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<span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United Kingdom subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electric_Train_Heat_(ETH)_and_Electric_Train_Supply_(ETS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_Train_Heat_(ETH)_and_Electric_Train_Supply_(ETS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Electric Train Heat (ETH) and Electric Train Supply (ETS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_Train_Heat_(ETH)_and_Electric_Train_Supply_(ETS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head-end_power_car" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head-end_power_car"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Head-end power car</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head-end_power_car-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Engine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Engine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_(RIC_cars,_except_Russia_and_UK)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Europe (RIC cars, except Russia and UK)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_(RIC_cars,_except_Russia_and_UK)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electric power supply to trains by locomotives</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Head-end_power" title="Special:EditPage/Head-end power">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Head-end+power%22">"Head-end power"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Head-end+power%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Head-end+power%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Head-end+power%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Head-end+power%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Head-end+power%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MBTA_commuter_car_headend.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/MBTA_commuter_car_headend.agr.jpg/220px-MBTA_commuter_car_headend.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/MBTA_commuter_car_headend.agr.jpg/330px-MBTA_commuter_car_headend.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/MBTA_commuter_car_headend.agr.jpg/440px-MBTA_commuter_car_headend.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MBTA_Commuter_Rail" title="MBTA Commuter Rail">MBTA Commuter Rail</a> car with U.S. standard head-end power <a href="/wiki/Jumper_cable" title="Jumper cable">electrical connection cables</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a>, <b>head-end power</b> (<b>HEP</b>), also known as <b>electric train supply</b> (<b>ETS</b>), is the electrical power distribution system on a passenger train. The power source, usually a locomotive (or a generator car) at the front or 'head' of a train, provides the electricity used for heating, lighting, electrical and other 'hotel' needs. The maritime equivalent is hotel electric power. A successful attempt by the <a href="/wiki/London,_Brighton_and_South_Coast_Railway" title="London, Brighton and South Coast Railway">London, Brighton and South Coast Railway</a> in October 1881 to light the passenger cars on the London to Brighton route<sup id="cite_ref-jfl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> heralded the beginning of using electricity to light trains in the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oil lamps were introduced in 1842 to light trains.<sup id="cite_ref-SimmonsEvans2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimmonsEvans2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economics drove the <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Railway" title="Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway">Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway</a> to replace oil with coal gas lighting in 1870, but a gas cylinder explosion on the train led them to abandon the experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-SimmonsEvans2003_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimmonsEvans2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil-gas lighting was introduced in late 1870. Electrical lighting was introduced in October 1881<sup id="cite_ref-jfl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SimmonsEvans2003_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimmonsEvans2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by using twelve <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Swan</a> carbon filament incandescent lamps connected to an underslung battery of 32 <a href="/wiki/Camille_Alphonse_Faure" title="Camille Alphonse Faure">Faure</a> <a href="/wiki/Lead-acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-acid">lead-acid</a> rechargeable cells, suitable for about 6 hours lighting before being removed for recharging.<sup id="cite_ref-jfl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/North_British_Railway" title="North British Railway">North British Railway</a> in 1881 successfully generated electricity using a dynamo on the <i>Brotherhood</i> steam locomotive to provide electrical lighting in a train, a concept that was later called <i>head-end power</i>. High steam consumption led to abandonment of the system. Three trains were started in 1883 by <a href="/wiki/London,_Brighton_and_South_Coast_Railway" title="London, Brighton and South Coast Railway">London, Brighton and South Coast Railway</a> with electricity generated on board using a dynamo driven from one of the axles. This charged a lead-acid battery in the guard's van, and the guard operated and maintained the equipment. The system successfully provided electric lighting in the train.<sup id="cite_ref-jfl_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1885, electric lighting was introduced in trains in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> using a Moehring-type dynamo and accumulators. The dynamo was driven by pulleys and belts from the axle at speeds of 18 to 42 mph (29 to 68 km/h), and at lower speeds the power was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1887, steam-driven generators in the <a href="/wiki/Baggage_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Baggage car">baggage cars</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <i>Florida Special</i> and the <i>Chicago Limited</i> trains in the US supplied electric lighting to all the cars of the train by wiring them, to introduce the other form of head-end power.