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Michelsen Institute</p></div></div></ul></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span><a class="ri-more-link js-profile-ri-list-card" data-click-track="profile-user-info-primary-research-interest" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5752385">View All (6)</a></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5752385" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu","location":"/OtunnuOtunnu","scheme":"https","host":"depaul.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/OtunnuOtunnu","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Anthropology"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-4191624d-3fd7-4800-a9d1-e1e60d19d6db"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-4191624d-3fd7-4800-a9d1-e1e60d19d6db"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5752385" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Sociology"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-4f985d91-1e95-4402-ace8-696fc0213b1c"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-4f985d91-1e95-4402-ace8-696fc0213b1c"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5752385" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Social Sciences"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-3c337cd4-d1cc-4a31-9801-9509219ab560"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-3c337cd4-d1cc-4a31-9801-9509219ab560"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5752385" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forced_migration_and_displacement"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Forced migration and displacement"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-52d167af-4a09-43af-9ec0-6b819d555ca4"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-52d167af-4a09-43af-9ec0-6b819d555ca4"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5752385" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Genocide Studies"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-90b36cdf-1514-4f55-98d7-7028a64a95d7"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-90b36cdf-1514-4f55-98d7-7028a64a95d7"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Otunnu Otunnu</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123530725"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123530725/POPULATION_DISPLACEMENT_AND_CONFLICT_RESOLUTION_Conflict_and_Conflict_Resolution"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of POPULATION DISPLACEMENT , AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION Conflict and Conflict Resolution" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117940775/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123530725/POPULATION_DISPLACEMENT_AND_CONFLICT_RESOLUTION_Conflict_and_Conflict_Resolution">POPULATION DISPLACEMENT , AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION Conflict and Conflict Resolution</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Human history has been punctuated by widespread and recurring violent conflicts. Attempts to expl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Human history has been punctuated by widespread and recurring violent conflicts. Attempts to explain the causes, utility and effects of the phenomenon have engaged the minds of scholars and other stakeholders for centuries. At the centre of the inquiry are questions about human nature: whether and to what extent violence is innately determined in humans or influenced by the external environment. According to ethnology, aggression or violence is innate and essentially genetic, not learned or a response to environmental conditions. The role of the environment, K. Lorenz posits, is simply to provide stimuli that trigger or hinder intraspecific aggression. This view, which modifies and restates the Social Darwinian theory of natural selection, maintains that aggression is not dysfunctional. Rather, it serves a number of important functions: the preservation of species through natural selection; the creation of social ranks which imposes social order and stability, thus reducing intraspe...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="78a411710a6751246feb21174ce00f75" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117940775,"asset_id":123530725,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117940775/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123530725"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123530725"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123530725; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123530724"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123530724/Environmental_Refugees_in_Sub_Saharan_Africa_Causes_and_Effects"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Environmental Refugees in Sub-Saharan Africa: Causes and Effects" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117940773/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123530724/Environmental_Refugees_in_Sub_Saharan_Africa_Causes_and_Effects">Environmental Refugees in Sub-Saharan Africa: Causes and Effects</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees</span><span>, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Environmental degradation, overpopulation, droughts, famines, debt crisis, political and social i...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Environmental degradation, overpopulation, droughts, famines, debt crisis, political and social instability, and economic marginalization have become popular catchwords in any major debate on Africa. One of the most tragic indicators of the continent's chronic state of demise is the extremely high incidence of refugees. Although sub-saharan Africa only has about ten percent of the world's population, it accounts for nearly twenty-five percent of the world's refugees (Lofchie: 89). A substantial percentage of these were environmental refugees, "people fleeing land that could no longer support them" (Timberlake: 162). Others have fled civil wars and human rights violations. There are millions more internally displaced people who are not legally recognized under international law as refugees. Unless there is a major reversal of current trends, there is very little basis for optimism about the famine or the economic, environmental and refugee crises in Africa. In retrospect, debate about the complex and controversial concept of an environmental refugee in sub-saharan Africa must be located in and informed by the larger discussion on the crisis facingthe entire region. Various factors that directly or indirectly lead to environmental deterioration or degradation include: desertification, deforestation, drought, land degradation and depletion, locusts, wars, deterioration of the ozone layer, overpopulation and flooding. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123530716"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123530716/Causes_and_Effects"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Causes and Effects" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117940765/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123530716/Causes_and_Effects">Causes and Effects</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Environmental degradation, overpopulation, droughts, famines, debt crisis, political and social i...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Environmental degradation, overpopulation, droughts, famines, debt crisis, political and social instability, and economic marginalization have become popular catchwords in any major debate on Africa. 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Various factors that directly or indirectly lead to environmental deterioration or degradation include: desertification, deforestation, drought, land degradation and depletion, locusts, wars, deterioration of the ozone layer, overpopulation and flooding. It should be indicated straightaway that there are no impenetrable walls between environmental, political and economic factorsthey are, at one and the same time, causes and effects of environmental crisis.