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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seed_collection-oil_extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> 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mw-first-heading"><i>Shorea robusta</i> seed oil</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Edible oil extracted from the seeds of Shorea robusta</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sal_(Shorea_robusta)-_flowering_canopy_W_Picture_117.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sal_%28Shorea_robusta%29-_flowering_canopy_W_Picture_117.jpg/250px-Sal_%28Shorea_robusta%29-_flowering_canopy_W_Picture_117.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sal_%28Shorea_robusta%29-_flowering_canopy_W_Picture_117.jpg/375px-Sal_%28Shorea_robusta%29-_flowering_canopy_W_Picture_117.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sal_%28Shorea_robusta%29-_flowering_canopy_W_Picture_117.jpg/500px-Sal_%28Shorea_robusta%29-_flowering_canopy_W_Picture_117.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Flowering canopy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sal_(Shorea_robusta)-_new_leaves_with_flower_buds_at_Jayanti,_Duars_W_Picture_120.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sal_%28Shorea_robusta%29-_new_leaves_with_flower_buds_at_Jayanti%2C_Duars_W_Picture_120.jpg/250px-Sal_%28Shorea_robusta%29-_new_leaves_with_flower_buds_at_Jayanti%2C_Duars_W_Picture_120.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sal_%28Shorea_robusta%29-_new_leaves_with_flower_buds_at_Jayanti%2C_Duars_W_Picture_120.jpg/375px-Sal_%28Shorea_robusta%29-_new_leaves_with_flower_buds_at_Jayanti%2C_Duars_W_Picture_120.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sal_%28Shorea_robusta%29-_new_leaves_with_flower_buds_at_Jayanti%2C_Duars_W_Picture_120.jpg/500px-Sal_%28Shorea_robusta%29-_new_leaves_with_flower_buds_at_Jayanti%2C_Duars_W_Picture_120.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>New leaves with flower buds</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tengkawang_070314_0290_utk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tengkawang_070314_0290_utk.jpg/250px-Tengkawang_070314_0290_utk.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tengkawang_070314_0290_utk.jpg/375px-Tengkawang_070314_0290_utk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tengkawang_070314_0290_utk.jpg/500px-Tengkawang_070314_0290_utk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ripe fruits</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tengkawang_070314_0280_utk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tengkawang_070314_0280_utk.jpg/250px-Tengkawang_070314_0280_utk.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tengkawang_070314_0280_utk.jpg/375px-Tengkawang_070314_0280_utk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tengkawang_070314_0280_utk.jpg/500px-Tengkawang_070314_0280_utk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>Seeds</figcaption></figure> <p><b><i>Shorea robusta</i> seed oil</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Edible_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible oil">edible oil</a> extracted from the seeds of <i><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">Shorea robusta</a></i>. <i>Shorea robusta</i> is known as the Sal tree in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Sal is <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">indigenous</a> to India and occurs in two main regions separated by the <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic Plain">Gangetic Plain</a>, namely the northern and central Indian regions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant belongs to the <i><a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">Dipterocarpaceae</a></i> botanical family.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_name_in_Indian_languages">Common name in Indian languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shorea_robusta_seed_oil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Common name in Indian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Common name: Sal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>:( साल) Sal, Salwa, Sakhu, Sakher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: sal, guggilu, rala, sajara</li></ul> <p>+<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: Guggilamu </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: attam, venkungiliyam, kungiliyam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: kaimaruthu, kungiliyam, maramaram</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>: ashvakarna, asina, asu, bile-bhogimara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: Sal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriya language">Oriya</a>: sala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: Ral, Safed dammar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>: Sal, Hal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: agnivallabha, ashvakarna, ashvakarnika<sup id="cite_ref-flower_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flower-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tree">Tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shorea_robusta_seed_oil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">Shorea robusta</a></div> <p><i>S. robusta</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous tree">deciduous tree</a> that reaches up to 50 m (160 ft), with a trunk circumference up to 5 m (16 ft). Under normal conditions they reach 18–32 m (59–105 ft) with girths of 1.5–2 m (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 7 in). The trunk is clean, straight and cylindrical, often bearing <a href="/wiki/Epicormic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicormic">epicormic</a> branches. The crown is spreading and spherical. The bark is dark brown and thick, with longitudinal fissures deep in poles, becoming shallow in mature trees, and provides effective fire protection. The tree develops a long <a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">taproot</a> at a young age. The tree grows at 100–1,500 m (330–4,920 ft) altitude. The mean annual temperature required is between 22–27 °C (72–81 °F) and 34–47 °C (93–117 °F). The tree requires mean annual rainfall between 1,000–3,000 mm (39–118 in) and maximum of 6,600 mm (260 in). <i>S. robusta</i> flourishes best in deep, well-drained, moist, slightly acid, sandy to clayey soils. It does not tolerate waterlogging. The most favourable soil is a moist sandy <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a> with good <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a> drainage. Soil moisture is essential.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaves are simple, shiny, about 10–25 cm (3.9–9.8 in) long and broadly oval at the base, with the apex tapering into a long point. New leaves are reddish, soon becoming delicate green. </p><p>Flowers are yellowish-white, arranged in large terminal or axillary racemose panicles. </p><p>Fruit at full size is about 1.3–1.5 cm (0.51–0.59 in) long and 1 cm (0.39 in) in diameter; it is surrounded by segments of the <a href="/wiki/Calyx_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (flower)">calyx</a> enlarged into 5 rather unequal wings about 5–7.5 cm (2.0–3.0 in) long.