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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Late Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Ruthenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Ruthenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Modern Ruthenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Ruthenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruthenium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruthenium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ruthenium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruthenium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruthenia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="روتينيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روتينيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniya" title="Ruteniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ruteniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Рутэнія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рутэнія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%A8nia" title="Rutènia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rutènia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenien" title="Rutenien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rutenien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenien" title="Ruthenien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ruthenien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="روسینیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روسینیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%C3%A9nie" title="Ruthénie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ruthénie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%ED%85%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="루테니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루테니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ռուտենիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուտենիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenija" title="Rutenija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rutenija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რუთენია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუთენია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ruthenia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roetheni%C3%AB" title="Roethenië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Roethenië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%A9nia" title="Ruténia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ruténia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ruthenia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="روثينيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روثينيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="ルテニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルテニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%A8nia" title="Rutènia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rutènia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%AAnia" title="Rutênia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rutênia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рутения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рутения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%A8nia" title="Rutènia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rutènia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenija" title="Rutenija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rutenija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Рутенија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рутенија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenien" title="Rutenien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rutenien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenya" title="Rutenya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rutenya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Рутенія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рутенія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ruthenia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="魯塞尼亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="魯塞尼亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1147883#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ruthenia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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searchaux" style="display:none">Medieval exonym for Rus'</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ruthenia (disambiguation)">Ruthenia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png/220px-Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png/330px-Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png/440px-Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Rus' land/Ruthenia in yellow, Kievan Rus' under Oleg the Wise in gray, 862-912</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Ruthenia</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>, originally used in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a>, as one of several terms for <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Rus'</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, the term <i>Rus' land</i> referred to a triangular area, which mainly corresponds to the tribe of <a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Polans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Ukraine" title="Dnieper Ukraine">Dnieper Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ruthenia</i> was used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> people of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, mainly to <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, corresponding to the territories of modern <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Volhynia" title="Principality of Volhynia">Eastern Poland</a> and some of western <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nazarenko2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarenko2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magocsi2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magocsi2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, in a broader sense, the term was used to refer to all the territories under <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan dominion</a> (mostly East Slavs).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a> (1772–1918), corresponding to parts of <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a>, was referred to as <i>Ruthenia</i> and its people as <i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Magocsi2010_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magocsi2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_nationality" title="History of Ukrainian nationality">Ukrainian national identity</a> gradually dominating over much of present-day Ukraine in the 19th and 20th centuries, the endonym <i><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyn</a></i> is now mostly used among a minority of peoples on the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%27,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" title="Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia</a></div> <p>The word <i>Ruthenia</i> originated as a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> designation of the region its people called <a href="/wiki/Rus_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus (name)"><i>Rus'</i></a>. During the Middle Ages, writers in English and other Western European languages applied the term to lands inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Slavs">Eastern Slavs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rusia</i> or <i>Ruthenia</i> appears in the 1520 Latin treatise <i>Mores, leges et ritus omnium gentium, per Ioannem Boëmum, Aubanum, Teutonicum ex multis clarissimis rerum scriptoribus collecti</i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Boemus" title="Johann Boemus">Johann Boemus</a>. In the chapter <i>De Rusia sive Ruthenia, et recentibus Rusianorum moribus</i> ("About Rus', or Ruthenia, and modern customs of the Rus'"), Boemus tells of a country extending from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don River</a> to the northern ocean. It is a source of <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> harbor many animals with valuable <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>, and the capital city <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (<i>Moscovia</i>), named after the <a href="/wiki/Moskva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River">Moskva River</a> (<i>Moscum amnem</i>), is 14 miles in circumference.