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id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Czechoslovak_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Czechoslovak_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First Czechoslovak Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Czechoslovak_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Munich_Agreement,_and_Two-Step_German_Occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Munich_Agreement,_and_Two-Step_German_Occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Munich Agreement, and Two-Step German Occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Munich_Agreement,_and_Two-Step_German_Occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_and_Fourth_Republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_and_Fourth_Republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Third and Fourth Republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_and_Fourth_Republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>After 1989</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutional_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Constitutional development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heads_of_state_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heads_of_state_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Heads of state and government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heads_of_state_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_agreements_and_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_agreements_and_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>International agreements and membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_agreements_and_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_and_ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_and_ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Population and ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_and_ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Resource base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_and_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_and_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport and communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_and_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health,_social_welfare_and_housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health,_social_welfare_and_housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Health, social welfare and housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health,_social_welfare_and_housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Mass media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postage_stamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postage_stamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Postage stamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postage_stamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Czechoslovakia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 143 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-143" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">143 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjeggo-Slowakye" title="Tsjeggo-Slowakye – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjeggo-Slowakye" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechoslowakei" title="Tschechoslowakei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tschechoslowakei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B8%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8E%E1%89%AB%E1%8A%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ቸኮስሎቫኪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቸኮስሎቫኪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecoslofacia" title="Cecoslofacia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cecoslofacia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تشيكوسلوفاكيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشيكوسلوفاكيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checoslovaquia" title="Checoslovaquia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Checoslovaquia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C2%B7%C3%A8coslovaquie" title="Tch·ècoslovaquie – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tch·ècoslovaquie" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checoslovaquia" title="Checoslovaquia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Checoslovaquia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87exoslovakiya" title="Çexoslovakiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çexoslovakiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="چک ایسلواکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چک ایسلواکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="চেকোস্লোভাকিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চেকোস্লোভাকিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheskoslovakia" title="Cheskoslovakia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cheskoslovakia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехословакия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чехословакия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чэхаславакія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чэхаславакія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Чэхаславаччына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чэхаславаччына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsekoslobakya" title="Tsekoslobakya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tsekoslobakya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехословакия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чехословакия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechoslowakei" title="Tschechoslowakei – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tschechoslowakei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehoslova%C4%8Dka" title="Čehoslovačka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čehoslovačka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchekoslovakia" title="Tchekoslovakia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchekoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txecoslov%C3%A0quia" title="Txecoslovàquia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txecoslovàquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Чехословаки – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чехословаки" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceskoslovensko" title="Československo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Československo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Czechoslovakia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiecoslofacia" title="Tsiecoslofacia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsiecoslofacia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjekkoslovakiet" title="Tjekkoslovakiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tjekkoslovakiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تشيكوصلوڤاكيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تشيكوصلوڤاكيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechoslowakei" title="Tschechoslowakei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschechoslowakei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceskos%C5%82owakska" title="Českosłowakska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Českosłowakska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ehhoslovakkia" title="Tšehhoslovakkia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšehhoslovakkia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τσεχοσλοβακία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσεχοσλοβακία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checoslovaquia" title="Checoslovaquia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Checoslovaquia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88e%C4%A5oslovakio" title="Ĉeĥoslovakio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉeĥoslovakio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checoslovaquia" title="Checoslovaquia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Checoslovaquia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txekoslovakia" title="Txekoslovakia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txekoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="چکسلواکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چکسلواکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A9coslovaquie" title="Tchécoslovaquie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchécoslovaquie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjechoslowakije" title="Tsjechoslowakije – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsjechoslowakije" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecoslovachie" title="Cecoslovachie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cecoslovachie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSeicsl%C3%B3vaic" title="An tSeicslóvaic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSeicslóvaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_%C3%87heckoslovack" title="Yn Çheckoslovack – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Çheckoslovack" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Seic-Sl%C3%B2bhac" title="An t-Seic-Slòbhac – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Seic-Slòbhac" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checoslovaquia" title="Checoslovaquia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Checoslovaquia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%B0%94%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84" title="체코슬로바키아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체코슬로바키아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Չեխոսլովակիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չեխոսլովակիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="चेकोस्लोवाकिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चेकोस्लोवाकिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%9Bskos%C5%82owakska" title="Čěskosłowakska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čěskosłowakska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehoslova%C4%8Dka" title="Čehoslovačka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čehoslovačka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chekoslovakia" title="Chekoslovakia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chekoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cekoslowakia" title="Cekoslowakia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cekoslowakia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checoslovachia" title="Checoslovachia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Checoslovachia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchecoslovakia" title="Tchecoslovakia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Tchecoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Чехословаки – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чехословаки" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9kk%C3%B3sl%C3%B3vak%C3%ADa" title="Tékkóslóvakía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tékkóslóvakía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecoslovacchia" title="Cecoslovacchia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cecoslovacchia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="צ'כוסלובקיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'כוסלובקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9koslowakie" title="Cékoslowakie – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cékoslowakie" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಚೆಕೊಸ್ಲೊವೇಕಿಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೆಕೊಸ್ಲೊವೇಕಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехословакия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Чехословакия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩეხოსლოვაკია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩეხოსლოვაკია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехословакия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чехословакия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chekoslovakia" title="Chekoslovakia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chekoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехословакия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Чехословакия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ekoslovakya" title="Çekoslovakya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çekoslovakya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехословакия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чехословакия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chekoslovakia" title="Chekoslovakia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Chekoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8D" title="ເຊັກໂກສະໂລວາເກຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຊັກໂກສະໂລວາເກຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cechoslovacia" title="Cechoslovacia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cechoslovacia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehoslov%C4%81kija" title="Čehoslovākija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čehoslovākija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechoslowakei" title="Tschechoslowakei – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tschechoslowakei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cekoslovakija" title="Čekoslovakija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čekoslovakija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecoslovacchia" title="Cecoslovacchia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cecoslovacchia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjecho-Slowakije" title="Tsjecho-Slowakije – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsjecho-Slowakije" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecoslovacchia" title="Cecoslovacchia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cecoslovacchia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csehszlov%C3%A1kia" title="Csehszlovákia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csehszlovákia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="चेकोस्लोभाकिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चेकोस्लोभाकिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чехословачка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чехословачка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsek%C3%B4sl%C3%B4vakia" title="Tsekôslôvakia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsekôslôvakia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ചെക്കൊസ്ലൊവാക്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെക്കൊസ്ലൊവാക്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="चेकोस्लोव्हाकिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चेकोस्लोव्हाकिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩეხოსლოვაკია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩეხოსლოვაკია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تشيكوسلوفاكيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشيكوسلوفاكيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="چکسلواکی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چکسلواکی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Czechoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%93%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯁꯤꯓꯦꯀꯣꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯚꯥꯀꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯤꯓꯦꯀꯣꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯚꯥꯀꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Чехословак – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чехословак" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%86%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ချက်ကိုဆလိုဗားကီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချက်ကိုဆလိုဗားကီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjecho-Slowakije" title="Tsjecho-Slowakije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjecho-Slowakije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="चेकोस्लोभाकिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चेकोस्लोभाकिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2" title="チェコスロバキア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェコスロバキア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechoslowakei" title="Tschechoslowakei – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschechoslowakei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjekkoslovakia" title="Tsjekkoslovakia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjekkoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjekkoslovakia" title="Tsjekkoslovakia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjekkoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checoslovaquia" title="Checoslovaquia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Checoslovaquia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chexoslovakiya" title="Chexoslovakiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chexoslovakiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਚੈਕੋਸਲਵਾਕੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੈਕੋਸਲਵਾਕੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81" title="چیکوسلواکیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چیکوسلواکیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="چیکوسلواکيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چیکوسلواکيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A9coslovakie" title="Tchécoslovakie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tchécoslovakie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecoslovachia" title="Cecoslovachia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cecoslovachia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechos%C5%82owacja" title="Czechosłowacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czechosłowacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checoslov%C3%A1quia" title="Checoslováquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Checoslováquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cehoslovacia" title="Cehoslovacia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cehoslovacia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikusluwakya" title="Chikusluwakya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chikusluwakya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Чеськословеньско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чеськословеньско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехословакия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чехословакия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzecoslov%C3%A0chia" title="Tzecoslovàchia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tzecoslovàchia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakie" title="Czechoslovakie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Czechoslovakie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechoslowak%C3%A4i" title="Tschechoslowakäi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tschechoslowakäi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ekosllovakia" title="Çekosllovakia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çekosllovakia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecoslovacchia" title="Cecoslovacchia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cecoslovacchia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="චෙකොස්ලෝවැකියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චෙකොස්ලෝවැකියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Czechoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="چيڪوسلوواڪيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چيڪوسلوواڪيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesko-Slovensko" title="Česko-Slovensko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Česko-Slovensko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1koslova%C5%A1ka" title="Češkoslovaška – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Češkoslovaška" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8E%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%86%DA%A4%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="چێکۆسلۆڤاکیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چێکۆسلۆڤاکیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чехословачка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чехословачка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehoslova%C4%8Dka" title="Čehoslovačka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čehoslovačka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ekkoslovakia" title="Tšekkoslovakia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšekkoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjeckoslovakien" title="Tjeckoslovakien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tjeckoslovakien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Czechoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="செக்கோசிலோவாக்கியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செக்கோசிலோவாக்கியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехословакия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чехословакия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศเชโกสโลวาเกีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเชโกสโลวาเกีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехословакия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чехословакия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ekoslovakya" title="Çekoslovakya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çekoslovakya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Чехословаччина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чехословаччина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81" title="چیکو سلوواکیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیکو سلوواکیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecoslov%C3%A0chia" title="Cecoslovàchia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cecoslovàchia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehoslovakii" title="Čehoslovakii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čehoslovakii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%87p_Kh%E1%BA%AFc" title="Tiệp Khắc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiệp Khắc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsehhoslovakkia" title="Tsehhoslovakkia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsehhoslovakkia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="捷克斯洛伐克 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="捷克斯洛伐克" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjechoslovakeye" title="Tsjechoslovakeye – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tsjechoslovakeye" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Czechoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="捷克斯洛伐克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="捷克斯洛伐克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99" title="טשעכאסלאוואקיי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשעכאסלאוואקיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Czechoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="捷克斯洛伐克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="捷克斯洛伐克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ekoslowakya" title="Çekoslowakya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çekoslowakya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="捷克斯洛伐克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="捷克斯洛伐克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cexoslovakij%C9%99" title="Cexoslovakijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cexoslovakijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Czechoslovakia&params=50_05_N_14_25_E_region:CZ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°05′N</span> <span class="longitude">14°25′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.083°N 14.417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.083; 14.417</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Europe from 1918 to 1992</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>This article is about the former country in Central Europe. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>.</span> <span>For the band with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia_(band)" title="Czechoslovakia (band)">Czechoslovakia (band)</a>.</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"RČS" and "Rčs" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/RCS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="RCS (disambiguation)">RCS (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Czechoslovakia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Československo</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1918–1939<br />(1939–1945 <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Government-in-exile</a>)<br />1945–1992</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Flag of Czechoslovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Czechoslovakia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_and_Slovak_Federal_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_and_Slovak_Federal_Republic.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_and_Slovak_Federal_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_and_Slovak_Federal_Republic.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_and_Slovak_Federal_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_and_Slovak_Federal_Republic.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_and_Slovak_Federal_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1423" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span class="nowrap">'<a href="/wiki/Pravda_v%C3%ADt%C4%9Bz%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Pravda vítězí">Pravda vítězí</a> / Pravda víťazí' <br />(Czech / <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, 1918–1990)<br />'Veritas vincit' (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, 1990–1992)<br />'Az Igazság győzedelmeskedik' (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>)<br />'Truth prevails'</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> '<a href="/wiki/Kde_domov_m%C5%AFj" title="Kde domov můj"><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Kde domov můj</i></span> / <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Hol van hazám</i></span></a>' (Czech / Hungarian) <br />and <span title="Slovak-language text"><span lang="sk" style="font-style: normal;">'<a href="/wiki/Nad_Tatrou_sa_bl%C3%BDska" title="Nad Tatrou sa blýska">Nad Tatrou sa blýska</a>'</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Slovak)</span><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="101" data-mwtitle="Czechoslovakia_anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Czechoslovakia_anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Czechoslovakia_anthem.ogg/Czechoslovakia_anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Czechoslovakia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Czechoslovakia during the interwar period and the Cold War"><img alt="Czechoslovakia during the interwar period and the Cold War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Czechoslovakia_location_map.svg/250px-Czechoslovakia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Czechoslovakia_location_map.svg/375px-Czechoslovakia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Czechoslovakia_location_map.svg/500px-Czechoslovakia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="526" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Czechoslovakia during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Czechoslovakia&params=50_05_N_14_25_E_region:CZ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°05′N</span> <span class="longitude">14°25′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.083°N 14.417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.083; 14.417</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak</a>, after 1948 <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Recognised languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>German</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak people">Czechoslovak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Czechoslovakia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Republic</a><br />(1918–38)<br /><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Republic</a><br />(1938–39)<br /><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Republic</a><br />(1945–48)<br /><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Socialist Republic</a><br />(1948–89)<br /><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Federative Republic</a><br />(1990–92)</span><hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Details</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>(1918–1938, 1945–1948) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">Federal</a> authoritarian <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a>)<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>(1938–1939) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">Government-in-exile</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>(1939–1945) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist">Marxist-Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/Single-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-party">single-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>(1948–1969) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist">Marxist-Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/Single-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-party">single-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>(1969–1989) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>(1989–1992) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918–1935 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Masaryk" title="Tomáš Masaryk">Tomáš G. Masaryk</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap">1935–1938 <b>·</b> 1945–1948</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Edvard Beneš</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1938–1939 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Emil Hácha</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1948–1953 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1953–1957 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Z%C3%A1potock%C3%BD" title="Antonín Zápotocký">Antonín Zápotocký</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1957–1968 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD" title="Antonín Novotný">Antonín Novotný</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1968–1975 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_Svoboda" title="Ludvík Svoboda">Ludvík Svoboda</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1976–1989 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1989–1992 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">KSČ General Secretary / First Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1948–1953 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1953–1968 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD" title="Antonín Novotný">Antonín Novotný</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1968–1969 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1969–1987 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1987–1989 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918–1919 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karel_Kram%C3%A1%C5%99" title="Karel Kramář">Karel Kramář</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1992 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Str%C3%A1sk%C3%BD" title="Jan Stráský">Jan Stráský</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">Revolutionary National Assembly (1918–1920)<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="National Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">National Assembly</a> (1920–1939)<br /><a href="/wiki/Interim_National_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Interim National Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">Interim National Assembly</a> (1945–1946)<br /><a href="/wiki/Constituent_National_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Constituent National Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">Constituent National Assembly</a> (1946–1948)<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Communist_Czechoslovakia)" title="National Assembly (Communist Czechoslovakia)">National Assembly</a> (1948–1969)<br /><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">Federal Assembly</a> (1969–1992)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Proclamation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 October 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 1938</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">Partition</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 March 1939</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Re-establishment</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 May 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Coup d'état</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 February 1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Soviet occupation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 1968</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 – 28 November 1989</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1993</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1990 formula)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.897<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_koruna" title="Czechoslovak koruna">Czechoslovak koruna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Left (Pre 1939) right <a href="/wiki/Switch_to_right-hand_traffic_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia">(Post 1939)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B42" class="mw-redirect" title="+42">+42</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CS" title="ISO 3166-2:CS">CS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.cs" title=".cs">.cs</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn">Calling code +42 was withdrawn in the winter of 1997. The number range was divided between the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/%2B420" class="mw-redirect" title="+420">+420</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic">Slovak Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/%2B421" class="mw-redirect" title="+421">+421</a>).