to sunset into 12 "seasonal hours" (their actual duration depending on season), and the time from sunset to the next sunrise again in 12 "seasonal hours".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, only the day was divided into 12 seasonal hours and the night into three or four night watches.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> the night was also divided into 12 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day-and-night (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νυχθήμερον</span></span>) was probably first divided into 24 hours by <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_of_Nicaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipparchus of Nicaea">Hipparchus of Nicaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek astronomer <a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Cyrrhus" title="Andronicus of Cyrrhus">Andronicus of Cyrrhus</a> oversaw the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Horologion" title="Horologion">horologion</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_the_Winds" title="Tower of the Winds">Tower of the Winds</a> in Athens during the first century BCE. This structure tracked a 24-hour day using both sundials and mechanical hour indicators.<sup id="cite_ref-nist_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">canonical hours</a> were inherited into <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a> from <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>. By AD 60, the <i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i> recommends disciples to pray the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> three times a day; this practice found its way into the canonical hours as well. By the second and third centuries, such <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> as <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> wrote of the practice of Morning and Evening Prayer, and of the prayers at the third, sixth and ninth hours. In the early church, during the night before every feast, a <a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">vigil</a> was kept. The word "Vigils", at first applied to the Night Office, comes from a Latin source, namely the <i>Vigiliae</i> or nocturnal watches or guards of the soldiers. The night from six o'clock in the evening to six o'clock in the morning was divided into four watches or vigils of three hours each, the first, the second, the third, and the fourth vigil.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a></i> were originally personifications of seasonal aspects of nature, not of the time of day. The list of 12 <i>Horae</i> representing the 12 hours of the day is recorded only in <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first and twelfth of the <i>Horae</i> were added to the original set of ten: </p> <ol><li><i>Auge</i> (first light)</li> <li><i>Anatole</i> (sunrise)</li> <li><i>Mousike</i> (morning hour of music and study)</li> <li><i>Gymnastike</i> (morning hour of exercise)</li> <li><i>Nymphe</i> (morning hour of ablutions)</li> <li><i>Mesembria</i> (noon)</li> <li><i>Sponde</i> (libations poured after lunch)</li> <li><i>Elete</i> (prayer)</li> <li><i>Akte</i> (eating and pleasure)</li> <li><i>Hesperis</i> (start of evening)</li> <li><i>Dysis</i> (sunset)</li> <li><i>Arktos</i> (night sky)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">Canonical hours</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishopstone_sundial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bishopstone_sundial.jpg/200px-Bishopstone_sundial.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bishopstone_sundial.jpg/300px-Bishopstone_sundial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bishopstone_sundial.jpg/400px-Bishopstone_sundial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>A 7th-century Saxon <a href="/wiki/Tide_dial" title="Tide dial">tide dial</a> on the porch at <a href="/wiki/Bishopstone,_East_Sussex" title="Bishopstone, East Sussex">Bishopstone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, with larger crosses marking the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">canonical hours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWall191267_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWall191267-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Medieval astronomers such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sacrobosco" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrobosco">Sacrobosco</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> divided the hour into 60 <a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minutes</a>, each of 60 <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">seconds</a>; this derives from <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a>, where the corresponding terms<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> denoted the time required for the Sun's apparent motion through the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> to describe one minute or second of arc, respectively. In present terms, the Babylonian degree of time was thus four minutes long, the "minute" of time was thus four seconds long and the "second" 1/15 of a second.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In medieval Europe, the Roman hours continued to be marked on <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundials</a> but the more important units of time were the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">canonical hours</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. During daylight, these followed the pattern set by the three-hour bells of the <a href="/wiki/Forum_(market)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum (market)">Roman markets</a>, which were succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">bells</a> of local churches. They rang <a href="/wiki/Prime_(liturgy)" title="Prime (liturgy)">prime</a> at about 6<span class="nowrap"> </span>am, <a href="/wiki/Terce" title="Terce">terce</a> at about 9<span class="nowrap"> </span>am, <a href="/wiki/Sext" title="Sext">sext</a> at noon, <a href="/wiki/Nones_(liturgy)" title="Nones (liturgy)">nones</a> at about 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>pm, and <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">vespers</a> at either 6<span class="nowrap"> </span>pm or <a href="/wiki/Sunset" title="Sunset">sunset</a>. <a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lauds" title="Lauds">lauds</a> precede these irregularly in the morning hours; <a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">compline</a> follows them irregularly before sleep; and the <a href="/wiki/Midnight_office" title="Midnight office">midnight office</a> follows that. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a> ordered their reformation for the Catholic Church in 1963,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they continue to be observed in the Orthodox churches. </p><p>When mechanical <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clocks</a> began to be used to show hours of daylight or nighttime, their period needed to be changed every morning and evening (for example, by changing the length of their <a href="/wiki/Pendula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendula">pendula</a>). The use of 24 hours for the entire day meant hours varied much less and the clocks needed to be adjusted only a few times a month. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernity">Modernity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modernity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></div> <p>The minor irregularities of the apparent solar day were smoothed by measuring time using the <a href="/wiki/Mean_solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean solar day">mean solar day</a>, using the Sun's movement along the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">celestial equator</a> rather than along the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>. The irregularities of this time system were so minor that most clocks reckoning such hours did not need adjustment. However, scientific measurements eventually became precise enough to note the effect of <a href="/wiki/Tidal_deceleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal deceleration">tidal deceleration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, which gradually lengthens the Earth's days. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, a <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolutionary units">general decimalisation of measures</a> was enacted, including <a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">decimal time</a> between 1794 and 1800. Under its provisions, the French hour (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heure" class="extiw" title="wikt:heure">heure</a></i>) was <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> of the day and divided formally into 100 decimal minutes (<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">minute décimale</i></span></i>) and informally into 10 tenths (<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%C3%A9cime" class="extiw" title="wikt:décime">décime</a></i></span></i>). Mandatory use for all public records began in 1794, but was suspended six months later by the same 1795 legislation that first established the metric system. In spite of this, a few localities continued to use decimal time for six years for civil status records, until 1800, after Napoleon's Coup of 18 Brumaire. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> bases its measurements of time upon the <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a>, defined since 1952 in terms of the Earth's rotation in AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>1900. Its hours are a secondary unit computed as precisely 3,600 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-sportsillustrated_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sportsillustrated-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an hour of <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> (UTC), used as the basis of most civil time, has lasted 3,601 seconds 27 times since 1972 in order to keep it within 0.9 seconds of <a href="/wiki/UT1" class="mw-redirect" title="UT1">universal time</a>, which is based on measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Mean_solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean solar day">mean solar day</a> at <a href="/wiki/0%C2%B0_longitude" class="mw-redirect" title="0° longitude">0° longitude</a>. The addition of these seconds accommodates the very gradual slowing of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">rotation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. </p><p>In modern life, the ubiquity of clocks and other timekeeping devices means that segmentation of days according to their hours is commonplace. Most forms of <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a>, whether <a href="/wiki/Wage_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage labor">wage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Salaried" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaried">salaried</a> labour, involve compensation based upon measured or expected hours worked. The fight for an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour day</a> was a part of <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movements</a> around the world. Informal <a href="/wiki/Rush_hour" title="Rush hour">rush hours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">happy hours</a> cover the times of day when commuting slows down due to congestion or alcoholic drinks being available at discounted prices. The <a href="/wiki/Hour_record" title="Hour record">hour record</a> for the greatest distance travelled by a cyclist within the span of an hour is one of <a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">cycling</a>'s greatest honours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counting_hours">Counting hours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Counting hours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Equatorial_sundial_topview.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Equatorial_sundial_topview.gif/220px-Equatorial_sundial_topview.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Equatorial_sundial_topview.gif/330px-Equatorial_sundial_topview.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Equatorial_sundial_topview.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Top view of an equatorial sundial. The hour lines are spaced equally about the circle, and the shadow of the gnomon (a thin cylindrical rod) rotates uniformly. The height of the gnomon is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">12</span></span> the outer radius of the dial. This animation depicts the motion of the shadow from 3 a.m. to 9 p.m. on mid-summer's day, when the Sun is at its highest declination (roughly 23.5°). Sunrise and sunset occur at 3 a.m. and 9 p.m. respectively on that day at geographical latitudes near 57.5°, roughly the latitude of Aberdeen or Sitka, Alaska.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planispheric_astrolabe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Planispheric_astrolabe.png/220px-Planispheric_astrolabe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Planispheric_astrolabe.png/330px-Planispheric_astrolabe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Planispheric_astrolabe.png/440px-Planispheric_astrolabe.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>Planispheric astrolabe designed for the latitude of Varese (Italy)</figcaption></figure> <p>Many different ways of counting the hours have been used. Because sunrise, sunset, and, to a lesser extent, noon, are the conspicuous points in the day, starting to count at these times was, for most people in most early societies, much easier than starting at midnight. However, with accurate clocks and modern astronomical equipment (and the telegraph or similar means to transfer a time signal in a split-second), this issue is much less relevant. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundials</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical clocks</a> sometimes show the hour length and count using some of these older definitions and counting methods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counting_from_dawn">Counting from dawn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Counting from dawn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient and medieval cultures, the counting of hours generally started with sunrise. Before the widespread use of artificial light, societies were more concerned with the division between night and day, and daily routines often began when light was sufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandes198376_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandes198376-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Babylonian hours" divide the day and night into 24 equal hours, reckoned from the time of sunrise.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are so named from the false belief of ancient authors that the Babylonians divided the day into 24 parts, beginning at sunrise. In fact, they divided the day into 12 parts (called <i>kaspu</i> or "double hours") or into 60 equal parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens2005_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unequal_hours">Unequal hours</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Unequal hours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unequal_hours" title="Unequal hours">Unequal hours</a></div> <p>Sunrise marked the beginning of the first hour, the middle of the day was at the end of the sixth hour and sunset at the end of the twelfth hour. This meant that the duration of hours varied with the season. In the Northern hemisphere, particularly in the more northerly latitudes, summer daytime hours were longer than winter daytime hours, each being one twelfth of the time between sunrise and sunset. These variable-length hours were variously known as temporal, unequal, or seasonal hours and were in use until the appearance of the mechanical clock, which furthered the adoption of equal length hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandes198376_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandes198376-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is also the system used in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a> and frequently called "<a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Talmudic hour</a>" (<i>Sha'a Zemanit</i>) in a variety of texts. The Talmudic hour is one twelfth of time elapsed from sunrise to sunset, day hours therefore being longer than night hours in the summer; in winter they reverse. </p><p>The Indic day began at sunrise. The term <i>hora</i> was used to indicate an hour. The time was measured based on the length of the shadow at day time. A <i>hora</i> translated to 2.5 <i>pe</i>. There are 60 <i>pe</i> per day, 60 minutes per <i>pe</i> and 60 <i>kshana</i> (snap of a finger or instant) per minute. <i>Pe</i> was measured with a bowl with a hole placed in still water. Time taken for this graduated bowl was one <i>pe</i>. Kings usually had an officer in charge of this clock. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counting_from_sunset">Counting from sunset</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Counting from sunset"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AstiCattedrale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/AstiCattedrale.jpg/220px-AstiCattedrale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/AstiCattedrale.jpg/330px-AstiCattedrale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/AstiCattedrale.jpg/440px-AstiCattedrale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Sundial with Italian hours in <a href="/wiki/Asti" title="Asti">Asti</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In so-called "<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> time", "Italian hours", or "old Czech time", the first hour started with the sunset <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a> bell (or at the end of dusk, i.e., half an hour after sunset, depending on local custom and geographical latitude). The hours were numbered from 1 to 24. For example, in Lugano, the sun rose in December during the 14th hour and noon was during the 19th hour; in June the sun rose during the 7th hour and noon was in the 15th hour. Sunset was always at the end of the 24th hour. The clocks in church towers struck only from 1 to 12, thus only during night or early morning hours. </p><p>This manner of counting hours had the advantage that everyone could easily know how much time they had to finish their day's work <a href="/wiki/Daylight" title="Daylight">without artificial light</a>. It was already widely used in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> by the 14th century and lasted until the mid-18th century; it was officially abolished in 1755, or in some regions customary until the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system of Italian hours can be seen on a number of clocks in Europe, where the dial is numbered from 1 to 24 in either Roman or Arabic numerals. The <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Clock" title="St Mark's Clock">St Mark's Clock</a> in Venice, and the <a href="/wiki/Orloj" class="mw-redirect" title="Orloj">Orloj</a> in Prague are famous examples. It was also used in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> until the 17th century. </p><p>Its replacement by the more practical division into <a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">twice twelve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_hours" title="Equinoctial hours">equinoctial</a>) hours (also called small clock or civic hours) began as early as the 16th century. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> day begins at sunset. The first prayer of the day (<a href="/wiki/Maghrib" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrib">maghrib</a>) is to be performed between just after sunset and the end of twilight. Until 1968 Saudi Arabia used the system of counting 24 equal hours with the first hour starting at sunset.