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aria-controls="toc-Activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Environmental education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Networking_and_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Networking_and_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Networking and organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Networking_and_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Equipment and technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment_and_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment and technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sound_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sound equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Videography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portable_media_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portable_media_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Portable media players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portable_media_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remote_birdwatching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remote_birdwatching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Remote birdwatching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remote_birdwatching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Mobile applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code_of_conduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_of_conduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Code of conduct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_of_conduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socio-psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Socio-psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_birdwatchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_birdwatchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Famous birdwatchers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_birdwatchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Birdwatching</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C3%ABlkyk" title="Voëlkyk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Voëlkyk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مراقبة الطيور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مراقبة الطيور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="চৰাই নিৰীক্ষণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চৰাই নিৰীক্ষণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Назіранне за птушкамі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Назіранне за птушкамі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observaci%C3%B3_d%27ocells" title="Observació d'ocells – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Observació d'ocells" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozorov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_pt%C3%A1k%C5%AF" title="Pozorování ptáků – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pozorování ptáků" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuglekiggeri" title="Fuglekiggeri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fuglekiggeri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogelbeobachtung" title="Vogelbeobachtung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vogelbeobachtung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnuvaatlus" title="Linnuvaatlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linnuvaatlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observaci%C3%B3n_de_aves" title="Observación de aves – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Observación de aves" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdumo" title="Birdumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Birdumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegaztiak_behatzea" title="Hegaztiak behatzea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegaztiak behatzea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پرنده‌نگری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرنده‌نگری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_ornithologique" title="Observation ornithologique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Observation ornithologique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%A8" title="પક્ષી અવલોકન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પક્ષી અવલોકન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%90%EC%A1%B0" title="탐조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탐조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%BC%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Թռչունների դիտում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թռչունների դիտում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promatranje_ptica" title="Promatranje ptica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Promatranje ptica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengamatan_burung" title="Pengamatan burung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengamatan burung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuglasko%C3%B0un" title="Fuglaskoðun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fuglaskoðun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osservazione_degli_uccelli" title="Osservazione degli uccelli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Osservazione degli uccelli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="צפרות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צפרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwitegereza_inyoni" title="Kwitegereza inyoni – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kwitegereza inyoni" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putnu_v%C4%93ro%C5%A1ana" title="Putnu vērošana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Putnu vērošana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauk%C5%A1%C4%8Di%C5%B3_steb%C4%97jimas" title="Paukščių stebėjimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paukščių stebėjimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%99%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Набљудување на птици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Набљудување на птици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="പക്ഷിനിരീക്ഷണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പക്ഷിനിരീക്ഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerhatian_burung" title="Pemerhatian burung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemerhatian burung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogelen" title="Vogelen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vogelen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E9%B3%A5%E8%A6%B3%E5%AF%9F" title="野鳥観察 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="野鳥観察" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuglekikking" title="Fuglekikking – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fuglekikking" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obserwacja_ptak%C3%B3w" title="Obserwacja ptaków – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obserwacja ptaków" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_aves" title="Observação de aves – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Observação de aves" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Наблюдение за птицами – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наблюдение за птицами" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Birdwatching" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opazovanje_ptic" title="Opazovanje ptic – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Opazovanje ptic" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81" title="การดูนก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การดูนก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9F_g%C3%B6zlemi" title="Kuş gözlemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuş gözlemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Спостереження за птахами – 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Amateur observation of birds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Birdwatching (disambiguation)">Birdwatching (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Birding" and "Birdwatchers" redirect here. For the hunting of birds, see <a href="/wiki/Fowling" title="Fowling">Fowling</a>. For the capture of birds, see <a href="/wiki/Bird_trapping" title="Bird trapping">Bird trapping</a>. For the magazine, see <a href="/wiki/Birding_(magazine)" title="Birding (magazine)">Birding (magazine)</a>. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Birdwatchers_(film)" title="Birdwatchers (film)">Birdwatchers (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NMAAHC_Bird_Walk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NMAAHC_Bird_Walk.jpg/300px-NMAAHC_Bird_Walk.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NMAAHC_Bird_Walk.jpg/450px-NMAAHC_Bird_Walk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NMAAHC_Bird_Walk.jpg/600px-NMAAHC_Bird_Walk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Three people birdwatching with binoculars</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Birdwatching</b>, or <b>birding</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_observation" title="Wildlife observation">observing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, either as a recreational activity or as a form of <a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">citizen science</a>. A birdwatcher may observe by using their naked eye, by using a visual enhancement device such as <a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">binoculars</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a>, by listening for bird sounds,<sup id="cite_ref-dunne_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunne-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oddie_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oddie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> watching public <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcams</a>, or by viewing smart bird feeder cameras. </p><p>Most birdwatchers pursue this activity for recreational or social reasons, unlike <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithologists</a>, who engage in the study of birds using formal scientific methods.<sup id="cite_ref-dunne_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunne-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oddie_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oddie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birding,_birdwatching,_and_twitching"><span id="Birding.2C_birdwatching.2C_and_twitching"></span>Birding, birdwatching, and twitching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birding, birdwatching, and twitching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keskisenlampi_birdwatching_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Keskisenlampi_birdwatching_tower.jpg/250px-Keskisenlampi_birdwatching_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Keskisenlampi_birdwatching_tower.jpg/375px-Keskisenlampi_birdwatching_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Keskisenlampi_birdwatching_tower.jpg/500px-Keskisenlampi_birdwatching_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6098" data-file-height="2603" /></a><figcaption>A birdwatching tower in <a href="/wiki/Hankasalmi" title="Hankasalmi">Hankasalmi</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>The first recorded use of the term <i>birdwatcher</i> was in 1712 by William Oldsworth. The term <i>birding</i> was also used for the practice of <i>fowling</i> or hunting with firearms as in <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor" title="The Merry Wives of Windsor">The Merry Wives of Windsor</a></i> (1602): "She laments sir... her husband goes this morning a-birding."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms <i>birding</i> and <i>birdwatching</i> are today used by some interchangeably, although some participants prefer <i>birding</i>, partly because it includes the <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">auditory</a> aspects of enjoying birds. </p><p>In North America, many birders differentiate themselves from birdwatchers, and the term <i>birder</i> is unfamiliar to most lay people. At the most basic level, the distinction is perceived as one of dedication or intensity, though this is a subjective differentiation. Generally, self-described birders perceive themselves to be more versed in minutiae such as identification (aural and visual), molt, distribution, migration timing, and habitat usage. Whereas these dedicated <i>birders</i> may often travel specifically in search of birds, <i>birdwatchers</i> have been described by some enthusiasts as having a more limited scope, perhaps not venturing far from their own yards or local parks to view birds.