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="43222ac318f5ac95c9eca081ae2fa8ed" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117940765,"asset_id":123530716,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117940765/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123530716"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123530716"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123530716; 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Specifically, it aims to refute the hegemonic conception of a singular modernity, Western in origin, spreading out to encompass the globe over the last several decades. Indeed, rather than reinforcing conceptual boundaries or parameters, the series instead looks to receive and respond to changing perspectives on an important but inherently nebulous idea, deliberately creating a space in which multiple modernities can interact, overlap, and conflict. While privileging works that emphasize historical change over time, the series will also feature scholarship that blurs the lines between the historical and the contemporary, recognizing the ways in which our changing understandings of modernity in the present have the capacity to affect the way we think about African and global histories. Editorial Board Aderonke Adesanya, Art History, James</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="df690b9eff2b9c8e57251826c2224cfa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109501237,"asset_id":112196978,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109501237/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112196978"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112196978"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112196978; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112196974"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/112196974/The_Amin_Regime_and_Political_Violence_1971_1979"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Amin Regime and Political Violence, 1971–1979" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/112196974/The_Amin_Regime_and_Political_Violence_1971_1979">The Amin Regime and Political Violence, 1971–1979</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>African histories and modernities</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">On January 25, 1971, a group of soldiers, led by the Army Commander, Major General Amin, toppled ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">On January 25, 1971, a group of soldiers, led by the Army Commander, Major General Amin, toppled the Obote regime. Thereafter, it presented 18 reasons to justify the coup. These included the need to protect and enhance human rights, restore democratic rule and accountability, eradicate nepotism and corruption, address the severe economic underdevelopment, bring about national unity and restore political stability. The coup was, therefore, presented as a genuine attempt by the soldiers to address the severe crisis of legitimacy of the state and the legitimation deficit that resulted from actions and policies of the Obote regime.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112196974"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112196974"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112196974; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112196974]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112196974]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112196974; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112196974']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112196974]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112196974,"title":"The Amin Regime and Political Violence, 1971–1979","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112196974/The_Amin_Regime_and_Political_Violence_1971_1979","owner_id":5752385,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":5752385,"first_name":"Otunnu","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Otunnu","page_name":"OtunnuOtunnu","domain_name":"depaul","created_at":"2013-09-25T06:51:45.474-07:00","display_name":"Otunnu Otunnu","url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112196972"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/112196972/The_history_of_political_crisis_in_Uganda_the_legacy_facing_the_Museveni_regime_1986_to_the_present"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The history of political crisis in Uganda : the legacy facing the Museveni regime, 1986 to the present" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109501233/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112196972/The_history_of_political_crisis_in_Uganda_the_legacy_facing_the_Museveni_regime_1986_to_the_present">The history of political crisis in Uganda : the legacy facing the Museveni regime, 1986 to the present</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Service des thèses canadiennes The author has granted an irrevocable non exclusive licence allowi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Service des thèses canadiennes The author has granted an irrevocable non exclusive licence allowing the National Library of Canada to reproduce, loan, distribute or sell copies of his/her thesis by any means and in any form or format, making this thesis available to interested persons. L'auteur a accordé une licence irrévocabie et non exclusive permettant à la Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de sa thèse de quelque manière et sous quelque forme que ce soit pour mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des personnes intéressées. The author retains ownership of the copyright in his/her thesis. Neither the thesis nor substantial extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without his/her per mission. L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur qui protège sa thèse. 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Events in</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="20f27df203a33d23697d5b40a03a0ba7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109501269,"asset_id":112196970,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109501269/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112196970"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112196970"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112196970; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112196970]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112196970]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112196970; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112196970']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "20f27df203a33d23697d5b40a03a0ba7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112196970]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112196970,"title":"Too Many, Too Long: African Refugee Crisis Revisited","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112196970/Too_Many_Too_Long_African_Refugee_Crisis_Revisited","owner_id":5752385,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":5752385,"first_name":"Otunnu","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Otunnu","page_name":"OtunnuOtunnu","domain_name":"depaul","created_at":"2013-09-25T06:51:45.474-07:00","display_name":"Otunnu Otunnu","url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu"},"attachments":[{"id":109501269,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109501269/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"234155097.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109501269/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Too_Many_Too_Long_African_Refugee_Crisis.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/109501269/234155097-libre.pdf?1703419839=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DToo_Many_Too_Long_African_Refugee_Crisis.pdf\u0026Expires=1740484612\u0026Signature=HKS-DziZqO3UZSMiDrl4BhObEev7x-GG0FfSnoQ5X2OcNgjkg-dfnS9JcBz2ZG7E8MrvE7QJSgpS85vfEQv3Nlxbhx0XhttvTs75gye-L-QNXy-Dgm7zxHTBkjp9rpZrCoe27Wq4WNghVHlFok2PbrYMkKc9Gh6FfXUECvRXKANEs0ApAHZSgYg0cdol0g1GYfm5s6~MrssMr14xxeyC21O11cmctOh~NOEm5WsT5cKepc2Jmvd-a0XzJy2FoadIfcOaG7lz~5UYDBtUlic0-ZdZaw4ssOHny7KYPsBJk-KoOcC74p8Ml0xmZgg8DxXLdpKR6k-IGmu~KGonB26IfQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112196968"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/112196968/Population_Displacements_Causes_and_Consequences_Introduction_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Population Displacements: Causes and Consequences. (Introduction)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/112196968/Population_Displacements_Causes_and_Consequences_Introduction_">Population Displacements: Causes and Consequences. (Introduction)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While the international community is frantically engaged in developing more credible terror polic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While the international community is frantically engaged in developing more credible terror policies against refugees and immigrants and is feverishly occupied with the politics of the U.S.