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counting_from_noon">Counting from noon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Counting from noon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many centuries, up to 1925, astronomers counted the hours and days from noon, because it was the easiest solar event to measure accurately. An advantage of this method (used in the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Date" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Date">Julian Date</a> system, in which a new Julian Day begins at noon) is that the date doesn't change during a single night's observing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counting_from_midnight">Counting from midnight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Counting from midnight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the modern <a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a>, counting the hours starts at midnight and restarts at noon. Hours are numbered 12, 1, 2, ..., 11. <a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar noon</a> is always close to 12 noon (ignoring artificial adjustments due to <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a>), differing according to the <a href="/wiki/Equation_of_time" title="Equation of time">equation of time</a> by as much as fifteen minutes either way. At the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a> sunrise is around 6 a.m. (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">ante meridiem</i>, before noon), and sunset around 6 p.m. (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">post meridiem</i>, after noon). </p><p>In the modern <a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a>, counting the hours starts at midnight, and hours are numbered from 0 to 23. Solar noon is always close to 12:00, again differing according to the equation of time. At the equinoxes sunrise is around 06:00, and sunset around 18:00. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_timekeeping_in_other_cultures">History of timekeeping in other cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History of timekeeping in other cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History of timekeeping devices</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Off_topic plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">not related to the topic of the article</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit">improve this section</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hour" title="Talk:Hour">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decans" class="mw-redirect" title="Decans">Decans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices_in_Egypt" title="History of timekeeping devices in Egypt">History of timekeeping devices in Egypt</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a> began dividing the night into <i><span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><i lang="egy">wnwt</i></span></i> at some time before the compilation of the <a href="/wiki/Dynasty_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty V">Dynasty V</a> <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a><sup id="cite_ref-comeandlisten_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comeandlisten-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 24th<span class="nowrap"> </span>century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC.<sup id="cite_ref-toastory_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toastory-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2150<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC (<a href="/wiki/Dynasty_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty IX">Dynasty IX</a>), diagrams of stars inside Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffin</a> lids—variously known as "diagonal calendars" or "star clocks"—attest that there were exactly 12 of these.<sup id="cite_ref-toastory_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toastory-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Clagett" title="Marshall Clagett">Clagett</a> writes that it is "certain" this duodecimal division of the night followed the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_civil_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian civil calendar">Egyptian civil calendar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-comeandlisten_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comeandlisten-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually placed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2800</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>BC on the basis of analyses of the <a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a>, but a <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_lunar_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a> presumably long predated this<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker195030–2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker195030–2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also would have had 12 <a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">months</a> in each of its years. The coffin diagrams show that the Egyptians took note of the <a href="/wiki/Heliacal_rising" title="Heliacal rising">heliacal risings</a> of 36 stars or <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">constellations</a> (now known as "<a href="/wiki/Decans" class="mw-redirect" title="Decans">decans</a>"), one for each of the ten-day "weeks" of their civil calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-amannamedjed_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amannamedjed-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (12 sets of alternate "triangle decans" were used for the 5 <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_intercalary_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian intercalary month">epagomenal days</a> between years.)<sup id="cite_ref-poormountaineer_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poormountaineer-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each night, the rising of eleven of these decans were noted, separating the night into 12 divisions whose middle terms would have lasted about 40<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minutes</a> each. (Another seven stars were noted by the Egyptians during the twilight and predawn periods,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> although they were not important for the hour divisions.) The original decans used by the Egyptians would have fallen noticeably out of their proper places over a span of several centuries. By the time of <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>BC), the priests at <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> were using <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clocks</a> to determine the hours. These were filled to the brim at sunset and the hour determined by comparing the water level against one of its 12 gauges, one for each month of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker195040_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker195040-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="New Kingdom">New Kingdom</a>, another system of decans was used, made up of 24 stars over the course of the year and 12 within any one night. </p><p>The later division of the day into 12 hours was accomplished by <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundials</a> marked with ten equal divisions. The morning and evening periods when the sundials failed to note time were observed as the first and last hours.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Egyptian hours were closely connected both with the priesthood of the gods and with their divine services. By the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="New Kingdom">New Kingdom</a>, each hour was conceived as a specific region of the sky or <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_underworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian underworld">underworld</a> through which <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Solar_barge" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar barge">solar barge</a> travelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200383_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200383-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protective deities were assigned to each and were used as the names of the hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200383_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200383-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the protectors and resurrectors of the sun, the goddesses of the night hours were considered to hold power over all lifespans<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200383_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200383-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus became part of Egyptian funerary rituals. Two fire-spitting cobras were said to guard the gates of each hour of the underworld, and <a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a> and the rearing <a href="/wiki/Cobra" title="Cobra">cobra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">uraeus</a>) were also sometimes referenced as <i><span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><i lang="egy">wnwt</i></span></i> from their role protecting the dead through these gates. The Egyptian word for <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, used as a synonym for priest, was <i><span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><i lang="egy">wnwty</i></span></i>, "one of the <i>wnwt</i>", as it were "one of the hours".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest forms of <i><span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><i lang="egy">wnwt</i></span></i> include one or three stars, with the later solar hours including the <a href="/wiki/Determinative#Egyptian" title="Determinative">determinative</a> <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyph</a> for "sun".