Calenda - Les « Pygmées » d’Afrique centrale : marges, marginalité, marginalisation et résilience

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="fr" lang="fr"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-language" content="" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="favicon.ico" /> <title>Calenda - Les « Pygmées » d’Afrique centrale : marges, marginalité, marginalisation et résilience</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://static-origin.openedition.org/openbarre_/styles/main.css?date=2018-11-06" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/screen.css" media="screen, print" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/print.css" media="print" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery-ui-1.8.17.custom.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.form.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.ui.datepicker-fr.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.ui.datepicker-de.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.ui.datepicker-en.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.ui.datepicker-pt.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.ui.datepicker-es.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.sprintf.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/calenda.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/common.js"></script> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@calendaSHS" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://calenda.org/1222294" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Les « Pygmées » d’Afrique centrale : marges, marginalité, marginali..." /> <meta property="og:description" content="Cet appel à contributions propose de réfléchir sur la situation des populations « pygmées » d’Afrique centrale, en examinant les représentations historiques et les stéréotypes qui les entourent. 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Il s’agit d’une analyse critique des défis auxquels ces communautés sont confrontées, allant des violations de leurs droits fondamentaux à l’exploitation économique et à la marginalisation politique. On analysera l’évolution de la terminologie utilisée pour désigner les « Pygmées », en soulignant le caractère inapproprié et souvent péjoratif du terme « pygmée » lui-même. On abordera les conséquences de la discrimination, de l’accès limité à l’éducation et aux soins de santé, ainsi que les expulsions de leurs terres ancestrales dues à l’exploitation forestière et minière. L’ouvrage explorera également les stratégies de résistance mises en place par les « Pygmées » pour préserver leur culture et leur mode de vie face à la domination économique et culturelle.</p> </div> </div> <div id="annonce"> <p class="intitule">Annonce</p> <div id="annonce-1222294-fr" class="tabContent" lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"> <h1>Argumentaire</h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Conspué, soupçonné, honni, rejeté, le mot « pygmée », qui résiste malgré tout, n’a pas été forgé par ceux qu’il est supposé désigner (Bahuchet, 1993), c’est-à-dire les Baka, les BaBongo, les BaKola, les BaAka, les BaSua, les Èfè, les Asua ou encore les BaTwa. Ce mot est à l’image de nombreux ethnonymes africains qui ne correspondent à aucune réalité dans les sociocultures locales. « Pygmée », nous apprend la littérature scientifique (Froment, 1993 ; Bahuchet, 2012 ; Robillard & Bahuchet, 2012 ; Ramirez Rozzi, 2015), est un terme dérivé du grec πυγμαῖο&sigmaf; (pugmaios), qui signifie « de la taille d’un poing ». Avant qu’on l’emploie pour faire référence à certaines populations d’Afrique centrale, en référence à leur petite taille, on a trouvé ce terme dans la littérature, chez les Grecs et les Romains.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Bahuchet (1993 : 153-155) rapporte que tout a commencé avec Homère. Il a fait habiter les « Pygmées » au-delà de l’océan et, à cause de leur petite taille, a dit d’eux qu’ils étaient la proie des grues migratrices. Ces populations seront plus tard décrites. Cultivateurs, ils moissonnent avec des haches les tiges de blé aussi grosses pour elles que des troncs d’arbres, selon Hécate de Milet (VI<sup>e</sup> siècle). Pour Mégasthène, ils sont également menacés par les perdrix, qu’ils utilisent, de l’avis de Basilide, comme monture. Ctésias de Cnide, au V<sup>e</sup> siècle, parle quant à lui de petits hommes noirs, hauts de deux coudées, ne portant que leurs cheveux et leurs barbes, dont le pénis descend jusqu’à leurs chevilles. Ils possèdent des chevaux et du bétail à leur taille réduite, et vivent dans les montagnes de l’Inde, en compagnie d’autres peuples monstrueux. Ces récits fabuleux, mythologiques, vont peu à peu céder la place à d’autres, fondées sur le réel.