-led war on terrorism, over thirty million internally displaced people endure persecutions and remain caged in turbulent and inhumane conditions in their home countries. Some fifteen million externally displaced persons or refugees also languish outside their home countries without basic human rights and human security. These victims of violations of human rights and political violence are uprooted from their homes by a number of interrelated factors, internal and external, past and present. Historically, mass displacements of populations have been intimately linked with violently contested legitimacy of the state, its institutions, and their incumbents. Legitimacy of the state demands that the construction and/or the preservation of the political entity reflect the vital interests, values, and expectations of its members. Human rights, including the rights to development, human security, and social justice, are central to the political legitimacy of the state and its institutions. When a state meets these criteria, its members, in turn, will identify and co-operate with it and its institutions. Such a state, whose sovereignty is derived from its members, is also likely to conform to international norms, customs, principles, conventions, and obligations by which relations between states and international persons are governed. States that are major sources of contemporary displacements of populations, however, suffer from a profound and chronic legitimation deficit. The origins of this pervasive and harrowing crisis of legitimacy reflect how these predatory juridical states were constructed and preserved. In Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America, these states were constructed to meet the vaulting socio-economic, strategic and political interests of imperial powers. Since the primary motives for imperialism did not conform to the interests, values, and expectations of the conquered and dehumanized inhabitants of the colonial creations, the states experienced profound crises of legitimacy. These states also became important sites of violations of human rights and political violence, including terror. The profound legitimation deficit of the state and its incumbents was exacerbated by the imperial violence that accompanied colonial state formations. This violence included herding the target populations into concentration camps, scorched-earth policies, patronage, and manipulation of nationality and/or religious contradictions. Many lives were lost and many inhabitants of the colonial territories were violently uprooted as well. The notoriously arbitrary boundaries of these states intensified the crisis of legitimacy of the faltering colonial states. Paper boundaries, which were imposed on these societies, often cut across national, cultural, linguistic, and economic entities. For example, in the Middle East, the Kurds and the Palestinians were displaced and left stranded in many neighbouring countries. Similarly, in Africa, the Akan, Ewe, Yuruba, Hutu, Tutsi, and Somalis, for example, found themselves in a number of colonial states. The imposed and hostile boundaries, compounded by colonial administrative and economic policies, also left some of the states so small or immense in area or population that they were not viable entities. Although during anti-colonial struggles some local political leaders had criticized the artificial nature of the boundaries, as soon as they assumed power they defended the boundaries. Where national groups demanded self-determination, the new rulers used the same institutions and agents of terror to suppress such demands. The politics of national integration, through administrative fiat, were also characterized by political violence, political manipulation, and displacements of populations. …</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112196968"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112196968"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112196968; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112196968]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112196968]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112196968; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112196968']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112196968]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112196968,"title":"Population Displacements: Causes and Consequences. 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Nardin noted that: A good place to begin a discussion of political violence in terms of the co...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">T. Nardin noted that: A good place to begin a discussion of political violence in terms of the context of social interaction within which it occurs is with the concept of authority. For authority in the eyes of many is what the conflict is about–whether it is the evils of authority that are cited as a justification for protest or revolt, or its breakdown which is deplored as containing the source of conflict, disorder, and violence.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93471913"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93471913"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471913; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=93471913]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":93471913,"title":"Background: Legitimacy and Political Violence in Pre-Colonial Societies","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93471913/Background_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_in_Pre_Colonial_Societies","owner_id":5752385,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":5752385,"first_name":"Otunnu","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Otunnu","page_name":"OtunnuOtunnu","domain_name":"depaul","created_at":"2013-09-25T06:51:45.474-07:00","display_name":"Otunnu Otunnu","url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="93471912"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471912/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_During_the_Tito_Okello_Regime_July_1985_to_January_1986"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence During the Tito Okello Regime, July 1985 to January 1986" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471912/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_During_the_Tito_Okello_Regime_July_1985_to_January_1986">Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence During the Tito Okello Regime, July 1985 to January 1986</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter focuses on why and how the policy of appeasement , intended to address the profound ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter focuses on why and how the policy of appeasement , intended to address the profound legitimation crises during the Okello regime, led to more political violence and anarchy from July 1985 to January 1986. During this short period, which witnessed the most delusionary and incompetent administration of the partitioned country, the predatory, failed and warlord state became extremely despotically weak and infrastructurally weak. In fact, intense anarchy and lawlessness enveloped and further fragmented the state.