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semantics</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: denotational semantics"> <meta name="keywords" content="denotational semantics"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="denotational semantics"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 138</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: denotational semantics</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">138</span> Petra: Simplified, Scalable Verification Using an Object-Oriented, Compositional Process Calculus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aran%20Hakki">Aran Hakki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Corina%20Cirstea"> Corina Cirstea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julian%20Rathke"> Julian Rathke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Formal methods are yet to be utilized in mainstream software development due to issues in scaling and implementation costs. This work is about developing a scalable, simplified, pragmatic, formal software development method with strong correctness properties and guarantees that are easy prove. The method aims to be easy to learn, use and apply without extensive training and experience in formal methods. Petra is proposed as an object-oriented, process calculus with composable data types and sequential/parallel processes. Petra has a simple denotational semantics, which includes a definition of Correct by Construction. The aim is for Petra is to be standard which can be implemented to execute on various mainstream programming platforms such as Java. Work towards an implementation of Petra as a Java EDSL (Embedded Domain Specific Language) is also discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compositionality" title="compositionality">compositionality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formal%20method" title=" formal method"> formal method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20verification" title=" software verification"> software verification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Java" title=" Java"> Java</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=denotational%20semantics" title=" denotational semantics"> denotational semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rewriting%20systems" title=" rewriting systems"> rewriting systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rewriting%20semantics" title=" rewriting semantics"> rewriting semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parallel%20processing" title=" parallel processing"> parallel processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=object-oriented%20programming" title=" object-oriented programming"> object-oriented programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OOP" title=" OOP"> OOP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=programming%20language" title=" programming language"> programming language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correct%20by%20construction" title=" correct by construction"> correct by construction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152577/petra-simplified-scalable-verification-using-an-object-oriented-compositional-process-calculus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152577.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">137</span> Contextual Senses of Ambiguous Words Based on Cognitive Semantics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madhavi">Madhavi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> All linguistic units are context-dependent. They occur in particular settings, from which they derive much of their import, and are recognized by speakers as distinct entities only through a process of abstraction. Most of the words have several concepts associated with them and convey a number of meanings in different contexts in any language. For instance, there are different uses of the word good as an adjective from English. The adjective good expresses many senses like (1) ‘high quality of someone or something’ (2) ‘efficient’ (3) ‘virtuous’ (4) ‘reliable’ etc. These senses will be analyzed by using cognitive semantics framework. The context has the power to insulate one meaning from all the other meanings in communication. This paper will provide a cognitive semantic analysis. The basic tenet of cognitive semantics is the sense of a word is the way we conceptualize it. Our conceptualization is based on the physical experience we go through. Cognitive semantics tries to capture this conceptualization in terms of some categories like schema, frame, and domain. Cognitive semantics is a subfield of cognitive linguistics. Cognitive linguistics studies the language creation, learning, and usage by the reference to human cognition. The semantic structure is conceptual structure which is related to the concepts which are the elements of reason and constitute the meanings of words and linguistic expressions. Cognitive semantics studies how our mind works for the meaning of any word and how it perceives meaning from the environment through senses and works to map with the knowledge which already exists in our mind through experience. In the present paper, the senses are further classified into some categories. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive" title="cognitive">cognitive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contexts" title=" contexts"> contexts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantics" title=" semantics"> semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=senses" title=" senses"> senses</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79391/contextual-senses-of-ambiguous-words-based-on-cognitive-semantics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79391.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">219</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">136</span> Nadler's Fixed Point Theorem on Partial Metric Spaces and its Application to a Homotopy Result</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hemant%20Kumar%20Pathak">Hemant Kumar Pathak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In 1994, Matthews (S.G. Matthews, Partial metric topology, in: Proc. 8th Summer Conference on General Topology and Applications, in: Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 728, 1994, pp. 183-197) introduced the concept of a partial metric as a part of the study of denotational semantics of data flow networks. He gave a modified version of the Banach contraction principle, more suitable in this context. In fact, (complete) partial metric spaces constitute a suitable framework to model several distinguished examples of the theory of computation and also to model metric spaces via domain theory. In this paper, we introduce the concept of almost partial Hausdorff metric. We prove a fixed point theorem for multi-valued mappings on partial metric space using the concept of almost partial Hausdorff metric and prove an analogous to the well-known Nadler’s fixed point theorem. In the sequel, we derive a homotopy result as an application of our main result. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20point" title="fixed point">fixed point</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20metric%20space" title=" partial metric space"> partial metric space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=homotopy" title=" homotopy"> homotopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20sciences" title=" physical sciences"> physical sciences</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5182/nadlers-fixed-point-theorem-on-partial-metric-spaces-and-its-application-to-a-homotopy-result" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5182.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">441</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">135</span> Searching Linguistic Synonyms through Parts of Speech Tagging</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faiza%20Hussain">Faiza Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Usman%20Qamar"> Usman Qamar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Synonym-based searching is recognized to be a complicated problem as text mining from unstructured data of web is challenging. Finding useful information which matches user need from bulk of web pages is a cumbersome task. In this paper, a novel and practical synonym retrieval technique is proposed for addressing this problem. For replacement of semantics, user intent is taken into consideration to realize the technique. Parts-of-Speech tagging is applied for pattern generation of the query and a thesaurus for this experiment was formed and used. Comparison with Non-Context Based Searching, Context Based searching proved to be a more efficient approach while dealing with linguistic semantics. This approach is very beneficial in doing intent based searching. Finally, results and future dimensions are presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title="natural language processing">natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20mining" title=" text mining"> text mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20retrieval" title=" information retrieval"> information retrieval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parts-of-speech%20tagging" title=" parts-of-speech tagging"> parts-of-speech tagging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grammar" title=" grammar"> grammar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantics" title=" semantics"> semantics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52077/searching-linguistic-synonyms-through-parts-of-speech-tagging" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52077.