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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criollo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criollo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Criollo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criollo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forastero" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forastero"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Forastero</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forastero-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinitario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinitario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Trinitario</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinitario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nacional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nacional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Nacional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nacional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Harvesting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvest_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvest_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Harvest processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvest_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Child slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lawsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Lawsuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cocoa_trading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cocoa_trading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cocoa trading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cocoa_trading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sustainability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sustainability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voluntary_sustainability_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voluntary_sustainability_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Voluntary sustainability standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voluntary_sustainability_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agroforestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agroforestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Agroforestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agroforestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Economic effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chocolate_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chocolate_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Chocolate production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chocolate_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemicals_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemicals_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Phytochemicals and research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemicals_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cocoa bean</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaoboon" title="Kakaoboon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kakaoboon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%88" title="كاكاو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاكاو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra_de_cacau" title="Gra de cacau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gra de cacau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaobohne" title="Kakaobohne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kakaobohne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaopuu_seemned" title="Kakaopuu seemned – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kakaopuu seemned" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BF" title="Κακάο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κακάο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grano_de_cacao" title="Grano de cacao – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grano de cacao" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" title="کاکائو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاکائو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8ve_de_cacao" title="Fève de cacao – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fève de cacao" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%BD%94%EC%95%84%EC%BD%A9" title="코코아콩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코코아콩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="कोको – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोको" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biji_kakao" title="Biji kakao – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biji kakao" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95" title="קקאו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קקאו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacao" title="Cacao – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Cacao" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Какао бұршақтары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Какао бұршақтары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakava" title="Kakava – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kakava" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biji_koko" title="Biji koko – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biji koko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacahuatetl_(Xinachtli)" title="Cacahuatetl (Xinachtli) – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cacahuatetl (Xinachtli)" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacaoboon" title="Cacaoboon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cacaoboon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakouboon" title="Kakouboon – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kakouboon" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o_de_cacau" title="Grão de cacau – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grão de cacau" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacao" title="Cacao – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cacao" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Какао-бобы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Какао-бобы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cocoa bean" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa" title="Cocoa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cocoa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakav" title="Kakav – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kakav" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fatty seed of Theobroma cacao</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "Cacao", see <a href="/wiki/Cacao_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cacao (disambiguation)">Cacao (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Forms of the cocoa bean during production</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocoa_Pods.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cocoa_Pods.JPG/200px-Cocoa_Pods.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cocoa_Pods.JPG/300px-Cocoa_Pods.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cocoa_Pods.JPG/400px-Cocoa_Pods.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pods at various stages of ripening</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocoa_beans_in_cocoa_pod_at_El_Trapiche,_Costa_Rica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cocoa_beans_in_cocoa_pod_at_El_Trapiche%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg/200px-Cocoa_beans_in_cocoa_pod_at_El_Trapiche%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cocoa_beans_in_cocoa_pod_at_El_Trapiche%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg/300px-Cocoa_beans_in_cocoa_pod_at_El_Trapiche%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cocoa_beans_in_cocoa_pod_at_El_Trapiche%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg/400px-Cocoa_beans_in_cocoa_pod_at_El_Trapiche%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Beans in pulp in freshly cut pod</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakaov%C3%A9_boby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kakaov%C3%A9_boby.jpg/200px-Kakaov%C3%A9_boby.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kakaov%C3%A9_boby.jpg/300px-Kakaov%C3%A9_boby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kakaov%C3%A9_boby.jpg/400px-Kakaov%C3%A9_boby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Beans: In pulp, in skin, and naked</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roasted_cocoa_nibs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Roasted_cocoa_nibs.jpg/200px-Roasted_cocoa_nibs.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Roasted_cocoa_nibs.jpg/300px-Roasted_cocoa_nibs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Roasted_cocoa_nibs.jpg/400px-Roasted_cocoa_nibs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Roasted nibs (pieces of kernels) are generally powdered and melted into <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liquor" title="Chocolate liquor">chocolate liquor</a>, but also inserted into chocolate bars to give additional "crunch".</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>cocoa bean</b>, also known simply as <b>cocoa</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>cacao</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the dried and fully <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermented</a> <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">Theobroma cacao</a></i>, the cacao tree, from which <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_solids" title="Cocoa solids">cocoa solids</a> (a mixture of nonfat substances) and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">cocoa butter</a> (the fat) can be extracted. Cacao trees are native to the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>. They are the basis of <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican">Mesoamerican</a> foods including <a href="/wiki/Tejate" title="Tejate">tejate</a>, an indigenous <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> drink. </p><p>The cacao tree was first domesticated at least 5,300 years ago by the <a href="/wiki/Mayo-Chinchipe" title="Mayo-Chinchipe">Mayo-Chinchipe</a> culture in South America, before it was introduced in Mesoamerica.