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Danish diplomat <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Ulfeldt_(1535%E2%80%931593)" title="Jacob Ulfeldt (1535–1593)">Jacob Ulfeldt</a>, who traveled to <a href="/wiki/Muscovy_(Grand_Duchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscovy (Grand Duchy)">Muscovy</a> in 1578 to meet with <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Ivan_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Ivan IV">Tsar Ivan IV</a>, titled his posthumously (1608) published memoir <i>Hodoeporicon Ruthenicum</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("Voyage to Ruthenia").<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruthenian_Lion,_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ruthenian_Lion%2C_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg/220px-Ruthenian_Lion%2C_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ruthenian_Lion%2C_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg/330px-Ruthenian_Lion%2C_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ruthenian_Lion%2C_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg/440px-Ruthenian_Lion%2C_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_lion" title="Ruthenian lion">Ruthenian lion</a>, which was used as a representative coat of arms of Ruthenia during the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a> in the 15th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In Kievan Rus', the name <i>Rus'</i>, or <i>Rus'ka zemlia</i> (land of Rus'), described the lands between <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav" title="Pereiaslav">Pereyaslav</a>, corresponding to the tribe of <a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Polanians</a>, which started to identify themself as Rus' (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Русь, Русини</span>) approximately in 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png/220px-Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png/330px-Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png/440px-Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption><i>Rus' land</i>/<i>Ruthenia</i> in the core sense.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LightSalmon; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1. After <a href="/wiki/Petro_Tolochko" title="Petro Tolochko">Petro Tolochko</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 2. After A. M. Nasonov</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LimeGreen; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 3. After <a href="/wiki/Boris_Rybakov" title="Boris Rybakov">Boris Rybakov</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>In a broader sense, this name also referred to all territories under control of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_princes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan princes">Kievan princes</a>, and the initial area of Rus' land served as their <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropole</a>, yet this wider meaning declined when Kiev lost its power over majority of principalities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol Invasion of Kievan Rus'</a> and a massive devastation of the core territory, the name <i>Rus'</i> was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galician-Volhynian principality</a>, which declared itself as <i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Rus'">Kingdom of Rus'</a></i>. </p><p>European manuscripts dating from the 11th century used the name <i>Ruthenia</i> to describe <a href="/wiki/Rus_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus (region)">Rus'</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the wider area occupied by the early Rus' (commonly referred to as <i>Kievan Rus</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>). This term was also used to refer to the Slavs of the island of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to other Baltic Slavs, whom 12th-century chroniclers portrayed as fierce pirate pagans—even though <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus' had converted to Christianity</a> by the 10th century:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (May 2021)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Eupraxia_of_Kiev" title="Eupraxia of Kiev">Eupraxia</a>, the daughter of <i>Rutenorum rex</i> <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_I_of_Kiev" title="Vsevolod I of Kiev">Vsevolod I of Kiev</a>, had married the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> in 1089.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the devastating <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongolian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">occupation of the main part of Ruthenia</a> which began in the 13th century, western Ruthenian principalities became incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, after which the state became called the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Kingdom">Polish Kingdom</a> also took the title King of Ruthenia<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it annexed Galicia. These titles were merged when the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> was formed. A small part of Rus' (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Transcarpathia</a>, now mainly a part of <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a> in present-day Ukraine), became subordinated to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1996385_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1996385-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kings of Hungary continued using the title "King of Galicia and Lodomeria" until 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_Middle_Ages">Late Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_the_Russian_lands" title="Gathering of the Russian lands">Gathering of the Russian lands</a></div> <p>By the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Moscow principality</a> had established its sovereignty over a large portion of former Kievan territory and began to fight Lithuania over Ruthenian lands.