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">134</span> Contextual Distribution for Textual Alignment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuri%20Bizzoni">Yuri Bizzoni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marianne%20Reboul"> Marianne Reboul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Our program compares French and Italian translations of Homer’s <em>Odyssey, </em>from the XVIth to the XXth century. We focus on the third point, showing how distributional semantics systems can be used both to improve alignment between different French translations as well as between the Greek text and a French translation. Although we focus on French examples, the techniques we display are completely language independent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classical%20receptions" title="classical receptions">classical receptions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20linguistics" title=" computational linguistics"> computational linguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributional%20semantics" title=" distributional semantics"> distributional semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Homeric%20poems" title=" Homeric poems"> Homeric poems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20translation" title=" machine translation"> machine translation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation%20studies" title=" translation studies"> translation studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20alignment" title=" text alignment"> text alignment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34136/contextual-distribution-for-textual-alignment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34136.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">434</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">133</span> Aspects of Semantics of Standard British English and Nigerian English: A Contrastive Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chris%20Adetuyi">Chris Adetuyi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adeola%20Adeniran"> Adeola Adeniran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The concept of meaning is a complex one in language study when cultural features are added. This is mandatory because language cannot be completely separated from the culture in which case language and culture complement each other. When there are two varieties of a language in a society, i.e. two varieties functioning side by side in a speech community, there is a tendency to view one of the varieties with each other. There is, therefore, the need to make a linguistic comparative study of varieties of such languages. In this paper, a semantic contrastive study is made between Standard British English (SBE) and Nigerian English (NB). The semantic study is limited to aspects of semantics: semantic extension (Kinship terms, metaphors), semantic shift (lexical items considered are ‘drop’ ‘befriend’ ‘dowry’ and escort) acronyms (NEPA, JAMB, NTA) linguistic borrowing or loan words (Seriki, Agbada, Eba, Dodo, Iroko) coinages (long leg, bush meat; bottom power and juju). In the study of these aspects of semantics of SBE and NE lexical terms, conservative statements are made, problems areas and hierarchy of difficulties are highlighted with a view to bringing out areas of differences are highlighted in this paper are concerned. The study will also serve as a guide in further contrastive studies in some other area of languages. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aspect" title="aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=British" title=" British"> British</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English" title=" English"> English</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantics" title=" semantics"> semantics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64852/aspects-of-semantics-of-standard-british-english-and-nigerian-english-a-contrastive-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64852.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">346</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">132</span> Relative Clause Attachment Ambiguity Resolution in L2: the Role of Semantics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamideh%20Marefat">Hamideh Marefat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eskandar%20Samadi"> Eskandar Samadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examined the effect of semantics on processing ambiguous sentences containing Relative Clauses (RCs) preceded by a complex Determiner Phrase (DP) by Persian-speaking learners of L2 English with different proficiency and Working Memory Capacities (WMCs). The semantic relationship studied was one between the subject of the main clause and one of the DPs in the complex DP to see if, as predicted by Spreading Activation Model, priming one of the DPs through this semantic manipulation affects the L2ers’ preference. The results of a task using Rapid Serial Visual Processing (time-controlled paradigm) showed that manipulation of the relationship between the subject of the main clause and one of the DPs in the complex DP preceding RC has no effect on the choice of the antecedent; rather, the L2ers' processing is guided by the phrase structure information. Moreover, while proficiency did not have any effect on the participants’ preferences, WMC brought about a difference in their preferences, with a DP1 preference by those with a low WMC. This finding supports the chunking hypothesis and the predicate proximity principle, which is the strategy also used by monolingual Persian speakers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantics" title="semantics">semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20clause%20processing" title=" relative clause processing"> relative clause processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ambiguity%20resolution" title=" ambiguity resolution"> ambiguity resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proficiency" title=" proficiency"> proficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=working%20memory%20capacity" title=" working memory capacity"> working memory capacity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30658/relative-clause-attachment-ambiguity-resolution-in-l2-the-role-of-semantics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30658.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">623</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">131</span> Colors and Interiority - A Study on the Relationship of Colors and Interior Spaces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahwish%20Ghulam%20Rasool">Mahwish Ghulam Rasool</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The design of a space is a complex process that involves multiple stages, from conceptualization, identifying design problems to understanding the context, materiality, and functionality of the space. Out of all the design elements, color is one of the most dominant and expressive factors that affect the spatial dynamics of the interior space. Color affects aesthetic comfort in space and has a lasting impact on human perception and psychology. Using color as a tool for creating spatial experiences is a new paradigm. Color semantics in spaces are not only used for surface treatment or aesthetics, but it also has more powerful functional characteristics. As interior spaces are evolving and becoming experiential with each decade, designers are looking for new processes to enhance the spatial and experiential quality of interior spaces. The relationship between color and interior typologies is a relatively new paradigm. This paper discusses the role of colors in interior spaces from various perspectives, exploring their impact on the formation of interior typologies and the use of colors in space design. The paper analyzes interior typologies worldwide, from residential to commercial interior spaces, where color semantics plays a prominent role in the design. The paper also emphasizes the design process and the creation of design language, unveiling the possibilities of applying colors in interior spaces that can be in harmony with the building context, space functionality, or in opposition to the existing building envelope or environment. The paper aims to contribute to the field of interior design education and practices. By using experimental and various research methodologies for investigation, it aims to fill the gap in the literature regarding color semantics and the relationship between interior typologies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=color%20psychology" title="color psychology">color psychology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=color%20semantics" title=" color semantics"> color semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interior%20environments" title=" interior environments"> interior environments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interior%20typologies" title=" interior typologies"> interior typologies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171292/colors-and-interiority-a-study-on-the-relationship-of-colors-and-interior-spaces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171292.