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fruit content is 66.4% <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">kernel</a> and pod, 33.6% is shell and calyx. The fruits generally ripen in May. </p><p>The seed contains 14-15% fat. It has calyx and wings. The de-winged seeds contain a thin, brittle <a href="/wiki/Seed_pod" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed pod">seed pod</a>. The kernel has 5 segments covering the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>. 2 kg (4.4 lb) of seeds give 1 kg (2.2 lb) of kernel. The seeds are 10.8% water, 8% protein, 62.7% carbohydrate, 14.8% oil, 1.4% fiber and 2.3% ash.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat">Habitat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shorea_robusta_seed_oil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This species ranges south of the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> in the east to <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tree is widely distributed in tropical regions and covers about 13.3% of the forested area in the country. Sal (<i>Shorea robusta</i>) tree occurs either gregariously or mixed with other trees in Himalayan foot hills and central India. In the Himalayan foothill belt it extends up to <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> valley (including Mefghalaya and Tripura) in the east to foothills of north-west <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttaranchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttaranchal">Uttaranchal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangra District">Kangra</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Himachala_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Himachala Pradesh">Himachala Pradesh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic Plains">Gangetic Plain</a> separate the Himalayan foothill from the central Indian belt.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seed_collection-oil_extraction">Seed collection-oil extraction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shorea_robusta_seed_oil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Seed collection-oil extraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sal is a major means of survival for forest dwellers in the Central Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Orissa,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa, India">Orissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>. These three states include the country's largest sal belt. Sal forest covers about 45% of their forested areas. Orissa has the largest sal forest, covering 38,300 km<sup>2</sup> (14,800 sq mi) followed by Madhya Pradesh with 27,800 km<sup>2</sup> (10,700 sq mi) and Chhattisgarh with 24,245 km<sup>2</sup> (9,361 sq mi). Across these three states some 20-30 million forest dwellers depend on collection of sal seeds, leaves and <a href="/wiki/Resins" class="mw-redirect" title="Resins">resins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proper storage of seeds before processing is crucial. Excess moisture (>6-8%) damages oil quality via <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> in the seed fat, with resulting high <a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Free fatty acid">free fatty acid</a> oil output. </p><p>Sal fat is extracted via three methods. Traditionally fat is extracted by water rendering. The second, mechanical system is extraction by <a href="/wiki/Oil_expeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil expeller">oil expeller</a> and rotary mills. The third method is via <a href="/wiki/Solvent_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent extraction">solvent extraction</a> in which the seed is pressed as flakes first in a flaker mill and exposed to solvent extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shorea_robusta_seed_oil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extracted crude sal oil/fat is greenish-brown and has a characteristic odour. Due to the presence of more <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fatty acids">saturated fatty acids</a>, it is solid at room temperature. Because of this, it is known as sal fat or sal butter. The oil is used as <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oil</a> after refining. The oil contains 35-45% <a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">stearic acid</a>, an 18-carbon <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fatty acid">saturated fatty acid</a>, and 40-45% <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a>, which is a mono <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsaturated fatty acid">unsaturated fatty acid</a>, with 18 carbon atoms. The refined oil is used as substitute for <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">cocoa butter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a> manufacturing. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Physical and chemical properties of oil<sup id="cite_ref-herbal_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herbal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Property</th> <th>Range/limit </th></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance</td> <td>white color solid </td></tr> <tr> <td>Odor</td> <td>characteristic odor </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taste</td> <td>Typical taste </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></td> <td>.88-0.914 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slip <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a></td> <td>30-35 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peroxide_value" title="Peroxide value">Peroxide value</a></td> <td>4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine_value" title="Iodine value">Iodine value</a></td> <td>38-42 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saponification_value" title="Saponification value">Saponification value</a></td> <td>187-193 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsaponifiable_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsaponifiable matter">Unsaponifiable matter</a></td> <td>1.2% max </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Refractive_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Refractive Index">Refractive Index</a> at 40 °C</td> <td>1.4500-1.4600<sup id="cite_ref-sea_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sea-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Titer °C</td> <td>46-53<sup id="cite_ref-sea_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sea-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Fatty acid composition of oil</b><sup id="cite_ref-herbal_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herbal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Fatty acid</th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">Palmitic acid</a> (C16:0)</td> <td>4-8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">Stearic acid</a> (C18:0)</td> <td>40-50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arachidic_acid" title="Arachidic acid">Arachidic acid</a> (C20:0)</td> <td>5-8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">Oleic acid</a> (C18:1)</td> <td>35-45 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Linoleic" class="mw-redirect" title="Linoleic">Linoleic</a> (C18:2)</td> <td>1-4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shorea_robusta_seed_oil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sal oil or butter is used for cooking locally and used for <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> up to 30%. Refined, modified fat is a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">cocoa butter</a> and used in confectionery industry.