<sup id="cite_ref-comeandlisten_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comeandlisten-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Traditional Chinese timekeeping</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book.JPG/200px-Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book.JPG/300px-Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book.JPG/400px-Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese diagram from <a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a>'s AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>1092 <i>Xinyi Xiangfa Yao</i> illustrating his clocktower at <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_2006_1-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Beijing_2006_1-14.jpg/200px-Beijing_2006_1-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Beijing_2006_1-14.jpg/300px-Beijing_2006_1-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Beijing_2006_1-14.jpg/400px-Beijing_2006_1-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1945" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of another kind of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">clepsydra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Drum_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Drum Tower">Drum Tower</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient China</a> divided its day into 100 "marks"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson1997_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson1997-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteele2000_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteele2000-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%88%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:刻">刻</a></span></span>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">oc</a></small> <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">*</a><i>kʰək</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter_&_al.2014_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter_&_al.2014-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> <span class="nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">p</a></small> <i>kè</i>)</span> running from midnight to midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004887_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004887-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system is said to have been used since <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric China">remote antiquity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004887_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004887-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> credited to the legendary <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen1992129_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen1992129-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is first attested in <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Han</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clocks</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen1992125_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen1992125-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">2nd-century history</a> of that <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese dynasties">dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004889_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004889-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was measured with sundials<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson_&_al.200215–16_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson_&_al.200215–16-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Into the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a>, the Chinese measured their day schematically, adding the 20-<i>ke</i> difference between the solstices evenly throughout the year, one every nine days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen1992125_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen1992125-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the night, time was more commonly reckoned during the night by the "watches" <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:更">更</a></span></span>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">oc</a></small> <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">*</a><i>kæŋ</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter_&_al.2014_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter_&_al.2014-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> <span class="nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">p</a></small> <i>gēng</i>)</span> of the guard, which were reckoned as a fifth of the time from <a href="/wiki/Sunset" title="Sunset">sunset</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sunrise" title="Sunrise">sunrise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson1997_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson1997-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004888_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004888-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> continued to use <i>ke</i> and <i>geng</i> but also began to divide the day into 12 "double hours" <span class="nowrap">(<small><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a></small> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%99%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:時">時</a></span></span>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a></small> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:时">时</a></span></span>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">oc</a></small> <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">*</a><i>də</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter_&_al.2014_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter_&_al.2014-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> <span class="nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">p</a></small> <i>shí</i>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> "time[s]")</span> named after the <a href="/wiki/Earthly_branches" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthly branches">earthly branches</a> and sometimes also known by the name of the corresponding animal of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004904_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004904-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <i>shi</i> originally ran from 11<span class="nowrap"> </span>pm to 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>am but was reckoned as starting at midnight by the time of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(Yuan_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Song (Yuan dynasty)">History of Song</a>, compiled during the early <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004896_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004896-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These apparently began to be used during the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> that preceded the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> era, but the sections that would have covered them are missing from their official histories; they first appear in official use in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004889_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004889-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations of all these units were subsequently adopted by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Japan">Japan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004888_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004888-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the other countries of the <a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a>. </p><p>The 12 <i>shi</i> supposedly began to be divided into 24 hours under the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004888_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004888-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they are first attested in the <a href="/wiki/Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming">Ming</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Yuan">Book of Yuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004887_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004887-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that work, the hours were known by the same <a href="/wiki/Earthly_branches" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthly branches">earthly branches</a> as the <i>shi</i>, with the first half noted as its "starting" and the second as "completed" or "proper" <i>shi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004887_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004887-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern China, these are instead simply numbered and described as "little <i>shi</i>". The modern <i>ke</i> is now used to count quarter-hours, rather than a separate unit. </p><p>As with the Egyptian night and daytime hours, the division of the day into 12 <i>shi</i> has been credited to the example set by the rough number of lunar cycles in a solar year,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the 12-year <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jovian</a> orbital cycle was more important to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">traditional Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Babylonian reckoning of the zodiac.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19989–28_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers19989–28-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, the traditional system of noting hours is the <a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">six-hour clock</a>. This reckons each of a day's 24 hours apart from <a href="/wiki/Noon" title="Noon">noon</a> as part of a fourth of the day. The first hour of the first half of daytime was 7 am; 1 pm the first hour of the latter half of daytime; 7 pm the first hour of the first half of nighttime; and 1 am the first hour of the latter half of nighttime. This system existed in the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a>, deriving its current phrasing from the practice of publicly announcing the daytime hours with a <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gong</a> and the nighttime hours with a <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThongprasert1985229–237_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThongprasert1985229–237-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was abolished in Laos and Cambodia during their <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French occupation</a> and is uncommon there now. The Thai system remains in informal use in the form codified in 1901 by <a href="/wiki/King_Chulalongkorn" class="mw-redirect" title="King Chulalongkorn">King Chulalongkorn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drei_Horen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Drei_Horen.jpg/200px-Drei_Horen.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Drei_Horen.jpg/300px-Drei_Horen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Drei_Horen.jpg/400px-Drei_Horen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Two of the <a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">deified Hours</a> of the Greeks and Romans</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> employed <a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">units of time</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal day">sidereal day</a> (<i>nakṣatra ahorātra</i>). This was variously divided into 30 <i>muhūrta-s</i> of 48 minutes each<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 60 <i>dandas</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or <i>nadī-s</i> of 24 minutes each.