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93471912"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93471912"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471912; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471912]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471912]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471912; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='93471912']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=93471912]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":93471912,"title":"Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence During the Tito Okello Regime, July 1985 to January 1986","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93471912/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_During_the_Tito_Okello_Regime_July_1985_to_January_1986","owner_id":5752385,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":5752385,"first_name":"Otunnu","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Otunnu","page_name":"OtunnuOtunnu","domain_name":"depaul","created_at":"2013-09-25T06:51:45.474-07:00","display_name":"Otunnu Otunnu","url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="93471911"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471911/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Museveni_Regime_1985_2016"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Museveni Regime, 1985–2016" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471911/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Museveni_Regime_1985_2016">Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Museveni Regime, 1985–2016</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Chapter 5 examines how the Museveni regime—built on ethnic and regional ideologies—intensified th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Chapter 5 examines how the Museveni regime—built on ethnic and regional ideologies—intensified the severe crisis of legitimacy and political violence through an unprecedented militarization of the society, personalization of brute power, the no-party or single-party system, unprecedented corruption, bribery, unprecedented rigging of elections, nepotism, cooption, repression, genocide in Acoliland, constitutional coup, and imperial presidency. The chapter analyses how the state, the institutions of the state and the ruling party became fused in the person of the imperial presidency, and how the regime championed anti-homosexuality sentiments to address both the domestic and international legitimation deficits.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93471911"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93471911"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471911; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471911]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471911]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471911; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='93471911']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=93471911]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":93471911,"title":"Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Museveni Regime, 1985–2016","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93471911/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Museveni_Regime_1985_2016","owner_id":5752385,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":5752385,"first_name":"Otunnu","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Otunnu","page_name":"OtunnuOtunnu","domain_name":"depaul","created_at":"2013-09-25T06:51:45.474-07:00","display_name":"Otunnu Otunnu","url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="93471910"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471910/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Obote_II_Regime_1980_1985"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Obote II Regime, 1980–1985" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471910/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Obote_II_Regime_1980_1985">Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Obote II Regime, 1980–1985</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Chapter 3 examines why and how the severe crisis of legitimacy and political violence intensified...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Chapter 3 examines why and how the severe crisis of legitimacy and political violence intensified in Buganda and West Nile under the Obote regime. During this period, political violence ravaged the West Nile region and the Luwero Triangle. The genocides in Buganda and West Nile, which were concealed under the cover of counterinsurgency, effectively led to the defeat of the insurgents in 1984. The war also provided the opportunity for the political incumbent to gradually become the state, the institutions of the state and the ruling political party. However, the state began to falter due to internal fragmentation, and the regime finally collapsed in 1985.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93471910"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93471910"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471910; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471910]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471910]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471910; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='93471910']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=93471910]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":93471910,"title":"Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Obote II Regime, 1980–1985","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93471910/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Obote_II_Regime_1980_1985","owner_id":5752385,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":5752385,"first_name":"Otunnu","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Otunnu","page_name":"OtunnuOtunnu","domain_name":"depaul","created_at":"2013-09-25T06:51:45.474-07:00","display_name":"Otunnu Otunnu","url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="93471909"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471909/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Uganda_National_Liberation_Front_UNLF_1979_1980"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF), 1979–1980" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471909/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Uganda_National_Liberation_Front_UNLF_1979_1980">Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF), 1979–1980</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter discusses how and why the three Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) regimes main...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter discusses how and why the three Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) regimes maintained the failed state they inherited. During this period, the state became so much weak that widespread and intense political violence and instability enveloped the country. Ethnic and ideological politics, the reemergence and manipulation of the pre-Amin politics, the contested histories and politics of the liberation war, the unregulated circulation of arms and military uniforms, and the severe alienation and extermination of those from the West Nile region contributed to the severe crisis of legitimacy of the faltering state. Indeed, this crisis of legitimacy and the widespread political violence that enveloped the country added two layers of crisis state to the failed state: the predatory state and the warlord state.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93471909"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93471909"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471909; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471909]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471909]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471909; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='93471909']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=93471909]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":93471909,"title":"Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF), 1979–1980","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93471909/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Uganda_National_Liberation_Front_UNLF_1979_1980","owner_id":5752385,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":5752385,"first_name":"Otunnu","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Otunnu","page_name":"OtunnuOtunnu","domain_name":"depaul","created_at":"2013-09-25T06:51:45.474-07:00","display_name":"Otunnu Otunnu","url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="93471908"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471908/Crises_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_in_Colonial_Uganda_1890_1962"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Crises of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Colonial Uganda, 1890–1962" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471908/Crises_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_in_Colonial_Uganda_1890_1962">Crises of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Colonial Uganda, 1890–1962</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">K.W. Grundy and M.A. Weinstein noted how imperialism normalizes and justifies political violence ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">K.W. Grundy and M.A. Weinstein noted how imperialism normalizes and justifies political violence against the target population: Beyond the double-morality…is the idea that one’s own group has a civilizing mission with respect to other groups. This civilizing mission involves the notion that one’s own group has a duty to impose its normative order on other peoples....The view that some people have a civilizing mission became widespread in the nineteenth century as a justification for imperialism....The major justification of violence in the expansionist ideology is that it functions to facilitate the domination of a superior group over an inferior group.... In an expansionist’s ideology violence against the inferior is justified as a right and in some instances even the duty of the superior.