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cacao was consumed by pre-Hispanic cultures in spiritual ceremonies and its beans were a common currency in Mesoamerica. The cacao tree grows in a limited geographical zone; today, <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> produces nearly 81% of the world's crop. The three main varieties of cocoa plant are <a href="/wiki/Forastero_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Forastero tree">Forastero</a>, Criollo, and Trinitario; Forastero is the most widely used. </p><p>In 2020, global cocoa bean production reached 5.8 million tonnes, with <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> leading at 38% of the total, followed by <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Cocoa beans, cocoa butter, and cocoa powder are traded on futures markets, with London focusing on West African cocoa and New York on Southeast Asian cocoa. Various international and national initiatives aim to support sustainable cocoa production, including the Swiss Platform for Sustainable Cocoa (SWISSCO), the German Initiative on Sustainable Cocoa (GISCO), and Belgium's Beyond Chocolate. At least 29% of global cocoa production was compliant with voluntary sustainability standards in 2016. Deforestation due to cocoa production remains a concern, especially in West Africa. Sustainable agricultural practices, such as <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a>, can support cocoa production while conserving biodiversity. Cocoa contributes significantly to economies such as <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>'s, and demand for cocoa products continues to grow steadily at over 3% annually since 2008. </p><p>Cocoa contains <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a> like <a href="/wiki/Flavanols" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavanols">flavanols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procyanidin" title="Procyanidin">procyanidins</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a>, and flavanol-rich chocolate and cocoa products may have a small blood pressure lowering effect. The beans also contain <a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">theobromine</a> and a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>. The tree takes five years to grow and has a typical lifespan of 100 years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cocoa is a variant of cacao, likely due to confusion with the word <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanton202423_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton202423-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is ultimately derived from <i>kakaw(a)</i>, but whether that word originates in <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe-Zoquean</a> language is the subject of substantial linguistic debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanton202423_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton202423-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakinWichmann200056_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakinWichmann200056-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>cocoa beans</i> originated in the 19th century; during the 18th century they were called <i>chocolate nuts</i>, <i>cocoa nuts</i> or just <i>cocoa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGay2009284_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGay2009284-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_chocolate" title="History of chocolate">History of chocolate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montegrande_(archaeological_site)" title="Montegrande (archaeological site)">Montegrande (archaeological site)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cacao_Aztec_Sculpture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cacao_Aztec_Sculpture.jpg/170px-Cacao_Aztec_Sculpture.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cacao_Aztec_Sculpture.jpg/255px-Cacao_Aztec_Sculpture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Cacao_Aztec_Sculpture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Aztec sculpture with pod</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocoa_bean_roasted2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cocoa_bean_roasted2.jpg/170px-Cocoa_bean_roasted2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cocoa_bean_roasted2.jpg/255px-Cocoa_bean_roasted2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cocoa_bean_roasted2.jpg/340px-Cocoa_bean_roasted2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Roasted cocoa beans</figcaption></figure> <p>The cacao tree is native to the Amazon rainforest. It was first domesticated at least 5,300 years ago, in equatorial South America from the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_(La_Florida)" title="Santa Ana (La Florida)">Santa Ana-La Florida</a> (SALF) site in what is present-day southeast <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zamora-Chinchipe_Province" title="Zamora-Chinchipe Province">Zamora-Chinchipe Province</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Mayo-Chinchipe" title="Mayo-Chinchipe">Mayo-Chinchipe</a> culture, before being introduced in Mesoamerica.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDaily_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 4,000 years ago, it was consumed by pre-Hispanic cultures along the Yucatán, including the Maya, and as far back as <a href="/wiki/Olmeca_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmeca civilization">Olmeca civilization</a> in spiritual ceremonies. It also grows in the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a> basins of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. Wild cacao still grows there. Its range may have been larger in the past; evidence of its wild range may be obscured by cultivation of the tree in these areas since long before the Spanish arrived.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of 2018, evidence suggests that cacao was first domesticated in equatorial South America,<sup id="cite_ref-LR_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before being domesticated in Central America roughly 1,500 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDaily_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artifacts found at Santa-Ana-La Florida, in Ecuador, indicate that the <a href="/wiki/Mayo-Chinchipe" title="Mayo-Chinchipe">Mayo-Chinchipe</a> people were cultivating cacao as long as 5,300 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDaily_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemical analysis of residue extracted from pottery excavated at an archaeological site at Puerto Escondido, in <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, indicates that cocoa products were first consumed there sometime between 1500 and 1400 BC. Evidence also indicates that, long before the flavor of the cacao seed (or bean) became popular, the sweet pulp of the chocolate fruit, used in making a fermented (5.34% alcohol) beverage, first drew attention to the plant in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cocoa bean was a common currency throughout Mesoamerica before the Spanish conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup>The bean was utilized in pre-modern Latin America to purchase small items such as tamales and rabbit dinners. A greater quantity of cocoa beans was used to purchase turkey hens and other large items.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cacao trees grow in a limited geographical zone, of about 20° to the north and south of the Equator. Nearly 70% of the world crop today is grown in West Africa. The cacao plant was first given its botanical name by Swedish natural scientist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in his original classification of the plant kingdom, where he called it <i>Theobroma</i> ("food of the gods") <i>cacao</i>. </p><p>Cocoa was an important commodity in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> Mesoamerica.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Spanish soldier who was on <a href="/wiki/Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernan Cortés">Hernan Cortés</a>' side during the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of the Aztec Empire">conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> tells that when <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a>, emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a>, dined, he took no other beverage than <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, served in a <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">golden</a> goblet. Flavored with <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, his chocolate was whipped into a froth that dissolved in the mouth. No fewer than 60 portions each day reportedly may have been consumed by Moctezuma II, and 2,000 more by the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobles</a> of his court.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chocolate was introduced to Europe by the Spaniards, and became a popular beverage by the mid-17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> became the largest producer of cocoa beans in the world. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spaniards also introduced the cacao tree into the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> and the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also introduced into the rest of Asia, South Asia and into West Africa by Europeans. In the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, cacao was introduced by a Ghanaian, <a href="/wiki/Tetteh_Quarshie" title="Tetteh Quarshie">Tetteh Quarshie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_cocoa_beans" title="Types of cocoa beans">Types of cocoa beans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tres_variedades_de_cacao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tres_variedades_de_cacao.jpg/220px-Tres_variedades_de_cacao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tres_variedades_de_cacao.jpg/330px-Tres_variedades_de_cacao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tres_variedades_de_cacao.jpg/440px-Tres_variedades_de_cacao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The three traditional varieties: Forastero, Trinitario, and Criollo</figcaption></figure> <p>Cocoa beans are traditionally classified into three main <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a>: Forastero, Criollo and Trinitario. Use of these terms has changed across different contexts and times, and recent genetic research has found that the categories of Forastero and Triniario are better understood as geohistorical inventions rather than as having a botanical basis. They are still used frequently in marketing material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeissle2018163_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeissle2018163-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criollo">Criollo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criollo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Criollo has traditionally been the most prized variety. Believed to have been native to South America, by the time of the Spanish conquest they were grown in Mesoamerica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeissle2018164_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeissle2018164-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forastero">Forastero</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Forastero"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After European colonization, disease and population decrease led to the Spanish and Portuguese using different cacao varieties from South America. Different from the Criollo beans, these new beans were named Forastero, which can be translated as <i>strange</i> or <i>foreign</i>. They are generally of the Amelonado type and are associated with West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeissle2018164_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeissle2018164-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinitario">Trinitario</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trinitario"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any hybrid between Criollo and Forastero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeissle2018164_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeissle2018164-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nacional">Nacional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nacional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nacional_(cocoa_bean)" title="Nacional (cocoa bean)">Nacional (cocoa bean)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nacional_(cocoa_bean)" title="Nacional (cocoa bean)">Nacional</a> is a rare variety of cocoa bean found in areas of South America such as Ecuador and Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-Fabricant_2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabricant_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scheffler_2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheffler_2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some experts in the 21st century had formerly considered the Nacional bean to be <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> after an abrupt end in 1916, when an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_broom" title="Witch's broom">witch's broom</a> disease devastated the Nacional variety throughout these countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheffler_2015_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheffler_2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pure <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotypes</a> of the bean are rare because most Nacional varieties have been <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)#In_plants" title="Hybrid (biology)">interbred</a> with other cocoa bean varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Giller_Laiskonis_2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giller_Laiskonis_2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cocoa pod (fruit) is about 17 to 20 cm (6.7 to 7.9 in) long and has a rough, leathery rind about 2 to 3 cm (0.79 to 1.18 in) thick (varying with the origin and variety of pod) filled with sweet, <a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">mucilaginous</a> pulp (called <i>baba de cacao</i> in South America) with a lemonade-like taste enclosing 30 to 50 large seeds that are fairly soft and a pale lavender to dark brownish purple color.