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Étudiant les migrations des grues, Aristote mentionne lui aussi les Pygmées, un petit peuple vivant en Libye, près des sources du Nil. Il les décrit comme des êtres de petite taille habitant des grottes, montant des chevaux miniatures. Ils seraient ainsi les plus primitifs de tous les humains, car n’ayant ni maison ni agriculture. Le philosophe croit fermement à leur existence et Hérodote de Halicarnasse, qui les a rencontrés, rejette l’idée de populations monstrueuses, évoquant plutôt des personnes de petite taille. On trouvera chez Bahuchet (1993) notamment plus de détails sur cette mise en perspective historique qui a nourri les mythes entourant les « Pygmées », très souvent empreints de mystère et de superstition. Ces représentations mythologiques ont malheureusement eu un impact durable sur les stéréotypes contemporains.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Cet appel à contribution qui se propose de les examiner invite à réfléchir sur la marginalisation de nos voisins de petite taille. L’on pourra élargir le champ de la réflexion aux <em>représentations</em> de manière générale, et aux processus de <em>catégorisation</em>. Le fil conducteur des différentes contributions devra être une réflexion sur l’évolution des perceptions des « Pygmées » depuis les premiers contacts avec d’autres groupes ethniques jusqu’à nos jours, en mettant l’accent sur la domination économique et culturelle, l’impact des migrations et des changements environnementaux. Les propositions, sans s’y limiter, peuvent s’inscrire dans les axes suivants.</p> <h3 class="MsoNormal">1. Terminologie et identité</h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Il s’agit d’étudier les différents noms utilisés pour désigner les Pygmées et leur signification dans le contexte culturel et historique. Il sera extrêmement intéressant d’analyser la manière dont, en rapport avec l’onomastique, ces groupes eux-mêmes se perçoivent et se représentent à travers leurs traditions, leurs mythes et leurs modes de vie en relation avec la forêt.</p> <h3>2. Violation des droits humains</h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Il sera question d’examiner les formes de discrimination reposant sur les stéréotypes que subissent les Pygmées, notamment en matière d’accès à l’éducation, aux soins de santé et à la justice. L’on s’intéressera également aux incidences de l’exploitation forestière et minière, de l’agriculture intensive et l’extension territoriale de leurs voisins sur les terres ancestrales des « Pygmées », entraînant des expulsions, une perte de moyens de subsistance et des valeurs traditionnelles.</p> <h3><strong>3. Exploitation économique</strong></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Les contributeurs s’intéressant à cet axe doivent se proposer d’étudier comment, sur la base d’un certain nombre de représentations, les « Pygmées » sont économiquement exploités dans divers secteurs d’activités, où ils sont sous-payés : exploitation forestière, agriculture, industries extractives, arts (musical, plastique, divinatoire, thérapeutique), tourisme, etc.</p> <h3>4. Représentation politique et inclusion</h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">L’on s’intéressera ici à l’absence des « Pygmées » dans les instances politiques ainsi qu’aux conséquences de cette exclusion sur leurs droits. Il sera également intéressant d’évaluer les efforts récents pour protéger les droits des « Pygmées », comme la création des chefferies des troisièmes degré dans leurs campements au Cameroun ou la loi sur la discrimination positive en RDC.</p> <h3>5. Résilience et stratégies de résistance</h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Les contributions s’inscrivant dans cet axe doivent avoir pour propos l’étude de la manière dont, en réaction à leur stigmatisation, les « Pygmées » ont développé des stratégies pour résister à la domination économique et sociale, y compris la préservation de leurs cultures. Sera également analysé le rôle des organisations locales et internationales dans la défense des droits des « Pygmées ».</p> <h1>Modalités de soumission</h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Les propositions doivent être des soumissions originales, non publiées.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Elles doivent être envoyées à : <strong>assipolo@yahoo.fr</strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Les auteurs sont invités à soumettre leurs propositions de façon privilégiée au format doc(x) (Word) ou odt (LibreOffice), sous forme d’avant-projet de 3 000 signes maximum</p> <h3>avant le 30 juin 2025</h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Leur acceptation vaudra encouragement, mais pas engagement de publication.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Après acceptation, les auteurs des propositions retenues seront notifiés au plus tard le<strong> 30 juillet 2025</strong>. Ils devront envoyer, avant le <strong>30 décembre 2025</strong>, une version définitive doc(x) (Word) ou odt (LibreOffice) au format respectant les instructions qui leur seront données.