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">130</span> Lexical Classification of Compounds in Berom: A Semantic Description of N-V Nominal Compounds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pam%20Bitrus%20Marcus">Pam Bitrus Marcus</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Compounds in Berom, a Niger-Congo language that is spoken in parts of central Nigeria, have been understudied, and the semantics of N-V nominal compounds have not been sufficiently delineated. This study describes the lexical classification of compounds in Berom and, specifically, examines the semantics of nominal compounds with N-V constituents. The study relied on a data set of 200 compounds that were drawn from Bere Naha (a newsletter publication in Berom). Contrary to the nominalization process in defining the lexical class of compounds in languages, the study revealed that verbal and adjectival classes of compounds are also attested in Berom and N-V nominal compounds have an agentive or locative interpretation that is not solely determined by the meaning of the constituents of the compound but by the context of the usage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=berom" title="berom">berom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=berom%20compounds" title=" berom compounds"> berom compounds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nominal%20compound" title=" nominal compound"> nominal compound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N-V%20compounds" title=" N-V compounds"> N-V compounds</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171026/lexical-classification-of-compounds-in-berom-a-semantic-description-of-n-v-nominal-compounds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171026.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">129</span> Semantics of the Word “Nas” in the Verse 24 of Surah Al-Baqarah Based on Izutsus’ Semantic Field Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyedeh%20Khadijeh.%20Mirbazel">Seyedeh Khadijeh. Mirbazel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoumeh%20Arjmandi"> Masoumeh Arjmandi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Semantics is a linguistic approach and a scientific stream, and like all scientific streams, it is dynamic. The study of meaning is carried out in the broad semantic collections of words that form the discourse. In other words, meaning is not something that can be found in a word; rather, the formation of meaning is a process that takes place in a discourse as a whole. One of the contemporary semantic theories is Izutsu's Semantic Field Theory. According to this theory, the discovery of meaning depends on the function of words and takes place within the context of language. The purpose of this research is to identify the meaning of the word "Nas" in the discourse of verse 24 of Surah Al-Baqarah, which introduces "Nas" as the firewood of hell, but the translators have translated it as "people". The present research has investigated the semantic structure of the word "Nas" using the aforementioned theory through the descriptive-analytical method. In the process of investigation, by matching the semantic fields of the Quranic word "Nas", this research came to the conclusion that "Nas" implies those persons who have forgotten God and His covenant in believing in His Oneness. For this reason, God called them "Nas (the forgetful)" - the imperfect participle of the noun /næsiwoɔn/ in single trinity of Arabic language, which means “to forget”. Therefore, the intended meaning of "Nas" in the verses that have the word "Nas" is not equivalent to "People" which is a general noun. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nas" title="Nas">Nas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=people" title=" people"> people</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantics" title=" semantics"> semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20field%20theory." title=" semantic field theory."> semantic field theory.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174261/semantics-of-the-word-nas-in-the-verse-24-of-surah-al-baqarah-based-on-izutsus-semantic-field-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174261.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">128</span> Semantic Data Schema Recognition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A%C3%AFcha%20Ben%20Salem">Aïcha Ben Salem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faouzi%20Boufares"> Faouzi Boufares</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sebastiao%20Correia"> Sebastiao Correia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The subject covered in this paper aims at assisting the user in its quality approach. The goal is to better extract, mix, interpret and reuse data. It deals with the semantic schema recognition of a data source. This enables the extraction of data semantics from all the available information, inculding the data and the metadata. Firstly, it consists of categorizing the data by assigning it to a category and possibly a sub-category, and secondly, of establishing relations between columns and possibly discovering the semantics of the manipulated data source. These links detected between columns offer a better understanding of the source and the alternatives for correcting data. This approach allows automatic detection of a large number of syntactic and semantic anomalies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=schema%20recognition" title="schema recognition">schema recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20data%20profiling" title=" semantic data profiling"> semantic data profiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meta-categorisation" title=" meta-categorisation"> meta-categorisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20dependencies%20inter%20columns" title=" semantic dependencies inter columns"> semantic dependencies inter columns</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34129/semantic-data-schema-recognition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34129.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">418</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">127</span> On the Semantics and Pragmatics of 'Be Able To': Modality and Actualisation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beno%C3%AEt%20Leclercq">Benoît Leclercq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilse%20Depraetere"> Ilse Depraetere</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The goal of this presentation is to shed new light on the semantics and pragmatics of be able to. It presents the results of a corpus analysis based on data from the BNC (British National Corpus), and discusses these results in light of a specific stance on the semantics-pragmatics interface taking into account recent developments. Be able to is often discussed in relation to can and could, all of which can be used to express ability. Such an onomasiological approach often results in the identification of usage constraints for each expression. In the case of be able to, it is the formal properties of the modal expression (unlike can and could, be able to has non-finite forms) that are in the foreground, and the modal expression is described as the verb that conveys future ability. Be able to is also argued to expressed actualised ability in the past (I was able/could to open the door). This presentation aims to provide a more accurate pragmatic-semantic profile of be able to, based on extensive data analysis and one that is embedded in a very explicit view on the semantics-pragmatics interface. A random sample of 3000 examples (1000 for each modal verb) extracted from the BNC was analysed to account for the following issues. First, the challenge is to identify the exact semantic range of be able to. The results show that, contrary to general assumption, be able to does not only express ability but it shares most of the root meanings usually associated with the possibility modals can and could. The data reveal that what is called opportunity is, in fact, the most frequent meaning of be able to. Second, attention will be given to the notion of actualisation. It is commonly argued that be able to is the preferred form when the residue actualises: (1) The only reason he was able to do that was because of the restriction (BNC, spoken) (2) It is only through my imaginative shuffling of the aces that we are able to stay ahead of the pack. (BNC, written) Although this notion has been studied in detail within formal semantic approaches, empirical data is crucially lacking and it is unclear whether actualisation constitutes a conventional (and distinguishing) property of be able to. The empirical analysis provides solid evidence that actualisation is indeed a conventional feature of the modal. Furthermore, the dataset reveals that be able to expresses actualised 'opportunities' and not actualised 'abilities'. In the final part of this paper, attention will be given to the theoretical implications of the empirical findings, and in particular to the following paradox: how can the same expression encode both modal meaning (non-factual) and actualisation (factual)? It will be argued that this largely depends on one's conception of the semantics-pragmatics interface, and that this need not be an issue when actualisation (unlike modality) is analysed as a generalised conversational implicature and thus is considered part of the conventional pragmatic layer of be able to. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Actualisation" title="Actualisation">Actualisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Modality" title=" Modality"> Modality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pragmatics" title=" Pragmatics"> Pragmatics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Semantics" title=" Semantics"> Semantics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125976/on-the-semantics-and-pragmatics-of-be-able-to-modality-and-actualisation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125976.