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93471908"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93471908"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471908; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471908]").text(description); 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471906]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471906]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471906; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='93471906']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=93471906]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":93471906,"title":"An Historical Analysis of the Invasion by the Rwanda Patriotic Army (RPA)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93471906/An_Historical_Analysis_of_the_Invasion_by_the_Rwanda_Patriotic_Army_RPA_","owner_id":5752385,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":5752385,"first_name":"Otunnu","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Otunnu","page_name":"OtunnuOtunnu","domain_name":"depaul","created_at":"2013-09-25T06:51:45.474-07:00","display_name":"Otunnu Otunnu","url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="765069" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123530725"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123530725/POPULATION_DISPLACEMENT_AND_CONFLICT_RESOLUTION_Conflict_and_Conflict_Resolution"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of POPULATION DISPLACEMENT , AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION Conflict and Conflict Resolution" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117940775/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123530725/POPULATION_DISPLACEMENT_AND_CONFLICT_RESOLUTION_Conflict_and_Conflict_Resolution">POPULATION DISPLACEMENT , AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION Conflict and Conflict Resolution</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Human history has been punctuated by widespread and recurring violent conflicts. Attempts to expl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Human history has been punctuated by widespread and recurring violent conflicts. Attempts to explain the causes, utility and effects of the phenomenon have engaged the minds of scholars and other stakeholders for centuries. At the centre of the inquiry are questions about human nature: whether and to what extent violence is innately determined in humans or influenced by the external environment. According to ethnology, aggression or violence is innate and essentially genetic, not learned or a response to environmental conditions. The role of the environment, K. Lorenz posits, is simply to provide stimuli that trigger or hinder intraspecific aggression. This view, which modifies and restates the Social Darwinian theory of natural selection, maintains that aggression is not dysfunctional. Rather, it serves a number of important functions: the preservation of species through natural selection; the creation of social ranks which imposes social order and stability, thus reducing intraspe...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="78a411710a6751246feb21174ce00f75" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117940775,"asset_id":123530725,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117940775/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123530725"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123530725"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123530725; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123530724"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123530724/Environmental_Refugees_in_Sub_Saharan_Africa_Causes_and_Effects"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Environmental Refugees in Sub-Saharan Africa: Causes and Effects" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117940773/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123530724/Environmental_Refugees_in_Sub_Saharan_Africa_Causes_and_Effects">Environmental Refugees in Sub-Saharan Africa: Causes and Effects</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees</span><span>, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Environmental degradation, overpopulation, droughts, famines, debt crisis, political and social i...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Environmental degradation, overpopulation, droughts, famines, debt crisis, political and social instability, and economic marginalization have become popular catchwords in any major debate on Africa. One of the most tragic indicators of the continent's chronic state of demise is the extremely high incidence of refugees. Although sub-saharan Africa only has about ten percent of the world's population, it accounts for nearly twenty-five percent of the world's refugees (Lofchie: 89). A substantial percentage of these were environmental refugees, "people fleeing land that could no longer support them" (Timberlake: 162). Others have fled civil wars and human rights violations. There are millions more internally displaced people who are not legally recognized under international law as refugees. Unless there is a major reversal of current trends, there is very little basis for optimism about the famine or the economic, environmental and refugee crises in Africa. In retrospect, debate about the complex and controversial concept of an environmental refugee in sub-saharan Africa must be located in and informed by the larger discussion on the crisis facingthe entire region. Various factors that directly or indirectly lead to environmental deterioration or degradation include: desertification, deforestation, drought, land degradation and depletion, locusts, wars, deterioration of the ozone layer, overpopulation and flooding. 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Specifically, it aims to refute the hegemonic conception of a singular modernity, Western in origin, spreading out to encompass the globe over the last several decades. Indeed, rather than reinforcing conceptual boundaries or parameters, the series instead looks to receive and respond to changing perspectives on an important but inherently nebulous idea, deliberately creating a space in which multiple modernities can interact, overlap, and conflict. While privileging works that emphasize historical change over time, the series will also feature scholarship that blurs the lines between the historical and the contemporary, recognizing the ways in which our changing understandings of modernity in the present have the capacity to affect the way we think about African and global histories. Editorial Board Aderonke Adesanya, Art History, James</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="df690b9eff2b9c8e57251826c2224cfa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109501237,"asset_id":112196978,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109501237/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112196978"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112196978"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112196978; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112196974"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/112196974/The_Amin_Regime_and_Political_Violence_1971_1979"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Amin Regime and Political Violence, 1971–1979" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/112196974/The_Amin_Regime_and_Political_Violence_1971_1979">The Amin Regime and Political Violence, 1971–1979</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>African histories and modernities</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">On January 25, 1971, a group of soldiers, led by the Army Commander, Major General Amin, toppled ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">On January 25, 1971, a group of soldiers, led by the Army Commander, Major General Amin, toppled the Obote regime. Thereafter, it presented 18 reasons to justify the coup. These included the need to protect and enhance human rights, restore democratic rule and accountability, eradicate nepotism and corruption, address the severe economic underdevelopment, bring about national unity and restore political stability. The coup was, therefore, presented as a genuine attempt by the soldiers to address the severe crisis of legitimacy of the state and the legitimation deficit that resulted from actions and policies of the Obote regime.