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Chaque article sera préalablement examiné par le comité de lecture et pourra éventuellement être retourné à l’auteur si des interventions importantes sont nécessaires. Les articles dont le taux de plagiat (contenus générés par l’intelligence artificielle [IA] inclus) dépassent 5 % seront systématiquement rejetés.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Les contributeurs peuvent utiliser l’IA pour améliorer la lisibilité et la langue, mais pas pour remplacer des tâches essentielles de recherche. Ils s’obligent à divulguer dans leurs manuscrits l’utilisation d’outils d’IA dans le processus d’écriture. Cela inclut une mention explicite dans le texte, ce qui permettra d’informer les lecteurs sur le rôle de l’IA dans la création du contenu.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Les articles retenus par le comité de lecture seront expertisés par au moins deux experts. Une partie des experts sont membres du comité scientifique, l’autre est constituée de relecteurs externes. En cas de désaccord entre experts, un troisième relecteur est sollicité.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">La publication de l’ouvrage est prévue en<strong> mars 2026. </strong>Le choix de l'éditeur n'a pas encore été arrêté.<strong><br></strong></p> <h1 class="MsoNormal">Comité scientifique</h1> <ul> <li class="MsoNormal">Alain Fleury Ekorong (Université de Douala)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Brice Arsène Mankou (CIRAM, ULAVAL)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Ernest Messina Mvogo (Université de Douala)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Jean Pierre Nguede Ngono (IMAF-Cieraa)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Jeannette Wogaing (Université de Douala)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Kenta Sakanashi (Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Moufoutaou Adjeran (Université d’Abomey Calavi)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Papa Demba Fall (Université Cheick Anta Diop)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Patrice Bigombe Logo (GRAPS/ Université de Yaoundé II)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Pierre Essengue (Université de Yaoundé I)</li> </ul> <h2 class="MsoNormal">Comité de lecture</h2> <ul> <li class="MsoNormal">Aristide Bitouga (Université de Douala)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Bénédith Léonie Tiebou (Université de Bamenda)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Émilie Zola (Université de Kinshasa)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">François Guebou Tadjuidje (Université de Maroua)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Irène Ornéla Guessele (Université catholique d’Afrique centrale)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Jean Claude Moungo (Université de Yaoundé I)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Jean-Marie Yombo (Université de Bertoua)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Marcel Nkouandou (Université de Douala)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Roméo Damase Tchanga (Université de Douala)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Souleymanou Amadou (Université de Douala)</li> </ul> <h1>Bibliographie indicative</h1> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Amossy, R., & Herschberg Pierrot, A. (2021). <em>Stéréotypes et clichés</em> (éd. 4). Paris : Armand Colin.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Arcand, B. (1988). Il n’y a jamais eu de société de chasseurs-cueilleurs. <em>Anthropologie et Sociétés, 12 </em>(1), pp. 39–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.7202/015004ar.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Bahuchet, S. (1993). L’invention des Pygmées. <em>Cahiers d’études africaines, 33 </em>(129), pp. 153-181. doi:https://doi.org/10.3406/cea.1993.2078.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Bahuchet, S. (2012). Pygmées ou « Pygmées » ? Quelques étapes pour une meilleure compréhension du complexe des communautés sylvestres d’Afrique centrale. <em>Journal des Africanistes, 8 </em>(1/2), pp. 5-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.4000/africanistes.4251.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Bellier, I. (2013). <em>Peuples autochtones dans le monde. Les enjeux de la reconnaissance.</em> Paris : L’Harmattan.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Bigombe Logo, P. (2007). <em>Les régimes de la tenure forestière et leurs incidences sur la gestion des forêts et la lutte contre la pauvreté au Cameroun.</em> Yaoundé : FAO.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Christophe, B., & Laurence, B. (2021). Parcours d’une résistance silencieuse dans les forêts du Cameroun. <em>Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer, 284</em>, pp. 383-415. doi:https://doi.org/10.4000/com.13294.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Epelboin, A. (2012). Fierté pygmée et « pygmitude » : racismes et discriminations positives. <em>Journal des africanistes, 82 </em>(1/2), pp. 73-105. doi:https://doi.org/10.4000/africanistes.4280.