<sup id="cite_ref-dunne_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunne-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, in 1969 a <i>Birding Glossary</i> appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Birding_(magazine)" title="Birding (magazine)">Birding</a></i> magazine which gave the following definitions: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><b>Birder</b>. The acceptable term used to describe the person who seriously pursues the hobby of birding. May be professional or amateur. </p><p><b>Birding</b>. A hobby in which individuals enjoy the challenge of bird study, listing, or other general activities involving bird life. </p><p><b>Bird-watcher</b>. A rather ambiguous term used to describe the person who watches birds for any reason at all, and should not be used to refer to the serious birder. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Birding</i>, Volume 1, No.2</cite></div></blockquote> <p><i>Twitching</i> is a British term used to mean "the pursuit of a previously located rare bird." In North America, it is more often called <i>chasing</i>. The term <i>twitcher</i>, sometimes misapplied as a synonym for <i>birder</i>, is reserved for those who travel long distances to see a rare bird that would then be <i>ticked</i>, or counted on a list.<sup id="cite_ref-oddie_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oddie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dooley,_Sean_2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dooley,_Sean_2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term originated in the 1950s, when it was used to describe the nervous behaviour of Howard Medhurst, a British birdwatcher.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier terms for those who chased rarities were <i>pot-hunter</i>, <i>tally-hunter</i>, or <i>tick-hunter</i>. The main goal of twitching is often to accumulate species on one's lists. Some birders engage in competition to accumulate the longest species list. The act of the pursuit itself is referred to as a <i>twitch</i> or a <i>chase</i>. A rare bird that stays long enough for people to see it is <i>twitchable</i> or <i>chaseable</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-oddie_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oddie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dooley,_Sean_2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dooley,_Sean_2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twitching is highly developed in the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. The size of these countries makes it possible to travel throughout them quickly and with relative ease. The most popular twitches in the UK have drawn large crowds; for example, approximately 2,500 people travelled to <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, to view a <a href="/wiki/Golden-winged_warbler" title="Golden-winged warbler">golden-winged warbler</a> (<i>Vermivora chrysoptera</i>), which is native to North America.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twitchers have developed <a href="/wiki/Twitchers%27_vocabulary" title="Twitchers' vocabulary">their own vocabulary</a>. For example, a twitcher who fails to see a rare bird has <i>dipped out</i>; if other twitchers do see the bird, they may feel <i>gripped off</i>. <i>Suppression</i> is the act of concealing news of a rare bird from other twitchers.<sup id="cite_ref-oddie_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oddie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many birders maintain a <i><a href="/wiki/Life_list" title="Life list">life list</a></i>, that is, a list of all of the species they have seen in their life, usually with details about the sighting such as date and location. The <a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">American Birding Association</a> has specific rules about how a bird species may be documented and recorded in such a list if it is submitted to the ABA; however, the criteria for the personal recording of these lists are very subjective. Some birders "count" species they have identified audibly, while others only record species that they have identified visually. Some also maintain a <i>country list</i>, <i>state list</i>, <i>county list</i>, <i>yard list</i>, <i>year list</i>, or any combination of these. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_history_of_birdwatching">The history of birdwatching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The history of birdwatching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birdwatchers,_AH_Chisholm,_State_Library_NSW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Birdwatchers%2C_AH_Chisholm%2C_State_Library_NSW.jpg/220px-Birdwatchers%2C_AH_Chisholm%2C_State_Library_NSW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Birdwatchers%2C_AH_Chisholm%2C_State_Library_NSW.jpg/330px-Birdwatchers%2C_AH_Chisholm%2C_State_Library_NSW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Birdwatchers%2C_AH_Chisholm%2C_State_Library_NSW.jpg/440px-Birdwatchers%2C_AH_Chisholm%2C_State_Library_NSW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1956" /></a><figcaption>Birdwatching photographers, New South Wales, June 1921, AH Chisholm</figcaption></figure> <p>The early interest in observing birds for their aesthetic rather than utilitarian (mainly food) value is traced to the late 18th century in the works of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Montagu_(naturalist)" title="George Montagu (naturalist)">George Montagu</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">John Clare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of birds, and of natural history in general, became increasingly prevalent in Britain during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Era">Victorian Era</a>, often associated with <a href="/wiki/Bird_collections" title="Bird collections">collection</a>, eggs and later skins being the artifacts of interest. Wealthy collectors made use of their contacts in the <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonies</a> to obtain specimens from around the world. It was only in the late 19th century that the call for bird protection led to the rising popularity of observations of living birds. The <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Audubon Society">Audubon Society</a> was started to protect birds from the growing trade in feathers in the United States while the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a> began in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase "bird watching" appeared for the first time as the title of the book <i>Bird Watching</i> by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Selous" title="Edmund Selous">Edmund Selous</a> in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North America, the identification of birds, once thought possible only by shooting, was made possible by the emergence of optics and field identification guides. The earliest field guide in the US was <i>Birds through an Opera Glass</i> (1889) by <a href="/wiki/Florence_Augusta_Merriam_Bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence Augusta Merriam Bailey">Florence Bailey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birding in North America was focused in the early and mid-20th century in the eastern seaboard region, and was influenced by the works of <a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Griscom" title="Ludlow Griscom">Ludlow Griscom</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Roger_Tory_Peterson" title="Roger Tory Peterson">Roger Tory Peterson</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bird_Neighbors" title="Bird Neighbors">Bird Neighbors</a></i> (1897) by <a href="/wiki/Neltje_Blanchan" title="Neltje Blanchan">Neltje Blanchan</a>, an early birding book, sold over 250,000 copies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was illustrated with color photographs of stuffed birds.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization and networking of those interested in birds began through organizations like the Audubon Society, which was against the killing of birds, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Ornithologists%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="American Ornithologists' Union">American Ornithologists' Union</a> (AOU). The availability of first the bicycle and then the car increased the mobility of birdwatchers and this made new locations accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Networks of birdwatchers in the UK began to form in the late 1930s under the <a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">British Trust for Ornithology</a> (BTO). The BTO saw the potential to produce scientific results through the networks, unlike the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) which like the Audubon Society originated from the bird protection movement.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the AOU in North America, the BOU had a focus mainly on collection-based taxonomy. The BOU changed focus to ecology and behaviour only in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BTO movement towards 'organized birdwatching' was opposed by the RSPB, which claimed that the 'scientification' of the pastime was 'undesirable'. This stand was to change only in 1936 when the RSPB was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harrisson" title="Tom Harrisson">Tom Harrisson</a> and others. Harrisson was instrumental in the organization of pioneering surveys of the <a href="/wiki/Great_crested_grebe" title="Great crested grebe">great crested grebe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increased mobility of birdwatchers ensured that books like <i>Where to Watch Birds</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Gooders" title="John Gooders">John Gooders</a> became best-sellers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1960s air travel became feasible and long-distance holiday destinations opened up. By 1965, Britain's first birding tour company, <i>Ornitholidays</i> had been started by Lawrence Holloway.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travelling far away also led to problems in name usage: British birds such as "wheatear", "heron" and "swallow" needed adjectives to differentiate them in places where there were several related species.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The falling cost of air travel made flying to remote birding destinations a possibility for a large number of people towards the 1980s. The need for global guides to birds increased, and one of the biggest resulting projects was the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World" title="Handbook of the Birds of the World">Handbook of the Birds of the World</a></i>, begun in the 1990s by Josep del Hoyo, Jordi Sargatal, David A. Christie, and ornithologist Andy Elliott.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, birdwatching was largely restricted to developed countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Since the second half of the 20th century an increasing number of people in developing countries have engaged in this activity, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Degua_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="Degua Tembien">Degua Tembien</a> district of Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-ALN2019_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALN2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transnational birding has played an important role in this, as birders in developing countries usually take up the pastime under the influence of foreign cultures with a history of birding.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A majority of transnational birders are middle-aged, male, affluent, and belong to the Anglophone countries or Scandinavia.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_and_environmental_impact">Economic and environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic and environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antioquia_Brushfinch_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_53700275_on_1_October_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Antioquia_Brushfinch_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_53700275_on_1_October_2021.jpg/220px-Antioquia_Brushfinch_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_53700275_on_1_October_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Antioquia_Brushfinch_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_53700275_on_1_October_2021.jpg/330px-Antioquia_Brushfinch_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_53700275_on_1_October_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Antioquia_Brushfinch_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_53700275_on_1_October_2021.jpg/440px-Antioquia_Brushfinch_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_53700275_on_1_October_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Spotting rare birds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Antioquia_brushfinch" title="Antioquia brushfinch">Antioquia brushfinch</a>, pictured, is a goal for some birdwatchers</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 20th century, most of the birding activity in North America was done on the east coast.