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">126</span> Formulating Rough Approximations in Information Tables with Possibilistic Information</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michinori%20Nakata">Michinori Nakata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiroshi%20Sakai"> Hiroshi Sakai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A rough set, which consists of lower and upper approximations, is formulated in information tables containing possibilistic information. First, lower and upper approximations on the basis of possible world semantics in the same way as Lipski did in the field of incomplete databases are shown in order to clarify fundamentals of rough sets under possibilistic information. Possibility and necessity measures are used, as is done in possibilistic databases. As a result, each object has certain and possible membership degrees to lower and upper approximations, which degrees are the lower and upper bounds. Therefore, the degree that the object belongs to lower and upper approximations is expressed by an interval value. And the complementary property linked with the lower and upper approximations holds, as is valid under complete information. Second, the approach based on indiscernibility relations, which is proposed by Dubois and Prade, are extended in three cases. The first case is that objects used to approximate a set of objects are characterized by possibilistic information. The second case is that objects used to approximate a set of objects with possibilistic information are characterized by complete information. The third case is that objects that are characterized by possibilistic information approximate a set of objects with possibilistic information. The extended approach create the same results as the approach based on possible world semantics. This justifies our extension. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rough%20sets" title="rough sets">rough sets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=possibilistic%20information" title=" possibilistic information"> possibilistic information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=possible%20world%20semantics" title=" possible world semantics"> possible world semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indiscernibility%20relations" title=" indiscernibility relations"> indiscernibility relations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lower%20approximations" title=" lower approximations"> lower approximations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upper%20approximations" title=" upper approximations"> upper approximations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27554/formulating-rough-approximations-in-information-tables-with-possibilistic-information" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27554.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">321</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">125</span> An Approach to Specify Software Requirements in Semantic Form</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepa%20Vijay">Deepa Vijay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chellammal%20Surianarayanan"> Chellammal Surianarayanan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gopinath%20Ganapathy"> Gopinath Ganapathy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Requirements of a software project serve as a guideline for the entire project team which enable the team towards producing the right outcome. As requirements are the key in deciding the success of the project, it should be specified in an unambiguous manner. Also, the requirements should be complete and consistent. It should be interpreted in the same way by the entire software project team as the customer interprets. Specifying requirements in textual manner is common in software development. This leads to poor understanding of the requirements which results in more errors and degraded quality. There are some literatures which focus on semantic way of specifying functional requirement which ensure the consistency and completeness of requirements. Alternately in the work, a method is proposed to map the syntactic requirements with corresponding semantics in the form of ontologies. This improves the understanding of requirements, prevents errors and improves quality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20requirement" title="functional requirement">functional requirement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ontology" title=" ontology"> ontology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=requirements%20management" title=" requirements management"> requirements management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantics" title=" semantics"> semantics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35649/an-approach-to-specify-software-requirements-in-semantic-form" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35649.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">124</span> Effects of Therapeutic Horseback Riding in Speech and Communication Skills of Children with Autism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aristi%20Alopoudi">Aristi Alopoudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sofia%20Beloka"> Sofia Beloka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vassiliki%20Pliogou"> Vassiliki Pliogou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Autism is a complex neuro-developmental disorder with a variety of difficulties in many aspects such as social interaction, communication skills and verbal communication (speech). The aim of this study was to examine the impact of therapeutic horseback riding in improving the verbal and communication skills of children diagnosed with autism during 16 sessions. The researcher examined whether the expression of speech, the use of vocabulary, semantics, pragmatics, echolalia and communication skills were influenced by the therapeutic horseback riding when we increase the frequency of the sessions. The researcher observed two subjects of primary-school aged, in a two case observation design, with autism during 16 therapeutic horseback riding sessions (one riding session per week). Compared to baseline, at the end of the 16th therapeutic session, therapeutic horseback riding increased both verbal skills such as vocabulary, semantics, pragmatics, formation of sentences and communication skills such as eye contact, greeting, participation in dialogue and spontaneous speech. It was noticeable that echolalia remained stable. Increased frequency of therapeutic horseback riding was beneficial for significant improvement in verbal and communication skills. More specifically, from the first to the last riding session there was a great increase of vocabulary, semantics, and formation of sentences. Pragmatics reached a lower level than semantics but the same as the right usage of the first person (for example, I make a hug) and echolalia used for that. A great increase of spontaneous speech was noticed. The eye contact was presented in a lower level, and there was a slow but important raise at the greeting as well as the participation in dialogue. Last but not least; this is a first study conducted in therapeutic horseback riding studying the verbal communication and communication skills in autistic children. According to the references, therapeutic horseback riding is a therapy with a variety of benefits, thus; this research made clear that in the benefits of this therapy there should be included the improvement of verbal speech and communication. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication%20skills" title=" communication skills"> communication skills</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speech" title=" speech"> speech</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=therapeutic%20horseback%20riding" title=" therapeutic horseback riding"> therapeutic horseback riding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71618/effects-of-therapeutic-horseback-riding-in-speech-and-communication-skills-of-children-with-autism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71618.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">274</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">123</span> The Role of Paraphrase in Interpreting Students’ Writing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maya%20Lisa%20Aryanti">Maya Lisa Aryanti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20S.%20M.%20Hum"> S. S. M. Hum</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To improve students’ skill, writing is the most challenging skill to be developed. The reason is that besides helping the students to develop their skill, this activity also helps them to express themselves. This paper depicts how paraphrasing is very helpful to interpret students’ writing. Syntactic units, used tenses and meanings will indeed change once the writings were paraphrased. The objectives of this research are to reveal the inappropriate structure of syntactic units, to show what types of sentences the students often make, and to show how paraphrasing can help to infer the message. The methodology of this research is descriptive qualitative research. In addition, theories of linguistics are also included. This includes theory of Syntax to describe syntactic units and tenses and theory of Semantics to describe theories of meaning and how paraphrasing works. The theories of general linguistics, grammar and writing are also provided to support the theories of Syntax and Semantics. The results of this research are concerned with how the message is received in the end. The message written in the students’ essay is not clear because of the improper structure of syntactic units and use of incorrect of tenses. The students tend to use simple sentences, compound sentences and complex sentences with a few mistakes in their writing. In addition, they tend to create unnecessary phrases. The last point is that this research shows how paraphrase works to attain complete meaning of a sentence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meanings" title="meanings">meanings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntactic%20units" title=" syntactic units"> syntactic units</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tenses" title=" tenses"> tenses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntax%20and%20semantics" title=" syntax and semantics"> syntax and semantics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77571/the-role-of-paraphrase-in-interpreting-students-writing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77571.