<sup id="cite_ref-dersh_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dersh-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar day</a> was later similarly divided into 60 <i>ghaṭikás</i> of about the same duration, each divided in turn into 60 <i>vinadis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-dersh_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dersh-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> followed a similar system but called their sixtieth of a day a <i>peya</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derived_measures">Derived measures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Derived measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">air changes per hour</a> (ACH), a measure of the replacements of air within a defined space used for <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampere_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampere hour">ampere hour</a> (Ah), a measure of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical charge">electrical charge</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTU" class="mw-redirect" title="BTU">BTU</a>-hour, a measure of power used in the <a href="/wiki/Power_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Power industry">power industry</a> and for air conditioners and heaters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit hour">credit hour</a>, a measure of an academic <a href="/wiki/Course_(education)" title="Course (education)">course</a>'s contracted instructional time per week for a semester</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower-hour" title="Horsepower-hour">horsepower-hour</a> (hph), a measure of energy used in the railroad industry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour_angle" title="Hour angle">hour angle</a>, a measure of the angle between the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridian plane">meridian plane</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hour_circle" title="Hour circle">hour circle</a> passing through a certain point used in the <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_coordinate_system" title="Equatorial coordinate system">equatorial coordinate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour" title="Kilometres per hour">kilometres per hour</a> (km/h), a measure of land speed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hour" title="Kilowatt-hour">kilowatt-hour</a> (kWh), a measure of energy commonly used as an electrical billing unit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knot</a> (kn), a measure of <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> per hour, used for maritime and aerial speed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-hour" title="Man-hour">man-hour</a>, the amount of work performed by the average worker in one hour, used in productivity analysis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre_per_hour" title="Metre per hour">metre per hour</a> (m/h), a measure of slow speeds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_per_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mile per hour">mile per hour</a> (mph), a measure of land speed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passengers_per_hour_per_direction" title="Passengers per hour per direction">passengers per hour per direction</a> (p/h/d), a measure of the capacity of <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transportation</a> systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_per_hour" title="Pound per hour">pound per hour</a> (PPH), a measure of <a href="/wiki/Mass_flow_rate" title="Mass flow rate">mass flow rate</a> used for engines' fuel flow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Working hours">work or working hour</a>, a measure of working time used in various regulations, such as those distinguishing <a href="/wiki/Part-time_job" title="Part-time job">part-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Full-time_job" title="Full-time job">full-time</a> employment and those limiting <a href="/wiki/Truck_driver" title="Truck driver">truck drivers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Drivers%27_working_hours" title="Drivers' working hours">working hours</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hours_of_service" title="Hours of service">hours of service</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danna_(Mesopotamian)" title="Danna (Mesopotamian)">Danna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal hour</a> or deciday, a French Revolutionary unit lasting 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>h 24<span class="nowrap"> </span>min</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_hours" title="Equinoctial hours">Equinoctial hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Hour_(photography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Hour (photography)">Golden Hour</a> & <a href="/wiki/Blue_hour" title="Blue hour">Blue Hour</a> in photography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal hour</a>, a proposed unit lasting 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>h 30<span class="nowrap"> </span>min</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a>, the deified hours of ancient Greece and Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Horology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal hours">Temporal hours</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since 1972, the 27 <a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">leap seconds</a> added to UTC have all been additions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sexagesima_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexagesima Sunday">Sexagesima Sunday</a>: <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">...Þos laste on ure habbeþ i-travailed...</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a trace of that system, for instance, in <a href="/wiki/Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdi">Verdi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a> where in <i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i> or in <i><a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera">Un ballo in maschera</a></i> midnight is announced by the bell striking six times, not 12. But in his last opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a></i>, strangely, he abandoned that style, perhaps under influence of contemporary trends at end of 19th <a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">century</a> when he composed it, and the midnight bell strikes 12 times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><i lang="egy">Wnwty</i></span></i> is written variously as <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="24" title="E34" alt="E34" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43" alt="G43" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N14.png?0bf87" height="22" title="N14" alt="N14" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVygus2015400_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVygus2015400-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="24" title="E34" alt="E34" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24" alt="W24" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D4.png?e1f5d" height="12" title="D4" alt="D4" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="24" title="E34" alt="E34" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24" alt="W24" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N14.png?0bf87" height="22" title="N14" alt="N14" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVygus2015408_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVygus2015408-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="24" title="E34" alt="E34" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24" alt="W24" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N14.png?0bf87" height="22" title="N14" alt="N14" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A24.png?ecb44" height="38" title="A24" alt="A24" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A1.png?f2968" height="31" title="A1" alt="A1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z2.png?805ea" height="8" title="Z2" alt="Z2" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="24" title="E34" alt="E34" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24" alt="W24" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N14.png?0bf87" height="22" title="N14" alt="N14" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D4.png?e1f5d" height="12" title="D4" alt="D4" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVygus2015409_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVygus2015409-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="24" title="E34" alt="E34" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24" alt="W24" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A1.png?f2968" height="38" title="A1" alt="A1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="24" title="E34" alt="E34" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24" alt="W24" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N11.png?e2b1c" height="12" title="N11" alt="N11" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N14.png?0bf87" height="22" title="N14" alt="N14" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D6.png?42127" height="14" title="D6" alt="D6" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="24" title="E34" alt="E34" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24" alt="W24" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N14.png?0bf87" height="22" title="N14" alt="N14" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="24" title="E34" alt="E34" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24" alt="W24" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N14.png?0bf87" height="22" title="N14" alt="N14" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A1.png?f2968" height="38" title="A1" alt="A1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="24" title="E34" alt="E34" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24" alt="W24" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N2.png?0a28d" height="38" title="N2" alt="N2" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A24.png?ecb44" height="38" title="A24" alt="A24" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVygus2015410_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVygus2015410-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="24" title="E34" alt="E34" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N14.png?0bf87" height="22" title="N14" alt="N14" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVygus2015412_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVygus2015412-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N14.png?0bf87" height="22" title="N14" alt="N14" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVygus20151235_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVygus20151235-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N14.png?0bf87" height="22" title="N14" alt="N14" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24" alt="W24" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVygus20151239_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVygus20151239-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N14.png?0bf87" height="22" title="N14" alt="N14" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVygus20151240_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVygus20151240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the 2nd-century <i><a href="/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi" title="Shuowen Jiezi">Shuowen Jiezi</a></i>, "A water clock holds the water in a copper pot and notes the marks [<i>kè</i>] by a rule. There are 100 marks which represent the day".