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication of Roger Tory Peterson's field guide in 1934 led to the initial increase in birding. Binoculars, an essential piece of birding equipment, became more easily available after World War II, making the hobby more accessible. The practice of travelling long distances to see rare bird species was aided by the availability of cars and their associated infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, distance to urban centres may still affect number of birdwatchers participating in observations of rare bird species.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 4% of North Americans were interested in birding in the 1970s, and in the mid-1980s at least 11% were found to watch birds at least 20 days of the year. The number of birders was estimated at 61 million in the late 1980s. The income level of birders has been found to be well above average.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Sibley Guide to Birds</i>, published in 2000, had sold 500,000 copies by 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was found that the number of birdwatchers rose, but there appeared to be a drop in birdwatching in the backyard.<sup id="cite_ref-usfws_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usfws-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service study, birders contributed $36 billion to the US economy in 2006, and one fifth (20%) of all Americans are identified as birdwatchers.<sup id="cite_ref-sof_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sof-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 2016, over 45 million Americans consider themselves birders.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North American birders were estimated to have spent as much as US$32 billion in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-usfws_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usfws-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spending is on the rise around the world. Kuşcenneti National Park (KNP) at Lake Manyas, a <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a> in Turkey, was estimated to attract birders who spent as much as US$103,320,074 annually.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guided bird tours have become a major business, with at least 127 companies offering tours worldwide. An average trip to a less-developed country costs $4,000 per person and includes about 12 participants for each of 150 trips a year. It has been suggested that this economic potential needs to be tapped for conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birdwatching tourism is considered to be one of the fastest-growing nature-based tourism sectors in the world, often involving well-educated or wealthy travelers with specific interests in the places they visit.<sup id="cite_ref-Small_sight—Big_might:_Economic_imp_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Small_sight—Big_might:_Economic_imp-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this, birdwatching tourism is considered a niche market of nature-based tourism. Birdwatching and other niche tourism markets are good for market diversification and mitigating the impacts of seasonality in a tourism market as well as bringing economic resources to remote communities, thus diversifying their economies and contributing to biodiversity conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-Small_sight—Big_might:_Economic_imp_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Small_sight—Big_might:_Economic_imp-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that birdwatching ecotourism contributes $41 billion per year to the U.S. economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large funds generated by birdwatching ecotourism have been suggested as a replacement for tax revenue generated by bird hunting which has dropped to its lowest levels in decades.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birding ecotourism companies are also making contributions to conservation. Birding Ecotours, which runs both international and domestic trips, donates a minimum of 10% of its net profits to bird conservation and communities it operates in.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another tour operator, Hardy Boat, has donated $200,000 to Project Puffin to conserve puffin populations off the Atlantic Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the expectations of <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> is that the travels of birders to a place will contribute to the improvement of the local economy, ensuring that the environment is valued and protected. Birdwatchers contribute to conservation, helping build and disseminate environmental knowledge by participating in citizen science. However, birding can bring about an increased penetration of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a> that are perceived as birdwatchers' indispensable attributes. By their presence and obstinacy, birdwatchers affect the attractiveness of the breeding migration or roosting sites for birds, flush birds, and otherwise increase the pressure on birds and their habitats (e.g., luring birds out of their hideouts and stressing them by playing their calls or exposing birds and their nests to predators).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, other impacts include disturbance to birds, the environment, local cultures<sup id="cite_ref-ALN2019_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALN2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the economy. Methods to reduce negative impact and improve the value of conservation are the subject of research.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dingdarlingnnr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Dingdarlingnnr.jpg/220px-Dingdarlingnnr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Dingdarlingnnr.jpg/330px-Dingdarlingnnr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Dingdarlingnnr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Birders at J.N. "Ding" Darling National Wildlife Refuge, <a href="/wiki/Sanibel,_Florida" title="Sanibel, Florida">Sanibel, Florida</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many birders occupy themselves with observing local species (birding in their "local patch"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), but may also make specific trips to observe birds in other locales. The most active times of the year for birding in <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> zones are during the spring or fall <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrations</a> when the greatest variety of birds may be seen. On these occasions, large numbers of birds travel north or south to wintering or nesting locations. Early mornings are typically better as the birds are more active and vocal making them easier to spot. </p><p>Certain locations such as a local patch of forest, wetland and coast may be favoured according to the location and season. <a href="/wiki/Seawatching" title="Seawatching">Seawatching</a>, or pelagic birding, is a type of birding where observers based at a coastal watch point, such as a headland, watch birds flying over the sea. This is one form of <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> birding, though birders also seek pelagic species from seagoing vessels. </p><p>Weather plays an important role in the occurrence of rare birds. In Britain, suitable wind conditions may lead to <a href="/wiki/Drift_migration" title="Drift migration">drift migration</a>, and an influx of birds from the east. In North America, birds caught in the tail-end of a hurricane may be blown inland.<sup id="cite_ref-moss_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moss-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stretto_di_messina_-_bottleneck,_sicilia,_from_the_peloritani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stretto_di_messina_-_bottleneck%2C_sicilia%2C_from_the_peloritani.jpg/220px-Stretto_di_messina_-_bottleneck%2C_sicilia%2C_from_the_peloritani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stretto_di_messina_-_bottleneck%2C_sicilia%2C_from_the_peloritani.jpg/330px-Stretto_di_messina_-_bottleneck%2C_sicilia%2C_from_the_peloritani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stretto_di_messina_-_bottleneck%2C_sicilia%2C_from_the_peloritani.jpg/440px-Stretto_di_messina_-_bottleneck%2C_sicilia%2C_from_the_peloritani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, a classic <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migration</a> bottleneck, seen from the <a href="/wiki/Peloritani" title="Peloritani">Peloritani</a> mountains</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring">Monitoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birders may take part in censuses of bird populations and migratory patterns which are sometimes specific to individual species. These birdwatchers may also count all birds in a given area, as in the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Bird_Count" title="Christmas Bird Count">Christmas Bird Count</a>, or follow carefully designed study protocols. This kind of <a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">citizen science</a> can assist in identifying environmental threats to the well-being of birds or, conversely, in assessing outcomes of environmental management initiatives intended to ensure the survival of at-risk species or to encourage the breeding of species for aesthetic or ecological reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This more scientific side of the hobby is an aspect of ornithology, coordinated in the UK by the <a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">British Trust for Ornithology</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Lab_of_Ornithology" title="Cornell Lab of Ornithology">Cornell Lab of Ornithology</a> hosts many citizen-science projects to track the number and distribution of bird species across North America. These surveys help scientists note major changes from year to year which may occur as a result of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, disease, predation, and other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-texas_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texas-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_education">Environmental education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Environmental education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Observaci%C3%B3n_de_aves_en_Nador.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Observaci%C3%B3n_de_aves_en_Nador.JPG/220px-Observaci%C3%B3n_de_aves_en_Nador.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Observaci%C3%B3n_de_aves_en_Nador.JPG/330px-Observaci%C3%B3n_de_aves_en_Nador.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Observaci%C3%B3n_de_aves_en_Nador.JPG/440px-Observaci%C3%B3n_de_aves_en_Nador.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Moroccan students watching birds at Nador's lagoon as a part of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">environmental education</a> activities organized by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Ornithological_Society" title="Spanish Ornithological Society">Spanish Ornithological Society</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Because of their accessibility and ubiquity, birds are a useful tool for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">environmental education</a> and awareness of environmental issues. Birdwatching can increase respect for nature and awareness of the fragility of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition">Competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birders_at_Caerlaverock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Birders_at_Caerlaverock.jpg/250px-Birders_at_Caerlaverock.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Birders_at_Caerlaverock.jpg/375px-Birders_at_Caerlaverock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Birders_at_Caerlaverock.jpg/500px-Birders_at_Caerlaverock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="1676" /></a><figcaption>Birdwatchers watching Britain's fifth-ever <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_lapwing" title="White-tailed lapwing">white-tailed lapwing</a> at <a href="/wiki/WWT_Caerlaverock" title="WWT Caerlaverock">Caerlaverock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, 6 June 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Birding as a competitive event is organized in some parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such competitions encourage individuals or teams to accumulate large numbers of species within a specified time or area with special rules. Some birdwatchers will also compete by attempting to increase their life list, national list, state list, provincial list, county list, or <a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">year list</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">American Birding Association</a> was originally started as a club for "listers", but it now serves a much broader audience. Still, the ABA continues to publish an official annual report of North American list standings. </p><p>Competitive birdwatching events include: </p> <ul><li>Big Day: teams have 24 hours to identify as many species as possible.