<br />Current <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">ISO 3166-3</a> code is "CSHH".</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Czechoslovakia</b><sup id="cite_ref-covenant_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-covenant-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>-/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/db\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Czechoslovakia.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Czechoslovakia.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Czechoslovakia.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Czechoslovakia.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Czechoslovakia.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl-Czechoslovakia.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Czechoslovakia.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">CHEK</span>-oh-sloh-<span style="font-size:90%">VAK</span>-ee-ə, <span style="font-size:90%">CHEK</span>-ə-, -⁠slə-, -⁠<span style="font-size:90%">VAH</span>-</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Československo</i>, <i>Česko-Slovensko</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-KulturaSlova_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KulturaSlova-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created in 1918, when it declared its independence from <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. In 1938, after the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> became part of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, while the country lost further territories to <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Olza" title="Trans-Olza">Poland</a> (the territories of southern Slovakia with a predominantly Hungarian population to Hungary and Zaolzie with a predominantly Polish population to Poland). Between 1939 and 1945, the state ceased to exist, as <a href="/wiki/Slovak_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak state">Slovakia</a> proclaimed its independence and <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> became part of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>, while the German <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> was proclaimed in the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Lands">Czech Lands</a>. In 1939, after the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, former Czechoslovak President <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Edvard Beneš</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">a government-in-exile</a> and sought recognition from the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Czechoslovakia was reestablished under its pre-1938 borders, with the exception of Carpathian Ruthenia, which became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a> (a republic of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party</a> seized power in a <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">coup in 1948</a>. From 1948 to 1989, Czechoslovakia was part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a>. Its economic status was formalized in membership of <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> from 1949 and its defense status in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> of 1955. A period of political liberalization in 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>, ended when the Soviet Union, assisted by other Warsaw Pact countries, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">invaded Czechoslovakia</a>. In 1989, as <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> governments and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> were <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">ending all over Central and Eastern Europe</a>, Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their communist government during the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a>, which began on 17 November 1989 and ended 11 days later on 28 November when all of the top Communist leaders and Communist party itself resigned. On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">peacefully split</a> into the two <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Form of state</dt></dl> <ul><li>1918–1937: A <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republic</a> championed by <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Masaryk" title="Tomáš Masaryk">Tomáš Masaryk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1938–1939: After the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1938, the region gradually turned into a state with loosened connections among the Czech, Slovak, and Ruthenian parts. A strip of southern Slovakia and <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> was redeemed by Hungary, and the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Olza" title="Trans-Olza">Trans-Olza</a> region was <a href="/wiki/Teschen_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Teschen conflict">annexed by Poland</a>.</li> <li>1939–1945: The remainder of the state was dismembered and became split into the <b><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></b> and the <b><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></b>, while the rest of Carpathian Ruthenia was occupied and annexed by Hungary. A <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Government-in-Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile">government-in-exile</a> continued to exist in London, supported by the United Kingdom, United States and their <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>; after the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Soviet Union">German invasion of Soviet Union</a>, it was also recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Czechoslovakia adhered to the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> and was a founding member of the United Nations.</li> <li>1946–1948: The country was governed by a <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Czechoslovakia)" title="National Front (Czechoslovakia)">coalition government</a> with <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">communist</a> ministers, including the prime minister and the minister of interior. <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> was ceded to the Soviet Union.</li> <li>1948–1989: The country became a <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist state">Marxist-Leninist state</a> under <a href="/wiki/Soviet_sphere_of_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet sphere of influence">Soviet domination</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a>. In 1960, the country officially became a socialist republic, the <b><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></b>. It was a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a> of the Soviet Union.</li> <li>1989–1990: Czechoslovakia formally became a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a> comprising the <b><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Socialist Republic</a></b> and the <b><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Socialist Republic</a></b>. In late 1989, the communist rule came to an end during the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> followed by the re-establishment of a democratic <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-czechuniversities.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-czechuniversities.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1990–1992: Shortly after the Velvet Revolution, the state was renamed the <b><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a></b>, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic">Slovak Republic</a> (Slovakia) until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">peaceful dissolution</a> on 31 December 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-czechuniversities.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-czechuniversities.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Neighbours<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> 1918–1938, 1945–1992</li> <li>Germany (both predecessors, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, were neighbors between 1949 and 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> 1918–1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> 1945–1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> 1991–1992 (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Union member</a> until 1991)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Topography</dt></dl> <p>The country was of generally irregular terrain. The western area was part of the north-central European uplands. The eastern region was composed of the northern reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> and lands of the <a href="/wiki/Danube_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube River">Danube River</a> basin. </p> <dl><dt>Climate</dt></dl> <p>The weather is mild winters and mild summers. Influenced by the Atlantic Ocean from the west, the Baltic Sea from the north, and Mediterranean Sea from the south. There is no continental weather. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hyphen_War" title="Hyphen War">Hyphen War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Name of the Czech Republic">Name of the Czech Republic</a></div> <ul><li>1918–1938: <b><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovak Republic</a></b> (abbreviated ČSR), or Czechoslovakia, before the formalization of the name in 1920, also known as Czecho-Slovakia or the Czecho-Slovak state<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1938–1939: <b><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Czecho-Slovak Republic</a></b>, or Czecho-Slovakia</li> <li>1945–1960: <b><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovak Republic</a></b> (ČSR), or Czechoslovakia</li> <li>1960–1990: <b><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></b> (ČSSR), or Czechoslovakia</li> <li>1990: <b>Czechoslovak Federative Republic</b> (ČSFR)</li> <li>1990–1992: <b><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a></b> (ČSFR), or Czechoslovakia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">History of the Czech lands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">History of Slovakia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:History of Czechoslovakia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of <span class="fn org label">Czechoslovakia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918-1938_and_1945-1961).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg/200px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Origins of Czechoslovakia">Origins of Czechoslovakia</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_declaration_of_independence" title="Czechoslovak declaration of independence">Washington Declaration</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1918–1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Czechoslovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1938–1939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1938–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak government-in-exile</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Czechoslovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1945–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1948–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>/<a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">Post-revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1989–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Federative Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1990–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1992</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Template:History of Czechoslovakia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Template talk:History of Czechoslovakia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Czechoslovakia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Origins of Czechoslovakia">Origins of Czechoslovakia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk_1925.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk_1925.PNG/220px-Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk_1925.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk_1925.PNG/330px-Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk_1925.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk_1925.PNG/440px-Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk_1925.PNG 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk">Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk</a>, founder and first president</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czech_Troops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Czech_Troops.jpg/220px-Czech_Troops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Czech_Troops.jpg/330px-Czech_Troops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Czech_Troops.jpg/440px-Czech_Troops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>Czechoslovak troops in Vladivostok (1918)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:28._%C5%99%C3%ADjen_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/28._%C5%99%C3%ADjen_1918.jpg/220px-28._%C5%99%C3%ADjen_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/28._%C5%99%C3%ADjen_1918.jpg/330px-28._%C5%99%C3%ADjen_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/28._%C5%99%C3%ADjen_1918.jpg/440px-28._%C5%99%C3%ADjen_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_declaration_of_independence" title="Czechoslovak declaration of independence">Czechoslovak declaration of independence</a> rally in Prague on Wenceslas Square, 28 October 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The area was part of the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> until it collapsed at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The new state was founded by <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk">Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who served as its first president from 14 November 1918 to 14 December 1935. He was succeeded by his close ally <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Edvard Beneš</a> (1884–1948). </p><p>The roots of Czech nationalism go back to the 19th century, when philologists and educators, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, promoted the <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech language</a> and pride in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech people">Czech people</a>. Nationalism became a mass movement in the second half of the 19th century. Taking advantage of the limited opportunities for participation in political life under Austrian rule, Czech leaders such as historian <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Palack%C3%BD" title="František Palacký">František Palacký</a> (1798–1876) founded various patriotic, self-help organizations which provided a chance for many of their compatriots to participate in communal life before independence. Palacký supported <a href="/wiki/Austro-Slavism" title="Austro-Slavism">Austro-Slavism</a> and worked for a reorganized federal <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, which would protect the Slavic speaking peoples of Central Europe against Russian and German threats. </p><p>An advocate of democratic reform and Czech autonomy within Austria-Hungary, Masaryk was elected twice to the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsrat_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsrat (Austria)">Reichsrat</a></i> (Austrian Parliament), from 1891 to 1893 for the <a href="/wiki/Young_Czech_Party" title="Young Czech Party">Young Czech Party</a>, and from 1907 to 1914 for the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Realist_Party" title="Czech Realist Party">Czech Realist Party</a>, which he had founded in 1889 with <a href="/wiki/Karel_Kram%C3%A1%C5%99" title="Karel Kramář">Karel Kramář</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Kaizl" title="Josef Kaizl">Josef Kaizl</a>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> a number of Czechs and Slovaks, the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legions" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Legions">Czechoslovak Legions</a>, fought with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> in France and Italy, while large numbers deserted to Russia in exchange for its support for the independence of Czechoslovakia from the Austrian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the outbreak of World War I, Masaryk began working for Czech independence in a union with Slovakia. With Edvard Beneš and <a href="/wiki/Milan_Rastislav_%C5%A0tef%C3%A1nik" title="Milan Rastislav Štefánik">Milan Rastislav Štefánik</a>, Masaryk visited several Western countries and won support from influential publicists.