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During harvest, the pods are opened, the seeds are kept, and the empty pods are discarded and the pulp made into juice. The seeds are placed where they can ferment. Due to heat buildup in the fermentation process, cacao beans lose most of the purplish hue and become mostly brown in color, with an adhered skin which includes the dried remains of the fruity pulp. This skin is released easily by <a href="/wiki/Winnowing" title="Winnowing">winnowing</a> after roasting. White seeds are found in some rare varieties, usually mixed with purples, and are considered of higher value.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Harvesting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ateh_Eldeno_harvesting_coacoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ateh_Eldeno_harvesting_coacoa.jpg/220px-Ateh_Eldeno_harvesting_coacoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ateh_Eldeno_harvesting_coacoa.jpg/330px-Ateh_Eldeno_harvesting_coacoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ateh_Eldeno_harvesting_coacoa.jpg/440px-Ateh_Eldeno_harvesting_coacoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Harvesting in Cameroon</figcaption></figure> <p>Cacao trees grow in hot, rainy tropical areas within 20° of <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>. Cocoa harvest is not restricted to one period per year and a harvest typically occurs over several months. In fact, in many countries, cocoa can be harvested at any time of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a> are often applied to the trees to combat <a href="/wiki/Capsid_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsid bug">capsid bugs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicides</a> to fight <a href="/wiki/Black_pod_disease" title="Black pod disease">black pod disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abenyega_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abenyega-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immature cocoa pods have a variety of colours, but most often are green, red, or purple, and as they mature, their colour tends towards yellow or orange, particularly in the creases.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike most fruiting trees, the cacao pod grows directly from the trunk or large branch of a tree rather than from the end of a branch, similar to <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>. This makes harvesting by hand easier as most of the pods will not be up in the higher branches. The pods on a tree do not ripen together; harvesting needs to be done periodically through the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harvesting occurs between three and four times weekly during the harvest season.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ripe and near-ripe pods, as judged by their colour, are harvested from the trunk and branches of the cacao tree with a curved <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a> on a long pole. Care must be used when cutting the stem of the pod to avoid damaging the junction of the stem with the tree, as this is where future flowers and pods will emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One person can harvest an estimated 650 pods per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Abenyega_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abenyega-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gockowski_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gockowski-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvest_processing">Harvest processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Harvest processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cacao_Beans_Drying.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Beans drying in the sun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cacao_Beans_Drying.JPG/220px-Cacao_Beans_Drying.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cacao_Beans_Drying.JPG/330px-Cacao_Beans_Drying.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cacao_Beans_Drying.JPG/440px-Cacao_Beans_Drying.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Beans drying</figcaption></figure> <p>The harvested pods are opened, typically with a <a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">machete</a>, to expose the beans.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abenyega_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abenyega-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pulp and cocoa seeds are removed and the <a href="/wiki/Peel_(fruit)" title="Peel (fruit)">rind</a> is discarded. The pulp and seeds are then piled in heaps, placed in bins, or laid out on grates for several days. During this time, the seeds and pulp undergo "sweating", where the thick pulp liquefies as it ferments. The fermented pulp trickles away, leaving cocoa seeds behind to be collected. Sweating is important for the quality of the beans,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which originally have a strong, bitter taste. If sweating is interrupted, the resulting cocoa may be ruined; if underdone, the cocoa seed maintains a flavor similar to raw <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> and becomes susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Mildew" title="Mildew">mildew</a>. Some cocoa-producing countries distill <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic spirits">alcoholic spirits</a> using the liquefied pulp.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A typical pod contains 30 to 40 beans and about 400 dried beans are required to make 1 pound (450 g) of chocolate. Cocoa pods weigh an average of 400 g (14 oz) and each one yields 35 to 40 g (1.2 to 1.4 oz) dried beans; this yield is 9–10% of the total weight in the pod.<sup id="cite_ref-Abenyega_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abenyega-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One person can separate the beans from about 2000 pods per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Abenyega_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abenyega-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gockowski_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gockowski-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medium_close_up_image_of_David_Kebu_Jnr_holding_cocoa_beans_drying_in_the_sun._(10703178735).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Medium_close_up_image_of_David_Kebu_Jnr_holding_cocoa_beans_drying_in_the_sun._%2810703178735%29.jpg/220px-Medium_close_up_image_of_David_Kebu_Jnr_holding_cocoa_beans_drying_in_the_sun._%2810703178735%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Medium_close_up_image_of_David_Kebu_Jnr_holding_cocoa_beans_drying_in_the_sun._%2810703178735%29.jpg/330px-Medium_close_up_image_of_David_Kebu_Jnr_holding_cocoa_beans_drying_in_the_sun._%2810703178735%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Medium_close_up_image_of_David_Kebu_Jnr_holding_cocoa_beans_drying_in_the_sun._%2810703178735%29.jpg/440px-Medium_close_up_image_of_David_Kebu_Jnr_holding_cocoa_beans_drying_in_the_sun._%2810703178735%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Closeup of drying beans</figcaption></figure> <p>The wet beans are then transported to a facility so they can be fermented and dried.<sup id="cite_ref-Abenyega_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abenyega-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gockowski_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gockowski-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The farmer removes the beans from the pods, packs them into boxes or heap them into piles, then covers them with mats or banana leaves for three to seven days.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the beans are trodden and shuffled about (often using bare human feet) and sometimes, during this process, red <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> mixed with <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> is sprinkled over the beans to obtain a finer color, polish, and protection against molds during shipment to factories in other countries. Drying in the sun is preferable to drying by artificial means, as no extraneous flavors such as smoke or oil are introduced which might otherwise taint the flavor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The beans should be dry for shipment, which is usually by sea. Traditionally exported in <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">jute</a> bags, over the last decade, beans are increasingly shipped in "mega-bulk" parcels of several thousand tonnes at a time on ships, or standardized to 62.5 kilograms (138 lb) per bag and 200 (12.5 metric tons (12.3 long tons; 13.8 short tons)) or 240 (15 metric tons (15 long tons; 17 short tons)) bags per 20 feet (6.1 m) container. Shipping in bulk significantly reduces handling costs. Shipment in bags, either in a ship's hold or in containers, is still common.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Throughout <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> where they are native, cocoa beans are used for a variety of foods. The harvested and fermented beans may be ground to order at <i>tiendas de chocolate</i>, or chocolate mills. At these mills, the cocoa can be mixed with a variety of ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Almonds">almonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, and other spices to create <a href="/wiki/Drinking_chocolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking chocolate">drinking chocolate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ground cocoa is also an important ingredient in <i><a href="/wiki/Tejate" title="Tejate">tejate</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_slavery">Child slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Child slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Children_in_cocoa_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Children in cocoa production">Children in cocoa production</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuao_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Boy collecting beans after drying" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chuao_003.JPG/220px-Chuao_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chuao_003.JPG/330px-Chuao_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chuao_003.JPG/440px-Chuao_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Collecting beans after drying</figcaption></figure> <p>The first allegations that <a href="/wiki/Child_slavery" title="Child slavery">child slavery</a> is used in cocoa production appeared in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Raghavan1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raghavan1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2000, a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoa in West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Raghavan1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raghavan1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-combating_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-combating-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other media followed by reporting widespread child <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">child trafficking</a> in the production of cocoa.