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1547, the Moscow principality adopted the title of <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsardom of Rus">The Great Principat of Moscow and Tsardom of the Whole Rus</a> and claimed sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/All_the_Russias" class="mw-redirect" title="All the Russias">"all the Rus'"</a> — acts not recognized by its neighbour Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muscovy population was <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and preferred to use the Greek transliteration <i>Rossiya</i> (Ῥωσία)<sup id="cite_ref-Kamusella2008_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamusella2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than the Latin "Ruthenia". </p><p>In the 14th century, the southern territories of Rus', including the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, became part of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, which in 1384 united with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> in a union which became the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> in 1569. Due to their usage of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>, they were usually denoted by the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name <i>Ruthenia</i>. Other spellings were also used in Latin, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and other languages during this period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Contemporaneously, the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthenian Voivodeship</a> was established in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Galicia-Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia-Volhynia">Galicia-Volhynia</a> and existed until the 18th century. </p><p>These southern territories include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Галич-Волинь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Halych-Volyn</i></span> or <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Галицько-Волинське королівство</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Halytsko-Volynske korolivstvo</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Ruś Halicko-Wołyńska</i> or <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Księstwo halicko-wołyńskie</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Галич</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Halych</i></span> or <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Галицько-Волинська Русь</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Halytsko-Volynska Rus</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Ruś Halicka</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Ruthenia" title="White Ruthenia">White Ruthenia</a>, (eastern part of modern <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Белая Русь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">Belaia Rus</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Ruś Biała</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Ruthenia" title="Black Ruthenia">Black Ruthenia</a> (a western part of modern Belarus; <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Чорная Русь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">Chornaia Rus</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Ruś Czarna</i>)</li> <li>Galicia, or <a href="/wiki/Red_Ruthenia" title="Red Ruthenia">Red Ruthenia</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and southeast Poland; (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Червона Русь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Chervona Rus</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Ruś Czerwona</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Карпатська Русь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Karpatska Rus</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Ruś Podkarpacka</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Subcarpathian Ruthenia')</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russian Tsardom</a> was officially called <i>Velikoye Knyazhestvo Moskovskoye (Великое Княжество Московское),</i> the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a>, until 1547, although <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a> (1440–1505, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1462–1505</span>) had earlier borne the title "Great Tsar of All Russia".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language#Development" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian language § Development</a></div> <p>During the early modern period, the term <i>Ruthenia</i> started to be mostly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthenian lands of the Polish Crown</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> declared himself the ruler of <i>the Ruthenian state</i> to the Polish representative <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kysil" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Kysil">Adam Kysil</a> in February 1649.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Source is in Ukrainian, where the native term is used instead (July 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Rus%27_(1658)" title="Grand Principality of Rus' (1658)">Grand Principality of Ruthenia</a> was the project name of the Cossack Hetmanate integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Ruthenian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of the term <i>Rus/Russia</i> in the lands of Rus' survived longer as a name used by <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> for Ukraine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrian monarchy</a> made the vassal state of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia–Lodomeria</a> into a province in 1772, Habsburg officials realized that the local <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic people</a> were distinct from both <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> and still called themselves <i>Rus.</i> This was true until the empire fell in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1880s through the first decade of the 20th century, the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> <i>Ukrainian</i> spread, and the term <i>Ukraine</i> became a substitute for <i>Malaya Rus'</i> among the Ukrainian population of the empire. In the course of time, the term <i>Rus</i> became restricted to western parts of present-day Ukraine (<a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a>/Halych, <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>), an area where Ukrainian nationalism competed with <a href="/wiki/Russophiles_of_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophiles of Galicia">Galician Russophilia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1996408-409,444_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1996408-409,444-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 20th century, the term <i>Ukraine</i> had mostly replaced <i>Malorussia</i> in those lands, and by the mid-1920s in the Ukrainian diaspora in <a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">North America</a> as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Rusyn</i> (the Ruthenian) has been an official self-identification of the Rus' population in Poland (and also in <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>). Until 1939, for many Ruthenians and Poles, the word <i>Ukrainiec</i> (Ukrainian) meant a person involved in or friendly to a nationalist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Ruthenia">Modern Ruthenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern Ruthenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West-Ukraine_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West-Ukraine_1918.jpg/200px-West-Ukraine_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West-Ukraine_1918.jpg/300px-West-Ukraine_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West-Ukraine_1918.jpg/400px-West-Ukraine_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption> Map of the areas claimed and controlled by the Carpathian Ruthenia, the Lemko Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic in 1918</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg&lang=en" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg/250px-Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg/330px-Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg/500px-Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Autonomous Subcarpathian Ruthenia and independent Carpatho-Ukraine 1938–1939.