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oil-gas lighting provided a higher intensity of light compared to electric lighting and was more popularly used until September 1913, when an <a href="/wiki/1913_Ais_Gill_rail_accident" title="1913 Ais Gill rail accident">accident</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Midland_Railway" title="Midland Railway">Midland Railway</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aisgill" title="Aisgill">Aisgill</a> caused a large number of passenger deaths. This accident prompted railways to adopt electricity for lighting the trains.<sup id="cite_ref-jfl_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">age of steam</a> and into the early diesel era, passenger cars were heated by low pressure <a href="/wiki/Saturated_steam" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated steam">saturated steam</a> supplied by the locomotive, with the electricity for car lighting and <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">ventilation</a> being derived from <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">batteries</a> charged by axle-driven <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generators</a> on each car, or from <a href="/wiki/Engine-generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine-generator">engine-generator</a> sets mounted under the carbody. Starting in the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> became available on railcars, with the energy to run them being provided by mechanical <a href="/wiki/Power_take_off" class="mw-redirect" title="Power take off">power take offs</a> from the axle, small dedicated engines or <a href="/wiki/Propane_refrigerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Propane refrigerator">propane</a>. </p><p>The resulting separate systems of lighting power, steam heat, and engine-driven air conditioning, increased the maintenance workload as well as parts proliferation. Head-end power would allow for a single power source to handle all those functions, and more, for an entire train. </p><p>In the steam era, all cars in Finland and Russia had a wood or coal fired fireplace. Such a solution was considered a fire danger in most countries in Europe, but not in Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, trains hauled by a <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a> would be provided with a supply of steam from the locomotive for heating the carriages.<sup id="cite_ref-jfl_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">diesel locomotives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotives" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric locomotives">electric locomotives</a> replaced steam, the steam heating was then supplied by a <a href="/wiki/Steam_generator_(railroad)" title="Steam generator (railroad)">steam-heat boiler</a>. This was oil-fired (in diesel locomotives) or heated by an electric element (in electric locomotives). Oil-fired steam-heat boilers were unreliable. They caused more locomotive failures on any class to which they were fitted than any other system or component of the locomotive,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and this was a major incentive to adopt a more reliable method of carriage heating. </p><p>At this time, lighting was powered by <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">batteries</a> which were charged by a <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">dynamo</a> underneath each carriage when the train was in motion, and <a href="/wiki/Buffet_car" title="Buffet car">buffet cars</a> would use <a href="/wiki/Bottled_gas" title="Bottled gas">bottled gas</a> for cooking and <a href="/wiki/Water_heating" title="Water heating">water heating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jfl_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_Train_Heat_(ETH)_and_Electric_Train_Supply_(ETS)"><span id="Electric_Train_Heat_.28ETH.29_and_Electric_Train_Supply_.28ETS.29"></span>Electric Train Heat (ETH) and Electric Train Supply (ETS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electric Train Heat (ETH) and Electric Train Supply (ETS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later diesels and <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">electric locomotives</a> were equipped with <b>Electric Train Heating</b> (<b>ETH</b>) apparatus, which supplied electrical power to the carriages to run electric heating elements installed alongside the steam-heat apparatus, which was retained for use with older locomotives. Later carriage designs abolished the steam-heat apparatus, and made use of the ETH supply for heating, lighting (including charging the train lighting batteries), ventilation, <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>, fans, sockets and kitchen equipment in the train. In recognition of this ETH was eventually renamed <b>Electric Train Supply</b> (<b>ETS</b>). </p><p>Each coach has an index relating to the maximum consumption of electricity that it could use. The sum of all the indices must not exceed the index of the locomotive. One "ETH index unit" equals 5 kW; a locomotive with an ETH index of 95 can supply 475 kW of electrical power to the train. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first advance over the old axle generator system was developed on the <a href="/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Railroad" title="Boston and Maine Railroad">Boston and Maine Railroad</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> which had placed a number of steam locomotives and passenger cars into dedicated commuter service in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. Due to the low average speeds and frequent stops characteristic of a commuter operation, the axle generators' output was insufficient to keep the batteries charged, resulting in passenger complaints about lighting and ventilation failures. In response, the railroad installed higher capacity generators on the locomotives assigned to these trains, providing connections to the cars. The cars used steam from the locomotive for heating. </p><p>Some early diesel streamliners took advantage of their fixed-consist construction to employ electrically powered lighting, air conditioning, and heating. As the cars were not meant to mix with existing passenger stock, compatibility of these systems was not a concern. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Zephyr" title="Nebraska Zephyr">Nebraska Zephyr</a> trainset has three diesel generator sets in the first car to power onboard equipment. </p><p>When diesel locomotives were introduced to passenger service, they were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Steam_generator_(railroad)" title="Steam generator (railroad)">steam generators</a> to provide steam for car heating. However, the use of axle generators and batteries persisted for many years. This started to change in the late 1950s, when the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_and_North_Western_Railway" title="Chicago and North Western Railway">Chicago and North Western Railway</a> removed the steam generators from their <a href="/wiki/EMD_F7" title="EMD F7">EMD F7</a> and <a href="/wiki/EMD_E8" title="EMD E8">E8</a> locomotives in commuter service and installed <a href="/wiki/Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">diesel generator</a> sets (see <i><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_400" title="Peninsula 400">Peninsula 400</a></i>). This was a natural evolution, as their commuter trains were already receiving low-voltage, low-current power from the locomotives to assist axle generators in maintaining battery charge. </p><p>While many commuter fleets were quickly converted to HEP, long-distance trains continued to operate with steam heat and battery-powered electrical systems. This gradually changed following the transfer of intercity passenger rail service to <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a>, ultimately resulting in full adoption of HEP in the US and Canada and the discontinuation of the old systems. </p><p>Following its formation in 1971, Amtrak's initial locomotive purchase was the <a href="/wiki/Electro-Motive_Diesel" title="Electro-Motive Diesel">Electro-Motive</a> (EMD) <a href="/wiki/EMD_SDP40F" title="EMD SDP40F">SDP40F</a>, an adaptation of the widely used <a href="/wiki/EMD_SD40-2" title="EMD SD40-2">SD40-2</a> 3000 horsepower freight locomotive, fitted with a passenger style carbody and steam generating capability. The SDP40F permitted the use of modern motive power in conjunction with the old steam-heated passenger cars acquired from predecessor railroads, allowing Amtrak time to procure purpose-built cars and locomotives. </p><p>In 1975, Amtrak started to take delivery of the all-electric <a href="/wiki/Amfleet" title="Amfleet">Amfleet</a> car, hauled by <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (GE) <a href="/wiki/GE_P30CH" title="GE P30CH">P30CH</a> and <a href="/wiki/GE_E60" title="GE E60">E60CH</a> locomotives, later augmented by EMD <a href="/wiki/EMD_F40PH" title="EMD F40PH">F40PH</a> and <a href="/wiki/EMD_AEM-7" title="EMD AEM-7">AEM-7</a> locomotives, all of which were equipped to furnish HEP. Five Amtrak E8s were rebuilt with HEP generators for this purpose. In addition, 15 baggage cars were converted to HEP generator cars to allow the hauling of Amfleet by non-HEP motive power (such as <a href="/wiki/PRR_GG1" class="mw-redirect" title="PRR GG1">GG1s</a> substituting for unreliable <a href="/wiki/Budd_Metroliner" title="Budd Metroliner">Metroliner EMUs</a>). Following the introduction of the Amfleet, the (all-electric) <a href="/wiki/Superliner_(railcar)" title="Superliner (railcar)">Superliner</a> railcar was placed into operation on long-distance western routes. Amtrak subsequently converted a portion of the steam-heated fleet to all-electric operation using HEP, and retired the remaining unconverted cars by the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Head-end_power_car">Head-end power car</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Head-end power car"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KD25K_998713@BJI_(20150701164011).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/KD25K_998713%40BJI_%2820150701164011%29.JPG/220px-KD25K_998713%40BJI_%2820150701164011%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/KD25K_998713%40BJI_%2820150701164011%29.JPG/330px-KD25K_998713%40BJI_%2820150701164011%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/KD25K_998713%40BJI_%2820150701164011%29.JPG/440px-KD25K_998713%40BJI_%2820150701164011%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/China_Railway" title="China Railway">China Railway</a> KD<sub>25K</sub> generator car at <a href="/wiki/Beijing_railway_station" title="Beijing railway station">Beijing railway station</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>head-end power car</b> (also called a <b>generator car)</b> is a rail car that supplies head-end power ("HEP"). Since most modern <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a> supply HEP, they are now mostly used by <a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">heritage railways</a> that use older locomotives, or by railroad museums that take their equipment on excursions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some head-end power cars started out as other forms of rolling stock that have been rebuilt with diesel generators and fuel tanks to supply HEP to the passenger equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heizwagen_RhB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Heizwagen_RhB.JPG/220px-Heizwagen_RhB.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Heizwagen_RhB.JPG/330px-Heizwagen_RhB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Heizwagen_RhB.JPG/440px-Heizwagen_RhB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Combined luggage and electric power carriage</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EPS_Mk3_generator_van_96324_at_Doncaster.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/EPS_Mk3_generator_van_96324_at_Doncaster.JPG/220px-EPS_Mk3_generator_van_96324_at_Doncaster.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/EPS_Mk3_generator_van_96324_at_Doncaster.JPG/330px-EPS_Mk3_generator_van_96324_at_Doncaster.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/EPS_Mk3_generator_van_96324_at_Doncaster.JPG/440px-EPS_Mk3_generator_van_96324_at_Doncaster.