<sup id="cite_ref-chocolate_slavery_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chocolate_slavery-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-accuses_companies_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accuses_companies-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-Payson2010_p26_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payson2010_p26-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Harkin%E2%80%93Engel_Protocol" title="Harkin–Engel Protocol">Harkin–Engel Protocol</a> is an effort to end these practices.<sup id="cite_ref-HE_Protocol_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HE_Protocol-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, it was signed and witnessed by the heads of eight major chocolate companies, US senators <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Tom Harkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herb_Kohl" title="Herb Kohl">Herb Kohl</a>, US Representative <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">Eliot Engel</a>, the ambassador of the Ivory Coast, the director of the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labor, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-HE_Protocol_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HE_Protocol-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has, however, been criticized by some groups including the <a href="/wiki/International_Labor_Rights_Forum" title="International Labor Rights Forum">International Labor Rights Forum</a> as an industry initiative which falls short, as the goal to eliminate the "worst forms of child labor" from cocoa production by 2005 was not reached.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monsy_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monsy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Payson2011_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payson2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deadline was extended multiple times and the goal changed to a 70% child labor reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Child labour was growing in some West African countries in 2008–09 when it was estimated that 819,921 children worked on cocoa farms in Ivory Coast alone; by 2013–14, the number went up to 1,303,009. During the same period in Ghana, the estimated number of children working on cocoa farms was 957,398 children.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2010 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_Chocolate" title="The Dark Side of Chocolate">The Dark Side of Chocolate</a></i> revealed that children smuggled from Mali to the Ivory Coast were forced to earn income for their parents, while others were sold as slaves for €230.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Labor">US Department of Labor</a> formed the Child Labor Cocoa Coordinating Group as a public-private partnership with the governments of Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire to address child labor practices in the cocoa industry.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2017, approximately 2.1 million children in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire were involved in harvesting cocoa, carrying heavy loads, clearing forests, and being exposed to pesticides.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters2017_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters2017-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sona Ebai, the former secretary general of the Alliance of Cocoa Producing Countries: "I think child labor cannot be just the responsibility of industry to solve. I think it's the proverbial all-hands-on-deck: government, civil society, the private sector. And there, you really need leadership."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Reported in 2018, a 3-year <a href="/wiki/Pilot_experiment" title="Pilot experiment">pilot program</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> with 26,000 farmers mostly located in Côte d'Ivoire, observed a 51% decrease in the number of children doing hazardous jobs in cocoa farming.<sup id="cite_ref-balch_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balch-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lawsuits">Lawsuits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lawsuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, several companies were named in a class action lawsuit filed by eight former children from <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> who alleged that the companies aided and abetted their enslavement on <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Cocoa production in Ivory Coast">cocoa plantations in Ivory Coast</a>. The suit accused <a href="/wiki/Barry_Callebaut" title="Barry Callebaut">Barry Callebaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hershey_Company" title="The Hershey Company">The Hershey Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars,_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars, Incorporated">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mondelez" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondelez">Mondelez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olam_International" title="Olam International">Olam International</a>, of knowingly engaging in <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>, and the plaintiffs sought damages for <a href="/wiki/Unjust_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Unjust enrichment">unjust enrichment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negligent_supervision" class="mw-redirect" title="Negligent supervision">negligent supervision</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distress" title="Intentional infliction of emotional distress">intentional infliction of emotional distress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:12em; text-align:center;"> <caption>Cocoa bean production <br /> <small> 2022, millions of tonnes</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></td> <td>2.23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td>1.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>0.68 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></td> <td>0.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td> <td>0.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>0.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>0.27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>5.87</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the United Nations</small><sup id="cite_ref-fao_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2022, world production of cocoa beans was 5.87 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> with 38% of the total, while secondary producers were <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (table). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cocoa_trading">Cocoa trading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cocoa trading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cocoa beans are traditionally shipped and stored in <a href="/wiki/Burlap_sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlap sack">burlap sacks</a>, in which the beans are susceptible to pest attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fumigation" title="Fumigation">Fumigation</a> with <a href="/wiki/Methyl_bromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl bromide">methyl bromide</a> was to be phased out globally by 2015. Additional cocoa protection techniques for shipping and storage include the application of <a href="/wiki/Pyrenoid" title="Pyrenoid">pyrenoids</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_storage" title="Hermetic storage">hermetic storage</a> in sealed bags or containers with lowered oxygen concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Safe long-term storage facilitates the trading of cocoa products at commodity exchanges. </p><p>Cocoa beans, cocoa butter and cocoa powder are traded on futures markets. The London market is based on West African cocoa and New York on cocoa predominantly from Southeast Asia. Cocoa is the world's smallest <a href="/wiki/Soft_commodity" title="Soft commodity">soft commodity</a> market. The futures price of cocoa butter and cocoa powder is determined by multiplying the bean price by a ratio. The combined butter and powder ratio has tended to be around 3.5. If the combined ratio falls below 3.2 or so, production ceases to be economically viable and some factories cease extraction of butter and powder and trade exclusively in <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liquor" title="Chocolate liquor">cocoa liquor</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cocoa futures traded on the ICE Futures US Softs exchange, are valued at 10 Tonnes per contract with a tick size of 1 and tick value of US$10.<sup id="cite_ref-PortaraCQG_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PortaraCQG-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Contract Specification<sup id="cite_ref-PortaraCQG_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PortaraCQG-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cocoa (CCA) </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Exchange: </td> <td>NYI </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sector: </td> <td>Soft </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tick Size: </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tick Value: </td> <td>10 USD </td></tr> <tr> <td>BPV: </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denomination: </td> <td>USD </td></tr> <tr> <td>Decimal Place: </td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple international and national initiatives collaborate to support <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> cocoa production. These include the Swiss Platform for Sustainable Cocoa (SWISSCO), the German Initiative on Sustainable Cocoa (GISCO), and Beyond Chocolate, Belgium. A memorandum between these three initiatives was signed in 2020 to measure and address issues including child labor, living income, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and supply chain transparency.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar partnerships between cocoa producing and consuming countries are being developed, such as the cooperation between the <a href="/wiki/International_Cocoa_Organization" title="International Cocoa Organization">International Cocoa Organization</a> (ICCO) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Cocoa_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghanaian Cocoa Authority (page does not exist)">Ghanaian Cocoa Authority</a>, who aim to increase the proportion of sustainable cocoa being imported from Ghana to Switzerland to 80% by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICCO is engaged in projects around the world to support sustainable cocoa production and provide current information on the world cocoa market.