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_National_Council" title="Czechoslovak National Council">Czechoslovak National Council</a> was the main organization that advanced the claims for a Czechoslovak state.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Czechoslovak_Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Czechoslovak Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masaryk_a_%C5%A0tef%C3%A1nik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Masaryk_a_%C5%A0tef%C3%A1nik.jpg/220px-Masaryk_a_%C5%A0tef%C3%A1nik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Masaryk_a_%C5%A0tef%C3%A1nik.jpg/330px-Masaryk_a_%C5%A0tef%C3%A1nik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Masaryk_a_%C5%A0tef%C3%A1nik.jpg/440px-Masaryk_a_%C5%A0tef%C3%A1nik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>A monument to <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk">Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan_Rastislav_%C5%A0tef%C3%A1nik" title="Milan Rastislav Štefánik">Milan Štefánik</a>—both key figures in early Czechoslovakia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formation">Formation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czechoslovakia01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Czechoslovakia01.png/220px-Czechoslovakia01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Czechoslovakia01.png/330px-Czechoslovakia01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Czechoslovakia01.png/440px-Czechoslovakia01.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Czechoslovakia in 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohemian Kingdom">Bohemian Kingdom</a> ceased to exist in 1918 when it was incorporated into Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia was founded in October 1918, as one of the successor states of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and as part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>. It consisted of the present day territories of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> making up present day <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, and a region of present-day <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> called <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>. Its territory included some of the most industrialized regions of the former Austria-Hungary. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Ethnic minorities in Czechoslovakia">Ethnic minorities in Czechoslovakia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czechoslovakia_1930_linguistic_map_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Czechoslovakia_1930_linguistic_map_-_en.svg/220px-Czechoslovakia_1930_linguistic_map_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Czechoslovakia_1930_linguistic_map_-_en.svg/330px-Czechoslovakia_1930_linguistic_map_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Czechoslovakia_1930_linguistic_map_-_en.svg/440px-Czechoslovakia_1930_linguistic_map_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic map of Czechoslovakia in 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>The new country was a multi-ethnic state, with Czechs and Slovaks as <i>constituent peoples</i>. The population consisted of <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> (51%), <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a> (16%), <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> (22%), <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> (5%) and <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> (4%).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Germans, Hungarians, Ruthenians and Poles<sup id="cite_ref-pp_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some Slovaks, felt oppressed because the political elite did not generally allow political autonomy for minority ethnic groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This policy led to unrest among the non-Czech population, particularly in German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, which initially had proclaimed itself part of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Republic of German-Austria</a> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> principle. </p><p>The state proclaimed the official ideology that there were no separate Czech and Slovak nations, but only one nation of Czechoslovaks (see <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovakism</a>), to the disagreement of Slovaks and other ethnic groups. Once a unified Czechoslovakia was restored after World War II (after the country had been divided during the war), the conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a> surfaced again. The governments of Czechoslovakia and other Central European nations deported ethnic Germans, reducing the presence of minorities in the nation. Most of the Jews had been killed during the war by the Nazis. </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:25em;text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"> <hr /> <p>Ethnicities of Czechoslovakia in 1921<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <hr /> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a> </td> <td style="width:25%;">8,759,701 </td> <td style="width:25%;">64.37% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a></td> <td>3,123,305</td> <td>22.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a></td> <td>744,621</td> <td>5.47% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></td> <td>461,449</td> <td>3.39% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Jews</td> <td>180,534</td> <td>1.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></td> <td>75,852</td> <td>0.56% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Others</td> <td>23,139</td> <td>0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Foreigners</td> <td>238,784</td> <td>1.75% </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Total population</th> <th align="right">13,607,385 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"> <hr /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:25em;text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"> <hr /> <p>Ethnicities of Czechoslovakia in 1930<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <hr /> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a> </td> <td style="width:25%;">10,066,000 </td> <td style="width:25%;">68.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a></td> <td>3,229,000</td> <td>21.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></td> <td>745,000</td> <td>5.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a></td> <td>653,000</td> <td>4.43% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Jews</td> <td>354,000</td> <td>2.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></td> <td>76,000</td> <td>0.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a></td> <td>14,000</td> <td>0.10% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Foreigners</td> <td>239,000</td> <td>1.62% </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Total population</th> <th align="right">14,726,158 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"> <hr /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><small>*Jews identified themselves as Germans or Hungarians (and Jews only by religion not ethnicity), the sum is, therefore, more than 100%.</small></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the period between the two world wars Czechoslovakia was a democratic state. The population was generally literate, and contained fewer alienated groups. The influence of these conditions was augmented by the political values of Czechoslovakia's leaders and the policies they adopted. Under <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Masaryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomas Masaryk">Tomas Masaryk</a>, Czech and Slovak politicians promoted progressive social and economic conditions that served to defuse discontent. </p><p>Foreign minister Beneš became the prime architect of the Czechoslovak-Romanian-Yugoslav alliance (the "<a href="/wiki/Little_Entente" title="Little Entente">Little Entente</a>", 1921–38) directed against Hungarian attempts to reclaim lost areas. Beneš worked closely with France. Far more dangerous was the German element, which after 1933 became allied with the Nazis in Germany. </p><p>Czech-Slovak relations came to be a central issue in Czechoslovak politics during the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increasing feeling of inferiority among the Slovaks,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> who were hostile to the more numerous Czechs, weakened the country in the late 1930s. Slovakia became autonomous in the fall of 1938, and by mid-1939, Slovakia had become independent, with the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">First Slovak Republic</a> set up as a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a> of Nazi Germany and the far-right <a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a> in power .<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1933, Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in central and eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Munich_Agreement,_and_Two-Step_German_Occupation"><span id="Munich_Agreement.2C_and_Two-Step_German_Occupation"></span>Munich Agreement, and Two-Step German Occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Munich Agreement, and Two-Step German Occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czechoslovakia_1939.SVG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Czechoslovakia_1939.SVG/220px-Czechoslovakia_1939.SVG.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Czechoslovakia_1939.SVG/330px-Czechoslovakia_1939.SVG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Czechoslovakia_1939.SVG/440px-Czechoslovakia_1939.SVG.png 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>The partition of Czechoslovakia after <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-039-44,_Heydrich-Attentat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-039-44%2C_Heydrich-Attentat.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-039-44%2C_Heydrich-Attentat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-039-44%2C_Heydrich-Attentat.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-039-44%2C_Heydrich-Attentat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-039-44%2C_Heydrich-Attentat.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-039-44%2C_Heydrich-Attentat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>The car in which <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> was fatally injured in 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czechoslovak_Republic_(1939).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Czechoslovak_Republic_%281939%29.svg/220px-Czechoslovak_Republic_%281939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Czechoslovak_Republic_%281939%29.svg/330px-Czechoslovak_Republic_%281939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Czechoslovak_Republic_%281939%29.svg/440px-Czechoslovak_Republic_%281939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Territory of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1938–1939)</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1938, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> demanded control of the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>. On 29 September 1938, Britain and France ceded control in the <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Conference">Munich Conference</a>; France ignored the military alliance it had with Czechoslovakia. During October 1938, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> occupied the Sudetenland border region, effectively crippling Czechoslovak defences. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a> assigned a strip of southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary. Poland <a href="/wiki/Teschen_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Teschen conflict">occupied</a> Zaolzie, an area whose population was majority Polish, in October 1938. </p><p>On 14 March 1939, the remainder ("rump") of Czechoslovakia was dismembered by the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak State">Slovak State</a>, the next day the rest of <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> was occupied and annexed by Hungary, while the following day the German <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> was proclaimed. </p><p>The eventual goal of the German state under Nazi leadership was to eradicate Czech nationality through assimilation, deportation, and extermination of the Czech intelligentsia; the intellectual elites and middle class made up a considerable number of the 200,000 people who passed through concentration camps and the 250,000 who died during German occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span>, it was assumed that around 50% of Czechs would be fit for <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a>. The Czech intellectual elites were to be removed not only from Czech territories but from Europe completely. The authors of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Generalplan Ost</span></span> believed it would be best if they emigrated overseas, as even in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> they were considered a threat to German rule. Just like Jews, Poles, Serbs, and several other nations, Czechs were considered to be <a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">untermenschen</a> by the Nazi state.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940, in a secret Nazi plan for the Germanization of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia it was declared that those considered to be of racially Mongoloid origin and the Czech intelligentsia were not to be Germanized.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deportation of Jews to concentration camps was organized under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>, and the fortress town of <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt concentration camp">Terezín</a> was made into a ghetto way station for Jewish families. On 4 June 1942 Heydrich died after being wounded by an assassin in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Anthropoid">Operation Anthropoid</a>. Heydrich's successor, Colonel General <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Kurt Daluege</a>, ordered mass arrests and executions and the destruction of the villages of <a href="/wiki/Lidice" title="Lidice">Lidice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le%C5%BE%C3%A1ky" title="Ležáky">Ležáky</a>. In 1943 the German war effort was accelerated. Under the authority of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hermann_Frank" title="Karl Hermann Frank">Karl Hermann Frank</a>, German minister of state for Bohemia and Moravia, some 350,000 Czech laborers were dispatched to the Reich. Within the protectorate, all non-war-related industry was prohibited. Most of the Czech population obeyed quiescently up until the final months preceding the end of the war, while thousands were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a>. </p><p>For the Czechs of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation</a> was a period of brutal oppression. Czech losses resulting from political persecution and deaths in concentration camps totaled between 36,000 and 55,000. The Jewish populations of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> (118,000 according to the 1930 census) were virtually annihilated. Many Jews emigrated after 1939; more than 70,000 were killed; 8,000 survived at Terezín. Several thousand Jews managed to live in freedom or in hiding throughout the occupation. </p><p>Despite the estimated 136,000 deaths at the hands of the Nazi regime, the population in the Reichsprotektorate saw a net increase during the war years of approximately 250,000 in line with an increased birth rate.