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Froment, A. (1993). Adaptation biologique et variation dans l’espèce humaine : le cas des Pygmées d’Afrique. <em>Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d’anthropologie de Paris, 5 </em>(3-4), pp. 417-448. doi:https://doi.org/10.3406/bmsap.1993.2371.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Marine, R. (2012). De la nécessité d’étudier les relations interethniques pour appréhender la dynamique du changement : le cas des Baka et des Fang-Mvè de Minvoul (Gabon). <em>Journal des africanistes, 82 </em>(1/2), pp. 137-165. doi:https://doi.org/10.4000/africanistes.4335.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Morin, F. (1994). De l’Ethnie à l’Autochtonie. <em>Caravelle </em>(63), pp. 161-173. doi:https://doi.org/10.3406/carav.1994.2612.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Morin, F. (2006). L’Autochtonie, forme d’ethnicité ou exemple d’ethnogenèse ? <em>Parcours anthropologiques </em>(6), pp. 54-64. doi:https://doi.org/10.4000/pa.1903.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Ramirez Rozzi, F. (2015). Les Pygmées — Histoire d’une rencontre, origines d’une dénomination, évolution des représentations. <em>Images & Mémoire</em>, pp. 13-20. doi:https://hal.science/hal-03357391v1.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Robillard, M., & Bahuchet, S. (2012). Les Pygmées et les autres : terminologie, catégorisation et politique. <em>Journal des Africanistes, 8 </em>(1/2), pp. 15-51. doi:https://doi.org/10.4000/africanistes.4253.</p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">Salès-Wuillemin, É. (2006). <em>La catégorisation et les stéréotypes en psychologie sociale.</em> Paris : Dunod.</p> </div> </div> <div id="categories" class="cat"> <p class="intitule">Catégories</p> <ul> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=276">Représentations</a> (Catégorie principale)</li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=200">Sociétés</a> > <a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=213">Ethnologie, anthropologie</a> > <a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=214">Anthropologie sociale</a></li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=200">Sociétés</a> > <a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=213">Ethnologie, anthropologie</a> > <a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=215">Anthropologie culturelle</a></li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=200">Sociétés</a> > <a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=251">Droit</a> > <a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=253">Sociologie du droit</a></li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=327">Espaces</a> > <a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=328">Afrique</a> > <a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=331">Afrique subsaharienne</a> > <a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=334">Afrique centrale</a></li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=259">Esprit et Langage</a> > <a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=276">Représentations</a> > <a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=281">Identités culturelles</a></li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=200">Sociétés</a> > <a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=228">Histoire</a> > <a href="search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=235">Histoire sociale</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="lieux"> <p class="intitule">Lieux</p> <ul> <li class="location"> Université de Douala <br/> Douala, Cameroun </li> </ul> </div> <div id="eventformats"><br></div> <div id="dates"> <p class="intitule">Dates</p> <ul> <li>lundi 30 juin 2025</li> </ul> </div> <div id="motscles"> <p class="intitule">Mots-clés</p> <ul> <li>Pygmées, marginalisation, résilience, exploitation, identité</li> </ul> </div> <div id="source"> <p class="intitule">Source de l'information</p> <ul> <li>Laurain Assipolo<br/><em>courriel :</em> assipolo [at] yahoo [dot] fr</li> </ul> </div> <div id="license"> <p class="intitule">Licence</p> <p><a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><img alt="CC-BY-4.0" class="cc" src="images/ccby-88x31.png" /></a> Cette annonce est mise à disposition selon les termes de la <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons - Attribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0</a>.</p> </div> <div id="citation"> <p class="intitule">Pour citer cette annonce</p> <p>Assipolo Laurain, « Les « Pygmées » d’Afrique centrale : marges, marginalité, marginalisation et résilience », <span class="category">Appel à contribution</span>, <em>Calenda</em>, Publié le lundi 27 janvier 2025, <a class="url" href="https://doi.org/10.58079/1361p">https://doi.org/10.58079/1361p</a></p> </div> 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