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocoa is one of seven commodities included in the <a href="/wiki/EU_Regulation_on_Deforestation-free_products" title="EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products">EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products</a> (EUDR), which aims to guarantee that the products <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) citizens consume do not contribute to deforestation or <a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">forest degradation</a> worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-eudef_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eudef-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voluntary_sustainability_standards">Voluntary sustainability standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Voluntary sustainability standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are numerous voluntary certifications including <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade certification">Fairtrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/UTZ_Certified" title="UTZ Certified">UTZ</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance" title="Rainforest Alliance">Rainforest Alliance</a>) for cocoa which aim to differentiate between conventional cocoa production and that which is more sustainable in terms of social, economic and environmental concerns. As of 2016, at least 29% of global cocoa production was compliant with voluntary sustainability standards.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, among the different certifications there are significant differences in their goals and approaches, and a lack of data to show and compare the results on the farm level. While certifications can lead to increased farm income, the premium price paid for certified cocoa by consumers is not always reflected proportionally in the income for farmers. In 2012 the ICCO found that farm size mattered significantly when determining the benefits of certifications, and that farms an area less than 1ha were less likely to benefit from such programs, while those with slightly larger farms as well as access to member co-ops and the ability to improve productivity were most likely to benefit from certification.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certification often requires high up-front costs, which are a barrier to small farmers, and particularly, female farmers. The primary benefits to certification include improving conservation practices and reducing the use of agrochemicals, business support through cooperatives and resource sharing, and a higher price for cocoa beans which can improve the standard of living for farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-COSA_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COSA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade_cocoa" title="Fair trade cocoa">Fair trade cocoa</a> producer groups are established in Belize, Bolivia, Cameroon, the Congo,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecuador, Ghana, Haiti, India, Ivory Coast, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Sierra Leone, and São Tomé and Príncipe. </p><p>In 2018, the Beyond Chocolate partnership was created between multiple stakeholders in the global cocoa industry to decrease deforestation and provide a living income for cocoa farmers. The many international companies are currently participating in this agreement and the following voluntary certification programs are also partners in the Beyond Chocolate initiative: Rainforest Alliance, <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_International" title="Fairtrade International">Fairtrade</a>, ISEAL, BioForum Vlaanderen.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many major chocolate production companies around the world have started to prioritize buying fair trade cocoa by investing in fair trade cocoa production, improving fair trade cocoa supply chains and setting purchasing goals to increase the proportion of fair trade chocolate available in the global market.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rainforest Alliance lists the following goals as part of their certification program:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">Forest protection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_land_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable land management">sustainable land management</a></li> <li>Improve rural livelihoods to reduce poverty</li> <li>Address human rights issues such as child labor, gender inequality and indigenous land rights</li></ul> <p>The UTZ Certified-program (now part of Rainforest Alliance) included counteracting against child labor and exploitation of cocoa workers, requiring a code of conduct in relation to social and environmentally friendly factors, and improvement of farming methods to increase profits and salaries of farmers and distributors.<sup id="cite_ref-Certification_for_Farmers_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Certification_for_Farmers-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cocoa_production" title="Environmental impact of cocoa production">Environmental impact of cocoa production</a></div> <p>The relative poverty of many cocoa farmers means that environmental consequences such as deforestation are given little significance. For decades, cocoa farmers have encroached on virgin forest, mostly after the felling of trees by logging companies. This trend has decreased as many governments and communities are beginning to protect their remaining forested zones.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, deforestation due to cocoa production is still a major concern in parts of West Africa. In Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, barriers to land ownership have led migrant workers and farmers without financial resources to buy land to illegally expand their cocoa farming in protected forests. Many cocoa farmers in this region continue to prioritize expansion of their cocoa production, which often leads to deforestation.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulte-Supporting_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulte-Supporting-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sustainable agricultural practices such as utilizing <a href="/wiki/Cover_crop" title="Cover crop">cover crops</a> to prepare the soil before planting and <a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">intercropping</a> cocoa seedlings with <a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">companion plants</a> can support cocoa production and benefit the farm ecosystem. Prior to planting cocoa, <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">leguminous cover crops</a> can improve the soil nutrients and structure, which are important in areas where cocoa is produced due to high heat and rainfall which can diminish <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cooking_banana" title="Cooking banana">Plantains</a> are often intercropped with cocoa to provide shade to young seedlings and improve drought resilience of the soil. If the soil lacks essential nutrients, <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a> or animal manure can improve soil fertility and help with water retention.<sup id="cite_ref-Dohmen_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dohmen-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides by cocoa farmers is limited. When cocoa bean prices are high, farmers may invest in their crops, leading to higher yields which, in turn tends to result in lower market prices and a renewed period of lower investment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While governments and <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> have made efforts to help cocoa farmers in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire sustainably improve crop yields, many of the educational and financial resources provided are more readily available to male farmers versus female farmers. Access to credit is important for cocoa farmers, as it allows them to implement sustainable practices, such as agroforestry, and provide a financial buffer in case disasters like pest or weather patterns decrease crop yield.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulte-Supporting_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulte-Supporting-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cocoa production is likely to be affected in various ways by the expected <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">effects of global warming</a>. Specific concerns have been raised concerning its future as a <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crop</a> in West Africa, the current centre of global cocoa production. If temperatures continue to rise, West Africa could simply become unfit to grow the beans.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Tropical_Agriculture" title="International Center for Tropical Agriculture">International Center for Tropical Agriculture</a> warned in a paper published in 2013 that Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire, the world's two top cocoa growers, will experience a decline in suitable areas for cocoa production as global temperatures rise by up to 2 °C by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a>, coupled with pests, poor <a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">soil health</a>, and the demand for sustainable cocoa, has led to a rapid decline in cocoa productivity, resulting in reduced income for smallholder cocoa farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severe droughts have led to <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a> decline, causing a decrease in yields, and resulting in some farmers abandoning cocoa production.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cocoa beans also have a potential to be used as a bedding material in farms for cows. Using cocoa bean husks in bedding material for cows may contribute to <a href="/wiki/Udder" title="Udder">udder</a> health (less bacterial growth) and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> levels (lower ammonia levels on bedding).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Agroforestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_cacao" title="Regenerative cacao">Regenerative cacao</a></div> <p>Cocoa beans may be cultivated under <a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a>, as done in <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a>. Agroforestry can reduce the pressure on existing protected forests for resources, such as firewood, and conserve <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Integrating shade trees with cocoa plants reduces risk of soil erosion and evaporation, and protects young cocoa plants from extreme heat.<sup id="cite_ref-Dohmen_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dohmen-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agroforests act as buffers to formally protected forests and biodiversity island refuges in an open, human-dominated landscape. Research of their <a href="/wiki/Shade-grown_coffee" title="Shade-grown coffee">shade-grown coffee</a> counterparts has shown that greater canopy cover in plots is significantly associated with greater mammal <a href="/wiki/Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">species diversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of diversity in tree species is fairly comparable between shade-grown cocoa plots and <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">primary forests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_effects">Economic effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economic effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cocoa contributes significantly to <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigerian</a> economic activity, comprising the largest part of the country's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign exchange">foreign exchange</a>, and providing income for farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambele-et-al-2018_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambele-et-al-2018-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmers can grow a variety of fruit-bearing shade trees to supplement their income to help cope with the volatile cocoa prices.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although cocoa has been adapted to grow under a dense rainforest canopy, agroforestry does not significantly further enhance cocoa productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while growing cocoa in full sun without incorporating shade plants can temporarily increase cocoa yields, it will eventually decrease the quality of the soil due to nutrient loss, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> and erosion, leading to unsustainable yields and dependency on inorganic fertilizers. Agroforestry practices stabilize and improve soil quality, which can sustain cocoa production in the long term.