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The late classical Indians also began to reckon <a href="/wiki/Samvatsara" title="Samvatsara">years based on the Jovian cycle</a>, but this was much later than their lunar calendar and initially named after it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESewell1924[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLQffS160KxECpgPR12_xii]_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESewell1924[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLQffS160KxECpgPR12_xii]-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cg/cgpm/9-1948/resolution-7">"Resolution 7"</a>, <i>Resolutions of the CGPM: 9th Meeting</i>, Paris: International Bureau of Weights and Measures, October 1948</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resolutions+of+the+CGPM%3A+9th+Meeting&rft.atitle=Resolution+7&rft.date=1948-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fen%2Fcommittees%2Fcg%2Fcgpm%2F9-1948%2Fresolution-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoed-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoed_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED"><i>OED</i></a>, hour, <i>n.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1872" class="citation cs2">Morris, Richard, ed. (1872), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anoldenglishmis00sullgoog#page/n47/mode/2up">"Old Kentish Sermons (<i>Laud</i> MS 471)"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anoldenglishmis00sullgoog#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>An Old English Miscellany</i></a>, London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anoldenglishmis00sullgoog#page/n55/mode/2up">34</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Kentish+Sermons+%28Laud+MS+471%29&rft.btitle=An+Old+English+Miscellany&rft.place=London&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=N.+Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Co.+for+the+Early+English+Text+Society&rft.date=1872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fanoldenglishmis00sullgoog%23page%2Fn47%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED''tide,_''n''-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''tide,_''n''_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED"><i>OED</i></a>, tide, <i>n</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED''stound,_''n.¹''-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''stound,_''n.¹''_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED"><i>OED</i></a>, stound, <i>n.¹</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED''clock,_''n.¹'',_&_o'clock,_''adv.''_(and_''n.'')-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''clock,_''n.¹'',_&_o'clock,_''adv.''_(and_''n.'')_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED"><i>OED</i></a>, clock, <i>n.¹</i>, & o'clock, <i>adv.</i> (and <i>n.</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED''hundred,_''n.''_and_''adj.''-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''hundred,_''n.''_and_''adj.''_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED"><i>OED</i></a>, hundred, <i>n.</i> and <i>adj.</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED''quarter,_''n''-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''quarter,_''n''_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''quarter,_''n''_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED"><i>OED</i></a>, quarter, <i>n</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewes2006" class="citation web cs1">Andrewes, William J. H. (February 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-chronicle-of-timekeeping-2006-02/">"A Chronicle Of Timekeeping"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=A+Chronicle+Of+Timekeeping&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft.aulast=Andrewes&rft.aufirst=William+J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fa-chronicle-of-timekeeping-2006-02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1998" class="citation book cs1">Evans, James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA95"><i>The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5"><bdi>978-0-19-509539-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Practice+of+Ancient+Astronomy&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509539-5&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnS51_7qbEWsC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a> (1883) [1883]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LeFFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA469"><i>A Lexicon Abridged from Liddell & Scott's Greek-English Lexicon</i></a> (20 ed.). Harper & Brothers. p. 469<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>[...] from Homer downwards, the Greeks divided the night into three watches.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Lexicon+Abridged+from+Liddell+%26+Scott%27s+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.pages=469&rft.edition=20&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLeFFAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolybius" class="citation book cs1">Polybius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D15">"15 Mode of Calculating Time"</a>. <i>Histories, Book 9</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15+Mode+of+Calculating+Time&rft.btitle=Histories%2C+Book+9&rft.au=Polybius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0234%253Abook%253D9%253Achapter%253D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScottJones" class="citation book cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; Jones, Henry Stuart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lsj.gr/wiki/%E1%BD%A5%CF%81%CE%B1">"ὥρα"</a>. <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. Α.ΙΙ.2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%BD%A5%CF%81%CE%B1&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.pages=%CE%91.%CE%99%CE%99.2&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft.au=Jones%2C+Henry+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flsj.gr%2Fwiki%2F%25E1%25BD%25A5%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nist-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nist_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/popular-links/walk-through-time/walk-through-time-early-clocks">"Early Clocks"</a>. A Walk Through Time. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. 12 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Matins" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Matins">Matins</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 10. 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(2004)</a>, p. 889.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson_&_al.200215–16-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson_&_al.200215–16_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephenson_&_al.2002">Stephenson & al. (2002)</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004888-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004888_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004888_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004888_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSōma_&_al.2004">Sōma & al. (2004)</a>, p. 888.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004904-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESōma_&_al.2004904_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSōma_&_al.2004">Sōma & al. 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Porto: Edições Afrontamento. pp. <span class="nowrap">283–</span>301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14195%2F978-989-26-0966-9_20">10.14195/978-989-26-0966-9_20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789892609669" title="Special:BookSources/9789892609669"><bdi>9789892609669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Timeless+Legacy%3A+the+Calendars+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.btitle=Alexandrea+ad+Aegyptvm%3A+The+legacy+of+multiculturalismo+in+antiquity&rft.place=Porto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E283-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.pub=Edi%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Afrontamento&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14195%2F978-989-26-0966-9_20&rft.isbn=9789892609669&rft.aulast=Canh%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Telo+Ferreira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalis.uc.pt%2Fpt-pt%2Flivro%2Ftimeless_legacy_calendars_ancient_egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZai2015" class="citation cs2">Zai, J. 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Delhi, India: Ajanta Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">119–</span>122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mensuration+in+Ancient+India&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=Ajanta+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Saradha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMensuration_in_Ancient_India&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dersh-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dersh_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dersh_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDershowitz_&_al.2008">Dershowitz & al. 