</figcaption></figure> <p>After 1918, the name <i>Ruthenia</i> became narrowed to the area south of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">карпатська Русь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">karpatska Rus</i></span>, including the cities of <a href="/wiki/Mukachevo" title="Mukachevo">Mukachevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod" title="Uzhhorod">Uzhhorod</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Prešov</a>) and populated by <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Carpatho-Ruthenians</a>, a group of East Slavic highlanders. While Galician Ruthenians considered themselves Ukrainians, the Carpatho-Ruthenians were the last East Slavic people who kept the historical name (<i>Ruthen</i> is a Latin form of the Slavic <i>rusyn</i>). Today, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyn</a></i> is used to describe the ethnicity and language of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>, who are not compelled to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian national identity</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Kárpátalja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Закарпаття</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Zakarpattia</i></span>) became <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">part of the newly founded Hungarian Kingdom</a> in 1000. In May 1919, it was incorporated with nominal autonomy into the provisional <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak state</a> as <i>Subcarpathian Rus'</i>. Since then, Ruthenian people have been divided into three orientations: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Russophiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Russophiles">Russophiles</a>, who saw Ruthenians as part of the Russian nation; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainophilia" title="Ukrainophilia">Ukrainophiles</a>, who like their Galician counterparts across the Carpathian Mountains considered Ruthenians part of the Ukrainian nation; and Ruthenophiles, who claimed that Carpatho-Ruthenians were a separate nation and who wanted to develop a native <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn language</a> and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (April 2018)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1938, under the Nazi regime in Germany, there were calls in the German press for the independence of a greater Ukraine, which would include Ruthenia, parts of Hungary, the Polish Southeast including Lviv, the Crimea, and Ukraine, including Kyiv and Kharkiv. (These calls were described in the French and Spanish press as "troublemaking".)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 March 1939, the Ukrainophile president of Carpatho-Ruthenia, <a href="/wiki/Avhustyn_Voloshyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Avhustyn Voloshyn">Avhustyn Voloshyn</a>, declared its independence as <a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a>. On the same day, regular troops of the Royal Hungarian Army occupied and annexed the region. In 1944 the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> occupied the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">territory</a>, and in 1945 it was annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>. Rusyns were not an officially recognized ethnic group in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, as the Soviet government considered them to be Ukrainian. </p><p>A Rusyn minority remained, after World War II, in eastern <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>). According to critics, the Ruthenians rapidly became <a href="/wiki/Slovakization" title="Slovakization">Slovakized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995 the Ruthenian written language became standardized.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine#Independent_Ukraine_(1991_to_present)" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Ukrainian independence and dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> (1990–91), the official position of the government and some Ukrainian politicians has been that the Rusyns are an integral part of the Ukrainian nation. Some of the population of <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a> of Ukraine have identified as Rusyn (or Boyko, Hutsul, Lemko etc.) first and foremost; a subset of this second group has, nevertheless, considered Rusyns to be part of a broader Ukrainian national identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ruthenium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1844, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_Claus" title="Karl Ernst Claus">Karl Ernst Claus</a>, Russian naturalist and chemist of <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic German">Baltic German</a> origin, isolated the element <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> from <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> ore found in the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>. Claus named the element after <i>Ruthenia</i> to honor <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruthenia and Kievan domains during Askold and Dir and Oleg the Wise (862–912)"><img alt="Ruthenia and Kievan domains during Askold and Dir and Oleg the Wise (862–912)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png/97px-Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png/145px-Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png/193px-Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruthenia and Kievan domains during Askold and Dir and Oleg the Wise (862–912)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_(1054-1132)_en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054–1132)"><img alt="Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054–1132)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg/83px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg/124px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg/166px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="870" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054–1132)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korolivstvo_Ruske_13-14_stolittia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Ruthenia (13th-14th century)"><img alt="Kingdom of Ruthenia (13th-14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Korolivstvo_Ruske_13-14_stolittia.png/120px-Korolivstvo_Ruske_13-14_stolittia.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Korolivstvo_Ruske_13-14_stolittia.png/250px-Korolivstvo_Ruske_13-14_stolittia.