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulte-Supporting_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulte-Supporting-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, cocoa agroforestry systems become more similar to forest, although they never fully recover the original forest community within the life cycle of a productive cocoa plantation (approximately 25 years).<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_&_UNEP-2020_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_&_UNEP-2020-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, although cocoa agroforests cannot replace natural forests, they are a valuable tool for conserving and protecting biodiversity while maintaining high levels of productivity in agricultural landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_&_UNEP-2020_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_&_UNEP-2020-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In West Africa, where about 70% of global cocoa supply originates from smallholder farmers, recent public–private initiatives such as the Cocoa Forest Initiatives in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire (World Cocoa Foundation, 2017) and the Green Cocoa Landscape Programme in Cameroon (IDH, 2019) aim to support the sustainable intensification and <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">climate resilience</a> of cocoa production, the prevention of further deforestation and the restoration of degraded forests.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_&_UNEP-2020_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_&_UNEP-2020-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often align with national <a href="/wiki/REDD%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="REDD+">REDD+</a> policies and plans.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_&_UNEP-2020_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_&_UNEP-2020-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumption">Consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People around the world consume cocoa in many different forms, consuming more than 3 million tons of cocoa beans yearly. Once the cocoa beans have been harvested, fermented, dried and transported they are processed in several components. Processor grindings serve as the main metric for <a href="/wiki/Market_analysis" title="Market analysis">market analysis</a>. Processing is the last phase in which consumption of the cocoa bean can be equitably compared to supply. After this step all the different components are sold across industries to many manufacturers of different types of products.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Global market share for processing has remained stable, even as grindings increase to meet demand. One of the largest processing countries by volume is the Netherlands, handling around 13% of global grindings. Europe and Russia as a whole handle about 38% of the processing market. Average year after year demand growth has been just over 3% since 2008. While Europe and North America are relatively stable markets, increasing household income in developing countries is the main reason of the stable demand growth. As demand is awaited to keep growing, supply growth may slow down due to changing weather conditions in the largest cocoa production areas.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chocolate_production">Chocolate production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Chocolate production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chocolate#Production" title="Chocolate">Chocolate § Production</a></div> <p>To produce 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of chocolate, around 300 to 600 cocoa beans are processed. The beans are roasted, cracked, and deshelled, resulting in pieces called nibs (the <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledons</a>, of which beans generally contain two<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlerCoutel201718_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlerCoutel201718-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which are ground into a thick paste known as <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liquor" title="Chocolate liquor">chocolate liquor</a> or cocoa paste. The liquor is processed into chocolate by adding cocoa butter, sugar, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a>. Alternatively, cocoa powder and cocoa butter can be separated using a hydraulic press or the <a href="/wiki/Broma_process" title="Broma process">Broma process</a>. Treating cocoa with an <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> produces <a href="/wiki/Dutch_process_cocoa" title="Dutch process cocoa">Dutch process cocoa</a>, which has a different flavor profile than untreated cocoa. Roasting can also be done on the whole bean or nib, affecting the final flavor. Most nibs are ground, using various methods, into a thick, creamy paste, known as chocolate liquor or cocoa paste. This "liquor" is then further processed into chocolate by mixing in (more) cocoa butter and sugar (and sometimes vanilla and <a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a> as an emulsifier), and then refined, <a href="/wiki/Conche" class="mw-redirect" title="Conche">conched</a> and tempered. Alternatively, it can be separated into cocoa powder and cocoa butter using a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_press" title="Hydraulic press">hydraulic press</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Broma_process" title="Broma process">Broma process</a>. This process produces around 50% cocoa butter and 50% cocoa powder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cocoa powder may have a fat content of about 12%,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this varies significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocoa butter is used in <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bar" title="Chocolate bar">chocolate bar</a> manufacture, other <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">confectionery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a>, and cosmetics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Treating with an <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> produces <a href="/wiki/Dutch_process_cocoa" title="Dutch process cocoa">Dutch process cocoa</a>, which is less acidic, darker, and more mellow in flavor than untreated cocoa. Regular (non-alkalized) cocoa is acidic, so when cocoa is treated with an alkaline ingredient, generally potassium carbonate, the pH increases.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This can be done at various stages during manufacturing, including during nib treatment, liquor treatment, or <a href="/wiki/Press_cake" title="Press cake">press cake</a> treatment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another process that helps develop the flavor is roasting, which can be done on the whole bean before shelling or on the nib after shelling. The time and temperature of the roast affect the result: A "low roast" produces a more acid, aromatic flavor, while a high roast gives a more intense, bitter flavor lacking complex flavor notes.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roasted_Cocoa_Bean.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A roasted bean, the papery skin rubbed loose"><img alt="A roasted bean, the papery skin rubbed loose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roasted_Cocoa_Bean.JPG/200px-Roasted_Cocoa_Bean.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roasted_Cocoa_Bean.JPG/300px-Roasted_Cocoa_Bean.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roasted_Cocoa_Bean.JPG/400px-Roasted_Cocoa_Bean.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A roasted bean, the papery skin rubbed loose</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocoa_press_cake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Press cake of the paste"><img alt="Press cake of the paste" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cocoa_press_cake.jpg/200px-Cocoa_press_cake.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cocoa_press_cake.jpg/300px-Cocoa_press_cake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cocoa_press_cake.jpg/400px-Cocoa_press_cake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Press cake of the paste</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chocolate02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chocolate"><img alt="Chocolate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Chocolate02.jpg/188px-Chocolate02.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Chocolate02.jpg/281px-Chocolate02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Chocolate02.jpg/375px-Chocolate02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chocolate</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phytochemicals_and_research">Phytochemicals and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Phytochemicals and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theobromin_-_Theobromine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Theobromin_-_Theobromine.svg/220px-Theobromin_-_Theobromine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Theobromin_-_Theobromine.svg/330px-Theobromin_-_Theobromine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Theobromin_-_Theobromine.svg/440px-Theobromin_-_Theobromine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>Structure of <a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">theobromine</a> (<a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> name: 3,7-dimethyl-1<i>H</i>-purine-2,6-dione)</figcaption></figure> <p>Cocoa contains various <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Flavanols" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavanols">flavanols</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">epicatechin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Procyanidins" class="mw-redirect" title="Procyanidins">procyanidins</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Flavanoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavanoids">flavonoids</a>. A systematic review presented moderate evidence that the use of flavanol-rich chocolate and cocoa products causes a small (2 mmHg) blood pressure lowering effect in healthy adults—mostly in the short term.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest levels of cocoa flavanols are found in raw cocoa and to a lesser extent, dark chocolate, since flavonoids degrade during cooking used to make chocolate.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beans contain <a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">theobromine</a>, and between 0.1% and 0.7% caffeine, whereas dry coffee beans are about 1.2% caffeine.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_solids" title="Cocoa solids">cocoa solids</a> is fat soluble.