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">122</span> Radical Web Text Classification Using a Composite-Based Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kolade%20Olawande%20Owoeye">Kolade Olawande Owoeye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20R.%20S.%20Weir"> George R. S. Weir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The widespread of terrorism and extremism activities on the internet has become a major threat to the government and national securities due to their potential dangers which have necessitated the need for intelligence gathering via web and real-time monitoring of potential websites for extremist activities. However, the manual classification for such contents is practically difficult or time-consuming. In response to this challenge, an automated classification system called composite technique was developed. This is a computational framework that explores the combination of both semantics and syntactic features of textual contents of a web. We implemented the framework on a set of extremist webpages dataset that has been subjected to the manual classification process. Therein, we developed a classification model on the data using J48 decision algorithm, this is to generate a measure of how well each page can be classified into their appropriate classes. The classification result obtained from our method when compared with other states of arts, indicated a 96% success rate in classifying overall webpages when matched against the manual classification. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extremist" title="extremist">extremist</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=web%20pages" title=" web pages"> web pages</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantics" title=" semantics"> semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=posit" title=" posit"> posit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98432/radical-web-text-classification-using-a-composite-based-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98432.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">121</span> SPBAC: A Semantic Policy-Based Access Control for Database Query</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aaron%20Zhang">Aaron Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alimire%20Kahaer"> Alimire Kahaer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerald%20Weber"> Gerald Weber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nalin%20Arachchilage"> Nalin Arachchilage</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Access control is an essential safeguard for the security of enterprise data, which controls users’ access to information resources and ensures the confidentiality and integrity of information resources [1]. Research shows that the more common types of access control now have shortcomings [2]. In this direction, to improve the existing access control, we have studied the current technologies in the field of data security, deeply investigated the previous data access control policies and their problems, identified the existing deficiencies, and proposed a new extension structure of SPBAC. SPBAC extension proposed in this paper aims to combine Policy-Based Access Control (PBAC) with semantics to provide logically connected, real-time data access functionality by establishing associations between enterprise data through semantics. Our design combines policies with linked data through semantics to create a "Semantic link" so that access control is no longer per-database and determines that users in each role should be granted access based on the instance policy, and improves the SPBAC implementation by constructing policies and defined attributes through the XACML specification, which is designed to extend on the original XACML model. While providing relevant design solutions, this paper hopes to continue to study the feasibility and subsequent implementation of related work at a later stage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=access%20control" title="access control">access control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20policy-based%20access%20control" title=" semantic policy-based access control"> semantic policy-based access control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20link" title=" semantic link"> semantic link</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=access%20control%20model" title=" access control model"> access control model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instance%20policy" title=" instance policy"> instance policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XACML" title=" XACML"> XACML</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168587/spbac-a-semantic-policy-based-access-control-for-database-query" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168587.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">120</span> Service Interactions Coordination Using a Declarative Approach: Focuses on Deontic Rule from Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Rules Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurulhuda%20A.%20Manaf">Nurulhuda A. Manaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nor%20Najihah%20Zainal%20Abidin"> Nor Najihah Zainal Abidin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nur%20Amalina%20Jamaludin"> Nur Amalina Jamaludin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Coordinating service interactions are a vital part of developing distributed applications that are built up as networks of autonomous participants, e.g., software components, web services, online resources, involve a collaboration between a diverse number of participant services on different providers. The complexity in coordinating service interactions reflects how important the techniques and approaches require for designing and coordinating the interaction between participant services to ensure the overall goal of a collaboration between participant services is achieved. The objective of this research is to develop capability of steering a complex service interaction towards a desired outcome. Therefore, an efficient technique for modelling, generating, and verifying the coordination of service interactions is developed. The developed model describes service interactions using service choreographies approach and focusing on a declarative approach, advocating an Object Management Group (OMG) standard, Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Rules (SBVR). This model, namely, SBVR model for service choreographies focuses on a declarative deontic rule expressing both obligation and prohibition, which can be more useful in working with coordinating service interactions. The generated SBVR model is then be formulated and be transformed into Alloy model using Alloy Analyzer for verifying the generated SBVR model. The transformation of SBVR into Alloy allows to automatically generate the corresponding coordination of service interactions (service choreography), hence producing an immediate instance of execution that satisfies the constraints of the specification and verifies whether a specific request can be realised in the given choreography in the generated choreography. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=service%20choreography" title="service choreography">service choreography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=service%20coordination" title=" service coordination"> service coordination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavioural%20modelling" title=" behavioural modelling"> behavioural modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20interactions" title=" complex interactions"> complex interactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=declarative%20specification" title=" declarative specification"> declarative specification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verification" title=" verification"> verification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20transformation" title=" model transformation"> model transformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantics%20of%20business%20vocabulary%20and%20rules" title=" semantics of business vocabulary and rules"> semantics of business vocabulary and rules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SBVR" title=" SBVR"> SBVR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122564/service-interactions-coordination-using-a-declarative-approach-focuses-on-deontic-rule-from-semantics-of-business-vocabulary-and-rules-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122564.