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112196974"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112196974"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112196974; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112196974]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112196974]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112196974; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112196974']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112196974]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112196974,"title":"The Amin Regime and Political Violence, 1971–1979","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112196974/The_Amin_Regime_and_Political_Violence_1971_1979","owner_id":5752385,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":5752385,"first_name":"Otunnu","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Otunnu","page_name":"OtunnuOtunnu","domain_name":"depaul","created_at":"2013-09-25T06:51:45.474-07:00","display_name":"Otunnu Otunnu","url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112196972"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/112196972/The_history_of_political_crisis_in_Uganda_the_legacy_facing_the_Museveni_regime_1986_to_the_present"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The history of political crisis in Uganda : the legacy facing the Museveni regime, 1986 to the present" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109501233/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112196972/The_history_of_political_crisis_in_Uganda_the_legacy_facing_the_Museveni_regime_1986_to_the_present">The history of political crisis in Uganda : the legacy facing the Museveni regime, 1986 to the present</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Service des thèses canadiennes The author has granted an irrevocable non exclusive licence allowi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Service des thèses canadiennes The author has granted an irrevocable non exclusive licence allowing the National Library of Canada to reproduce, loan, distribute or sell copies of his/her thesis by any means and in any form or format, making this thesis available to interested persons. L'auteur a accordé une licence irrévocabie et non exclusive permettant à la Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de sa thèse de quelque manière et sous quelque forme que ce soit pour mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des personnes intéressées. The author retains ownership of the copyright in his/her thesis. Neither the thesis nor substantial extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without his/her per mission. L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur qui protège sa thèse. 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Events in</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="20f27df203a33d23697d5b40a03a0ba7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109501269,"asset_id":112196970,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109501269/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112196970"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112196970"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112196970; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112196970]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112196970]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112196970; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112196970']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "20f27df203a33d23697d5b40a03a0ba7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112196970]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112196970,"title":"Too Many, Too Long: African Refugee Crisis Revisited","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112196970/Too_Many_Too_Long_African_Refugee_Crisis_Revisited","owner_id":5752385,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":5752385,"first_name":"Otunnu","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Otunnu","page_name":"OtunnuOtunnu","domain_name":"depaul","created_at":"2013-09-25T06:51:45.474-07:00","display_name":"Otunnu Otunnu","url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu"},"attachments":[{"id":109501269,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109501269/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"234155097.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109501269/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Too_Many_Too_Long_African_Refugee_Crisis.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/109501269/234155097-libre.pdf?1703419839=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DToo_Many_Too_Long_African_Refugee_Crisis.pdf\u0026Expires=1740484612\u0026Signature=HKS-DziZqO3UZSMiDrl4BhObEev7x-GG0FfSnoQ5X2OcNgjkg-dfnS9JcBz2ZG7E8MrvE7QJSgpS85vfEQv3Nlxbhx0XhttvTs75gye-L-QNXy-Dgm7zxHTBkjp9rpZrCoe27Wq4WNghVHlFok2PbrYMkKc9Gh6FfXUECvRXKANEs0ApAHZSgYg0cdol0g1GYfm5s6~MrssMr14xxeyC21O11cmctOh~NOEm5WsT5cKepc2Jmvd-a0XzJy2FoadIfcOaG7lz~5UYDBtUlic0-ZdZaw4ssOHny7KYPsBJk-KoOcC74p8Ml0xmZgg8DxXLdpKR6k-IGmu~KGonB26IfQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112196968"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/112196968/Population_Displacements_Causes_and_Consequences_Introduction_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Population Displacements: Causes and Consequences. (Introduction)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/112196968/Population_Displacements_Causes_and_Consequences_Introduction_">Population Displacements: Causes and Consequences. (Introduction)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While the international community is frantically engaged in developing more credible terror polic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While the international community is frantically engaged in developing more credible terror policies against refugees and immigrants and is feverishly occupied with the politics of the U.S.