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carob" title="Carob">Carob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">epicatechin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a> present in cocoa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenraad_Johannes_van_Houten" title="Coenraad Johannes van Houten">Coenraad Johannes van Houten</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dutch_process_chocolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch process chocolate">Dutch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bean" title="Coffee bean">Coffee bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Ghirardelli" title="Domingo Ghirardelli">Domingo Ghirardelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Cocoa_Board" title="Ghana Cocoa Board">Ghana Cocoa Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_CoCoa_Farmers_Organization" title="International CoCoa Farmers Organization">International CoCoa Farmers Organization</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cocoa_beans" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cocoa beans">Cocoa beans</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Mesoamerica&rft.atitle=Cacao+and+Chocolate%3A+A+Uto-Aztecan+perspective&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-75&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162616811%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0956-5361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0956536100111058&rft.aulast=Dakin&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Wichmann%2C+S%C3%B8ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F231965433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocoa+bean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlerCoutel2017" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Mark S; Coutel, Fabien (2017). "Cocoa beans: from tree to factory". 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New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-41131-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-41131-5"><bdi>978-0-470-41131-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chocolate+Production+and+Uses+in+17th+and+18th+Century+North+America&rft.btitle=Chocolate%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Heritage&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-41131-5&rft.aulast=Gay&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocoa+bean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeissle2018" class="citation book cs1">Leissle, Kristy (2018). <i>Cocoa</i>. <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781509513208" title="Special:BookSources/9781509513208"><bdi>9781509513208</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988580966">988580966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cocoa&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988580966&rft.isbn=9781509513208&rft.aulast=Leissle&rft.aufirst=Kristy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocoa+bean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanton2024" class="citation journal cs1">Swanton, Michael (9 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0956536124000026">"Mesoamerican mantic names as an etymological source of Mixtec vocabulary"</a>. <i>Ancient Mesoamerica</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0956536124000026">10.1017/S0956536124000026</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Mesoamerica&rft.atitle=Mesoamerican+mantic+names+as+an+etymological+source+of+Mixtec+vocabulary&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2024-05-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0956536124000026&rft.aulast=Swanton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0956536124000026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocoa+bean" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_the_World%E2%80%99s_Forests_2020._In_brief.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en"><i>The State of the World's Forests 2020. 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chocolate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #7B3F00; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chocolate" title="Template:Chocolate"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chocolate" title="Template talk:Chocolate"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chocolate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chocolate"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chocolate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate"><span style="color:white">Chocolate</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white">Cocoa bean</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liquor" title="Chocolate liquor">Chocolate liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_solids" title="Cocoa solids">Cocoa solids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">Theobroma cacao</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_cocoa_beans" title="Types of cocoa beans">Types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">Endorphins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkephalin" title="Enkephalin">Enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavan-3-ol" title="Flavan-3-ol">Flavan-3-ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">Lecithin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsolinol" title="Salsolinol">Salsolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethylpyrazine" title="Tetramethylpyrazine">Tetramethylpyrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">Theophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">Tryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine">Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeric_acid" title="Valeric acid">Valeric acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_chocolate" title="Types of chocolate"><span style="color:white">Types</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baking_chocolate" title="Baking chocolate">Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_chocolate" title="Dark chocolate">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianduja_(chocolate)" title="Gianduja (chocolate)">Gianduja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_chocolate" title="Milk chocolate">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_chocolate" title="Organic chocolate">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_chocolate" title="Raw chocolate">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_chocolate" title="Ruby chocolate">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_chocolate" title="White chocolate">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_mocha" title="Caffè mocha">Caffè mocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bar" title="Chocolate bar">Chocolate bar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate_bar_brands" title="List of chocolate bar brands">Brands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_biscuit" title="Chocolate biscuit">Chocolate biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_brownie" title="Chocolate brownie">Chocolate brownie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_cake" title="Chocolate cake">Chocolate cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_chip_cookie" title="Chocolate chip cookie">Chocolate chip cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_chip" title="Chocolate chip">Chocolate chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_coin" title="Chocolate coin">Chocolate coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_crackles" title="Chocolate crackles">Chocolate crackles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_gravy" title="Chocolate gravy">Chocolate gravy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_ice_cream" title="Chocolate ice cream">Chocolate ice cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_milk" title="Chocolate milk">Chocolate milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_pudding" title="Chocolate pudding">Chocolate pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_spread" title="Chocolate spread">Chocolate spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_syrup" title="Chocolate syrup">Chocolate syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_truffle" title="Chocolate truffle">Chocolate truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cioccolato_di_Modica" title="Cioccolato di Modica">Cioccolato di Modica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fudge" title="Fudge">Fudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganache" title="Ganache">Ganache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate_drinks" title="List of chocolate drinks">Other beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate-covered_foods" title="List of chocolate-covered foods">Chocolate-covered foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_chocolate" title="Mint chocolate">Mint chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_(sauce)" title="Mole (sauce)">Mole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerated_chocolate" title="Aerated chocolate">Aerated chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broma_process" title="Broma process">Broma process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conching" title="Conching">Conching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_process_cocoa" title="Dutch process cocoa">Dutch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrober" title="Enrober">Enrober</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_crust" title="Sugar crust">Sugar crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempered_chocolate" title="Tempered chocolate">Tempering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bean-to-bar" title="Bean-to-bar">Bean-to-bar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bean-to-bar_chocolate_manufacturers" title="List of bean-to-bar chocolate manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Chocolate" title="Big Chocolate">Big Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolaterie" title="Chocolaterie">Chocolaterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolatier" title="Chocolatier">Chocolatier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire%E2%80%93Ghana_Cocoa_Initiative" title="Côte d'Ivoire–Ghana Cocoa Initiative">Côte d'Ivoire–Ghana Cocoa Initiative</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_Chocolate" title="The Dark Side of Chocolate">The Dark Side of Chocolate</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cocoa_production" title="Environmental impact of cocoa production">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cocoa_and_Chocolate_Directive" title="European Cocoa and Chocolate Directive">European Cocoa and Chocolate Directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade_cocoa" title="Fair trade cocoa">Fair trade cocoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_cocoa_production" title="Child labour in cocoa production">Child labour in cocoa production</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkin%E2%80%93Engel_Protocol" title="Harkin–Engel Protocol">Harkin–Engel Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cocoa_Organization" title="International Cocoa Organization">International Cocoa Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cocoa_Quarantine_Centre" title="International Cocoa Quarantine Centre">International Cocoa Quarantine Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Chocolate industry in the Philippines">Philippine chocolate industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Ghana" title="Cocoa production in Ghana">Production in Ghana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Cocoa_Board" title="Ghana Cocoa Board">Ghana Cocoa Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Cocoa production in Ivory Coast">Production in Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Nigeria" title="Cocoa production in Nigeria">Production in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cocoa production in São Tomé and Príncipe">Production in São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Cocoa_Foundation" title="World Cocoa Foundation">World Cocoa Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_chocolate" title="Belgian chocolate">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_chocolate" title="French chocolate">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_chocolate" title="Swiss chocolate">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_addiction" title="Chocolate addiction">Chocolate addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bloom" title="Chocolate bloom">Chocolate bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_fountain" title="Chocolate fountain">Chocolate fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate_museums" title="List of chocolate museums">Chocolate museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolatiers" title="List of chocolatiers">Chocolatiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_smuggling" title="Cocoa smuggling">Cocoa smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chocolate" title="History of chocolate">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_in_savory_cooking" title="Chocolate in savory cooking">In savory cooking</a></li> <li>Military chocolate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_chocolate_(Switzerland)" title="Military chocolate (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_chocolate_(United_States)" title="Military chocolate (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #7B3F00; color: white;"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Chocolate" title="Category:Chocolate"><span style="color:white">Category</span></a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_chocolate" title="Outline of chocolate"><span style="color:white">Outline</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Category:Non-timber forest products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Non-timber forest products">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medium_of_exchange" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar 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href="/wiki/Axe-monies" title="Axe-monies">Axe-money</a> (W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocoa bean</a> (Mesoamerica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koku" title="Koku">Koku</a> (rice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manilla_(money)" title="Manilla (money)">Manilla</a> (W. Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quachtli" title="Quachtli">Quachtli</a> (cotton cloth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> (Roman world)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">Shekel</a> (barley)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_beads" title="Trade beads">Trade bead</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a> (SE Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cow</a> (Hindu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camel</a> (Arabia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a> (Tibet, China)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Representative_money" title="Representative money">Representative money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">Bimetallism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">Gold certificates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/48px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/64px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">Fiat</a>/<a href="/wiki/Token_money" title="Token money">Token</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailment" title="Bailment">Bailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency" title="Central bank digital currency">Central bank digital currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Chattel/movable property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">Clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheque_clearing" title="Cheque clearing">Cheque clearing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Clay token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_(finance)" title="Deposit (finance)">Deposit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">Deposit account</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">Legal tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">Notary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(law)" title="Possession (law)">Possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">Promissory note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_value" title="Redemption value">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe" title="Safe">Safekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">List of historical currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincidence_of_wants" title="Coincidence of wants">Coincidence of wants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_de_change" title="Bureau de change">Bureau de change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_house_(finance)" title="Clearing house (finance)">Clearinghouse bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">Savings bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depository_institution" title="Depository institution">Depository institution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Akkadian standards of measurement</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2150 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banker_(ancient)" title="Banker (ancient)">§100; §122–125</a>; c. 1750 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallism" title="Metallism">Commodity theory of money (Metallism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_theory_of_money" title="Credit theory of money">Credit theory of money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">Quantity theory of money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_deferred_payment" title="Standard of deferred payment">Standard of deferred payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_of_value" title="Store of value">Store of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">Unit of account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_gold_currency" title="Digital gold currency">Digital gold currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_currency" title="Virtual currency">Virtual currency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">Complementary currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectoral_currency" title="Sectoral currency">Sectoral currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time-based currency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208008#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kakaobohne"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4307580-0">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86006278">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000326955&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810543391705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565938405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&oldid=1258921945">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean&oldid=1258921945</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cocoa_production" title="Category:Cocoa production">Cocoa production</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chocolate" title="Category:Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Components_of_chocolate" title="Category:Components of chocolate">Components of chocolate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_nuts_and_seeds" title="Category:Edible nuts and seeds">Edible nuts and seeds</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tropical_fruit" title="Category:Tropical 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href="/wiki/Category:Free_content_from_FAO_%26_UNEP" title="Category:Free content from FAO & UNEP">Free content from FAO & UNEP</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 10:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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117.816 15 Template:Fix"," 6.09% 107.450 1 Template:Chocolate"," 5.71% 100.792 9 Template:Sfn"," 5.36% 94.560 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.061","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13489731,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbenyegaGockowski2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmbeleBisseleua_DaghelaBabalolaEkesi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaggottChildsHartde_Bruin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalch2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhagwatWillisBirksWhittaker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaudillDeClerckHusband2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDakinWichmann2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDand1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillingerBarrigaEscárcegaJimenez2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEscobedo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabricant2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelmanNavarroRindnerDias2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowlerCoutel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillerLaiskonis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGockowskiOduwole2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawksley2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHeckel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHui2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuniper2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKieran_Guilbert2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimKimShimLee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKisieduNtifo1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeissle2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLäderachMartinez-ValleSchrothCastro2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagazineFiegl\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonsy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNieburg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNieburg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNieburg2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNolan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Keefe2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkeOdebiyi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver_Balch2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsakabeBabaYasudaIwamoto2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayson_Center_for_International_Development_and_Technology_Transfer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayson_Center_for_International_Development_and_Technology_Transfer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPédelahore2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghavanChatterjee2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedFaklerStocks2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberto_Ochoa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheffler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteckerClimateWire2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanton2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrbanski2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVebrovaLojkaHusbandZans2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVooraBermudezLarrea2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitmore2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfeShazzie2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodLass2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYajimaOhwadaKobayashiKomatsu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarrilloGaikwadLanaudPowis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZipperer1902\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BRA\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"CIV\"] = 1,\n [\"CMR\"] = 1,\n [\"Chocolate\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 45,\n [\"Cn\"] = 13,\n [\"Commonscat-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 10,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Cocoa Bean\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"ECU\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 1,\n [\"Free-content attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"GHA\"] = 1,\n [\"IDN\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Means of Exchange\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NGA\"] = 1,\n [\"Non-timber forest products\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses of\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 9,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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