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">119</span> On the Framework of Contemporary Intelligent Mathematics Underpinning Intelligent Science, Autonomous AI, and Cognitive Computers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yingxu%20Wang">Yingxu Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianhua%20Lu"> Jianhua Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Peng"> Jun Peng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiawei%20Zhang"> Jiawei Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The fundamental demand in contemporary intelligent science towards Autonomous AI (AI*) is the creation of unprecedented formal means of Intelligent Mathematics (IM). It is discovered that natural intelligence is inductively created rather than exhaustively trained. Therefore, IM is a family of algebraic and denotational mathematics encompassing Inference Algebra, Real-Time Process Algebra, Concept Algebra, Semantic Algebra, Visual Frame Algebra, etc., developed in our labs. IM plays indispensable roles in training-free AI* theories and systems beyond traditional empirical data-driven technologies. A set of applications of IM-driven AI* systems will be demonstrated in contemporary intelligence science, AI*, and cognitive computers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intelligence%20mathematics" title="intelligence mathematics">intelligence mathematics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foundations%20of%20intelligent%20science" title=" foundations of intelligent science"> foundations of intelligent science</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20AI" title=" autonomous AI"> autonomous AI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20computers" title=" cognitive computers"> cognitive computers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inference%20algebra" title=" inference algebra"> inference algebra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real-time%20process%20algebra" title=" real-time process algebra"> real-time process algebra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concept%20algebra" title=" concept algebra"> concept algebra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20algebra" title=" semantic algebra"> semantic algebra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=applications" title=" applications"> applications</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182399/on-the-framework-of-contemporary-intelligent-mathematics-underpinning-intelligent-science-autonomous-ai-and-cognitive-computers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182399.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">61</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">118</span> Improved Performance in Content-Based Image Retrieval Using Machine Learning Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Ramesh%20Naik">B. Ramesh Naik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Venugopal"> T. Venugopal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a novel approach which improves the high-level semantics of images based on machine learning approach. The contemporary approaches for image retrieval and object recognition includes Fourier transforms, Wavelets, SIFT and HoG. Though these descriptors helpful in a wide range of applications, they exploit zero order statistics, and this lacks high descriptiveness of image features. These descriptors usually take benefit of primitive visual features such as shape, color, texture and spatial locations to describe images. These features do not adequate to describe high-level semantics of the images. This leads to a gap in semantic content caused to unacceptable performance in image retrieval system. A novel method has been proposed referred as discriminative learning which is derived from machine learning approach that efficiently discriminates image features. The analysis and results of proposed approach were validated thoroughly on WANG and Caltech-101 Databases. The results proved that this approach is very competitive in content-based image retrieval. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CBIR" title="CBIR">CBIR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discriminative%20learning" title=" discriminative learning"> discriminative learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=region%20weight%20learning" title=" region weight learning"> region weight learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scale%20invariant%20feature%20transforms" title=" scale invariant feature transforms"> scale invariant feature transforms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88331/improved-performance-in-content-based-image-retrieval-using-machine-learning-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88331.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">181</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">117</span> Individualized Emotion Recognition Through Dual-Representations and Ground-Established Ground Truth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valentina%20Zhang">Valentina Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> While facial expression is a complex and individualized behavior, all facial emotion recognition (FER) systems known to us rely on a single facial representation and are trained on universal data. We conjecture that: (i) different facial representations can provide different, sometimes complementing views of emotions; (ii) when employed collectively in a discussion group setting, they enable more accurate emotion reading which is highly desirable in autism care and other applications context sensitive to errors. In this paper, we first study FER using pixel-based DL vs semantics-based DL in the context of deepfake videos. Our experiment indicates that while the semantics-trained model performs better with articulated facial feature changes, the pixel-trained model outperforms on subtle or rare facial expressions. Armed with these findings, we have constructed an adaptive FER system learning from both types of models for dyadic or small interacting groups and further leveraging the synthesized group emotions as the ground truth for individualized FER training. Using a collection of group conversation videos, we demonstrate that FER accuracy and personalization can benefit from such an approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neurodivergence%20care" title="neurodivergence care">neurodivergence care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=facial%20emotion%20recognition" title=" facial emotion recognition"> facial emotion recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ground%20truth%20for%20supervised%20learning" title=" ground truth for supervised learning"> ground truth for supervised learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144009/individualized-emotion-recognition-through-dual-representations-and-ground-established-ground-truth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144009.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">116</span> A Graph-Based Retrieval Model for Passage Search</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junjie%20Zhong">Junjie Zhong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kai%20Hong"> Kai Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lei%20Wang"> Lei Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Passage Retrieval (PR) plays an important role in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Traditional efficient retrieval models relying on exact term-matching, such as TF-IDF or BM25, have nowadays been exceeded by pre-trained language models which match by semantics. Though they gain effectiveness, deep language models often require large memory as well as time cost. To tackle the trade-off between efficiency and effectiveness in PR, this paper proposes Graph Passage Retriever (GraphPR), a graph-based model inspired by the development of graph learning techniques. Different from existing works, GraphPR is end-to-end and integrates both term-matching information and semantics. GraphPR constructs a passage-level graph from BM25 retrieval results and trains a GCN-like model on the graph with graph-based objectives. Passages were regarded as nodes in the constructed graph and were embedded in dense vectors. PR can then be implemented using embeddings and a fast vector-similarity search. Experiments on a variety of real-world retrieval datasets show that the proposed model outperforms related models in several evaluation metrics (e.g., mean reciprocal rank, accuracy, F1-scores) while maintaining a relatively low query latency and memory usage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title="efficiency">efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effectiveness" title=" effectiveness"> effectiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graph%20learning" title=" graph learning"> graph learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20model" title=" language model"> language model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=passage%20retrieval" title=" passage retrieval"> passage retrieval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=term-matching%20model" title=" term-matching model"> term-matching model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162229/a-graph-based-retrieval-model-for-passage-search" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162229.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">115</span> A Corpus-Based Diachronic Study on Indefinite Pronominal Anaphora in English</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qiong%20Hu">Qiong Hu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> From old English to modern English, the gender category has changed from grammatical gender system to natural gender system. The word classes that reflected gender has changed from pronouns, adjectives, and numerals in old English to only pronouns in modern English. In present-day English, the third person singular pronouns are the only paradigm that keeps an intact gender. 