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kingdom of Ruthenia (13th-14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ruskie_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruthenian Voivoideship (14th-18th century)"><img alt="Ruthenian Voivoideship (14th-18th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ruskie_map.svg/120px-RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ruskie_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ruskie_map.svg/250px-RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ruskie_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruthenian Voivoideship (14th-18th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Principality of Ruthenia shown in dark yellow (1658 project)"><img alt="Grand Principality of Ruthenia shown in dark yellow (1658 project)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png/120px-Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png/180px-Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png/240px-Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grand Principality of Ruthenia shown in dark yellow (1658 project)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe,_Casimir_Delamarre,_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""ruthenian languages and people" mentioned in the linguistic and political map of Eastern Europe by Casimir Delamarre (1868)"><img alt=""ruthenian languages and people" mentioned in the linguistic and political map of Eastern Europe by Casimir Delamarre (1868)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg/120px-Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg/250px-Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"ruthenian languages and people" mentioned in the linguistic and political map of Eastern Europe by Casimir Delamarre (1868)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_hungary_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1911 map of Austro-Hungary showing ethnic Ruthenians in light-green in eastern Galicia"><img alt="1911 map of Austro-Hungary showing ethnic Ruthenians in light-green in eastern Galicia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Austria_hungary_1911.jpg/120px-Austria_hungary_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Austria_hungary_1911.jpg/250px-Austria_hungary_1911.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1521" data-file-height="1155" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1911 map of Austro-Hungary showing ethnic Ruthenians in light-green in eastern Galicia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Rus%27_(1658)" title="Grand Principality of Rus' (1658)">Grand Principality of Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthenian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%27,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" title="Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Ruthenian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ruthenian (disambiguation)">Ruthenian (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_nobility" title="Ruthenian nobility">Ruthenian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_National_Government_(January_Uprising)" title="Polish National Government (January Uprising)">Polish National Government (January Uprising)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ruthenia</i> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rutenia</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Рутенія</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Rutenia</i></span> or <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Русь</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Rus</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Ruś</i>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Рутэнія, Русь</span>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Рутения, Русь</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMägi2018" class="citation book cs1">Mägi, Marika (2018). <i>In Austrvegr: the role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age communication across the Baltic Sea</i>. Leiden: Brill. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004363816" title="Special:BookSources/9789004363816"><bdi>9789004363816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Austrvegr%3A+the+role+of+the+Eastern+Baltic+in+Viking+Age+communication+across+the+Baltic+Sea&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789004363816&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4gi&rft.aufirst=Marika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMotsia2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Motsia, Oleksandr (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/5284/02-Motsya.pdf"><bdi lang="uk">«Руська» термінологія в Київському та Галицько-Волинському літописних зводах</bdi></a> ["Ruthenian" question in Kyiv and Halych-Volyn annalistic codes] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Arkheolohiia</i> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6084%2FM9.FIGSHARE.1492467.V1">10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1492467.V1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0235-3490">0235-3490</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202101523/http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/5284/02-Motsya.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkheolohiia&rft.atitle=%C2%AB%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%C2%BB+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6084%2FM9.FIGSHARE.1492467.V1&rft.issn=0235-3490&rft.aulast=Motsia&rft.aufirst=Oleksandr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.nbuv.gov.ua%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F5284%2F02-Motsya.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGasparovRaevsky-Hughes2021" class="citation book cs1">Gasparov, Boris; Raevsky-Hughes, Olga (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520309180/california-slavic-studies-volume-xvi"><i>California Slavic Studies, Volume XVI: Slavic Culture in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Univ of California Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30918-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30918-0"><bdi>978-0-520-30918-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California+Slavic+Studies%2C+Volume+XVI%3A+Slavic+Culture+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2021-07&rft.isbn=978-0-520-30918-0&rft.aulast=Gasparov&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft.au=Raevsky-Hughes%2C+Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook%2F9780520309180%2Fcalifornia-slavic-studies-volume-xvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nazarenko2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nazarenko2001_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNazarenko2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Nazarenko" title="Aleksandr Nazarenko">Nazarenko, Aleksandr Vasilevich</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814143443/http://dgve.csu.ru/download/Nazarenko_2001_01.djvu">"1. Имя "Русь" в древнейшей западноевропейской языковой традиции (XI-XII века)"</a> [The name Rus' in the old tradition of Western European language (XI-XII centuries)]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ80AAAAMAAJ"><bdi lang="ru">Древняя Русь на международных путях: междисциплинарные очерки культурных, торговых, политических связей IX-XII веков</bdi></a> [<i>Old Rus' on international routes: Interdisciplinary Essays on cultural, trade, and political ties in the 9th-12th centuries</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(DJVU)</span> (in Russian). Languages of the Rus' culture. pp. 40, <span class="nowrap">42–</span>45, <span class="nowrap">49–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7859-0085-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7859-0085-1"><bdi>978-5-7859-0085-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dgve.csu.ru/download/Nazarenko_2001_01.djvu">the original</a> on 14 