-led war on terrorism, over thirty million internally displaced people endure persecutions and remain caged in turbulent and inhumane conditions in their home countries. Some fifteen million externally displaced persons or refugees also languish outside their home countries without basic human rights and human security. These victims of violations of human rights and political violence are uprooted from their homes by a number of interrelated factors, internal and external, past and present. Historically, mass displacements of populations have been intimately linked with violently contested legitimacy of the state, its institutions, and their incumbents. Legitimacy of the state demands that the construction and/or the preservation of the political entity reflect the vital interests, values, and expectations of its members. Human rights, including the rights to development, human security, and social justice, are central to the political legitimacy of the state and its institutions. When a state meets these criteria, its members, in turn, will identify and co-operate with it and its institutions. Such a state, whose sovereignty is derived from its members, is also likely to conform to international norms, customs, principles, conventions, and obligations by which relations between states and international persons are governed. States that are major sources of contemporary displacements of populations, however, suffer from a profound and chronic legitimation deficit. The origins of this pervasive and harrowing crisis of legitimacy reflect how these predatory juridical states were constructed and preserved. In Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America, these states were constructed to meet the vaulting socio-economic, strategic and political interests of imperial powers. Since the primary motives for imperialism did not conform to the interests, values, and expectations of the conquered and dehumanized inhabitants of the colonial creations, the states experienced profound crises of legitimacy. These states also became important sites of violations of human rights and political violence, including terror. The profound legitimation deficit of the state and its incumbents was exacerbated by the imperial violence that accompanied colonial state formations. This violence included herding the target populations into concentration camps, scorched-earth policies, patronage, and manipulation of nationality and/or religious contradictions. Many lives were lost and many inhabitants of the colonial territories were violently uprooted as well. The notoriously arbitrary boundaries of these states intensified the crisis of legitimacy of the faltering colonial states. Paper boundaries, which were imposed on these societies, often cut across national, cultural, linguistic, and economic entities. For example, in the Middle East, the Kurds and the Palestinians were displaced and left stranded in many neighbouring countries. Similarly, in Africa, the Akan, Ewe, Yuruba, Hutu, Tutsi, and Somalis, for example, found themselves in a number of colonial states. The imposed and hostile boundaries, compounded by colonial administrative and economic policies, also left some of the states so small or immense in area or population that they were not viable entities. Although during anti-colonial struggles some local political leaders had criticized the artificial nature of the boundaries, as soon as they assumed power they defended the boundaries. Where national groups demanded self-determination, the new rulers used the same institutions and agents of terror to suppress such demands. The politics of national integration, through administrative fiat, were also characterized by political violence, political manipulation, and displacements of populations. …</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112196968"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112196968"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112196968; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112196968]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112196968]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112196968; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112196968']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112196968]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112196968,"title":"Population Displacements: Causes and Consequences. 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Nardin noted that: A good place to begin a discussion of political violence in terms of the co...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">T. Nardin noted that: A good place to begin a discussion of political violence in terms of the context of social interaction within which it occurs is with the concept of authority. For authority in the eyes of many is what the conflict is about–whether it is the evils of authority that are cited as a justification for protest or revolt, or its breakdown which is deplored as containing the source of conflict, disorder, and violence.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93471913"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93471913"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471913; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=93471913]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":93471913,"title":"Background: Legitimacy and Political Violence in Pre-Colonial Societies","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93471913/Background_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_in_Pre_Colonial_Societies","owner_id":5752385,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":5752385,"first_name":"Otunnu","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Otunnu","page_name":"OtunnuOtunnu","domain_name":"depaul","created_at":"2013-09-25T06:51:45.474-07:00","display_name":"Otunnu Otunnu","url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="93471912"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471912/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_During_the_Tito_Okello_Regime_July_1985_to_January_1986"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence During the Tito Okello Regime, July 1985 to January 1986" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471912/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_During_the_Tito_Okello_Regime_July_1985_to_January_1986">Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence During the Tito Okello Regime, July 1985 to January 1986</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter focuses on why and how the policy of appeasement , intended to address the profound ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter focuses on why and how the policy of appeasement , intended to address the profound legitimation crises during the Okello regime, led to more political violence and anarchy from July 1985 to January 1986. During this short period, which witnessed the most delusionary and incompetent administration of the partitioned country, the predatory, failed and warlord state became extremely despotically weak and infrastructurally weak. In fact, intense anarchy and lawlessness enveloped and further fragmented the state.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93471912"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93471912"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471912; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471912]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471912]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471912; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='93471912']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=93471912]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":93471912,"title":"Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence During the Tito Okello Regime, July 1985 to January 1986","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93471912/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_During_the_Tito_Okello_Regime_July_1985_to_January_1986","owner_id":5752385,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":5752385,"first_name":"Otunnu","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Otunnu","page_name":"OtunnuOtunnu","domain_name":"depaul","created_at":"2013-09-25T06:51:45.474-07:00","display_name":"Otunnu Otunnu","url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="93471911"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471911/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Museveni_Regime_1985_2016"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Museveni Regime, 1985–2016" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471911/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Museveni_Regime_1985_2016">Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Museveni Regime, 1985–2016</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Chapter 5 examines how the Museveni regime—built on ethnic and regional ideologies—intensified th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Chapter 5 examines how the Museveni regime—built on ethnic and regional ideologies—intensified the severe crisis of legitimacy and political violence through an unprecedented militarization of the society, personalization of brute power, the no-party or single-party system, unprecedented corruption, bribery, unprecedented rigging of elections, nepotism, cooption, repression, genocide in Acoliland, constitutional coup, and imperial presidency. The chapter analyses how the state, the institutions of the state and the ruling party became fused in the person of the imperial presidency, and how the regime championed anti-homosexuality sentiments to address both the domestic and international legitimation deficits.