'He' and 'they' used as epicene pronouns are one of the two commonest phenomena of gender disagreement (the other being those against the natural gender). Considering the convenience of corpus concordance, epicene pronoun usage is selected in this study in which the anaphors are restricted to possessives (eg. his, their), and the antecedents are restricted to compound indefinite pronouns (eg. someone, somebody). Factors like writing form (eg. someone vs. some one), the semantics of the prefixes (eg. some- vs. any-), and suffixes (eg. -one vs. -body), as well as frequency, are taken into consideration. Statistics indicate that 'their' is increasingly used as the epicene pronoun compared with the decline of 'his' (when both writing forms are considered). This is influenced by social factors such as feminist movement, as well as the semantics and frequency of antecedents. Their (plural) used in anaphoric reference to various indefinite pronouns (singular in form) can also be treated as number variation in third person pronouns, and the trend that 'their' in place of his can also be treated as a change in number category. Among different candidates for the gender-neutral function, 'their' is proven to be the most promising one based on the diachronic data. This does not reject any new competitors in the future which still remains to be seen. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20variation%20and%20change" title="language variation and change">language variation and change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epicene%20pronouns" title=" epicene pronouns"> epicene pronouns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=number" title=" number"> number</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131503/a-corpus-based-diachronic-study-on-indefinite-pronominal-anaphora-in-english" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131503.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">186</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">114</span> The Conceptual Relationships in N+N Compounds in Arabic Compared to English</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdel%20Rahman%20Altakhaineh">Abdel Rahman Altakhaineh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper has analysed the conceptual relations between the elements of NN compounds in Arabic and compared them to those found in English based on the framework of Conceptual Semantics and a modified version of Parallel Architecture referred to as Relational Morphology. The analysis revealed that the repertoire of possible semantic relations between the two nouns in Arabic NN compounds reproduces that in English NN compounds and that, therefore, the main difference is in headedness (right-headed in English, left-headed in Arabic). Adopting RM allows productive and idiosyncratic elements to interweave with each other naturally. Semantically transparent compounds can be stored in memory or produced and understood online, while compounds with different degrees of semantic idiosyncrasy are stored in memory. Furthermore, the predictable parts of idiosyncratic compounds are captured by general schemas. In compounds, such schemas pick out the range of possible semantic relations between the two nouns. Finally, conducting a cross-linguistic study of the systematic patterns of possible conceptual relationships between compound elements is an area worthy of further exploration. In addition, comparing and contrasting compounding in Arabic and Hebrew, especially as they are both Semitic languages, is another area that needs to be investigated thoroughly. It will help morphologists understand the extent to which Jackendoff’s repertoire of semantic relations in compounds is universal. That is, if a language as distant from English as Arabic displays a similar range of cases, this is evidence for a (relatively) universal set of relations from which individual languages may pick and choose. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conceptual%20semantics" title="conceptual semantics">conceptual semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphology" title=" morphology"> morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compounds" title=" compounds"> compounds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arabic" title=" arabic"> arabic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=english" title=" english"> english</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156865/the-conceptual-relationships-in-nn-compounds-in-arabic-compared-to-english" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156865.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">113</span> ChatGPT as a “Foreign Language Teacher”: Attitudes of Tunisian English Language Learners</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leila%20Najeh%20Bel%27Kiry">Leila Najeh Bel'Kiry</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Artificial intelligence (AI) brought about many language robots, with ChatGPT being the most sophisticated thanks to its human-like linguistic capabilities. This aspect raises the idea of using ChatGPT in learning foreign languages. Starting from the premise that positions ChatGPT as a mediator between the language and the leaner, functioning as a “ghost teacher" offering a peaceful and secure learning space, this study aims to explore the attitudes of Tunisian students of English towards ChatGPT as a “Foreign Language Teacher” . Forty-five students, in their third year of fundamental English at Tunisian universities and high institutes, completed a Likert scale questionnaire consisting of thirty-two items and covering various aspects of language (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics). A scale ranging from 'Strongly Disagree,' 'Disagree,' 'Undecided,' 'Agree,' to 'Strongly Agree.' is used to assess the attitudes of the participants towards the integration of ChaGPTin learning a foreign language. Results indicate generally positive attitudes towards the reliance on ChatGPT in learning foreign languages, particularly some compounds of language like syntax, phonology, and morphology. However, learners show insecurity towards ChatGPT when it comes to pragmatics and semantics, where the artificial model may fail when dealing with deeper contextual and nuanced language levels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20language%20model" title="artificial language model">artificial language model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attitudes" title=" attitudes"> attitudes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20language%20learning" title=" foreign language learning"> foreign language learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ChatGPT" title=" ChatGPT"> ChatGPT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linguistic%20capabilities" title=" linguistic capabilities"> linguistic capabilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tunisian%20English%20language%20learners" title=" Tunisian English language learners"> Tunisian English language learners</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183529/chatgpt-as-a-foreign-language-teacher-attitudes-of-tunisian-english-language-learners" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183529.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">64</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">112</span> An Adaptive Conversational AI Approach for Self-Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Airy%20Huang">Airy Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fuji%20Foo"> Fuji Foo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aries%20Prasetya%20Wibowo"> Aries Prasetya Wibowo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, the focus of Natural Language Processing (NLP) development has been gradually shifting from the semantics-based approach to deep learning one, which performs faster with fewer resources. Although it performs well in many applications, the deep learning approach, due to the lack of semantics understanding, has difficulties in noticing and expressing a novel business case with a pre-defined scope. In order to meet the requirements of specific robotic services, deep learning approach is very labor-intensive and time consuming. It is very difficult to improve the capabilities of conversational AI in a short time, and it is even more difficult to self-learn from experiences to deliver the same service in a better way. In this paper, we present an adaptive conversational AI algorithm that combines both semantic knowledge and deep learning to address this issue by learning new business cases through conversations. After self-learning from experience, the robot adapts to the business cases originally out of scope. The idea is to build new or extended robotic services in a systematic and fast-training manner with self-configured programs and constructed dialog flows. For every cycle in which a chat bot (conversational AI) delivers a given set of business cases, it is trapped to self-measure its performance and rethink every unknown dialog flows to improve the service by retraining with those new business cases. If the training process reaches a bottleneck and incurs some difficulties, human personnel will be informed of further instructions. He or she may retrain the chat bot with newly configured programs, or new dialog flows for new services. One approach employs semantics analysis to learn the dialogues for new business cases and then establish the necessary ontology for the new service. With the newly learned programs, it completes the understanding of the reaction behavior and finally uses dialog flows to connect all the understanding results and programs, achieving the goal of self-learning process. We have developed a chat bot service mounted on a kiosk, with a camera for facial recognition and a directional microphone array for voice capture. The chat bot serves as a concierge with polite conversation for visitors. As a proof of concept. We have demonstrated to complete 90% of reception services with limited self-learning capability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conversational%20AI" title="conversational AI">conversational AI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chatbot" title=" chatbot"> chatbot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dialog%20management" title=" dialog management"> dialog management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20analysis" title=" semantic analysis"> semantic analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123746/an-adaptive-conversational-ai-approach-for-self-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123746.