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+%D0%98%D0%BC%D1%8F+%22%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%22+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%28XI-XII+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%29&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85%3A+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%2C+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9+IX-XII+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.pages=40%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E45%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Languages+of+the+Rus%27+culture&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-5-7859-0085-1&rft.aulast=Nazarenko&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+Vasilevich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdgve.csu.ru%2Fdownload%2FNazarenko_2001_01.djvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magocsi2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Magocsi2010_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magocsi2010_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TA1zVKTTsXUC&pg=PA73"><i>A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7"><bdi>978-1-4426-1021-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2017</span>. <q>Besides the Greco-Byzantine term <i>Rosia</i> to describe Rus', Latin documents used several related terms – <i>Ruscia</i>, <i>Russia</i>, <i>Ruzzia</i> – for Kievan Rus' as a whole. Subsequently, the terms <i>Ruteni</i> and <i>Rutheni</i> were used to describe Ukrainian and Belarusan Eastern Christians (especially members of the Uniate, later Greek Catholic, Church) residing in the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The German, French, and English versions of those terms – <i>Ruthenen</i>, <i>Ruthène</i>, <i>Ruthenian</i> – generally were applied only to the inhabitants of Austrian Galicia and Bukovina of Hungarian Transcarpathia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine%3A+The+Land+and+Its+Peoples&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1021-7&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTA1zVKTTsXUC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Handbook of language and ethnic identity. Vol. 2: The success-failure continuum in language and ethnic identity efforts, volume 2</i>. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 2011. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195392456" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195392456"><bdi>978-0195392456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+language+and+ethnic+identity.+Vol.+2%3A+The+success-failure+continuum+in+language+and+ethnic+identity+efforts%2C+volume+2&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0195392456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyczok2000" class="citation book cs1">Dyczok, Marta (2000). <i>Ukraine: movement without change, change without movement</i>. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publ. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789058230263" title="Special:BookSources/9789058230263"><bdi>9789058230263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+movement+without+change%2C+change+without+movement&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Harwood+Academic+Publ&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789058230263&rft.aulast=Dyczok&rft.aufirst=Marta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The later middle ages</i> (Fifth ed.). North York, Ontario, Canada Tonawanda, New York Plymouth: University of Toronto Press. 2016. p. 699. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442634374" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442634374"><bdi>978-1442634374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+later+middle+ages&rft.place=North+York%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada+Tonawanda%2C+New+York+Plymouth&rft.pages=699&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1442634374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2015" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul Robert (2015). <i>With their backs to the mountains: a history of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns</i>. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6155053399" title="Special:BookSources/978-6155053399"><bdi>978-6155053399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+their+backs+to+the+mountains%3A+a+history+of+Carpathian+Rus%27+and+Carpatho-Rusyns&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-6155053399&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. 2011. <q>Rvcia hatte Rutenia and is a prouynce of Messia (J. Trevisa, 1398).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Armstrong" title="John Alexander Armstrong">Armstrong, John Alexander</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3RGDgAAQBAJ"><i>Nations Before Nationalism</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press (published 2017). p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469620725" title="Special:BookSources/9781469620725"><bdi>9781469620725</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>From the linguistic standpoint, the results of this catastrophe [the Mongol invasion] somewhat resemble the collapse of the Roman empire for the latin-speaking peoples. Like the great 'Romania' of the Western Middle Ages, there was a great 'Ruthenia' in which common linguistic origin and some measure of mutual comprehensibility was assumed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+Before+Nationalism&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9781469620725&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=John+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3RGDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFМыльников1999" class="citation book cs1">Мыльников, Александр (1999). <i>Картина славянского мира: взгляд из Восточной Европы: Представления об этнической номинации и этничности XVI-начала XVIII века</i>. Saint Petersburg: Петербургское востоковедение. pp. <span class="nowrap">129–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85803-117-X" title="Special:BookSources/5-85803-117-X"><bdi>5-85803-117-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%3A+%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%3A+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+XVI-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+XVIII+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.place=Saint+Petersburg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=5-85803-117-X&rft.aulast=%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFСынкова2007" class="citation journal cs1">Сынкова, Ірына (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belhistory.eu/iryna-synkova-yogan-baemus-i-yago-kniga-%E2%80%9Enoravy-zakony-i-zvychai-%D1%9Esix-naroda%D1%9E%E2%80%9C/">"Ёган Баэмус і яго кніга "Норавы, законы і звычаі ўсіх народаў"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Беларускі Гістарычны Агляд</i>. <b>14</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96+%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4&rft.atitle=%D0%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81+%D1%96+%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0+%22%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%2C+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D1%96+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%96+%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%96%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%22&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%86%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belhistory.eu%2Firyna-synkova-yogan-baemus-i-yago-kniga-%25E2%2580%259Enoravy-zakony-i-zvychai-%25D1%259Esix-naroda%25D1%259E%25E2%2580%259C%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUlfeldt1608" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Ulfeldt_(1535%E2%80%931593)" title="Jacob Ulfeldt (1535–1593)">Ulfeldt, Jacob</a> (1608). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_JPAAAAcAAJ"><i>Hodoeporicon Ruthenicum, in quo de Moscovitarum Regione, Moribus, Religione, gubernatione, & Aula Imperatoria quo potuit compendio & eleganter exequitur [...]</i></a> (in Latin) (1 ed.). Frankfurt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hodoeporicon+Ruthenicum%2C+in+quo+de+Moscovitarum+Regione%2C+Moribus%2C+Religione%2C+gubernatione%2C+%26+Aula+Imperatoria+quo+potuit+compendio+%26+eleganter+exequitur+%5B...%5D&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.edition=1&rft.date=1608&rft.aulast=Ulfeldt&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF_JPAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKasinecDavis2006" class="citation book cs1">Kasinec, Edward; Davis, Robert H. (2006). "The Imagery of Early Anglo-Russian Relations". In Dmitrieva, Ol'ga; Abramova, Natalya (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=miIc_u3JuKwC"><i>Britannia & Muscovy: English Silver at the Court of the Tsars</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300116786" title="Special:BookSources/9780300116786"><bdi>9780300116786</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>[...] [Jacob Ulfeldt's] <i>Hodoeporicon Ruthenicum</i> ['Ruthenian Journey'] (Frankfurt, 1608 [...]) [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Imagery+of+Early+Anglo-Russian+Relations&rft.btitle=Britannia+%26+Muscovy%3A+English+Silver+at+the+Court+of+the+Tsars&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780300116786&rft.aulast=Kasinec&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Davis%2C+Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmiIc_u3JuKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolianians.htm">"Polianians"</a>. <i>www.encyclopediaofukraine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft.atitle=Polianians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%255CP%255CO%255CPolianians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orest Subtelny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diasporiana.org.ua/istoriya/11408-subtelny-o-ukraine-a-history/">"Ukraine. A History" (Fourth edition)</a>. Page 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=61lMAAAAIAAJ&q=ruthenia">"The Life of Otto, Apostle of Pomerania, 1060-1139"</a>. Society for promoting Christian knowledge. 28 July 1920 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Otto%2C+Apostle+of+Pomerania%2C+1060-1139&rft.pub=Society+for+promoting+Christian+knowledge&rft.date=1920-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D61lMAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Druthenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul2015" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Andrew (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/roksolany-s-ostrova-ryugen-hronika-nikolaya-marshalka-kak-primer-srednevekovoy-traditsii-otozhdestvleniya-ryugenskih-slavyan-i-russkih">"The Roxolani from Rügen: Nikolaus Marshalk's chronicle as an example of medieval tradition to associate the Rügen's Slavs with the Slavic Rus"</a>. <i>The Historical Format</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Format&rft.atitle=The+Roxolani+from+R%C3%BCgen%3A+Nikolaus+Marshalk%27s+chronicle+as+an+example+of+medieval+tradition+to+associate+the+R%C3%BCgen%27s+Slavs+with+the+Slavic+Rus&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Froksolany-s-ostrova-ryugen-hronika-nikolaya-marshalka-kak-primer-srednevekovoy-traditsii-otozhdestvleniya-ryugenskih-slavyan-i-russkih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NDJhAAAAcAAJ&q=rutenorum+regis+filiam"><i>Annales Augustani</i></a>. 1839. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales+Augustani&rft.pages=133&rft.date=1839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNDJhAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Drutenorum%2Bregis%2Bfiliam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParker1969" class="citation web cs1">Parker, William Henry (28 July 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_4rAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Lithuania+and+russia%22">"An Historical Geography of Russia"</a>. Aldine Publishing Company – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Geography+of+Russia&rft.pub=Aldine+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1969-07-28&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_4rAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Grand%2BDuchy%2Bof%2BLithuania%2Band%2Brussia%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKunitz1947" class="citation web cs1">Kunitz, Joshua (28 July 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5L1oAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Lithuania+and+russia%22">"Russia, the Giant that Came Last"</a>. Dodd, Mead – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+the+Giant+that+Came+Last&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1947-07-28&rft.aulast=Kunitz&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5L1oAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Grand%2BDuchy%2Bof%2BLithuania%2Band%2Brussia%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141204182032/http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/Content/20085/kw_03.html">Document Nr 1340 (CODEX DIPLOMATICUS MAIORIS POLONIA)</a>. POZNANIAE. SUMPTIBUS BIBLIOTHECAE KORNICENSIS. TYPIS J. I. KRASZEWSKI (Dr. W. ŁEBIŃSKI). 1879.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1996385-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1996385_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi1996">Magocsi 1996</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Dvornik1962" class="citation book cs1">Francis Dvornik (1962). <i>The Slavs in European History and Civilization</i>. Rutgers University Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813507996" title="Special:BookSources/9780813507996"><bdi>9780813507996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavs+in+European+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9780813507996&rft.au=Francis+Dvornik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Grand-Principality-of-Moscow">Grand Principality of Moscow</a> <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-III">Ivan III</a> <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dariusz Kupisz, Psków 1581–1582, Warszawa 2006, s. 55–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamusella2008-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella2008_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT._Kamusella2008" class="citation book cs1">T. Kamusella (16 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzkWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164"><i>The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-58347-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-58347-4"><bdi>978-0-230-58347-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Language+and+Nationalism+in+Modern+Central+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft.isbn=978-0-230-58347-4&rft.au=T.