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Calenda - Les « Pygmées » d’Afrique centrale : marges, marginalité, marginalisation et résilience

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Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;une analyse critique des d&eacute;fis auxquels ces communaut&eacute;s sont confront&eacute;es, allant des violations de leurs droits fondamentaux &agrave; l&rsquo;exploitation &eacute;conomique et &agrave; la marginalisation politique. On analysera l&rsquo;&eacute;volution de la terminologie utilis&eacute;e pour d&eacute;signer les &laquo;&nbsp;Pygm&eacute;es&nbsp;&raquo;, en soulignant le caract&egrave;re inappropri&eacute; et souvent p&eacute;joratif du terme &laquo;&nbsp;pygm&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo; lui-m&ecirc;me. On abordera les cons&eacute;quences de la discrimination, de l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s limit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation et aux soins de sant&eacute;, ainsi que les expulsions de leurs terres ancestrales dues &agrave; l&rsquo;exploitation foresti&egrave;re et mini&egrave;re. L&rsquo;ouvrage explorera &eacute;galement les strat&eacute;gies de r&eacute;sistance mises en place par les &laquo;&nbsp;Pygm&eacute;es&nbsp;&raquo; pour pr&eacute;server leur culture et leur mode de vie face &agrave; la domination &eacute;conomique et culturelle.</p> </div> </div> <div id="annonce"> <p class="intitule">Annonce</p> <div id="annonce-1222294-fr" class="tabContent" lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"> <h1>Argumentaire</h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Conspu&eacute;, soup&ccedil;onn&eacute;, honni, rejet&eacute;, le mot &laquo; pygm&eacute;e &raquo;, qui r&eacute;siste malgr&eacute; tout, n&rsquo;a pas &eacute;t&eacute; forg&eacute; par ceux qu&rsquo;il est suppos&eacute; d&eacute;signer (Bahuchet, 1993), c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire les Baka, les BaBongo, les BaKola, les BaAka, les BaSua, les &Egrave;f&egrave;, les Asua ou encore les BaTwa. Ce mot est &agrave; l&rsquo;image de nombreux ethnonymes africains qui ne correspondent &agrave; aucune r&eacute;alit&eacute; dans les sociocultures locales. &laquo; Pygm&eacute;e &raquo;, nous apprend la litt&eacute;rature scientifique (Froment, 1993 ; Bahuchet, 2012 ; Robillard &amp; Bahuchet, 2012 ; Ramirez Rozzi, 2015), est un terme d&eacute;riv&eacute; du grec &pi;&upsilon;&gamma;&mu;&alpha;ῖ&omicron;&sigmaf; (pugmaios), qui signifie &laquo; de la taille d&rsquo;un poing &raquo;. Avant qu&rsquo;on l&rsquo;emploie pour faire r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; certaines populations d&rsquo;Afrique centrale, en r&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; leur petite taille, on a trouv&eacute; ce terme dans la litt&eacute;rature, chez les Grecs et les Romains.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Bahuchet (1993&nbsp;: 153-155) rapporte que tout a commenc&eacute; avec Hom&egrave;re. Il a fait habiter les &laquo;&nbsp;Pygm&eacute;es&nbsp;&raquo; au-del&agrave; de l&rsquo;oc&eacute;an et, &agrave; cause de leur petite taille, a dit d&rsquo;eux qu&rsquo;ils &eacute;taient la proie des grues migratrices. Ces populations seront plus tard d&eacute;crites. Cultivateurs, ils moissonnent avec des haches les tiges de bl&eacute; aussi grosses pour elles que des troncs d&rsquo;arbres, selon H&eacute;cate de Milet (VI<sup>e</sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cle). Pour M&eacute;gasth&egrave;ne, ils sont &eacute;galement menac&eacute;s par les perdrix, qu&rsquo;ils utilisent, de l&rsquo;avis de Basilide, comme monture. Ct&eacute;sias de Cnide, au V<sup>e</sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cle, parle quant &agrave; lui de petits hommes noirs, hauts de deux coud&eacute;es, ne portant que leurs cheveux et leurs barbes, dont le p&eacute;nis descend jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; leurs chevilles. Ils poss&egrave;dent des chevaux et du b&eacute;tail &agrave; leur taille r&eacute;duite, et vivent dans les montagnes de l&rsquo;Inde, en compagnie d&rsquo;autres peuples monstrueux. Ces r&eacute;cits fabuleux, mythologiques, vont peu &agrave; peu c&eacute;der la place &agrave; d&rsquo;autres, fond&eacute;es sur le r&eacute;el.