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">Big Year</a>: like a big day, but contestants are individuals, and need to be prepared to invest a great deal of time and money.</li> <li>Big Sit or Big Stay: birdwatchers must see birds from a circle of prescribed diameter (e.g.: 17 feet<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Once birds are spotted, birdwatchers can leave the circle to confirm the identity, but new birds seen may not be counted.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Bird_Count" title="Christmas Bird Count">Christmas Bird Count</a>: See as many birds as possible between December 14 and January 5.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Series_of_Birding" title="World Series of Birding">World Series of Birding</a>: An annual birding competition organised by the New Jersey Audubon Society. Teams compete to identify the greatest number of bird species in a 24-hour period.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Madness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migration Madness (page does not exist)">Migration Madness</a>: A month-long festival celebrating bird migration. Migration Madness features a Birdathon. The Birdathon is a competition at any time during May 2024. The goal is to spot as many bird species as you can.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Networking_and_organization">Networking and organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Networking and organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prominent national and continental organizations concerned with birding include the <a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">British Trust for Ornithology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a> in the United Kingdom, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">American Birding Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Lab_of_Ornithology" title="Cornell Lab of Ornithology">Cornell Lab of Ornithology</a> in North America. Many statewide or local Audubon organizations are also active in the United States, as are many provincial and local organizations in Canada. <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> is an important global alliance of bird conservation organizations. Many countries and smaller regions (states/provinces) have "rarities committees" to check, accept or reject reports of rare birds made by birders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment_and_technology">Equipment and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Equipment and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birdwatchers_Liminka_Bay_2006_04_14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Birdwatchers_Liminka_Bay_2006_04_14.JPG/220px-Birdwatchers_Liminka_Bay_2006_04_14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Birdwatchers_Liminka_Bay_2006_04_14.JPG/330px-Birdwatchers_Liminka_Bay_2006_04_14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Birdwatchers_Liminka_Bay_2006_04_14.JPG/440px-Birdwatchers_Liminka_Bay_2006_04_14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Birders using a tower hide to gain views over foreground vegetation. Bay of Liminka, south of <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Equipment commonly used for birding includes <a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">binoculars</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Spotting_scope" title="Spotting scope">spotting scope</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">tripod</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>, a notepad, and one or more <a href="/wiki/Field_guide" title="Field guide">field guides</a>. Hides (known as <i>blinds</i> in North America) or observation towers are often used to conceal the observers from birds, and/or to improve viewing conditions. Virtually all optics manufacturers offer specific binoculars for birding, and some have even geared their whole brand to birders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_equipment">Sound equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sound equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recognition of <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">bird vocalizations</a> is an important part of a birder's toolkit. Sound information can assist in the locating, watching, identification, and sometimes sexing of birds. Recent developments in audio technology have seen <a href="/wiki/Portable_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable audio">recording and reproduction</a> devices shrink in both size and price, making them accessible to a greater portion of the birding community. </p><p>The non-linear nature of digital audio technology has also made selecting and accessing the required recordings much more flexible than tape-based models. It is now possible to take a recording of every bird call you are likely to encounter in a given area out into the field stored on a device that will slip into your pocket and to retrieve calls for playback and comparison in any order you choose. </p><p>As the technology continues to improve, researchers and hobby birders have started using convolutional neural networks to mine sound recordings to identify and track specific bird calls.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a> has always been a part of birding, but in the past the cost of cameras with <a href="/wiki/Super-telephoto_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-telephoto lenses">super-telephoto lenses</a> made this a minority, often semi-professional, interest. The advent of affordable <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>, which can be used in conjunction with a spotting scope or binoculars (using the technique of <a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">afocal photography</a>, referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> "<i><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">digiscoping</a></i>" or sometimes <i>digibinning</i> for binoculars), have made this a much more widespread aspect of the hobby. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videography">Videography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Videography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with the arrival of affordable <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>, the development of more compact and affordable <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">digital video cameras</a> has made them more attractive and accessible to the birding community. Cross-over, non-linear digital models now exist that take high-quality stills at acceptable resolutions, as well as being able to record and play audio and video. The ability to capture and reproduce not only the visual characteristics of a bird, but also its patterns of movement and its sound, has wide applications for birders in the field. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portable_media_players">Portable media players</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Portable media players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This class of product includes devices that can play (and in some cases record) a range of digital media, typically video, audio and still image files. Many modern <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a> can be classified as <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media players</a>. With the ability to store and play large quantities of information, pocket-sized devices allow a full birding multimedia library to be taken into the field and mobile Internet access makes obtaining and transmitting information possible in near real time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remote_birdwatching">Remote birdwatching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Remote birdwatching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New technologies are allowing birdwatching activities to take place over the Internet, using robotic camera installations and mobile phones set up in remote wildlife areas. Projects such as CONE <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725090118/http://cone.berkeley.edu/">[1]</a> allow users to observe and photograph birds over the web; similarly, robotic cameras set up in largely inhospitable areas are being used to attempt the first photographs of the rare <a href="/wiki/Ivory-billed_woodpecker" title="Ivory-billed woodpecker">ivory-billed woodpecker</a>. These systems represent new technologies in the birdwatcher's toolkit.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1950s, the only way of communicating new bird sightings was through the postal system and it was generally too late for the recipients to act on the information. In 1953 James Ferguson-Lees began broadcasting rare bird news on the radio in Eric Simms' <i>Countryside</i> program but this did not catch on. In the 1960s people began using the telephone and some people became hubs for communication. In the 1970s some cafés, such as that in <a href="/wiki/Cley_next_the_Sea" title="Cley next the Sea">Cley, Norfolk</a> run by Nancy Gull, became centers for meeting and communication. This was replaced by telephone hotline services such as "Birdline" and "Bird Information Service".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, birders have been using the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> to convey information; this can be via <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing lists">mailing lists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">forums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin board systems">bulletin-boards</a>, web-based <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most birding lists are geographic in scope, there are special-interest lists that cater to bird-identification, 'twitchers', seabirds and raptor enthusiasts to name but a few. Messages can range from the serious to trivial, notifying others of rarities, questioning the taxonomy or identification of a species, discussing field guides and other resources, asking for advice and guidance, or organizing groups to help save habitats. </p><p>Occasional postings are mentioned in academic journals and therefore can be a valuable resource for professional and amateur birders alike.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the oldest, <i>Birdchat</i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (based in the US), probably has the most subscribers, followed by the English-language fork of <i>Eurobirdnet</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birding-Aus<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Australia, SABirdnet<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from South Africa and Orientalbirding.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_applications">Mobile applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mobile applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The increasing availability of mobile devices in the 2010s allowed the smartphone to become a useful tool for birding. Mobile apps can be used as replacements for physical birding field guides, such as the digital version of the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sibley_Guide_to_Birds" title="The Sibley Guide to Birds">Sibley Guide to Birds</a></i> and the official Audubon Society app.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other apps utilize <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> to automatically identifying birds from photographs and audio recordings, such as the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Lab_of_Ornithology#Merlin_Bird_ID" title="Cornell Lab of Ornithology">Merlin Bird ID</a> application and <a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Lab_of_Ornithology" title="Cornell Lab of Ornithology">Cornell Lab of Ornithology</a>'s <a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a> database is a popular tool used by birders to document their sightings. In addition to serving as a <a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">citizen science</a> project used by ornithologists to document trends in bird populations,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it allows birders see recent reports by other birders and search by species and location.