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>A disused <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Mark_3" title="British Rail Mark 3">British Rail Mark 3</a> generator car which was converted from a <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">sleeping car</a> to provide electric power for the <a href="/wiki/Nightstar_(train)" title="Nightstar (train)">Nightstar</a> international sleeper train project (eventually cancelled)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main-qimg-2eab05e182278bf019c97862578a3706.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Main-qimg-2eab05e182278bf019c97862578a3706.jpg/220px-Main-qimg-2eab05e182278bf019c97862578a3706.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Main-qimg-2eab05e182278bf019c97862578a3706.jpg/330px-Main-qimg-2eab05e182278bf019c97862578a3706.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Main-qimg-2eab05e182278bf019c97862578a3706.jpg/440px-Main-qimg-2eab05e182278bf019c97862578a3706.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Indian Railways power car</figcaption></figure> <p>Although diesel-powered cars are more common, electric ones also exist and are used to provide power to trains when hauled by locos without HEP, or when not attached to a locomotive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engine">Engine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The HEP generator can be driven by either a separate engine mounted in the locomotive or generator car, or by the locomotive's <a href="/wiki/Prime_mover_(locomotive)" title="Prime mover (locomotive)">prime mover</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separate_engines">Separate engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Separate engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></div> <p>Genset-supplied HEP is usually through an auxiliary diesel unit that is independent from the main propulsion (prime mover) engine. Such <a href="/wiki/Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">engine/generator</a> sets are generally installed in a compartment in the rear of the locomotive. The prime mover and the HEP genset share fuel supplies. </p><p>Smaller under-car engine/generator sets for providing electricity on short trains are also manufactured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotive_prime_mover">Locomotive prime mover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Locomotive prime mover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many applications, the locomotive's prime mover provides both propulsion and head-end power. If the HEP generator is driven by the engine then it must run at a constant speed (<a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPM</a>) to maintain the required 50 Hz or 60 Hz AC line <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>. An engineer will not have to keep the throttle in a higher run position, as the onboard electronics control the speed of the engine to maintain the set frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, locomotives have adopted the use of a static inverter, powered from the traction generator, which allows the prime mover to have a larger RPM range. </p><p>When derived from the prime mover, HEP is generated at the expense of traction power. For example, the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> 3,200 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">hp</a> (2.4 MW) <a href="/wiki/GE_Genesis#P32AC-DM" title="GE Genesis">P32</a> and 4,000 hp (3.0 MW) <a href="/wiki/GE_Genesis#P42DC" title="GE Genesis">P40</a> locomotives are derated to 2,900 and 3,650 hp (2.16 and 2.72 MW), respectively, when supplying HEP. The <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks-Morse" title="Fairbanks-Morse">Fairbanks-Morse</a> <a href="/wiki/FM_P-12-42" title="FM P-12-42">P-12-42</a> was one of the first HEP equipped locomotives to have its prime mover configured to run at a constant speed, with traction generator output regulated solely by varying excitation voltage. </p><p>One of the first tests of HEP powered by an EMD locomotive's prime mover was in 1969, on <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Road" title="Milwaukee Road">Milwaukee Road</a> <a href="/wiki/EMD_E9" title="EMD E9">EMD E9</a> #33C, which was converted to have a constant speed rear engine.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electrical_loading">Electrical loading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electrical loading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HEP power supplies the lighting, <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a>, dining car, kitchen, and battery charging loads. Individual car electrical loading ranges from 20 kW for a typical car to more than 150 kW for a <a href="/wiki/Dome_car" title="Dome car">Dome car</a> with kitchen and dining area, such as Princess Tours <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Dome" title="Ultra Dome">Ultra Dome</a> cars operating in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Northwest_Rail_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northwest_Rail-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voltage">Voltage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Voltage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_power_supply_cable_of_YZ25T_357470_(20151229085331).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Electric_power_supply_cable_of_YZ25T_357470_%2820151229085331%29.jpg/220px-Electric_power_supply_cable_of_YZ25T_357470_%2820151229085331%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Electric_power_supply_cable_of_YZ25T_357470_%2820151229085331%29.jpg/330px-Electric_power_supply_cable_of_YZ25T_357470_%2820151229085331%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Electric_power_supply_cable_of_YZ25T_357470_%2820151229085331%29.jpg/440px-Electric_power_supply_cable_of_YZ25T_357470_%2820151229085331%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Connection cables between two <a href="/wiki/China_Railway" title="China Railway">China Railway</a> 25T coaches</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America_2">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of train lengths and the high power requirements in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, HEP is supplied as <a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">three-phase</a> AC at 480 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a> (standard in the US), 575 V, or 600 V. <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformers</a> are fitted in each car for reduction to lower voltages.