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">&Eacute;tudiant les migrations des grues, Aristote mentionne lui aussi les Pygm&eacute;es, un petit peuple vivant en Libye, pr&egrave;s des sources du Nil. Il les d&eacute;crit comme des &ecirc;tres de petite taille habitant des grottes, montant des chevaux miniatures. Ils seraient ainsi les plus primitifs de tous les humains, car n&rsquo;ayant ni maison ni agriculture. Le philosophe croit fermement &agrave; leur existence et H&eacute;rodote de&nbsp;Halicarnasse, qui les a rencontr&eacute;s, rejette l&rsquo;id&eacute;e de populations monstrueuses, &eacute;voquant plut&ocirc;t des personnes de petite taille. On trouvera chez Bahuchet (1993) notamment plus de d&eacute;tails sur cette mise en perspective historique qui a nourri les mythes entourant les &laquo;&nbsp;Pygm&eacute;es&nbsp;&raquo;, tr&egrave;s souvent empreints de myst&egrave;re et de superstition. Ces repr&eacute;sentations mythologiques ont malheureusement eu un impact durable sur les st&eacute;r&eacute;otypes contemporains.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Cet appel &agrave; contribution qui se propose de les examiner invite &agrave; r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir sur la marginalisation de nos voisins de petite taille. L&rsquo;on pourra &eacute;largir le champ de la r&eacute;flexion aux <em>repr&eacute;sentations</em> de mani&egrave;re g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, et aux processus de <em>cat&eacute;gorisation</em>. Le fil conducteur des diff&eacute;rentes contributions devra &ecirc;tre une r&eacute;flexion sur l&rsquo;&eacute;volution des perceptions des &laquo;&nbsp;Pygm&eacute;es&nbsp;&raquo; depuis les premiers contacts avec d&rsquo;autres groupes ethniques jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; nos jours, en mettant l&rsquo;accent sur la domination &eacute;conomique et culturelle, l&rsquo;impact des migrations et des changements environnementaux. Les propositions, sans s&rsquo;y limiter, peuvent s&rsquo;inscrire dans les axes suivants.</p> <h3 class="MsoNormal">1. Terminologie et identit&eacute;</h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier les diff&eacute;rents noms utilis&eacute;s pour d&eacute;signer les Pygm&eacute;es et leur signification dans le contexte culturel et historique. Il sera extr&ecirc;mement int&eacute;ressant d&rsquo;analyser la mani&egrave;re dont, en rapport avec l&rsquo;onomastique, ces groupes eux-m&ecirc;mes se per&ccedil;oivent et se repr&eacute;sentent &agrave; travers leurs traditions, leurs mythes et leurs modes de vie en relation avec la for&ecirc;t.</p> <h3>2. Violation des droits humains</h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Il sera question d&rsquo;examiner les formes de discrimination reposant sur les st&eacute;r&eacute;otypes que subissent les Pygm&eacute;es, notamment en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation, aux soins de sant&eacute; et &agrave; la justice. L&rsquo;on s&rsquo;int&eacute;ressera &eacute;galement aux incidences de l&rsquo;exploitation foresti&egrave;re et mini&egrave;re, de l&rsquo;agriculture intensive et l&rsquo;extension territoriale de leurs voisins sur les terres ancestrales des &laquo;&nbsp;Pygm&eacute;es&nbsp;&raquo;, entra&icirc;nant des expulsions, une perte de moyens de subsistance et des valeurs traditionnelles.</p> <h3><strong>3. Exploitation &eacute;conomique</strong></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Les contributeurs s&rsquo;int&eacute;ressant &agrave; cet axe doivent se proposer d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier comment, sur la base d&rsquo;un certain nombre de repr&eacute;sentations, les &laquo;&nbsp;Pygm&eacute;es&nbsp;&raquo; sont &eacute;conomiquement exploit&eacute;s dans divers secteurs d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s, o&ugrave; ils sont sous-pay&eacute;s&nbsp;: exploitation foresti&egrave;re, agriculture, industries extractives, arts (musical, plastique, divinatoire, th&eacute;rapeutique), tourisme, etc.