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 May 1945, the third US Army of General Patton entered <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a> from the south west. On 9 May 1945, Soviet Red Army troops entered <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_and_Fourth_Republics">Third and Fourth Republics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Third and Fourth Republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Czechoslovak Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1948%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)">History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_(1960%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg/340px-Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Socialist <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia">coat of arms</a> in 1960–1989</figcaption></figure> <p>After World War II, pre-war Czechoslovakia was reestablished, with the exception of Sub<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">carpathian Ruthenia</a>, which was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bene%C5%A1_decrees" title="Beneš decrees">Beneš decrees</a> were promulgated concerning ethnic Germans (see <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a>) and ethnic Hungarians. Under the decrees, <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> was abrogated for people of German and Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic origin">ethnic origin</a> who had accepted German or Hungarian citizenship during the occupations. In 1948, this provision was cancelled for the Hungarians, but only partially for the Germans. The government then confiscated the property of the Germans and <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">expelled about 90% of the ethnic German population</a>, over 2 million people. Those who remained were <a href="/wiki/Collective_accountability" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective accountability">collectively accused</a> of supporting the Nazis after the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, as 97.32% of Sudeten Germans had voted for the <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">NSDAP</a> in the December 1938 elections. Almost every decree explicitly stated that the sanctions did not apply to antifascists. Some 250,000 Germans, many married to Czechs, some antifascists, and also those required for the post-war reconstruction of the country, remained in Czechoslovakia. The Beneš Decrees still cause controversy among nationalist groups in the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria and Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the expulsion of the ethnic German population from Czechoslovakia, parts of the former <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, especially around Krnov and the surrounding villages of the <a href="/wiki/Jesenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesenik">Jesenik</a> mountain region in northeastern Czechoslovakia, were settled in 1949 by Communist refugees from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Greece" title="Northern Greece">Northern Greece</a> who had left their homeland as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Greeks in the Czech Republic">Greeks</a> made up a large proportion of the town and region's population until the late 1980s/early 1990s. Although defined as "Greeks", the Greek Communist community of Krnov and the Jeseniky region actually consisted of an ethnically diverse population, including <a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonians">Greek Macedonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavo-Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavo-Macedonians">Macedonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a> and Turkish speaking <a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1"_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1"-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spartaki%C3%A1da_-_1960.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Spartaki%C3%A1da_-_1960.JPG/220px-Spartaki%C3%A1da_-_1960.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Spartaki%C3%A1da_-_1960.JPG/330px-Spartaki%C3%A1da_-_1960.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Spartaki%C3%A1da_-_1960.JPG/440px-Spartaki%C3%A1da_-_1960.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Spartakiad_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Spartakiad (Czechoslovakia)">Spartakiad</a></i> in 1960</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> (Podkarpatská Rus) was occupied by (and in June 1945 formally ceded to) the Soviet Union. In the 1946 parliamentary election, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> was the winner in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech lands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Slovakia,_1944)" title="Democratic Party (Slovakia, 1944)">Democratic Party</a> won in Slovakia. In <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">February 1948 the Communists seized power</a>. Although they would maintain the fiction of political pluralism through the existence of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Czechoslovakia)" title="National Front (Czechoslovakia)">National Front</a>, except for a short period in the late 1960s (the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>) the country had no <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>. Since citizens lacked significant electoral methods of registering protest against government policies, periodically there were street protests that became violent. For example, there were riots in the town of <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88_uprising_of_1953" class="mw-redirect" title="Plzeň uprising of 1953">Plzeň in 1953</a>, reflecting economic discontent. Police and army units put down the rebellion, and hundreds were injured but no one was killed. While its economy remained more advanced than those of its neighbors in Eastern Europe, Czechoslovakia grew increasingly economically weak relative to Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The currency reform of 1953 caused dissatisfaction among Czechoslovak laborers. To equalize the wage rate, Czechoslovaks had to turn in their old money for new at a decreased value. The banks also confiscated savings and bank deposits to control the amount of money in circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, Czechoslovakia experienced high economic growth (averaging 7% per year), which allowed for a substantial increase in wages and living standards, thus promoting the stability of the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czechoslovakia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Czechoslovakia.png/220px-Czechoslovakia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Czechoslovakia.png/330px-Czechoslovakia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Czechoslovakia.png/440px-Czechoslovakia.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Czechoslovakia after 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1968, when the reformer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a> was appointed to the key post of First Secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, there was a brief period of liberalization known as the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>. In response, after failing to persuade the Czechoslovak leaders to change course, five other <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">members of the Warsaw Pact invaded</a>. Soviet tanks rolled into Czechoslovakia on the night of 20–21 August 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet Communist Party General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> viewed this intervention as vital for the preservation of the Soviet, socialist system and vowed to intervene in any state that sought to replace <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Capitalism_(Marxism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalism (Marxism)">capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the week after the invasion, there was a spontaneous campaign of <a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">civil resistance</a> against the occupation. This resistance involved a wide range of acts of non-cooperation and defiance: this was followed by a period in which the Czechoslovak Communist Party leadership, having been forced in Moscow to make concessions to the Soviet Union, gradually put the brakes on their earlier liberal policies.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, one plank of the reform program had been carried out: in 1968–69, Czechoslovakia was turned into a federation of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Socialist Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Socialist Republic</a>. The theory was that under the federation, social and economic inequities between the Czech and Slovak halves of the state would be largely eliminated. A number of ministries, such as education, now became two formally equal bodies in the two formally equal republics. However, the centralized political control by the Czechoslovak Communist Party severely limited the effects of federalization. </p><p>The 1970s saw the rise of the dissident movement in Czechoslovakia, represented among others by <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a>. The movement sought greater political participation and expression in the face of official disapproval, manifested in limitations on work activities, which went as far as a ban on professional employment, the refusal of higher education for the dissidents' children, police harassment and prison. </p><p>During the 1980s, Czechoslovakia became one of the most tightly controlled Communist regimes in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> in resistance to the mitigation of controls notified by Soviet president <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1989">After 1989</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: After 1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foundation_of_the_Visegr%C3%A1d_Group.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Foundation_of_the_Visegr%C3%A1d_Group.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Foundation_of_the_Visegr%C3%A1d_Group.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Foundation_of_the_Visegr%C3%A1d_Group.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Foundation_of_the_Visegr%C3%A1d_Group.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Foundation_of_the_Visegr%C3%A1d_Group.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Foundation_of_the_Visegr%C3%A1d_Group.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a> signing ceremony in February 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> restored democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-czechuniversities.com_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-czechuniversities.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurred around the same time as the fall of communism in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany and Poland. </p><p>The word "socialist" was removed from the country's full name on 29 March 1990 and replaced by "federal". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> made a <a href="/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II">papal visit</a> to Czechoslovakia on 21 April 1990, hailing it as a symbolic step of reviving Christianity in the newly-formed post-communist state. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia_in_the_Gulf_War" title="Czechoslovakia in the Gulf War">Czechoslovakia participated in the Gulf War</a> with a small force of 200 troops under the command of the U.S.-led coalition. </p><p>In 1992, because of growing <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> tensions in the government, Czechoslovakia was <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">peacefully dissolved</a> by parliament. On 31 December 1992, it formally separated into two independent countries, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic">Slovak Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-czechuniversities.com_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-czechuniversities.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_Czechoslovak_statehood150" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Czechoslovakia_timeline" title="Template:Czechoslovakia timeline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Czechoslovakia_timeline" title="Template talk:Czechoslovakia timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Czechoslovakia_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Czechoslovakia timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_Czechoslovak_statehood150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czechoslovak</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">statehood</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:120%;"> <td> </td> <td colspan="1" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Origins of Czechoslovakia">Pre-1918</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:24%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918–1938</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany">1938–1945</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:4%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1945%E2%80%931948)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1945–1948)">1945–1948</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1948%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)">1948–1989</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:4%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;border-right:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989–1992</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">1993–</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;line-height:1.4em;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#d0f0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Austrian Empire</a> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Republic</a></b><sup>a</sup> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2;"><a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a><sup>b</sup> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Republic</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="width:14%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Czechoslovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Czechoslovak Republic">Fourth Republic</a></b><sup>e</sup><br /><small>1948–1960</small> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="width:36%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></b><sup>f</sup><br /><small>1960–1990</small> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a></b><br /><small>1990–1992</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="width:2%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second<br /><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"> Republic</span></a></b><sup>c</sup><br /><small>1938–1939</small> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="width:10%; background:#f4c2c2;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></b><br /><small>1939–1945</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#d0f0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2;"><b><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic (1939–45)">Slovak Republic</a></b><br /><small>1939–1945</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;background:#eef;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2;"><b>Southern Slovakia and <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ukraine_(1938-1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ukraine (1938-1939)">Carpathian Ukraine</a></span></span></b><sup>d</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcarpathian Ruthenia">Subcarpathian Ruthenia</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#ecebb8;"><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a><sup>g</sup><br /><small>1944 / 1946 – 1991</small> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeae;"><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a><sup>h</sup><br /><small>1991–present</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="background:#d6f7c8;white-space:nowrap;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8;text-align:centre;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak <span class="nowrap">government-in-exile</span></a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;background:none;text-align:left;font-size:85%;"> <p><sup>a</sup> ČSR; boundaries and government established by <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Constitution_of_1920" title="Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920">the 1920 constitution</a>.