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species, including endangered species and others likely to be disrupted by increased human activity, are designated "sensitive species" by eBird and have locations of sightings hidden from the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_of_conduct">Code of conduct</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Code of conduct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the numbers of birdwatchers increases, there is growing concern about the impact of birdwatching on the birds and their habitat. Birdwatching etiquette is evolving in response to this concern.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of birdwatching etiquette include promoting the welfare of birds and their environment, limiting use of photography, <a href="/wiki/Pish" title="Pish">pishing</a> and playback devices to mitigate stress caused to birds, maintaining a distance away from nests and nesting colonies, and respecting private property.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of definite evidence, except arguably in the form of photographs, makes birding records difficult to prove but birdwatchers strive to build trust in their identification.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the few major disputes was the case of the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Rarities" title="Hastings Rarities">Hastings Rarities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socio-psychology">Socio-psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Socio-psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a> considers birdwatching to be an expression of the male hunting instinct, while <a href="/wiki/Simon_Baron-Cohen" title="Simon Baron-Cohen">Simon Baron-Cohen</a> links it with a male tendency for "systemizing".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been suggestions that identification of birds may be a form of gaining status which has been compared with <a href="/wiki/Kula_ring" title="Kula ring">Kula valuables</a> noted in Papua New Guinean cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of the motivations for birdwatching in New York concluded that initial motivations were largely similar in males and females, but males who participate actively in birding are more motivated by "sharing knowledge" with others, and active female birders are more motivated by their "intellectual" interest in studying birds, and by the "challenge" of identifying new and rare birds and improving their skills.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study suggested that males lean towards competitive birding, while females prefer recreational birdwatching.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study for birdwatchers in Poland found that the proportion of female birdwatchers involved in twitching has grown in recent years and that female birdwatchers were more willing to participate in observations of more common bird rarities than male birdwatchers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the representation of women has always been low,<sup id="cite_ref-Moss_2004:316-330_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss_2004:316-330-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has been pointed out that nearly 90% of all birdwatchers in the United States are white, with only a few African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other minority groups have formed organizations to support fellow birders, such as the Gay Birders Club<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Birding For All, formerly the Disabled Birders Association.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss_2004:316-330_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss_2004:316-330-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study of birdwatching has been of interest to students of the sociology of science.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who have nature-based experiences report better well-being and lower psychological distress than those who do not, and birdwatching in particular was found to have higher gains in subjective well-being and more reduction in distress than more generic nature exposure, such as walks.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_birdwatchers">Famous birdwatchers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Famous birdwatchers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birdwatchers" title="List of birdwatchers">List of birdwatchers</a></div> <p>There are about 10,000 species of bird and only a small number of people have seen more than 7,000. Many birdwatchers have spent their entire lives trying to see all the bird species of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first person who started this is said to be <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Keith" title="Stuart Keith">Stuart Keith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birders have been known to go to great lengths and some have lost their lives in the process. <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Snetsinger" title="Phoebe Snetsinger">Phoebe Snetsinger</a> spent her family inheritance travelling to various parts of the world while suffering from a malignant <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>, surviving an attack and rape in New Guinea before dying in a road accident in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She saw as many as 8,400 species. The birdwatcher <a href="/wiki/David_Hunt_(ornithologist)" title="David Hunt (ornithologist)">David Hunt</a> who was leading a bird tour in <a href="/wiki/Corbett_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbett National Park">Corbett National Park</a> was killed by a tiger in February 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_A._Parker_III" title="Theodore A. Parker III">Ted Parker</a> (who later died in an air crash in Ecuador) travelled around North America and saw 626 species.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This record was beaten by <a href="/wiki/Kenn_Kaufman" title="Kenn Kaufman">Kenn Kaufman</a> in 1973 who travelled 69,000 miles and saw 671 species and spent less than a thousand dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Gullick" title="Tom Gullick">Tom Gullick</a>, an Englishman who lives in Spain, became the first birdwatcher to log over 9,000 species.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, two British birders, Alan Davies and Ruth Miller, gave up their jobs, sold their home and put everything they owned into a year-long global birdwatching adventure about which they a wrote a book called <i>The Biggest Twitch</i>. They logged their 4,341st species on 31 December 2008, in Ecuador.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Noah_Strycker" title="Noah Strycker">Noah Strycker</a> recorded 6,042 species during 2015, overtaking Davies and Miller.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Arjan Dwarshuis became the world-record holder for most species seen during the span of one year, logging 6,852 bird species in 40 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early February 2024, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kaestner" title="Peter Kaestner">Peter Kaestner</a> became the first birder to log over 10,000 species, a record surrounded by much controversy as he was initially claimed to be beaten by Jason Mann who later conceded defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birdwatching literature, field guides and television programs have been popularized by birders such as <a href="/wiki/Pete_Dunne_(author)" title="Pete Dunne (author)">Pete Dunne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Oddie" title="Bill Oddie">Bill Oddie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2011 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Year" title="The Big Year">The Big Year</a></i> depicted three birders competing in an <a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">American Birding Association</a> Area <a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">big year</a>, and the 2019 film <i><a href="/wiki/Birders_(film)" title="Birders (film)">Birders</a></i> is a short documentary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_feeding" title="Bird feeding">Bird feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Bird migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Birders_Week" title="Black Birders Week">Black Birders Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_watching" title="Butterfly watching">Butterfly watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birding_books" title="List of birding books">List of birding books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ornithology_journals" title="List of ornithology journals">List of ornithology journals</a></li></ul> <p><b>Similar activities</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mothing" title="Mothing">Mothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planespotting" class="mw-redirect" title="Planespotting">Planespotting</a></li></ul> <p><b>Institutions:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">American Birding Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Lab_of_Ornithology" title="Cornell Lab of Ornithology">Cornell Lab of Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">National Audubon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Series_of_Birding" title="World Series of Birding">World Series of Birding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_Australia" title="BirdLife Australia">BirdLife Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dunne-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dunne_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunne_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunne_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDunne2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunne, Pete (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petedunneonbirdw00dunn"><i>Pete Dunne on Bird Watching</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-90686-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-90686-6"><bdi>978-0-395-90686-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50228297">50228297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pete+Dunne+on+Bird+Watching&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50228297&rft.isbn=978-0-395-90686-6&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpetedunneonbirdw00dunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oddie-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oddie_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oddie_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oddie_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oddie_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oddie_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOddie1980" class="citation book cs1">Oddie, Bill (1980). <i>Bill Oddie's Little Black Bird Book</i>. Frome & London: Butler & Tanner Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-47820-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-47820-7"><bdi>978-0-413-47820-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8960462">8960462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bill+Oddie%27s+Little+Black+Bird+Book&rft.place=Frome+%26+London&rft.pub=Butler+%26+Tanner+Ltd&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8960462&rft.isbn=978-0-413-47820-7&rft.aulast=Oddie&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moss 2004:33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dooley,_Sean_2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dooley,_Sean_2007_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dooley,_Sean_2007_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDooley2007" class="citation book cs1">Dooley, Sean (2007). <i>Anoraks to Zitting Cisticola</i>. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-272-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-272-4"><bdi>978-1-74175-272-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/174092376">174092376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anoraks+to+Zitting+Cisticola&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F174092376&rft.isbn=978-1-74175-272-4&rft.aulast=Dooley&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole2019" class="citation news cs1">Poole, Steven (19 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/19/why-the-term-twitch-is-ruffling-feathers">"Why the term 'twitch' ruffles feathers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+the+term+%27twitch%27+ruffles+feathers&rft.date=2019-01-19&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2019%2Fjan%2F19%2Fwhy-the-term-twitch-is-ruffling-feathers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawLynch1988" class="citation journal cs1">Law, John; Lynch, Michael (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20009028">"Lists, Field Guides, and the Descriptive Organization of Seeing: Birdwatching as an Exemplary Observational Activity"</a>. <i>Human Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (2/3): 271–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00177306">10.1007/BF00177306</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-8548">0163-8548</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20009028">20009028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144536028">144536028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Studies&rft.atitle=Lists%2C+Field+Guides%2C+and+the+Descriptive+Organization+of+Seeing%3A+Birdwatching+as+an+Exemplary+Observational+Activity&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=271-303&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0163-8548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144536028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20009028%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00177306&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20009028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTryjanowskiJankowiakMikulaCzechowski2024" class="citation journal cs1">Tryjanowski, Piotr; Jankowiak, Łukasz; Mikula, Peter; Czechowski, Paweł; Menzel, Annette; Polakowski, Michał (23 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pan3.10732">"What factors affect the 'flocking' of birdwatchers during bird rarity observations?"