<sup id="cite_ref-Northwest_Rail_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northwest_Rail-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical implementation requires six wires in two cables at size 4/0 AWG. Additional redundancy is provisioned by duplication as HEP System A and HEP System B using a total of twelve wires and four cables, supporting up to 400 amps per cable.<sup id="cite_ref-Northwest_Rail_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northwest_Rail-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the UK, ETS is supplied at 800 V to 1000 V AC/DC two pole (400 or 600 A), 1500 V AC two pole (800 A) or at 415 V 3 phase on the <a href="/wiki/InterCity_125" title="InterCity 125">HST</a>. On the former Southern Region, Mk I carriages were wired for a 750 V DC supply. This corresponds to line voltage on the Third Rail network. Class 73 Locomotives simply supply this line voltage direct to the ETS jumpers, whilst Class 33 Diesel Electric Locomotives have a separate engine driven Train Heating Generator which supplies 750 V DC to the train heating connections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ireland, HEP is provided at European/IEC standard 230/400 V 50 Hz (originally 220/380 V 50 Hz.) This is to the same specification as the power systems used in Irish and EU domestic and commercial buildings and industry. </p><p>On the Cork-Dublin CAF MK4 sets, this is provided by two generators, located in the <a href="/wiki/Driving_trailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving trailer">driving trailer</a> van and on the push-pull Enterprise sets, this is provided by generators in a dedicated tailing van. Irish DMU trains, which make up the majority of the fleet, use small generators located under each coach. </p><p>Historically, HEP and, in older vehicles, steam heating was provided by trailing generator vans containing generators and <a href="/wiki/Steam_generator_(railroad)" title="Steam generator (railroad)">steam boilers</a>. These were normally located on the rear of train sets. The Enterprise Dublin-Belfast train sets initially used HEP from <a href="/wiki/IE_201_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="IE 201 Class">GM 201 diesel-electric locomotives</a>, but due to reliability issues and excessive wear on the locomotives systems, generator vans (sourced from retired Irish Rail MK3 sets and adapted for push-pull use) were added. HEP mode was scrapped when a <a href="/wiki/IE_201_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="IE 201 Class">IE 201 Class</a> locomotive caught fire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russian cars use electric heating with either 3 kV DC voltage on DC lines or 3 kV AC voltage on AC lines provided by locomotive's main transformer. Newer cars are mostly made by Western European manufacturers and are equipped similarly to RIC cars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_(RIC_cars,_except_Russia_and_UK)"><span id="Europe_.28RIC_cars.2C_except_Russia_and_UK.29"></span>Europe (RIC cars, except Russia and UK)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Europe (RIC cars, except Russia and UK)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/International_Coach_Regulations" title="International Coach Regulations">RIC</a> cars must be able to be supplied at all the following four voltages: 1,000 V <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">16<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> Hz AC, 1,500 V 50 Hz AC, 1,500 V DC and 3,000 V DC. The first one is used in Austria, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland, where the <a href="/wiki/15_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="15 kV AC railway electrification">15 kV 16.7 Hz AC</a> <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">catenary system</a> is used. The second one (1.5 kV AC) is used in countries which use <a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="25 kV AC railway electrification"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004250000000000000♠"></span>25 kV 50 Hz AC</span></a> catenary system (Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Portugal, Serbia and UK, and some lines in France, Italy and Russia). In both cases, the proper voltage is provided by the locomotive's main transformer or an AC alternator in diesel locomotives. In countries using DC power (either 1.5 kV or 3 kV DC), the voltage collected by the pantograph is supplied directly to the cars. (Belgium, Poland and Spain, and some lines in Russia and Italy use 3 kV, and the Netherlands, and some lines in France use 1.5 kV; see more detailed information in the <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems" title="List of railway electrification systems">List of railway electrification systems</a></i> article). Modern cars often support 1,000 V 50 Hz AC as well, this variety is sometimes found in <a href="/wiki/Railway_Depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway Depot">depots</a> and parking spots. </p><p>Older European cars used high voltage only for heating, while light, fans and other low-current supply (e.g. shaver sockets in bathrooms) power was provided by axle-driven generator. Even older railcars used hot steam for heating, supplied by a steam locomotive. In the period when both steam and electric locomotives ran, some diesel and electric locomotives also had steam boilers fitted, there were also <a href="/wiki/Steam_generator_(railroad)" title="Steam generator (railroad)">steam generator cars</a> in use and some cars were fitted with coal- or oil-fired boiler. Later, remaining steam locomotives used diesel powered electricity generator cars, also used sometimes nowadays in passenger trains pulled by freight-adopted diesel locomotives without such function. </p><p>Today, with the developments in solid state electronics (thyristors and IGBTs), most cars have switching power supplies which take any RIC voltage (1.0–3.0 kV DC or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">16<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span>/50 Hz AC) and can supply all