</p> <h3>4. Repr&eacute;sentation politique et inclusion</h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">L&rsquo;on s&rsquo;int&eacute;ressera ici &agrave; l&rsquo;absence des &laquo;&nbsp;Pygm&eacute;es&nbsp;&raquo; dans les instances politiques ainsi qu&rsquo;aux cons&eacute;quences de cette exclusion sur leurs droits. Il sera &eacute;galement int&eacute;ressant d&rsquo;&eacute;valuer les efforts r&eacute;cents pour prot&eacute;ger les droits des &laquo;&nbsp;Pygm&eacute;es&nbsp;&raquo;, comme la cr&eacute;ation des chefferies des troisi&egrave;mes degr&eacute; dans leurs campements au Cameroun ou la loi sur la discrimination positive en RDC.</p> <h3>5. R&eacute;silience et strat&eacute;gies de r&eacute;sistance</h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Les contributions s&rsquo;inscrivant dans cet axe doivent avoir pour propos l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de la mani&egrave;re dont, en r&eacute;action &agrave; leur stigmatisation, les &laquo; Pygm&eacute;es &raquo; ont d&eacute;velopp&eacute; des strat&eacute;gies pour r&eacute;sister &agrave; la domination &eacute;conomique et sociale, y compris la pr&eacute;servation de leurs cultures. Sera &eacute;galement analys&eacute; le r&ocirc;le des organisations locales et internationales dans la d&eacute;fense des droits des &laquo; Pygm&eacute;es &raquo;.</p> <h1>Modalit&eacute;s de soumission</h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Les propositions doivent &ecirc;tre des soumissions originales, non publi&eacute;es.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Elles doivent &ecirc;tre envoy&eacute;es &agrave; : <strong>assipolo@yahoo.fr</strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Les auteurs sont invit&eacute;s &agrave; soumettre leurs propositions de fa&ccedil;on privil&eacute;gi&eacute;e au format doc(x) (Word) ou odt (LibreOffice), sous forme d&rsquo;avant-projet de 3&thinsp;000 signes maximum</p> <h3>avant le&nbsp;30&nbsp;juin&nbsp;2025</h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Leur acceptation vaudra encouragement, mais pas engagement de publication.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Apr&egrave;s acceptation, les auteurs des propositions retenues seront notifi&eacute;s au plus tard le<strong> 30&nbsp;juillet&nbsp;2025</strong>. Ils devront envoyer, avant le <strong>30&nbsp;d&eacute;cembre&nbsp;2025</strong>, une version d&eacute;finitive doc(x) (Word) ou odt (LibreOffice) au format respectant les instructions qui leur seront donn&eacute;es.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Chaque article sera pr&eacute;alablement examin&eacute; par le comit&eacute; de lecture et pourra &eacute;ventuellement &ecirc;tre retourn&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;auteur si des interventions importantes sont n&eacute;cessaires. Les articles dont le taux de plagiat (contenus g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute;s par l&rsquo;intelligence artificielle [IA] inclus) d&eacute;passent 5&nbsp;% seront syst&eacute;matiquement rejet&eacute;s.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Les contributeurs peuvent utiliser l&rsquo;IA pour am&eacute;liorer la lisibilit&eacute; et la langue, mais pas pour remplacer des t&acirc;ches essentielles de recherche. Ils s&rsquo;obligent &agrave; divulguer dans leurs manuscrits l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;outils d&rsquo;IA dans le processus d&rsquo;&eacute;criture. Cela inclut une mention explicite dans le texte, ce qui permettra d&rsquo;informer les lecteurs sur le r&ocirc;le de l&rsquo;IA dans la cr&eacute;ation du contenu.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Les articles retenus par le comit&eacute; de lecture seront expertis&eacute;s par au moins deux experts. Une partie des experts sont membres du&nbsp;comit&eacute; scientifique,&nbsp;l&rsquo;autre est constitu&eacute;e de relecteurs externes. En cas de d&eacute;saccord entre experts, un troisi&egrave;me relecteur est sollicit&eacute;.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">La publication de l&rsquo;ouvrage est pr&eacute;vue en<strong> mars 2026. </strong>Le choix de l'&eacute;diteur n'a pas encore &eacute;t&eacute; arr&ecirc;t&eacute;.