</a>. <i>People and Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpan3.10732">10.1002/pan3.10732</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2575-8314">2575-8314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People+and+Nature&rft.atitle=What+factors+affect+the+%E2%80%98flocking%E2%80%99+of+birdwatchers+during+bird+rarity+observations%3F&rft.date=2024-10-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpan3.10732&rft.issn=2575-8314&rft.aulast=Tryjanowski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft.au=Jankowiak%2C+%C5%81ukasz&rft.au=Mikula%2C+Peter&rft.au=Czechowski%2C+Pawe%C5%82&rft.au=Menzel%2C+Annette&rft.au=Polakowski%2C+Micha%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbesjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fpan3.10732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudleyBentonFraserRyan2010" class="citation book cs1">Dudley, Steve; Benton, Tim; Fraser, Peter; Ryan, John (2010). <i>Rare Birds Day by Day</i>. <a href="/wiki/T._%26_A._D._Poyser" title="T. & A. D. Poyser">T. & A. D. Poyser</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-3795-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-3795-6"><bdi>978-1-4081-3795-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rare+Birds+Day+by+Day&rft.pub=T.+%26+A.+D.+Poyser&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-3795-6&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Benton%2C+Tim&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Peter&rft.au=Ryan%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moss 2004:10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moss 2004:72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moss 2004:88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow1998" class="citation book cs1">Barrow, Mark (1998). <i>A Passion for Birds</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 156–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04402-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04402-6"><bdi>978-0-691-04402-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Passion+for+Birds&rft.pages=156-157&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04402-6&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shearin, Gloria. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=eahYM-4DT0kC&oi=fnd&pg=PA62">Neltje Blanchan.</a> In: Patterson, D., Thompson, R., Bryson, S., <i>et al.</i>, <i>Early American Nature Writers</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313346801" title="Special:BookSources/0313346801">0313346801</a>. pp.62–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunlap, Thomas R. 2011. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-2cCv8VIvEC&pg=PT58">In the Field, Among the Feathered: A History of Birders & Their Guides</a></i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199734593" title="Special:BookSources/0199734593">0199734593</a>. p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moss 2004:104–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2002" class="citation journal cs1">Macdonald, H. 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Hudson Street Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4193-3299-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4193-3299-9"><bdi>978-1-4193-3299-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68757783">68757783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+See+Every+Bird+on+Earth&rft.pub=Hudson+Street+Publisher&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68757783&rft.isbn=978-1-4193-3299-9&rft.aulast=Koeppel&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moss 2004:261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnetsinger2003" class="citation book cs1">Snetsinger, Phoebe (2003). <i>Birding on Borrowed Time</i>. American Birding Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878788-41-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878788-41-2"><bdi>978-1-878788-41-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birding+on+Borrowed+Time&rft.pub=American+Birding+Association&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-878788-41-2&rft.aulast=Snetsinger&rft.aufirst=Phoebe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreedenWright1997" class="citation book cs1">Breeden, Stanley; Wright, Belinda (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/throughtigerseye0000bree/page/173"><i>Through the Tiger's Eyes: A Chronicle of India's Wildlife</i></a>. Ten Speed Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/throughtigerseye0000bree/page/173">173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89815-847-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89815-847-2"><bdi>978-0-89815-847-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Tiger%27s+Eyes%3A+A+Chronicle+of+India%27s+Wildlife&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Ten+Speed+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89815-847-2&rft.aulast=Breeden&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Wright%2C+Belinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthroughtigerseye0000bree%2Fpage%2F173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1985" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, David (1985). <i>Confessions of a Scilly Birdman</i>. Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3724-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3724-1"><bdi>978-0-7099-3724-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12080015">12080015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessions+of+a+Scilly+Birdman&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12080015&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-3724-1&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moss 2004:242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moss 2004:240–241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2012" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy, Michael (15 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/worlds-greatest-birdwatcher-sets-a-new-record--then-hangs-up-his-binoculars-8210960.html">"World's greatest birdwatcher sets a new record"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=World%27s+greatest+birdwatcher+sets+a+new+record&rft.date=2012-10-15&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fnature%2Fworlds-greatest-birdwatcher-sets-a-new-record--then-hangs-up-his-binoculars-8210960.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesMiller2010" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Alan; Miller, Ruth (2010). <i>The Biggest Twitch: Around the World in 4,000 Birds</i>. A & C Black. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2387-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2387-4"><bdi>978-1-4081-2387-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biggest+Twitch%3A+Around+the+World+in+4%2C000+Birds&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-2387-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Miller%2C+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrycker2017" class="citation book cs1">Strycker, Noah (2017). <i>Birding without Borders</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-55814-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-55814-4"><bdi>978-0-544-55814-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birding+without+Borders&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-544-55814-4&rft.aulast=Strycker&rft.aufirst=Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwarshuis2023" class="citation book cs1">Dwarshuis, Arjan (2023). <i>The (Big) Year That Flew By</i>. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64502-191-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64502-191-9"><bdi>978-1-64502-191-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%28Big%29+Year+That+Flew+By&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-64502-191-9&rft.aulast=Dwarshuis&rft.aufirst=Arjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2024" class="citation web cs1">Walsh, Martin (27 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorersweb.com/birding-controversy-two-birders-claim-10000-species-record-on-the-same-day/">"Birding Controversy: Two Birders Claim 10,000 Species Record on the Same Day"</a>. ExplorersWeb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birding+Controversy%3A+Two+Birders+Claim+10%2C000+Species+Record+on+the+Same+Day&rft.pub=ExplorersWeb&rft.date=2024-03-27&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplorersweb.com%2Fbirding-controversy-two-birders-claim-10000-species-record-on-the-same-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCocker2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Cocker" title="Mark Cocker">Cocker, Mark</a> (2002). <i>Birders: Tales of a Tribe</i>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-871-13844-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-871-13844-1"><bdi>0-871-13844-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birders%3A+Tales+of+a+Tribe&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-871-13844-1&rft.aulast=Cocker&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2012" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Daniel (2012). <i>The Feathery Tribe: Robert Ridgway and the Modern Study of Birds</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17552-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17552-3"><bdi>978-0-300-17552-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feathery+Tribe%3A+Robert+Ridgway+and+the+Modern+Study+of+Birds&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17552-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Moss" title="Stephen Moss">Moss, Stephen</a> (2004). <i>A Bird in the Bush: A Social History of Birdwatching</i>. Aurum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85410-993-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85410-993-6"><bdi>1-85410-993-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bird+in+the+Bush%3A+A+Social+History+of+Birdwatching&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85410-993-6&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeidensaul2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Weidensaul" title="Scott Weidensaul">Weidensaul, Scott</a> (2007). <i>Of a Feather: A Brief History of Birding</i>. Orlando: Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-151-01247-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-151-01247-3"><bdi>978-0-151-01247-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+a+Feather%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Birding&rft.place=Orlando&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-151-01247-3&rft.aulast=Weidensaul&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwatching" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/birdwatching" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:birdwatching">birdwatching</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Birdwatching" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has travel information for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/birdwatching#Q685629" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:birdwatching">birdwatching</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.AllAboutBirds.org/">All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.idahoptv.org/video/1513625536/">Birders, Banders, & Binoculars</a> Video produced by <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Public_Television" title="Idaho Public Television">Idaho Public Television</a></li> <li>A six-part History of <i>Birding</i> magazine, covering the period 1968–2006, appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Birding_(magazine)" title="Birding (magazine)">Birding</a></i> magazine in 