+Kamusella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzkWDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrepanier2010" class="citation book cs1">Trepanier, Lee (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-iYhlLgLXYQC"><i>Political Symbols in Russian History: Church, State, and the Quest for Order and Justice</i></a>. Lexington Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>39, 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739117897" title="Special:BookSources/9780739117897"><bdi>9780739117897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Symbols+in+Russian+History%3A+Church%2C+State%2C+and+the+Quest+for+Order+and+Justice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39%2C+60&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780739117897&rft.aulast=Trepanier&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-iYhlLgLXYQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izbornyk.org.ua/encycl/euii284.htm">"Khmelnychyna"</a>. <i>Izbornyk - History of Ukraine IX-XVIII centuries. Sources and Interpretations</i> (in Ukrainian). Encyclopedia of Ukrainian Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Izbornyk+-+History+of+Ukraine+IX-XVIII+centuries.+Sources+and+Interpretations&rft.atitle=Khmelnychyna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fizbornyk.org.ua%2Fencycl%2Feuii284.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Vernadsky" title="George Vernadsky">Vernadsky, George</a>. <i>A History of Russia</i> (1943–69). Pp. xix, 413. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-00247-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1996408-409,444-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1996408-409,444_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi1996">Magocsi 1996</a>, p. 408-409,444:"Throughout 1848, the Austrian government gave its support to the Ukrainians, both to their efforts to obtain recognition as a nationality and to their attempts to achieve political and cultural rights. In return, the Ukrainian leadership turned a blind eye to the political reaction and repressive measures that at the same time were being carried out by Habsburg authorities against certain other peoples in the empire" (pp. 408–409) ... "Most important from the standpoint of the debate as to the proper national orientation was the Austrian government's decision in 1893 to recognize the vernacular Ukrainian (Rusyn) language as the standard for instructional purposes. As a result of this decision, the Old Ruthenian and Russophile orientations were effectively eliminated from the all-important educational system" (pp. 444)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Potocki, Polityka państwa polskiego wobec zagadnienia ukraińskiego w latach 1930–1939, Lublin 2003, wyd. Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-917615-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/83-917615-4-1">83-917615-4-1</a>, s. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGabor1938" class="citation journal cs1">Gabor, Madame (Autumn 1938). "Ruthenia". <i>The Ashridge Journal</i>. <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">27–</span>39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ashridge+Journal&rft.atitle=Ruthenia&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Gabor&rft.aufirst=Madame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFabra1938" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fabra (18 December 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1934/06/15/pagina-7/33123533/pdf.html?search=Járkov">"ALEMANIA ESTA CREANDO UN NUEVOFOCO DE PERTURBACIONES EN UCRAINA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Vanguardia" title="La Vanguardia">La Vanguardia</a></i> (in Spanish). p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>«Le Figaro» [...] la creación de una Ucraina independiente [...] un mapa de los territorios de raza ucrainiana en que se incluye a la Rutenia, una parte de Hungría, el sureste de Polonia con la ciudad de Lwow, y toda la Ucraina soviética, con Crimea y las ciudades de Kiev y Jarkov</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Vanguardia&rft.atitle=ALEMANIA+ESTA+CREANDO+UN+NUEVOFOCO+DE+PERTURBACIONES+EN+UCRAINA&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1938-12-18&rft.au=Fabra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemeroteca.lavanguardia.com%2Fpreview%2F1934%2F06%2F15%2Fpagina-7%2F33123533%2Fpdf.html%3Fsearch%3DJ%C3%A1rkov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carpatho-rusyn.org/crs/homefund.htm">"The Rusyn Homeland Fund"</a>. carpatho-rusyn.org. 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rusyn+Homeland+Fund&rft.pub=carpatho-rusyn.org&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carpatho-rusyn.org%2Fcrs%2Fhomefund.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Robert Magocsi: <i>A new Slavic language is born</i>, in: Revue des études slaves, Tome 67, fascicule 1, 1995, pp. 238–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPitchkov1996" class="citation journal cs1">Pitchkov, V. N. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595/003214096X404181188">"The Discovery of Ruthenium"</a>. <i>Platinum Metals Review</i>. <b>40</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">181–</span>188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F003214096X404181188">10.1595/003214096X404181188</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:267553640">267553640</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609195008/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v40-i4-181-188">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+Ruthenium&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F003214096X404181188&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A267553640%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pitchkov&rft.aufirst=V.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1595%2F003214096X404181188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Europe:_A_History" title="Europe: A History">Europe: A History</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-097468-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-097468-0">0-06-097468-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi,_Paul_Robert1995" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litopys.org.ua/rizne/magocie.htm"><i>The Rusyn Question – Political Thought</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rusyn+Question+%E2%80%93+Political+Thought&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Magocsi%2C+Paul+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litopys.org.ua%2Frizne%2Fmagocie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul Robert</a> (1996). <i>A History of Ukraine</i>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-0830-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-0830-5"><bdi>0-8020-0830-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8020-0830-5&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ruthenia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ruthenians"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Ruthenians">"Ruthenians" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ruthenians&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravapis.org/art_white_russia.asp">Why is the "Russia" White?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120913051151/http://www.pravapis.org/art_white_russia.asp">Archived</a> 13 September 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> - a book review of Ales Biely's <i>Chronicle of Ruthenia Alba</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110126235948/http://hungarian-history.hu/lib/ruth/ruth00.htm">"Ruthenia – Spearhead Toward the West", by Senator Charles J. Hokky, Former Member of the Czechoslovakian Parliament (Book representing a Hungarian nationalist position)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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