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">111</span> Cognitive Semantics Study of Conceptual and Metonymical Expressions in Johnson's Speeches about COVID-19</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussain%20Hameed%20Mayuuf">Hussain Hameed Mayuuf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study is an attempt to investigate the conceptual metonymies is used in political discourse about COVID-19. Thus, this study tries to analyze and investigate how the conceptual metonymies in Johnson's speech about coronavirus are constructed. This study aims at: Identifying how are metonymies relevant to understand the messages in Boris Johnson speeches and to find out how can conceptual blending theory help people to understand the messages in the political speech about COVID-19. Lastly, it tries to Point out the kinds of integration networks are common in political speech. The study is based on the hypotheses that conceptual blending theory is a powerful tool for investigating the intended messages in Johnson's speech and there are different processes of blending networks and conceptual mapping that enable the listeners to identify the messages in political speech. This study presents a qualitative and quantitative analysis of four speeches about COVID-19; they are said by Boris Johnson. The selected data have been tackled from the cognitive-semantic perspective by adopting Conceptual Blending Theory as a model for the analysis. It concludes that CBT is applicable to the analysis of metonymies in political discourse. Its mechanisms enable listeners to analyze and understand these speeches. Also the listener can identify and understand the hidden messages in Biden and Johnson's discourse about COVID-19 by using different conceptual networks. Finally, it is concluded that the double scope networks are the most common types of blending of metonymies in the political speech. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive" title="cognitive">cognitive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantics" title=" semantics"> semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conceptual" title=" conceptual"> conceptual</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metonymical" title=" metonymical"> metonymical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Covid-19" title=" Covid-19"> Covid-19</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157124/cognitive-semantics-study-of-conceptual-and-metonymical-expressions-in-johnsons-speeches-about-covid-19" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157124.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">110</span> The Priming Effect of Morphology, Phonology, Semantics, and Orthography in Mandarin Chinese: A Prime Paradigm Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bingqing%20Xu">Bingqing Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenxing%20Shuai"> Wenxing Shuai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates the priming effects of different Chinese compound words by native Mandarin speakers. There are lots of homonym, polysemy, and synonym in Chinese. However, it is unclear which kind of words have the biggest priming effect. Native Mandarin speakers were tested in a visual-word lexical decision experiment. The stimuli, which are all two-character compound words, consisted of two parts: primes and targets. Five types of relationships were used in all stimuli: morphologically related condition, in which the prime and the target contain the same morpheme; orthographically related condition, in which the target and the prime contain the different morpheme with the same form; phonologically related condition, in which the target and the prime contain the different morpheme with the same phonology; semantically related condition, in which the target and the prime contain the different morpheme with similar meanings; totally unrelated condition. The time since participants saw the target to respond was recorded. Analyses on reaction time showed that the average reaction time of morphologically related targets was much shorter than others, suggesting the morphological priming effect is the biggest. However, the reaction time of the phonologically related conditions was the longest, even longer than unrelated conditions. According to scatter plots analyses, 86.7% of participants had priming effects in morphologically related conditions, only 20% of participants had priming effects in phonologically related conditions. These results suggested that morphologically related conditions had the biggest priming effect. The orthographically and semantically related conditions also had priming effects, whereas the phonologically related conditions had few priming effects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=priming%20effect" title="priming effect">priming effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphology" title=" morphology"> morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phonology" title=" phonology"> phonology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantics" title=" semantics"> semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orthography" title=" orthography"> orthography</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135493/the-priming-effect-of-morphology-phonology-semantics-and-orthography-in-mandarin-chinese-a-prime-paradigm-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135493.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">109</span> Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing: Machines Reflect Misogyny in Society</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irene%20Yi">Irene Yi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Machine learning, natural language processing, and neural network models of language are becoming more and more prevalent in the fields of technology and linguistics today. Training data for machines are at best, large corpora of human literature and at worst, a reflection of the ugliness in society. Machines have been trained on millions of human books, only to find that in the course of human history, derogatory and sexist adjectives are used significantly more frequently when describing females in history and literature than when describing males. This is extremely problematic, both as training data, and as the outcome of natural language processing. As machines start to handle more responsibilities, it is crucial to ensure that they do not take with them historical sexist and misogynistic notions. This paper gathers data and algorithms from neural network models of language having to deal with syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics, and text classification. Results are significant in showing the existing intentional and unintentional misogynistic notions used to train machines, as well as in developing better technologies that take into account the semantics and syntax of text to be more mindful and reflect gender equality. Further, this paper deals with the idea of non-binary gender pronouns and how machines can process these pronouns correctly, given its semantic and syntactic context. This paper also delves into the implications of gendered grammar and its effect, cross-linguistically, on natural language processing. Languages such as French or Spanish not only have rigid gendered grammar rules, but also historically patriarchal societies. The progression of society comes hand in hand with not only its language, but how machines process those natural languages. These ideas are all extremely vital to the development of natural language models in technology, and they must be taken into account immediately. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gendered%20grammar" title="gendered grammar">gendered grammar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=misogynistic%20language" title=" misogynistic language"> misogynistic language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title=" natural language processing"> natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20networks" title=" neural networks"> neural networks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123692/gender-bias-in-natural-language-processing-machines-reflect-misogyny-in-society" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123692.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=denotational%20semantics&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=denotational%20semantics&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=denotational%20semantics&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=denotational%20semantics&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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