<strong><br></strong></p> <h1 class="MsoNormal">Comit&eacute; scientifique</h1> <ul> <li class="MsoNormal">Alain Fleury Ekorong (Universit&eacute; de Douala)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Brice Ars&egrave;ne Mankou (CIRAM, ULAVAL)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Ernest Messina Mvogo (Universit&eacute; de Douala)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Jean Pierre Nguede Ngono (IMAF-Cieraa)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Jeannette Wogaing (Universit&eacute; de Douala)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Kenta Sakanashi (Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Moufoutaou Adjeran (Universit&eacute; d&rsquo;Abomey Calavi)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Papa Demba Fall (Universit&eacute; Cheick Anta Diop)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Patrice Bigombe Logo (GRAPS/ Universit&eacute; de Yaound&eacute; II)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Pierre Essengue (Universit&eacute; de Yaound&eacute; I)</li> </ul> <h2 class="MsoNormal">Comit&eacute; de lecture</h2> <ul> <li class="MsoNormal">Aristide Bitouga (Universit&eacute; de Douala)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">B&eacute;n&eacute;dith L&eacute;onie Tiebou (Universit&eacute; de Bamenda)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">&Eacute;milie Zola (Universit&eacute; de Kinshasa)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Fran&ccedil;ois Guebou Tadjuidje (Universit&eacute; de Maroua)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Ir&egrave;ne Orn&eacute;la Guessele (Universit&eacute; catholique d&rsquo;Afrique centrale)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Jean Claude Moungo (Universit&eacute; de Yaound&eacute; I)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Jean-Marie Yombo (Universit&eacute; de Bertoua)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Marcel Nkouandou (Universit&eacute; de Douala)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Rom&eacute;o Damase Tchanga (Universit&eacute; de Douala)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Souleymanou Amadou (Universit&eacute; de Douala)</li> </ul> <h1>Bibliographie indicative</h1> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;"><!-- [if supportFields]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Barlow;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>BIBLIOGRAPHY<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->Amossy, R., &amp; Herschberg Pierrot, A. (2021). <em>St&eacute;r&eacute;otypes et clich&eacute;s</em> (&eacute;d.&nbsp;4). Paris&nbsp;: Armand Colin.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Arcand, B. (1988). Il n&rsquo;y a jamais eu de soci&eacute;t&eacute; de chasseurs-cueilleurs. <em>Anthropologie et Soci&eacute;t&eacute;s, 12 </em>(1), pp.&nbsp;39&ndash;58. doi:https://doi.org/10.7202/015004ar.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Bahuchet, S. (1993). L&rsquo;invention des Pygm&eacute;es. <em>Cahiers d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes africaines, 33 </em>(129), pp.&nbsp;153-181. doi:https://doi.org/10.3406/cea.1993.2078.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Bahuchet, S. (2012). Pygm&eacute;es ou &laquo;&nbsp;Pygm&eacute;es&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;? Quelques &eacute;tapes pour une meilleure compr&eacute;hension du complexe des communaut&eacute;s sylvestres d&rsquo;Afrique centrale. <em>Journal des Africanistes, 8 </em>(1/2), pp.&nbsp;5-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.4000/africanistes.4251.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Bellier, I. (2013). <em>Peuples autochtones dans le monde. Les enjeux de la reconnaissance.</em> Paris&nbsp;: L&rsquo;Harmattan.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Bigombe Logo, P. (2007). <em>Les r&eacute;gimes de la tenure foresti&egrave;re et leurs incidences sur la gestion des for&ecirc;ts et la lutte contre la pauvret&eacute; au Cameroun.</em> Yaound&eacute;&nbsp;: FAO.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Christophe, B., &amp; Laurence, B. (2021). Parcours d&rsquo;une r&eacute;sistance silencieuse dans les for&ecirc;ts du Cameroun. <em>Les Cahiers d&rsquo;Outre-Mer, 284</em>, pp.&nbsp;383-415. doi:https://doi.org/10.4000/com.13294.