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Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter_&_al.2014" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, William H.; Laurent Sagart (2014). <i>Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Chinese%3A+A+New+Reconstruction&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Laurent+Sagart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu">"parts available here"</a>. <i>The Baxter-Sagart reconstruction of Old Chinese</i>. University of Michigan. 20 September 2014. version 1.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=parts+available+here&rft.btitle=The+Baxter-Sagart+reconstruction+of+Old+Chinese&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2014-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClagett1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Clagett" title="Marshall Clagett">Clagett, Marshall</a> (1995). "Volume II: Calendars, clocks, and astronomy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC"><i>Ancient Egyptian Science</i></a>. Memoirs of the APS. Vol. 214. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871692146" title="Special:BookSources/9780871692146"><bdi>9780871692146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Volume+II%3A+Calendars%2C+clocks%2C+and+astronomy&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Science&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.series=Memoirs+of+the+APS&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780871692146&rft.aulast=Clagett&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxKKPUpDOTKAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDershowitz_&_al.2008" class="citation book cs1">Dershowitz, Nachum; Edward M. Reingold (2008). <a href="/wiki/Calendrical_Calculations" title="Calendrical Calculations"><i>Calendrical Calculations</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, UK">Cambridge, UK</a>: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521885409" title="Special:BookSources/9780521885409"><bdi>9780521885409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendrical+Calculations&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521885409&rft.aulast=Dershowitz&rft.aufirst=Nachum&rft.au=Edward+M.+Reingold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolford-Strevens2005" class="citation book cs1">Holford-Strevens, Leofranc (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoftime00holf"><i>The History of Time: A Very Short Introduction</i></a></span>. Very Short Introductions. Vol. 133. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192804990" title="Special:BookSources/9780192804990"><bdi>9780192804990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Time%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.series=Very+Short+Introductions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780192804990&rft.aulast=Holford-Strevens&rft.aufirst=Leofranc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoftime00holf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandes1983" class="citation book cs1">Landes, David S. (1983). <i>Revolution in Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_MA" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, MA">Cambridge, MA</a>: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+Time&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Anthony_Parker" title="Richard Anthony Parker">Parker, Richard Anthony</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc26.pdf"><i>The Calendars of Ancient Egypt</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. Vol. 26. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Calendars+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.series=Studies+in+Ancient+Oriental+Civilization&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Richard+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2Fshared%2Fdocs%2Fsaoc26.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1992" class="citation journal cs1">Petersen, Jens Østergård (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12945035">"The Taiping Jing and the A.D. 102 clepsydra reform"</a>. <i>Acta Orientalia</i>. <b>53</b>. Copenhagen, DK: <span class="nowrap">122–</span>158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia&rft.atitle=The+Taiping+Jing+and+the+A.D.+102+clepsydra+reform&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Jens+%C3%98sterg%C3%A5rd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12945035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, J.H. (1998). "Origins of the ancient constellations". <i>Journal of the British Astronomical Association</i>. <b>108</b>. London, UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+ancient+constellations&rft.volume=108&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSewell1924" class="citation book cs1">Sewell, Robert (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQffS160KxEC"><i>The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar</i></a>. Kolkata, IN: Government of India Central Publication Branch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120603646" title="Special:BookSources/9788120603646"><bdi>9788120603646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siddhantas+and+the+Indian+Calendar&rft.place=Kolkata%2C+IN&rft.pub=Government+of+India+Central+Publication+Branch&rft.date=1924&rft.isbn=9788120603646&rft.aulast=Sewell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQffS160KxEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSōma_&_al.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sōma, Mitsuru; Kinaki Kawabata; Kiyotaka Tanikawa (25 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/pasj/article/56/5/887/2948928/Units-of-Time-in-Ancient-China-and-Japan">"Units of Time in Ancient China and Japan"</a>. <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan</i>. <b>56</b> (5). Tokyo, JP: <span class="nowrap">887–</span>904. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpasj%2F56.5.887">10.1093/pasj/56.5.887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+Japan&rft.atitle=Units+of+Time+in+Ancient+China+and+Japan&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E887-%3C%2Fspan%3E904&rft.date=2004-10-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpasj%2F56.5.887&rft.au=S%C5%8Dma%2C+Mitsuru&rft.au=Kinaki+Kawabata&rft.au=Kiyotaka+Tanikawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpasj%2Farticle%2F56%2F5%2F887%2F2948928%2FUnits-of-Time-in-Ancient-China-and-Japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2000" class="citation book cs1">Steele, J.M. (2000). <i>Observations and Predications of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers</i>. Amsterdam, NL: Kluwer Academic Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Observations+and+Predications+of+Eclipse+Times+by+Early+Astronomers&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+NL&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._Richard_Stephenson" title="F. Richard Stephenson">Stephenson, F. Richard</a> (1997). <i>Historical Eclipses and Earth's Rotation</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Eclipses+and+Earth%27s+Rotation&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=F.+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson_&_al.2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._Richard_Stephenson" title="F. Richard Stephenson">Stephenson, F. Richard</a>; Green, David A. (2002). <i>Historical Supernovae and their Remnants</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850766-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850766-6"><bdi>978-0-19-850766-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Supernovae+and+their+Remnants&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850766-6&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=F.+Richard&rft.au=Green%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThongprasert1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thongprasert, Chamnong (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royin.go.th/th/knowledge/detail.php?ID=1273">"ทุ่ม-โมง-นาฬิกา [Thum-Mong-Nalika]"</a>. <i>ภาษาไทยไขขาน</i> [<i>Thai Unlocked</i>] (in Thai). Bangkok, TH: Prae Pitaya Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1-%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2+%5BThum-Mong-Nalika%5D&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99&rft.place=Bangkok%2C+TH&rft.pub=Prae+Pitaya+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Thongprasert&rft.aufirst=Chamnong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royin.go.th%2Fth%2Fknowledge%2Fdetail.php%3FID%3D1273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVygus2015" class="citation cs2">Vygus, Mark (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pyramidtextsonline.com/documents/VygusDictionaryApril2015.pdf"><i>Middle Egyptian Dictionary</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Egyptian+Dictionary&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Vygus&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pyramidtextsonline.com%2Fdocuments%2FVygusDictionaryApril2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall1912" class="citation book cs1">Wall, J. Charles (1912). <i>Porches & Fonts</i>. London, UK: Wells, Gardner, Darton & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porches+%26+Fonts&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Wells%2C+Gardner%2C+Darton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=J.+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2003" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). <i>The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt</i>. Singapore: Tien Wah Press / Thames & Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Tien+Wah+Press+%2F+Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_Dohrn-van_Rossum1996" class="citation book cs1">Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum (1996). <i>History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-15510-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-15510-4"><bdi>978-0-226-15510-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Hour%3A+Clocks+and+Modern+Temporal+Orders&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-226-15510-4&rft.au=Gerhard+Dohrn-van+Rossum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Christopher Walker (ed.), <i>Astronomy before the Telescope</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum Press</a>, 1996.