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sal butter is used in the manufacturing of edible <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a> (<i>vanaspati</i>), <a href="/wiki/Paints" class="mw-redirect" title="Paints">paints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pigments" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigments">pigments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubricants" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubricants">lubricants</a>, auto oil, etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shorea_robusta_seed_oil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">Shorea robusta</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shorea_robusta_seed_oil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/timber_sal.html">"Forestry :: Shorea robusta"</a>. Agritech.tnau.ac.in<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forestry+%3A%3A+Shorea+robusta&rft.pub=Agritech.tnau.ac.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagritech.tnau.ac.in%2Fforestry%2Ftimber_sal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShorea+robusta+seed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecoindia.com/flora/trees/sal-tree.html">"Sal Tree, Biological name of the Sal Tree, Sal Tree Plantations in India"</a>. Eco India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sal+Tree%2C+Biological+name+of+the+Sal+Tree%2C+Sal+Tree+Plantations+in+India&rft.pub=Eco+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecoindia.com%2Fflora%2Ftrees%2Fsal-tree.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShorea+robusta+seed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flower-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flower_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Sal.html">"Shorea robusta -Sal"</a>. Flowersofindia.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shorea+robusta+-Sal&rft.pub=Flowersofindia.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flowersofindia.net%2Fcatalog%2Fslides%2FSal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShorea+robusta+seed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131109203632/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1525">"Species Information"</a>. Worldagroforestrycentre.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1525">the original</a> on 9 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Information&rft.pub=Worldagroforestrycentre.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldagroforestrycentre.org%2Fsea%2Fproducts%2Fafdbases%2Faf%2Fasp%2FSpeciesInfo.asp%3FSpID%3D1525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShorea+robusta+seed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forestrynepal.org/resources/trees/shorea-robusta">"Shorea robusta - forestrynepal"</a>. <i>forestrynepal.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forestrynepal.org&rft.atitle=Shorea+robusta+-+forestrynepal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forestrynepal.org%2Fresources%2Ftrees%2Fshorea-robusta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShorea+robusta+seed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Shorea_robusta.pdf">"Shorea robusta"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 15 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109205555/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Shorea_robusta.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shorea+robusta&rft.date=2010-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldagroforestry.org%2Ftreedb2%2FAFTPDFS%2FShorea_robusta.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShorea+robusta+seed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nativeplanet.com/videos/watch/84504/sal-tree-forest-shantiniketan.html">"Sal tree forest- Shantiniketan | Nativeplanet Video"</a>. Nativeplanet.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sal+tree+forest-+Shantiniketan+%26%23124%3B+Nativeplanet+Video&rft.pub=Nativeplanet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nativeplanet.com%2Fvideos%2Fwatch%2F84504%2Fsal-tree-forest-shantiniketan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShorea+robusta+seed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/aug252005/594.pdf">Shorea robusta – an excellent host tree for lichen growth in India</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G02282.pdf">Sal Seed</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oilmillmachinery.net/Sal-Seed-Solvent-Extraction-Plant.html">"Sal Seed Solvent Extraction Plant - Supplied Oil Mill Machinery"</a>. Oilmillmachinery.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sal+Seed+Solvent+Extraction+Plant+-+Supplied+Oil+Mill+Machinery&rft.pub=Oilmillmachinery.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oilmillmachinery.net%2FSal-Seed-Solvent-Extraction-Plant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShorea+robusta+seed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herbal-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herbal_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-herbal_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109205317/http://www.pioneerherbal.com/food-additives/sal-butter.html">"Sal Fat - Shorea Robusta Fat, Cocoa Butter Equivalent, Food and Chocolates"</a>. <i>pioneerherbal.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pioneerherbal.com/food-additives/sal-butter.html">the original</a> on 9 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pioneerherbal.com&rft.atitle=Sal+Fat+-+Shorea+Robusta+Fat%2C+Cocoa+Butter+Equivalent%2C+Food+and+Chocolates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pioneerherbal.com%2Ffood-additives%2Fsal-butter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShorea+robusta+seed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sea-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sea_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sea_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">SEAHandBook=2009,By The Solvent Extractors' Association of India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crirec.com/2011/01/salseed/">"Salseed"</a>. Crirec.com. 19 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salseed&rft.pub=Crirec.com&rft.date=2011-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crirec.com%2F2011%2F01%2Fsalseed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShorea+robusta+seed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shorea_robusta_seed_oil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130211065905/http://jhamfcofed.com/resources/sal_seed.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20130211065905/http://jhamfcofed.com/resources/sal_seed.htm</a></li> <li><a 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title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> 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