the needed lower voltages. Low voltages differ depending on manufacturers, but typical values are: </p> <ul><li>5 V DC for passenger <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> sockets</li> <li>12–48 V DC for on-board electronics (supplied from chemical battery when HEP disabled)</li> <li>24–110 V DC for feeding fluorescent lamps' electronic ballasts and for ventilation fans (supplied from chemical battery when HEP disabled)</li> <li>Single-phase 230 V AC for passenger sockets, refrigerators etc. (sometimes supplied from chemical battery, as above)</li> <li>Three-phase 400 V AC for air conditioning compressor, heating, ventilation fans (air conditioning is nowadays not supplied from chemical battery due to power consumption)</li></ul> <p>Electric heating was typically supplied from high-voltage HEP line, but the unusual voltages are not common on the market and the equipment is expensive. </p><p>A standard RIC-compliant HV heater has six resistors which are being switched accordingly to voltage: 6 in <a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits#Series_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">series</a> (3 kV DC), 2 × 3 in series (1.5 kV AC or DC) or 3 × 2 in series (1 kV AC). The selection and switching of a proper configuration is automatic for the sake of safety. Passengers can only operate <a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KD25K_998717@BJX_(20150118131543).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/KD25K_998717%40BJX_%2820150118131543%29.JPG/220px-KD25K_998717%40BJX_%2820150118131543%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/KD25K_998717%40BJX_%2820150118131543%29.JPG/330px-KD25K_998717%40BJX_%2820150118131543%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/KD25K_998717%40BJX_%2820150118131543%29.JPG/440px-KD25K_998717%40BJX_%2820150118131543%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>A KD<sub>25K</sub> <a href="/wiki/Head_end_power_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Head end power car">generator car</a> in a China Railway passenger train</figcaption></figure> <p>In China, HEP is supplied in two forms. </p><p>On all 25A/G cars built before 2005, rebuilt and air-conditioned 22/25B cars, most 25K cars, and most BSP-built 25T cars, HEP is supplied at three-phase 380 V AC by generator cars (originally classified as TZ cars, later reclassified to KD), a small number of DF11G diesel locomotives, and very limited number of retrofitted <a href="/wiki/China_Railways_SS9" title="China Railways SS9">SS9</a> electrics. Cars with diesel generator sets (factory-built RZ/RW/CA22/23/25B cars, some rebuilt YZ/YW22/23/25B cars, most German-built 24 cars, and very limited number of 25G/K/T cars for special use) also supply their own power in this form. It's possible to route AC electricity from a car with diesel generator set to a neighboring normal HEP car, although both cars can't run their air conditioning or heat on full load in this situation. Those diesel-powered cars can also run on HEP from elsewhere, without using their own diesel. Although considered inefficient and obsolete, mainly because the generator car 'wastes' traction power, staff, and fuel (if running on electrified lines), new cars using AC HEP are still in production, along with new generator cars/sets, mostly for use in areas without electrification, considering that the vast majority of China Railways' engines that are capable of supplying HEP are electric locomotives. </p><p>On most newer 25G cars and 25/19T cars, power is supplied at 600 V DC by electric locos such as SS7C, SS7D, SS7E, <a href="/wiki/China_Railways_SS8" title="China Railways SS8">SS8</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railways_SS9" title="China Railways SS9">SS9</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railways_HXD1D" title="China Railways HXD1D">HXD1D</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railways_HXD3C" title="China Railways HXD3C">HXD3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railways_HXD3D" title="China Railways HXD3D">HXD3D</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/China_Railways_DF11G" title="China Railways DF11G">DF11G</a> diesels (No.0041, 0042, 0047, 0048, 0053-0056, 0101-0218). Small number of special generator cars (QZ-KD25T) designated for use on the high-altitude <a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinghai–Tibet Railway">Qinghai–Tibet Railway</a> also supply power at 600 V DC. With new DC-equipped engines and cars entering service rapidly, as well as ageing and retirement of older equipments using AC, DC HEP has become the more prominent form of power supply of China Railways. </p><p>Very limited number of cars, mostly 25Ts, can run on both forms of HEP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IE_DVT_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/IE_DVT_1.JPG/256px-IE_DVT_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="256" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/IE_DVT_1.JPG/384px-IE_DVT_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/IE_DVT_1.JPG/512px-IE_DVT_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>CAF DVT with twin HEP generator sets at <a href="/wiki/Limerick_Colbert_railway_station" title="Limerick Colbert railway station">Colbert station</a>, Limerick, Ireland in 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SBB_Historic_-_F_125_00001-212_-_WR_50_85_88_33_610-9_Speisewagen_Self-Service.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/SBB_Historic_-_F_125_00001-212_-_WR_50_85_88_33_610-9_Speisewagen_Self-Service.tif/lossy-page1-220px-SBB_Historic_-_F_125_00001-212_-_WR_50_85_88_33_610-9_Speisewagen_Self-Service.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/SBB_Historic_-_F_125_00001-212_-_WR_50_85_88_33_610-9_Speisewagen_Self-Service.tif/lossy-page1-330px-SBB_Historic_-_F_125_00001-212_-_WR_50_85_88_33_610-9_Speisewagen_Self-Service.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/SBB_Historic_-_F_125_00001-212_-_WR_50_85_88_33_610-9_Speisewagen_Self-Service.tif/lossy-page1-440px-SBB_Historic_-_F_125_00001-212_-_WR_50_85_88_33_610-9_Speisewagen_Self-Service.