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Epelboin, A. (2012). Fiert&eacute; pygm&eacute;e et &laquo;&nbsp;pygmitude&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;: racismes et discriminations positives. <em>Journal des africanistes, 82 </em>(1/2), pp.&nbsp;73-105. doi:https://doi.org/10.4000/africanistes.4280.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Froment, A. (1993). Adaptation biologique et variation dans l&rsquo;esp&egrave;ce humaine&nbsp;: le cas des Pygm&eacute;es d&rsquo;Afrique. <em>Bulletins et M&eacute;moires de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; d&rsquo;anthropologie de Paris, 5 </em>(3-4), pp.&nbsp;417-448. doi:https://doi.org/10.3406/bmsap.1993.2371.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Marine, R. (2012). De la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier les relations interethniques pour appr&eacute;hender la dynamique du changement&nbsp;: le cas des Baka et des Fang-Mv&egrave; de Minvoul (Gabon). <em>Journal des africanistes, 82 </em>(1/2), pp.&nbsp;137-165. doi:https://doi.org/10.4000/africanistes.4335.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Morin, F. (1994). De l&rsquo;Ethnie &agrave; l&rsquo;Autochtonie. <em>Caravelle </em>(63), pp.&nbsp;161-173. doi:https://doi.org/10.3406/carav.1994.2612.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Morin, F. (2006). L&rsquo;Autochtonie, forme d&rsquo;ethnicit&eacute; ou exemple d&rsquo;ethnogen&egrave;se&nbsp;? <em>Parcours anthropologiques </em>(6), pp.&nbsp;54-64. doi:https://doi.org/10.4000/pa.1903.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Ramirez Rozzi, F. (2015). Les Pygm&eacute;es &mdash; Histoire d&rsquo;une rencontre, origines d&rsquo;une d&eacute;nomination, &eacute;volution des repr&eacute;sentations. <em>Images &amp; M&eacute;moire</em>, pp.&nbsp;13-20. doi:https://hal.science/hal-03357391v1.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Robillard, M., &amp; Bahuchet, S. (2012). Les Pygm&eacute;es et les autres&nbsp;: terminologie, cat&eacute;gorisation et politique. <em>Journal des Africanistes, 8 </em>(1/2), pp.&nbsp;15-51. doi:https://doi.org/10.4000/africanistes.4253.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Sal&egrave;s-Wuillemin, &Eacute;. (2006). <em>La cat&eacute;gorisation et les st&eacute;r&eacute;otypes en psychologie sociale.</em> Paris : Dunod.</p> </div> </div> <div id="categories" class="cat"> <p class="intitule">Catégories</p> <ul> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=276">Représentations</a> (Catégorie principale)</li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=200">Sociétés</a> &gt; <a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=213">Ethnologie, anthropologie</a> &gt; <a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=214">Anthropologie sociale</a></li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=200">Sociétés</a> &gt; <a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=213">Ethnologie, anthropologie</a> &gt; <a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=215">Anthropologie culturelle</a></li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=200">Sociétés</a> &gt; <a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=251">Droit</a> &gt; <a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=253">Sociologie du 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class="intitule">Dates</p> <ul> <li>lundi 30 juin 2025</li> </ul> </div> <div id="motscles"> <p class="intitule">Mots-clés</p> <ul> <li>Pygmées, marginalisation, résilience, exploitation, identité</li> </ul> </div> <div id="source"> <p class="intitule">Source de l'information</p> <ul> <li>Laurain Assipolo<br/><em>courriel :</em> assipolo [at] yahoo [dot] fr</li> </ul> </div> <div id="license"> <p class="intitule">Licence</p> <p><a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><img alt="CC-BY-4.0" class="cc" src="images/ccby-88x31.png" /></a> Cette annonce est mise à disposition selon les termes de la <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons - Attribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0</a>.</p> </div> <div id="citation"> <p class="intitule">Pour citer cette annonce</p> <p>Assipolo Laurain, « Les « Pygmées » d’Afrique centrale : marges, marginalité, marginalisation et résilience », <span class="category">Appel à 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