2006: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625004512/https://www.aba.org/birding/v38n1p20.pdf">1968–1974</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521074345/http://www.aba.org/birding/v38n2p20.pdf">1975–1980</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625004509/https://www.aba.org/birding/v38n3p18.pdf">1981–1887</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625004515/https://www.aba.org/birding/v38n4p18.pdf">1988–1993</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625004504/https://www.aba.org/birding/v38n5p18.pdf">1994–2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625004501/https://www.aba.org/birding/v38n6p18.pdf">2001–2006</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Birds_(class:_Aves)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds" title="Template:Birds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds" title="Template talk:Birds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Birds_(class:_Aves)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a>: Aves)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_birds" title="Outline of birds">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">Anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">Beak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_brain" title="Avian brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)#Birds" title="Crop (anatomy)">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">milk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactyly#bird_digits" title="Dactyly">Dactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">Eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropygial_gland" title="Uropygial gland">Preen gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">Plumage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vision" title="Bird vision">Vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird behaviour">Behaviour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_intelligence" title="Bird intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_foraging" title="Avian foraging">Foraging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_birds" title="Sexual selection in birds">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">Lek mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird_breeding_behavior" title="Seabird breeding behavior">Seabird breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_incubation#Avian_incubation" title="Egg incubation">Incubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">Brood parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">Nesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hybrid" title="Bird hybrid">Hybrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">Origin of birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Origin of flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Evolution of birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabirds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_bird_genera" title="List of fossil bird genera">Fossil birds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivoropterygidae" title="Omnivoropterygidae">Omnivoropterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeholornithidae" title="Jeholornithidae">Jeholornithidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confuciusornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Confuciusornithiformes">Confuciusornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoyangiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoyangiformes">Chaoyangiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagopterygiformes" title="Patagopterygiformes">Patagopterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiortiformes" title="Ambiortiformes">Ambiortiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songlingornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Songlingornithiformes">Songlingornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshanornithidae" title="Hongshanornithidae">Hongshanornithidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gansus" title="Gansus">Gansuiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyornithes" title="Ichthyornithes">Ichthyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperornithes" title="Hesperornithes">Hesperornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithornithidae" title="Lithornithidae">Lithornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">Dinornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_bird" title="Elephant bird">Aepyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastornithiformes" title="Gastornithiformes">Gastornithiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_birds" title="Human uses of birds">Human <br />interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">Ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithomancy" title="Ornithomancy">Ornithomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_collections" title="Bird collections">Bird collections</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birdwatching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">big year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_feeding" title="Bird feeding">Bird feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">Aviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">Cockfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imping" title="Imping">Imping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oology" title="Oology">Egg collecting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds" title="List of birds">Families and orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bird_genera" title="List of bird genera">Genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms" title="Glossary of bird terms">Glossary of bird terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_by_population" title="List of birds by population">List by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_birds_by_region" title="Lists of birds by region">Lists by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_bird_species_since_1500" title="List of extinct bird species since 1500">Extinct species since 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Quaternary_prehistoric_bird_species" title="List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species">Late Quaternary prehistoric birds</a></li> <li>Notable birds <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_birds" title="List of individual birds">individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_birds" title="List of fictional birds">fictional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neornithes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neornithes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Palaeognathae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Struthionidae" title="Struthionidae">Struthioniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(ostriches)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheidae" title="Rheidae">Rheiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(rheas)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinamou" title="Tinamou">Tinamiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(tinamous)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">Apterygiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kiwis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuariiformes" title="Casuariiformes">Casuariiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(emus and cassowaries)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neognathae" title="Neognathae">N<br />e<br />o<br />g<br />n<br />a<br />t<br />h<br />a<br />e</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Galloanserae_(fowls)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galloanserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Galloanserae">G<br />a<br />l<br />l<br />o<br />a<br />n<br />s<br />e<br />r<br />a<br />e</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowls</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(waterfowls)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">Anatidae</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatinae" title="Anatinae">Anatinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_duck" title="Diving duck">Aythyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergini" title="Mergini">Mergini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyurini" title="Oxyurini">Oxyurini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anserinae" title="Anserinae">Anserinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan"><span style="font-size:85%;">swans</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose"><span style="font-size:85%;">true geese</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistling_duck" title="Whistling duck">Dendrocygninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freckled_duck" title="Freckled duck">Stictonettinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadorninae" title="Tadorninae">Tadorninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anhimidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhimidae">Anhimidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Horned_screamer" title="Horned screamer">Anhima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chauna" title="Chauna">Chauna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseranatidae" title="Anseranatidae">Anseranatidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magpie_goose" title="Magpie goose">Anseranas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Landfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Landfowl">landfowls</a>-</span> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gamebirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamebirds">gamebirds</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cracidae" title="Cracidae">Cracidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cracinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracinae">Cracinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreophasinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreophasinae">Oreophasinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelopinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penelopinae">Penelopinae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megapodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodidae">Megapodidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aepypodius" title="Aepypodius">Aepypodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectura" class="mw-redirect" title="Alectura">Alectura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eulipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulipoa">Eulipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipoa">Leipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrocephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocephalon">Macrocephalon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megapodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodius">Megapodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talegalla" title="Talegalla">Talegalla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Numididae">Numididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vulturine_guineafowl" title="Vulturine guineafowl">Acryllium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agelastes" title="Agelastes">Agelastes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttera" title="Guttera">Guttera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numida" class="mw-redirect" title="Numida">Numida</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odontophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophoridae">Odontophoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Callipepla" title="Callipepla">Callipepla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colinus" title="Colinus">Colinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtonyx" title="Cyrtonyx">Cyrtonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dactylortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactylortyx">Dactylortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dendrortyx" title="Dendrortyx">Dendrortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontophorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophorus">Odontophorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreortyx">Oreortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Philortyx">Philortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhynchortyx">Rhynchortyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meleagridinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meleagridinae">Meleagridinae <span style="font-size:85%;">(turkeys)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdicinae" title="Perdicinae">Perdicinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasianinae" title="Phasianinae">Phasianinae <span style="font-size:85%;">(pheasants