<br /> <sup>b</sup> Annexed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<br /> <sup>c</sup> ČSR; included the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous regions</a> of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia.<br /> <sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">Annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a> (1939–1945).<br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;background:none;text-align:left;font-size:85%;"> <p><sup>e</sup> ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the <a href="/wiki/Ninth-of-May_Constitution" title="Ninth-of-May Constitution">Ninth-of-May Constitution</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948">1948 coup</a>.<br /> <sup>f</sup> ČSSR; from 1969, after the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>, consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Socialist Republic</a> (ČSR) and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Socialist Republic</a> (SSR).<br /> <sup>g</sup> <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>.<br /> <span style="font-size:110%;"><sup>h</sup></span> Oblast of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<br /> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia">Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia</a></div> <p>After World War II, a political monopoly was held by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> (KSČ). The leader of the KSČ was <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> the most powerful person in the country during this period. <a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a> was elected first secretary of the KSČ in 1969 (changed to general secretary in 1971) and president of Czechoslovakia in 1975. Other parties and organizations existed but functioned in subordinate roles to the KSČ. All political parties, as well as numerous mass organizations, were grouped under umbrella of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Czechoslovakia)" title="National Front (Czechoslovakia)">National Front</a>. Human rights activists and religious activists were severely repressed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_muzeum_-_FS.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_muzeum_-_FS.JPG/170px-N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_muzeum_-_FS.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_muzeum_-_FS.JPG/255px-N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_muzeum_-_FS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_muzeum_-_FS.JPG/340px-N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_muzeum_-_FS.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">Federal Assembly</a> in Prague</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_development">Constitutional development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Constitutional development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court of Czechoslovakia">Constitutional Court of Czechoslovakia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Czechos%C5%82owacji_(1990-1992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Herb_Czechos%C5%82owacji_%281990-1992%29.svg/170px-Herb_Czechos%C5%82owacji_%281990-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Herb_Czechos%C5%82owacji_%281990-1992%29.svg/255px-Herb_Czechos%C5%82owacji_%281990-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Herb_Czechos%C5%82owacji_%281990-1992%29.svg/340px-Herb_Czechos%C5%82owacji_%281990-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>Federative <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia">coat of arms</a> in 1990–1992</figcaption></figure> <p>Czechoslovakia had the following constitutions during its history (1918–1992): </p> <ul><li>Temporary constitution of 14 November 1918 (democratic): see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Constitution_of_1920" title="Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920">1920 constitution</a> (The Constitutional Document of the Czechoslovak Republic), democratic, in force until 1948, several amendments</li> <li>The Communist 1948 <a href="/wiki/Ninth-of-May_Constitution" title="Ninth-of-May Constitution">Ninth-of-May Constitution</a></li> <li>The Communist <a href="/wiki/1960_Constitution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia">1960 Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a> with major amendments in 1968 (<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Law_of_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Law of Federation">Constitutional Law of Federation</a>), 1971, 1975, 1978, and 1989 (at which point the leading role of the Communist Party was abolished). It was amended several more times during 1990–1992 (for example, 1990, name change to Czecho-Slovakia, 1991 incorporation of the human rights charter)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heads_of_state_and_government">Heads of state and government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Heads of state and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia#Leaders" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Leaders of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Czechoslovakia" title="List of presidents of Czechoslovakia">List of presidents of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Czechoslovakia" title="List of prime ministers of Czechoslovakia">List of prime ministers of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_agreements_and_membership">International agreements and membership</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International agreements and membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1930s, the nation formed a military alliance with France, which collapsed in the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> of 1938. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, an active participant in Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (<a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, United Nations and its specialized agencies; signatory of <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe">conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia">Administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia</a></div> <ul><li>1918–1923: Different systems in former Austrian territory (<a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, a small part of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>) compared to former Hungarian territory (Slovakia and <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>): three lands (<i>země</i>) (also called district units (<i>kraje</i>)): Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, plus 21 counties (<i>župy</i>) in today's Slovakia and three counties in today's Ruthenia; both lands and counties were divided into districts (<i><a href="/wiki/Okres" title="Okres">okresy</a></i>).</li> <li>1923–1927: As above, except that the Slovak and Ruthenian counties were replaced by six (grand) counties (<i>(veľ)župy</i>) in Slovakia and one (grand) county in Ruthenia, and the numbers and boundaries of the <i>okresy</i> were changed in those two territories.</li> <li>1928–1938: Four lands (Czech: <i>země</i>, Slovak: <i>krajiny</i>): Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia, Slovakia and Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia, divided into districts (<i>okresy</i>).</li> <li>Late 1938 – March 1939: As above, but Slovakia and Ruthenia gained the status of "autonomous lands". Slovakia was called <i>Slovenský štát</i>, with its own currency and government.</li> <li>1945–1948: As in 1928–1938, except that Ruthenia became part of the Soviet Union.</li> <li>1949–1960: 19 regions (<i>kraje</i>) divided into 270 <i>okresy</i>.</li> <li>1960–1992: 10 <i>kraje</i>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, and (from 1970) <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> (capital of Slovakia); these were divided into 109–114 okresy; the kraje were abolished temporarily in Slovakia in 1969–1970 and for many purposes from 1991 in Czechoslovakia; in addition, the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic were established in 1969 (without the word <i>Socialist</i> from 1990).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_and_ethnic_groups">Population and ethnic groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Population and ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Demographics of Czechoslovakia">Demographics of Czechoslovakia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Czechoslovakia">Economy of Czechoslovakia</a></div> <p>Before World War II, the economy was about the fourth in all industrial countries in Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This is absurd. "Fourth in all industrial countries" would mean that it had a larger industry than either Germany, USSR, Britain or France. A clearly ridiculous claim. (March 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The state was based on strong economy, manufacturing cars (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto" title="Škoda Auto">Škoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatra_(company)" title="Tatra (company)">Tatra</a>), trams, aircraft (<a href="/wiki/Aero_Vodochody" title="Aero Vodochody">Aero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avia_Motors" title="Avia Motors">Avia</a>), ships, ship engines (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Works" title="Škoda Works">Škoda</a>), cannons, shoes (<a href="/wiki/Bata_Shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bata Shoes">Baťa</a>), turbines, guns (<a href="/wiki/Zbrojovka_Brno" title="Zbrojovka Brno">Zbrojovka Brno</a>). It was the industrial workshop for the Austro-Hungarian empire. The Slovak lands relied more heavily on agriculture than the Czech lands. </p><p>After World War II, the economy was centrally planned, with command links controlled by the communist party, similarly to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The large metallurgical industry was dependent on imports of iron and non-ferrous ores. </p> <ul><li>Industry: <a href="/wiki/Extractivism" title="Extractivism">Extractive industry</a> and manufacturing dominated the sector, including machinery, chemicals, food processing, metallurgy, and textiles. The sector was wasteful in its use of energy, materials, and labor and was slow to upgrade technology, but the country was a major supplier of high-quality machinery, instruments, electronics, aircraft, airplane engines and arms to other socialist countries.</li> <li>Agriculture: Agriculture was a minor sector, but collectivized farms of large acreage and relatively efficient mode of production enabled the country to be relatively self-sufficient in the food supply. The country depended on imports of grains (mainly for livestock feed) in years of adverse weather. Meat production was constrained by a shortage of feed, but the country still recorded high per capita consumption of meat.</li> <li>Foreign Trade: Exports were estimated at US$17.8 billion in 1985. Exports were machinery (55%), fuel and materials (14%), and manufactured consumer goods (16%). Imports stood at an estimated US$17.9 billion in 1985, including fuel and materials (41%), machinery (33%), and agricultural and forestry products (12%). In 1986, about 80% of foreign trade was with other socialist countries.</li> <li>Exchange rate: Official, or commercial, the rate was crowns (Kčs) 5.4 per US$1 in 1987. Tourist, or non-commercial, the rate was Kčs 10.5 per US$1. Neither rate reflected purchasing power. The exchange rate on the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> was around Kčs 30 per US$1, which became the official rate once the currency became convertible in the early 1990s.</li> <li>Fiscal year: Calendar year.</li> <li>Fiscal policy: The state was the exclusive owner of means of production in most cases. Revenue from state enterprises was the primary source of revenues followed by <a href="/wiki/Turnover_tax" title="Turnover tax">turnover tax</a>. The government spent heavily on social programs, subsidies, and investment. The budget was usually balanced or left a small surplus.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resource_base">Resource base</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Resource base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resource_base_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia">Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia</a></div> <p>After World War II, the country was short of energy, relying on imported <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> and natural gas from the Soviet Union, domestic <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">brown coal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric energy">hydroelectric energy</a>. Energy constraints were a major factor in the 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport_and_communications">Transport and communications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Transport and communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Transport in Czechoslovakia">Transport in Czechoslovakia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Slightly after the foundation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, there was a lack of essential infrastructure in many areas – <a href="/wiki/Paved_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Paved road">paved roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways">railways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>, etc. Massive improvement in the following years enabled Czechoslovakia to develop its industry. <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>'s civil airport in <a href="/wiki/Ruzyn%C4%9B" title="Ruzyně">Ruzyně</a> became one of the most modern terminals in the world when it was finished in 1937. <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Ba%C5%A5a" title="Tomáš Baťa">Tomáš Baťa</a>, a Czech entrepreneur and visionary, outlined his ideas in the publication "Budujme stát pro 40 milionů lidí", where he described the future <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorway</a> system. Construction of the first motorways in Czechoslovakia begun in 1939, nevertheless, they were stopped after German occupation during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Society of Communist Czechoslovakia">Society of Communist Czechoslovakia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Education in Czechoslovakia">Education in Czechoslovakia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> was free at all levels<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and compulsory from ages 6 to 15. The vast majority of the population was <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literate</a>. There was a highly developed system of <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a> training and <a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">vocational schools</a> supplemented general <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a> and institutions of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Religion in Czechoslovakia">Religion in Czechoslovakia</a></div> <p>In 1991, 46% of the population were <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>, 5.3% were <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Evangelical Lutheran</a>, 30% were <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">Atheist</a>, and other religions made up 17% of the country, but there were huge differences in <a href="/wiki/Religious_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious practice">religious practices</a> between the two <a href="/wiki/Constituent_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent republic">constituent republics</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health,_social_welfare_and_housing"><span id="Health.2C_social_welfare_and_housing"></span>Health, social welfare and housing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Health, social welfare and housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_and_social_welfare_in_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Health and social welfare in Communist Czechoslovakia">Health and social welfare in Communist Czechoslovakia</a></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">free health care</a> was available to all citizens. National health planning emphasized <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">preventive medicine</a>; factory and local health care centres supplemented <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a> and other inpatient institutions. There was a substantial improvement in <a href="/wiki/Rural_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural healthcare">rural health care</a> during the 1960s and 1970s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mass_media">Mass media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mass media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia">Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia</a></div> <p>During the era between the World Wars, Czechoslovak democracy and liberalism facilitated conditions for free publication. The most significant daily newspapers in these times were Lidové noviny, Národní listy, Český deník and Československá Republika. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Communist_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist rule">Communist rule</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> in Czechoslovakia were controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist Party</a>. Private ownership of any publication or agency of the mass media was generally forbidden, although churches and other organizations published small periodicals and newspapers. Even with this information monopoly in the hands of organizations under KSČ control, all publications were <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">reviewed</a> by the government's Office for Press and Information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_Olympics" title="Czechoslovakia at the Olympics">Czechoslovakia at the Olympics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elftal_van_Tsjecho-Slowakije,_Bestanddeelnr_919-7616.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Elftal_van_Tsjecho-Slowakije%2C_Bestanddeelnr_919-7616.jpg/220px-Elftal_van_Tsjecho-Slowakije%2C_Bestanddeelnr_919-7616.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Elftal_van_Tsjecho-Slowakije%2C_Bestanddeelnr_919-7616.jpg/330px-Elftal_van_Tsjecho-Slowakije%2C_Bestanddeelnr_919-7616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Elftal_van_Tsjecho-Slowakije%2C_Bestanddeelnr_919-7616.jpg/440px-Elftal_van_Tsjecho-Slowakije%2C_Bestanddeelnr_919-7616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="2603" /></a><figcaption>Czechoslovak national football team in 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team" title="Czechoslovakia national football team">Czechoslovakia national football team</a> was a consistent performer on the international scene, with eight appearances in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> Finals, finishing in second place in 1934 and 1962. The team also won the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Football_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA European Football Championship">European Football Championship</a> in 1976, came in third in 1980, and won the <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Football at the Summer Olympics">Olympic gold</a> in <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics">1980</a>. </p><p>Well-known football players such as <a href="/wiki/Jan_Koller" title="Jan Koller">Jan Koller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Nedv%C4%9Bd" title="Pavel Nedvěd">Pavel Nedvěd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Panenka" title="Antonín Panenka">Antonín Panenka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Baro%C5%A1" title="Milan Baroš">Milan Baroš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Rosick%C3%BD" title="Tomáš Rosický">Tomáš Rosický</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_%C5%A0micer" title="Vladimír Šmicer">Vladimír Šmicer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petr_%C4%8Cech" title="Petr Čech">Petr Čech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladislav_Petr%C3%A1%C5%A1" title="Ladislav Petráš">Ladislav Petráš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A1n_Masn%C3%BD" title="Marián Masný">Marián Masný</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Pivarn%C3%ADk" title="Ján Pivarník">Ján Pivarník</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Mucha" title="Ján Mucha">Ján Mucha</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_Vittek" title="Róbert Vittek">Róbert Vittek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pekar%C3%ADk" title="Peter Pekarík">Peter Pekarík</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marek_Ham%C5%A1%C3%ADk" title="Marek Hamšík">Marek Hamšík</a> were all born in Czechoslovakia. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> code for Czechoslovakia is TCH, which is still used in historical listings of results. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_national_ice_hockey_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak national ice hockey team">Czechoslovak national ice hockey team</a> won many medals from the world championships and Olympic Games. <a href="/wiki/Peter_%C5%A0%C5%A5astn%C3%BD" title="Peter Šťastný">Peter Šťastný</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarom%C3%ADr_J%C3%A1gr" title="Jaromír Jágr">Jaromír Jágr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominik_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Dominik Hašek">Dominik Hašek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bondra" title="Peter Bondra">Peter Bondra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petr_Kl%C3%ADma" title="Petr Klíma">Petr Klíma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A1n_G%C3%A1bor%C3%ADk" title="Marián Gáborík">Marián Gáborík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A1n_Hossa" title="Marián Hossa">Marián Hossa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_%C5%A0atan" title="Miroslav Šatan">Miroslav Šatan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavol_Demitra" title="Pavol Demitra">Pavol Demitra</a> all come from Czechoslovakia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emil_Z%C3%A1topek" title="Emil Zátopek">Emil Zátopek</a>, winner of four Olympic gold medals in <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics (sport)">athletics</a>, is considered one of the top athletes in Czechoslovak history. </p><p><a href="/wiki/V%C4%9Bra_%C4%8C%C3%A1slavsk%C3%A1" title="Věra Čáslavská">Věra Čáslavská</a> was an Olympic gold medallist in gymnastics, winning seven gold medals and four silver medals. She represented Czechoslovakia in three consecutive Olympics. </p><p>Several accomplished professional <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> players including <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Drobn%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Drobný">Jaroslav Drobný</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lendl" title="Ivan Lendl">Ivan Lendl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kode%C5%A1" title="Jan Kodeš">Jan Kodeš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miloslav_Me%C4%8D%C3%AD%C5%99" title="Miloslav Mečíř">Miloslav Mečíř</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hana_Mandl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1" title="Hana Mandlíková">Hana Mandlíková</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martina_Hingis" title="Martina Hingis">Martina Hingis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martina_Navratilova" title="Martina Navratilova">Martina Navratilova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jana_Novotn%C3%A1" title="Jana Novotná">Jana Novotná</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petra_Kvitov%C3%A1" title="Petra Kvitová">Petra Kvitová</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniela_Hantuchov%C3%A1" title="Daniela Hantuchová">Daniela Hantuchová</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbora_Krej%C4%8D%C3%ADkov%C3%A1" title="Barbora Krejčíková">Barbora Krejčíková</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark%C3%A9ta_Vondrou%C5%A1ov%C3%A1" title="Markéta Vondroušová">Markéta Vondroušová</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Muchov%C3%A1" title="Karolína Muchová">Karolína Muchová</a> were born in Czechoslovakia (or what became the Czech Republic in 1993). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Czech Republic / Slovakia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Czechs" title="List of Czechs">List of Czechs</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovaks" title="List of Slovaks">List of Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">MDŽ (International Women's Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_dissident_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz in dissident Czechoslovakia">Jazz in dissident Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postage_stamps">Postage stamps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Postage stamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Czechoslovakia">Postage stamps and postal history of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-22619653/stock-photo-slovakia-mail-postage-stamps.html">Czechoslovakia stamp reused by Slovak Republic after 18 January 1939 by overprinting country and value</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_on_the_environment_in_Czechoslovakia_from_Soviet_influence_during_the_Cold_War" title="Effects on the environment in Czechoslovakia from Soviet influence during the Cold War">Effects on the environment in Czechoslovakia from Soviet influence during the Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_countries_in_Europe_after_1815" title="Former countries in Europe after 1815">Former countries in Europe after 1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_sovereign_states" title="List of former sovereign states">List of former sovereign states</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In other recognized languages of Czechoslovakia:<div><ul><li>German: <i lang="de">Tschechoslowakei</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Csehszlovákia</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Czechosłowacja</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>: <span lang="rue">Чеськословеньско</span>, <span title="Rusyn-language text"><i lang="rue-Latn">Cheskoslovensko</i></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">טשעכאסלאוואקיי</span>, <span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">Tshekhaslavakey</i></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/221/hdr_1992_en_complete_nostats.pdf">"Human Development Report 1992"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>hdr.undp.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/221/hdr_1992_en_complete_nostats.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdr.undp.org&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Report+1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2F221%2Fhdr_1992_en_complete_nostats.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-covenant-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-covenant_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/parti.asp">"THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520113738/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/parti.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+COVENANT+OF+THE+LEAGUE+OF+NATIONS.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fimt%2Fparti.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. (2008), <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.), Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2011" class="citation cs2">Roach, Peter (2011), <i>Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</i> (18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15253-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15253-2"><bdi>978-0-521-15253-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15253-2&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KulturaSlova-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KulturaSlova_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juls.savba.sk/ediela/ks/1990/6/ks1990-6.lq.pdf">"Ján Kačala: Máme nový názov federatívnej republiky (The New Name of the Federal Republic), In: Kultúra Slova (official publication of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Ľudovít Štúr Institute of Linguistics) 6/1990 pp. 192–197"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819043026/http://juls.savba.sk/ediela/ks/1990/6/ks1990-6.lq.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J%C3%A1n+Ka%C4%8Dala%3A+M%C3%A1me+nov%C3%BD+n%C3%A1zov+federat%C3%ADvnej+republiky+%28The+New+Name+of+the+Federal+Republic%29%2C+In%3A+Kult%C3%BAra+Slova+%28official+publication+of+the+Slovak+Academy+of+Sciences+%C4%BDudov%C3%ADt+%C5%A0t%C3%BAr+Institute+of+Linguistics%29+6%2F1990+pp.+192%E2%80%93197&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjuls.savba.sk%2Fediela%2Fks%2F1990%2F6%2Fks1990-6.lq.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Czech pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cs-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[ˈtʃɛskoslovɛnsko]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Slovak pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">[ˈtʂeskɔslɔʋenskɔ]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/soviet-invasion-czechoslavkia">"Milestones: 1961–1968 – Office of the Historian"</a>. <i>history.state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Milestones%3A+1961%E2%80%931968+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1961-1968%2Fsoviet-invasion-czechoslavkia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rozdělení Československa, Vladimír Srb, Tomáš Veselý ISBN10809685335x</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/europerussiacentral-asia-region/czechoslovakia-1918-1992/">"16. Czechoslovakia (1918–1992)"</a>. <i>uca.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uca.edu&rft.atitle=16.+Czechoslovakia+%281918%E2%80%931992%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fpoliticalscience%2Fdadm-project%2Feuroperussiacentral-asia-region%2Fczechoslovakia-1918-1992%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-czechuniversities.com-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-czechuniversities.com_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-czechuniversities.com_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-czechuniversities.com_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-czechuniversities.com_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czechuniversities.com/article/a-brief-history-of-the-czech-republic">"A Brief History of the Czech Republic – Live & Study – Czech Universities"</a>. <i>czechuniversities.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=czechuniversities.com&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Czech+Republic+%E2%80%93+Live+%26+Study+%E2%80%93+Czech+Universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czechuniversities.com%2Farticle%2Fa-brief-history-of-the-czech-republic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/czechoslovakia">"Czechoslovakia"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Czechoslovakia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fczechoslovakia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVotruba" class="citation web cs1">Votruba, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015043127/http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/qsonhist/spellczechoslovakia.html">"Czecho-Slovakia or Czechoslovakia"</a>. <i>Slovak Studies Program</i>. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/qsonhist/spellczechoslovakia.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slovak+Studies+Program&rft.atitle=Czecho-Slovakia+or+Czechoslovakia&rft.aulast=Votruba&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pitt.edu%2F~votruba%2Fqsonhist%2Fspellczechoslovakia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407122843/https://archive.org/details/1933-11-06_Czechs_Celebrate_Republics_Birth"><i>Czechs Celebrate Republic's Birth, 1933/11/06 (1933)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Newsreel" title="Universal Newsreel">Universal Newsreel</a>. 1933. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1933-11-06_Czechs_Celebrate_Republics_Birth">the original</a> on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Czechs+Celebrate+Republic%27s+Birth%2C+1933%2F11%2F06+%281933%29&rft.pub=Universal+Newsreel&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1933-11-06_Czechs_Celebrate_Republics_Birth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PRECLÍK, Vratislav. 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Zeman, <i>The Masaryks: The Making of Czechoslovakia</i> (1976)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenwick1918" class="citation journal cs1">Fenwick, Charles G. 