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hour&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hour" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hour">hour</a></b></i> or <i><b><a 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_topics" title="Template:Time topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_topics" title="Template talk:Time topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time758" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_measurement_and_standards342" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template talk:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_measurement_and_standards342" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time measurement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Metrology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">offset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94T_(timekeeping)" title="ΔT (timekeeping)">ΔT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DUT1" title="DUT1">DUT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service" title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">ISO 31-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">International Atomic Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Barycentric Coordinate Time">Barycentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Dynamical_Time" title="Barycentric Dynamical Time">Barycentric Dynamical Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_time" title="Civil time">Civil time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">Geocentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IERS_Reference_Meridian" title="IERS Reference Meridian">IERS Reference Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">Leap second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Time" title="Terrestrial Time">Terrestrial Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">180th meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/75px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/113px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/150px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="3819" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/75px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/113px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="1007" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris_time" title="Ephemeris time">Ephemeris time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">Prime meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Time in physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous signal">Continuous signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_decade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmological decade">Cosmological decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_time_and_continuous_time" title="Discrete time and continuous time">Discrete time and continuous time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">Gravitational time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-translation_symmetry" title="Time-translation symmetry">Time-translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">T-symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Horology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">Astrarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">Atomic clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complication_(horology)" title="Complication (horology)">Complication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History of timekeeping devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">Hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">Marine chronometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sandglass" title="Marine sandglass">Marine sandglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">Radio clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">Water clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">Sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialing_scales" title="Dialing scales">Dialing scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_time" title="Equation of time">Equation of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sundials" title="History of sundials">History of sundials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_for_horizontal_dials" title="Schema for horizontal dials">Sundial markup schema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> (lunar Hijri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominical_letter" title="Dominical letter">Dominical letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epact" title="Epact">Epact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">Intercalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">Tropical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination_of_the_day_of_the_week" title="Determination of the day of the week">Weekday determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week" title="Names of the days of the week">Weekday names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology and geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_timescale" title="Nuclear timescale">Nuclear timescale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">units of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flick_(time)" title="Flick (time)">Flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shake_(unit)" title="Shake (unit)">Shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiffy_(time)" title="Jiffy (time)">Jiffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">Minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustrum" title="Lustrum">Lustrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeculum" title="Saeculum">Saeculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Time metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_value_of_money" title="Time value of money">Time value of money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timekeeper" title="Timekeeper">Timekeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SI_units303" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SI_units" title="Template:SI units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SI_units" title="Template talk:SI units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SI_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SI units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SI_units303" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI units</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">Base units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candela" title="Candela">candela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SI_derived_unit" title="SI derived unit">Derived units <br />with special names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">degree Celsius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katal" 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21 Template:Lang"," 9.42% 116.688 24 Template:Cite_book"," 8.70% 107.803 41 Template:Sfnp"," 8.63% 106.900 8 Template:Citation"," 7.80% 96.669 1 Template:Time_topics"," 6.47% 80.122 1 Template:Infobox_unit"," 6.32% 78.335 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.85% 72.492 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.756","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20709069,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAl-Biruni1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrewes2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaxter_\u0026amp;_al.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCabrol1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanhão2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClagett1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrell1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDershowitz_\u0026amp;_al.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF._Richard_StephensonLouay_J._Fatoohi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerhard_Dohrn-van_Rossum1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolford-Strevens2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandes1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddellScott1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddellScottJones\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNonnus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNothaft2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOED\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_VI1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolybius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSewell1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasan1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteele2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephenson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephenson_\u0026amp;_al.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSōma_\u0026amp;_al.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThongprasert1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVygus2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWall1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZai2015\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Names\"] = 1,\n [\"Time_of_Day\"] = 1,\n [\"Time_of_day\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 3,\n [\"CE1913\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 8,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 6,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 5,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox unit\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 21,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 18,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 12,\n [\"Off topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"PIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"SI units\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 41,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Time measurement and standards\"] = 1,\n [\"Time topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 2,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.canary-6cdd778d46-hm4gc","timestamp":"20250214040459","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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