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6979" data-file-height="4947" /></a><figcaption>Swiss restaurant car with a raised pantograph to provide power to the kitchen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although most locomotive-hauled trains take power directly from the locomotive, there have been examples (mainly in continental <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>) where restaurant cars could take power directly from the <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead wires</a> while the train is standing and not connected to head-end power. For example, the German restaurant cars WRmz 135 (1969), WRbumz 139 (1975) and ARmz 211 (1971) were all equipped with <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(transport)" title="Pantograph (transport)">pantographs</a>. </p><p>Some Finnish dining/catering cars have a built-in diesel-generator set that is used even when a locomotive-supplied power is available. </p><p>When the State of Connecticut began the <a href="/wiki/Shore_Line_East" title="Shore Line East">Shore Line East</a> service, they were using, in many cases, new passenger cars with old freight diesels which were not able to supply HEP, so some of the coaches were delivered with an HEP generator installed. With the acquisition of locomotives with HEP these have since been removed. </p><p>Where a passenger train must be hauled by a locomotive with no HEP supply (or an incompatible HEP supply) a separate generator van may be used <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as on the <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Cascades" title="Amtrak Cascades">Amtrak Cascades</a> train or <a href="/wiki/Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann" title="Iarnród Éireann">Iarnród Éireann</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mark_4_(Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann)#Mark_4_DVT" title="Mark 4 (Iarnród Éireann)">CAF Mark 4 Driving Van Trailer</a> (with twin MAN 2846 LE 202 (320 kW) / Letag (330 kVA) engine / generator sets, assembled by GESAN). <a href="/wiki/KiwiRail" title="KiwiRail">KiwiRail</a> (New Zealand) use <a href="/wiki/NZR_FM_guards_van" title="NZR FM guards van">AG class</a> luggage-generator vans for their <a href="/wiki/Tranz_Scenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranz Scenic">Tranz Scenic</a> passenger services; <a href="/wiki/Tranz_Metro" title="Tranz Metro">Tranz Metro</a> on the Wairarapa line use <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_British_Rail_Mark_2_carriage#SW_class" title="New Zealand British Rail Mark 2 carriage">SWG class</a> passenger carriages with part of the interior adapted to house a generator. The <a href="/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus" title="Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus">Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus</a> train used at least one custom-built power car that supplied HEP to its passenger coaches to avoid reliance upon host railway locomotives hauling the train. </p><p>In UK and Sweden the high-speed trains IC125 and X2000 have 50 Hz 3-phase power bus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></li> <li>Hotel electric power</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorepower" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorepower">Shorepower</a>, grid connection for train consists laying over between runs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation (architecture)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jfl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jfl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jfl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jfl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jfl_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jfl_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jfl_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jfl_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJFL1914" class="citation book cs1">JFL (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trainlightingbye00jflouoft/"><i>Train lighting by electricity</i></a>. London and York: Ben Johnson & Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Train+lighting+by+electricity&rft.place=London+and+York&rft.pub=Ben+Johnson+%26+Co.&rft.date=1914&rft.au=JFL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrainlightingbye00jflouoft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-end+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SimmonsEvans2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SimmonsEvans2003_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SimmonsEvans2003_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SimmonsEvans2003_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJack_SimmonsA._K._B._EvansJohn_V._Gough2003" class="citation book cs1">Jack Simmons; A. K. B. Evans; John V. Gough (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VVXjt4KZWL8C&pg=PA49"><i>The Impact of the Railway on Society in Britain: Essays in Honour of Jack Simmons</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 49–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0949-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0949-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-0949-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Munn & Company. 4 July 1885. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+American&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Munn+%26+Company&rft.date=1885-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4U9AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-end+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStuart1919" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart, Charles W. T. (May 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xQ6AQAAMAAJ&q=generator+florida+special+baggage+car&pg=PA158">"A Few Points in the History of Car Lighting"</a>. <i>Railway Electrical Engineer</i>. <b>10</b> (5): 158<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Electrical+Engineer&rft.atitle=A+Few+Points+in+the+History+of+Car+Lighting&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=158&rft.date=1919-05&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xQ6AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgenerator%2Bflorida%2Bspecial%2Bbaggage%2Bcar%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-end+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_H._White_Jr." title="John H. White Jr.">White, John H.