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(2018). <i>Czechoslovakia: Behind the Curtain Life, Work and Culture in the Communist Era</i>. McFarland. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czechoslovakia%3A+Behind+the+Curtain+Life%2C+Work+and+Culture+in+the+Communist+Era&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304093927/http://www.czech.cz/en/basic-facts/history/all-about-czech-history/the-first-czechoslovak-republic/">"The First Czechoslovak Republic"</a>. <i>The official website of the Czech Republic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czech.cz/en/basic-facts/history/all-about-czech-history/the-first-czechoslovak-republic/">the original</a> on 4 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+official+website+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.atitle=The+First+Czechoslovak+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czech.cz%2Fen%2Fbasic-facts%2Fhistory%2Fall-about-czech-history%2Fthe-first-czechoslovak-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Heimann, Mary. <i>Czechoslovakia: The State That Failed</i> (2009).</li> <li>Hermann, A. H. <i>A History of the Czechs</i> (1975).</li> <li>Kalvoda, Josef. <i>The Genesis of Czechoslovakia</i> (1986).</li> <li>Leff, Carol Skalnick. <i>National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: The Making and Remaking of a State, 1918–87</i> (1988).</li> <li>Mantey, Victor. <i>A History of the Czechoslovak Republic</i> (1973).</li> <li>Myant, Martin. <i>The Czechoslovak Economy, 1948–88</i> (1989).</li> <li>Naimark, Norman, and Leonid Gibianskii, eds. <i>The Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944–1949</i> (1997)</li> <li>Orzoff, Andrea. <i>Battle for the Castle: The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe 1914–1948</i> (Oxford University Press, 2009); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=37344">online review</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195367812.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367812.001.0001</a> online</li> <li>Paul, David. <i>Czechoslovakia: Profile of a Socialist Republic at the Crossroads of Europe</i> (1990).</li> <li>Renner, Hans. <i>A History of Czechoslovakia since 1945</i> (1989).</li> <li>Seton-Watson, R. W. <i>A History of the Czechs and Slovaks</i> (1943).</li> <li>Stone, Norman, and E. Strouhal, eds.<i>Czechoslovakia: Crossroads and Crises, 1918–88</i> (1989).</li> <li>Wheaton, Bernard; Zdenek Kavav. "The Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia, 1988–1991" (1992).</li> <li>Williams, Kieran, "Civil Resistance in Czechoslovakia: From Soviet Invasion to "Velvet Revolution", 1968–89",<br />in <a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Adam Roberts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a> (eds.), <i>Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present</i> (Oxford University Press, 2009).</li> <li>Windsor, Philip, and Adam Roberts, <i>Czechoslovakia 1968: Reform, Repression and Resistance</i> (1969).</li> <li>Wolchik, Sharon L. <i>Czechoslovakia: Politics, Society, and Economics</i> (1990).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Czechoslovakia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1922 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Czechoslovakia" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/history/european-history/eastern-europe/czechoslovakian-history.jsp">Online books and articles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110401192620/http://www.questia.com/library/history/european-history/eastern-europe/czechoslovakian-history.jsp">Archived</a> 1 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cstoc.html">U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies, "Czechoslovakia"</a></li> <li>English/Czech: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vyznamenani.net/main.htm">Orders and Medals of Czechoslovakia including Order of the White Lion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia by Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li>Katrin Boeckh: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/crumbling_of_empires_and_emerging_states_czechoslovakia_and_yugoslavia_as_multinational_countries/">Crumbling of Empires and Emerging States: Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia as (Multi)national Countries</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230080030/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Maps with Hungarian-language rubrics</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/163.gif">Border changes after the creation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/166.gif">Interwar Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/200.gif">Czechoslovakia after Munich Agreement</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Czechoslovakia_articles240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Czechoslovakia_topics" title="Template:Czechoslovakia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Czechoslovakia_topics" title="Template talk:Czechoslovakia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Czechoslovakia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Czechoslovakia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Czechoslovakia_articles240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czechoslovakia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Czechoslovakia_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of Czechoslovakia history (page does not exist)">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Czechoslovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Czechoslovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia.svg/80px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia.svg/120px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia.svg/160px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of cities and towns in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Districts_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Districts of Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of lakes of Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_mountains_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of highest mountains of Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_rivers_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of rivers of Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="States of Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Constitution of Czechoslovakia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Elections in Czechoslovakia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Czechoslovakia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_rights_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGBT rights in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary of Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:Military of Czechoslovakia">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Army" title="Czechoslovak Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_People%27s_Army" title="Czechoslovak People's Army">People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Air_Force" title="Czechoslovak Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakian_Naval_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovakian Naval Forces">Naval Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_border_fortifications_during_the_Cold_War" title="Czechoslovak border fortifications during the Cold War">Cold War border fortifications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Czechoslovakia" title="List of presidents of Czechoslovakia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Czechoslovakia" title="List of prime ministers of Czechoslovakia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Czechoslovakia" title="List of political parties in Czechoslovakia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Economy of communist Czechoslovakia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_companies_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of companies of Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxation_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taxation in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Transport in Czechoslovakia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:Society of Czechoslovakia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Demographics of Czechoslovakia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">Sudeten Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Education in Czechoslovakia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languages of Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Religion in Czechoslovakia">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Czechoslovakia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Czechoslovakia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_museums_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of museums in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_anthem_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National anthem of Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_holidays_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public holidays in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport in Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Czechoslovakia" title="Category:Czechoslovakia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dissolution_of_Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" title="Template:Dissolution of Austria–Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dissolution_of_Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" title="Template talk:Dissolution of Austria–Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dissolution_of_Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dissolution of Austria–Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">Dissolution of Austria-Hungary</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(for Austria)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(for Hungary)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Carinthian_plebiscite" title="1920 Carinthian plebiscite">1920 Carinthian plebiscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopron_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopron plebiscite">1921 Sopron plebiscite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hod%C5%BEa-Bartha_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hodža-Bartha Agreement (page does not exist)">Hodža-Bartha Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pichon_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pichon Line (page does not exist)">Pichon Line</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berthelot-Ap%C3%A1thy_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berthelot-Apáthy Agreement (page does not exist)">Berthelot-Apáthy Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vix_Note" title="Vix Note">Vix Note</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smuts_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smuts Mission (page does not exist)">Smuts Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemenceau_Note&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemenceau Note (page does not exist)">Clemenceau Note</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clerk_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clerk Mission (page does not exist)">Clerk Mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Italian Regency of Carnaro</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;;">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Republic of German-Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_German_Bohemia" title="Province of German Bohemia">German Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_the_Sudetenland" title="Province of the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Forest_Region" title="Bohemian Forest Region">Bohemian Forest Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_South_Moravia" title="German South Moravia">German South Moravia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;;">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Hungarian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Hungarian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;;">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zakopane" title="Republic of Zakopane">Republic of Zakopane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat,_Ba%C4%8Dka_and_Baranja" title="Banat, Bačka and Baranja">Banat, Bačka and Baranja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian-Hungarian_Baranya-Baja_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic">Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komancza_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Komancza Republic">Komancza Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Republic of Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemko_Republic" title="Lemko Republic">Lemko Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Heinzenland" title="Republic of Heinzenland">Republic of Heinzenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Republic" title="Slovak People's Republic">Slovak People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsul_Republic" title="Hutsul Republic">Hutsul Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Prekmurje" title="Republic of Prekmurje">Republic of Prekmurje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galician Soviet Socialist Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Russian Civil War spill over)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajtab%C3%A1ns%C3%A1g" title="Lajtabánság">Lajtabánság</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a> to Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> and Transylvania to Romania</li> <li>South Tyrol and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Austrian Littoral</a> to Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_concession_of_Tianjin" title="Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin">Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin</a> to China</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post World War I<br />armed conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aster_Revolution" title="Aster Revolution">Aster Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Slovene_conflict_in_Carinthia" title="Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia">Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Polish–Czechoslovak War">Polish–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Hungarian–Czechoslovak War">Hungarian–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_occupation_of_Pokuttia" title="Romanian occupation of Pokuttia">Romanian occupation of Pokuttia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_West_Hungary" title="Uprising in West Hungary">Uprising in West Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buda%C3%B6rs" title="Battle of Budaörs">Battle of Budaörs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" 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navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33946#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2454" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33946#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2454" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33946#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122966146">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143697606">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212490/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4078435-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81032269">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11881605z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11881605z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573587">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Československo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131689&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451387">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/118529">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555051905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511961206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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href="https://www.idref.fr/026599465">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003373">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035762">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cekoslovakya">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\C\Z\Czechoslovakia">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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