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93471911"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93471911"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471911; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471911]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471911]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471911; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='93471911']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=93471911]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":93471911,"title":"Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Museveni Regime, 1985–2016","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93471911/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Museveni_Regime_1985_2016","owner_id":5752385,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":5752385,"first_name":"Otunnu","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Otunnu","page_name":"OtunnuOtunnu","domain_name":"depaul","created_at":"2013-09-25T06:51:45.474-07:00","display_name":"Otunnu Otunnu","url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="93471910"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471910/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Obote_II_Regime_1980_1985"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Obote II Regime, 1980–1985" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471910/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Obote_II_Regime_1980_1985">Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Obote II Regime, 1980–1985</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Chapter 3 examines why and how the severe crisis of legitimacy and political violence intensified...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Chapter 3 examines why and how the severe crisis of legitimacy and political violence intensified in Buganda and West Nile under the Obote regime. During this period, political violence ravaged the West Nile region and the Luwero Triangle. The genocides in Buganda and West Nile, which were concealed under the cover of counterinsurgency, effectively led to the defeat of the insurgents in 1984. The war also provided the opportunity for the political incumbent to gradually become the state, the institutions of the state and the ruling political party. However, the state began to falter due to internal fragmentation, and the regime finally collapsed in 1985.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93471910"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93471910"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471910; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471910]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471910]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471910; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='93471910']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=93471910]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":93471910,"title":"Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Obote II Regime, 1980–1985","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93471910/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Obote_II_Regime_1980_1985","owner_id":5752385,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":5752385,"first_name":"Otunnu","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Otunnu","page_name":"OtunnuOtunnu","domain_name":"depaul","created_at":"2013-09-25T06:51:45.474-07:00","display_name":"Otunnu Otunnu","url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="93471909"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471909/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Uganda_National_Liberation_Front_UNLF_1979_1980"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF), 1979–1980" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471909/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Uganda_National_Liberation_Front_UNLF_1979_1980">Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF), 1979–1980</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter discusses how and why the three Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) regimes main...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter discusses how and why the three Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) regimes maintained the failed state they inherited. During this period, the state became so much weak that widespread and intense political violence and instability enveloped the country. Ethnic and ideological politics, the reemergence and manipulation of the pre-Amin politics, the contested histories and politics of the liberation war, the unregulated circulation of arms and military uniforms, and the severe alienation and extermination of those from the West Nile region contributed to the severe crisis of legitimacy of the faltering state. Indeed, this crisis of legitimacy and the widespread political violence that enveloped the country added two layers of crisis state to the failed state: the predatory state and the warlord state.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93471909"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93471909"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471909; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471909]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471909]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471909; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='93471909']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=93471909]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":93471909,"title":"Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF), 1979–1980","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93471909/Crisis_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_Under_the_Uganda_National_Liberation_Front_UNLF_1979_1980","owner_id":5752385,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":5752385,"first_name":"Otunnu","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Otunnu","page_name":"OtunnuOtunnu","domain_name":"depaul","created_at":"2013-09-25T06:51:45.474-07:00","display_name":"Otunnu Otunnu","url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/OtunnuOtunnu"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="93471908"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471908/Crises_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_in_Colonial_Uganda_1890_1962"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Crises of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Colonial Uganda, 1890–1962" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/93471908/Crises_of_Legitimacy_and_Political_Violence_in_Colonial_Uganda_1890_1962">Crises of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Colonial Uganda, 1890–1962</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">K.W. Grundy and M.A. Weinstein noted how imperialism normalizes and justifies political violence ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">K.W. Grundy and M.A. Weinstein noted how imperialism normalizes and justifies political violence against the target population: Beyond the double-morality…is the idea that one’s own group has a civilizing mission with respect to other groups. This civilizing mission involves the notion that one’s own group has a duty to impose its normative order on other peoples....The view that some people have a civilizing mission became widespread in the nineteenth century as a justification for imperialism....The major justification of violence in the expansionist ideology is that it functions to facilitate the domination of a superior group over an inferior group.... In an expansionist’s ideology violence against the inferior is justified as a right and in some instances even the duty of the superior.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93471908"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93471908"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93471908; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93471908]").text(description); 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