</a> (1985) [1978]. <i>The American Railroad Passenger Car</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2743-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2743-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-2743-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Railroad+Passenger+Car&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-2743-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-end+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2006" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Bob (1 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trn.trains.com/railroads/abcs-of-railroading/2006/05/head-end-power">"Head-end power"</a>. <i>ABCs of Railroading</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABCs+of+Railroading&rft.atitle=Head-end+power&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrn.trains.com%2Frailroads%2Fabcs-of-railroading%2F2006%2F05%2Fhead-end-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-end+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025923/http://www.nevadasouthern.com/CarHEP.html">"Nevada Southern Railway's website describing their head end power car"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nevadasouthern.com/CarHEP.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nevada+Southern+Railway%27s+website+describing+their+head+end+power+car&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nevadasouthern.com%2FCarHEP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-end+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002183102/http://www.cvsr.com/equipment-roster">"Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad's description of their car's history and conversion"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvsr.com/equipment-roster">the original</a> on 2 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuyahoga+Valley+Scenic+Railroad%27s+description+of+their+car%27s+history+and+conversion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvsr.com%2Fequipment-roster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-end+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030901/http://www.hodrrm.org/AboutUs/EquipmentRoster/tabid/65/Default.aspx">"Heart of Dixie Railroad Museum's equipment roster with a brief description of their HEP car"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hodrrm.org/AboutUs/EquipmentRoster/tabid/65/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heart+of+Dixie+Railroad+Museum%27s+equipment+roster+with+a+brief+description+of+their+HEP+car&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hodrrm.org%2FAboutUs%2FEquipmentRoster%2Ftabid%2F65%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-end+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trn.trains.com/railroads/abcs-of-railroading/2006/05/head-end-power">"Head-end power – TRAINS magazine"</a>. Kalmbach Publishing Co. 1 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Head-end+power+%E2%80%93+TRAINS+magazine&rft.pub=Kalmbach+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrn.trains.com%2Frailroads%2Fabcs-of-railroading%2F2006%2F05%2Fhead-end-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-end+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sbcglobalpwp.att.net/w/i/willvdv/ros7milw.html">"Milwaukee Road Commuter Locomotives"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milwaukee+Road+Commuter+Locomotives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsbcglobalpwp.att.net%2Fw%2Fi%2Fwillvdv%2Fros7milw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-end+power" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2011">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Northwest_Rail-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Northwest_Rail_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northwest_Rail_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northwest_Rail_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwrail.com/HEP_config.html">"HEP Trainline Configurations in North America"</a>. Northwest Rail<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HEP+Trainline+Configurations+in+North+America&rft.pub=Northwest+Rail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwrail.com%2FHEP_config.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-end+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philtpics.fotopic.net/p39561132.html">"a generator van converted from a Mk.1 BG"</a>. Phil Trotter. 19 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2011</span>. <q>During the 1980s, during low HST power car availability, a generator van converted from a Mk.1 BG was used to provide three-phase power to HST rakes so that they could be locomotive hauled. ADB975325 (later renumbered 6310) is seen at Bristol Temple Meads on 4th October 1980</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=a+generator+van+converted+from+a+Mk.1+BG&rft.pub=Phil+Trotter&rft.date=2007-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiltpics.fotopic.net%2Fp39561132.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-end+power" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&oldid=1278601390#Head-end_power_car">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Head-end_power&oldid=1278601390#Head-end_power_car</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rail_technologies" title="Category:Rail technologies">Rail technologies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_distribution" title="Category:Electric power distribution">Electric power distribution</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2011" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2011">Articles with dead external links from January 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2017">Articles with dead external links from October 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2022">Use dmy dates from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2023">Articles needing additional references from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_October_2024" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from October 2024">Vague or ambiguous time from October 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 March 2025, at 12:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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