and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">Tetraoninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Columbea" title="Columbea">Columbea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Columbimorphae" title="Columbimorphae">Columbimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">Columbiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(doves and pigeons)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesite" title="Mesite">Mesitornithiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(mesites)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandgrouse" title="Sandgrouse">Pterocliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(sandgrouse)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirandornithes" title="Mirandornithes">Mirandornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">Phoenicopteriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(flamingos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebe" title="Grebe">Podicipediformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(grebes)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passerea" title="Passerea">Passerea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otidimorphae" title="Otidimorphae">Otidimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">Cuculiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cuckoos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turaco" title="Turaco">Musophagiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(turacos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustard" title="Bustard">Otidiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(bustards)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strisores" title="Strisores">Strisores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caprimulgiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Caprimulgiformes">Caprimulgiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(nightjars and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steatornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatornithiformes">Steatornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podargiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Podargiformes">Podargiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apodiformes" title="Apodiformes">Apodiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(swifts and hummingbirds)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthocomiformes">Opisthocomiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomidae" title="Opisthocomidae">Opisthocomiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(hoatzin)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cursorimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursorimorphae">Cursorimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(gulls and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruiformes" title="Gruiformes">Gruiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cranes and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phaethontimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaethontimorphae">Phaethontimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropicbird" title="Tropicbird">Phaethontiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(tropicbirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurypygiformes" title="Eurypygiformes">Eurypygiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kagu and sunbittern)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aequornithes" title="Aequornithes">Aequornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">Gaviiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(loons or divers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">Sphenisciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(penguins)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procellariiformes" title="Procellariiformes">Procellariiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(albatrosses and petrels)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">Ciconiiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(storks)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suliformes" title="Suliformes">Suliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cormorants and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecaniformes" title="Pelecaniformes">Pelecaniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(pelicans and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australaves" title="Australaves">Australaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cariamiformes" title="Cariamiformes">Cariamiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(seriemas and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(falcons and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">Psittaciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(parrots)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(perching birds)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroaves" title="Afroaves">Afroaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(raptors)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Strigiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(owls)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousebird" title="Mousebird">Coliiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(mousebirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogon" title="Trogon">Trogoniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(trogons and quetzals)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo-roller" title="Cuckoo-roller">Leptosomiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cuckoo-roller)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucerotiformes" title="Bucerotiformes">Bucerotiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(hornbills and hoopoes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kingfishers and rollers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piciformes" title="Piciformes">Piciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(woodpeckers and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds" title="Category:Birds">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Birds" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Birds">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Birds" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_use_of_birds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds_in_culture" title="Template:Birds in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds_in_culture" title="Template talk:Birds in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_use_of_birds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_birds" title="Human uses of birds">Human use</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">Aviculture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birdwatching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">Big year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">Fletching</a></li> <li>In sport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">Cockfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinkensport" title="Vinkensport">Vinkensport</a></li></ul></li> <li>In science <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li></ul></li> <li>In mythology and religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_sacred_ibis" title="African sacred ibis">Sacred ibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li>In hunting <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cormorant_fishing" title="Cormorant fishing">Cormorant fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Wildfowling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/80px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/120px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/160px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">Guano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>In art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird-and-flower_painting" title="Bird-and-flower painting">Bird-and-flower painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_tights" title="Feather tights">Feather tights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heraldic_birds" title="Category:Heraldic birds">In heraldry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalerion" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalerion">Avalerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvus (heraldry)">Crow/Raven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_rooster" title="Gallic rooster">Gallic rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turul" title="Turul">Turul</a></li></ul></li> <li>In poetry <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birds" title="The Conference of the Birds">The Conference of the Birds</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_a_Nightingale" title="Ode to a Nightingale">Ode to a Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_a_Skylark" title="To a Skylark">To a Skylark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crow_(poetry)" title="Crow (poetry)">Crow</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In prose <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Jemima_Puddle-Duck" title="The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck">The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ugly_Duckling" title="The Ugly Duckling">The Ugly Duckling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In theatre and ballet <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(play)" title="The Birds (play)">The Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In film <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kes_(film)" title="Kes (film)">Kes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Year" title="The Big Year">The Big Year</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animated_films_about_birds" title="Category:Animated films about birds">Animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_chickens" title="Category:Films about chickens">Chicken films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_films_about_birds" title="Category:Horror films about birds">Horror films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_in_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds in music">In music</a></li> <li>In fashion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigrette" title="Aigrette">Aigrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_boa" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather boa">Feather boa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_cloak" title="Feather cloak">Feather cloak</a></li></ul></li> <li>In dance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cendrawasih_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cendrawasih (dance)">Cendrawasih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_(dance)" title="Chicken (dance)">Chicken dance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_eagles_in_human_culture" title="Golden eagles in human culture">Golden eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_penguins" title="Cultural depictions of penguins">Penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbidae#Domestication" title="Columbidae">Pigeon/Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_ravens" title="Cultural depictions of ravens">Raven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravens_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="Ravens of the Tower of London">of the Tower of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Illustrators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Jonsson_(illustrator)" title="Lars Jonsson (illustrator)">Lars Jonsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerrard_Keulemans" title="John Gerrard Keulemans">John Gerrard Keulemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lear" title="Edward Lear">Edward Lear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewington_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lewington (artist)">Richard Lewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Tory_Peterson" title="Roger Tory Peterson">Roger Tory Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Constantine_Richter" title="Henry Constantine Richter">Henry Constantine Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smit" title="Joseph Smit">Joseph Smit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Thorburn" title="Archibald Thorburn">Archibald Thorburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolf" title="Joseph Wolf">Joseph Wolf</a></li></ul></li> <li>Conservationists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Krabbe" title="Niels Krabbe">Niels Krabbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scott" title="Peter Scott">Peter Scott</a></li></ul></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93dinosaur_coexistence" title="Human–dinosaur coexistence">Human–dinosaur coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds_and_humans" title="Category:Birds and humans">Category:Birds and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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