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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strait_of_Magellan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strait_of_Magellan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Strait of Magellan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strait_of_Magellan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolt_in_the_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_in_the_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Revolt in the Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt_in_the_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>King of Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_of_Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_England_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_England_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Relations with England and Ireland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_with_England_and_Ireland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relations with England and Ireland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_England_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-King_of_England_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_England_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>King of England and Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_of_England_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Mary_I's_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Mary_I's_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>After Mary I's death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Mary_I's_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_honours_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_honours_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Titles, honours and styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles,_honours_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>First marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Second marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Third marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Fourth marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male-line_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male-line_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Male-line family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male-line_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_and_cultural_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_cultural_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Economic and cultural history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_cultural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Philip II of Spain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filips_II_van_Spanje" title="Filips II van Spanje – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Filips II van Spanje" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيليب الثاني ملك إسبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيليب الثاني ملك إسبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_I_d%27Arag%C3%B3n" title="Felipe I d'Aragón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Felipe I d'Aragón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_d%27Espa%C3%B1a" title="Felipe II d'España – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Felipe II d'España" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Filipp_(%C4%B0spaniya_kral%C4%B1)" title="II Filipp (İspaniya kralı) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Filipp (İspaniya kralı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="ایکینجی فیلیپ (ایسپانیا) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی فیلیپ (ایسپانیا)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_2-s%C3%A8" title="Felipe 2-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Felipe 2-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF_II_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Філіп II Габсбург – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Філіп II Габсбург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF_II_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%93%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96)" title="Філіп II (кароль Гішпаніі) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Філіп II (кароль Гішпаніі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_kan_Espanya" title="Felipe II kan Espanya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Felipe II kan Espanya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF_II_(%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Филип II (Испания) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Филип II (Испания)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II,_kralj_Kastilje" title="Filip II, kralj Kastilje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Filip II, kralj Kastilje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II" title="Felipe II – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Felipe II" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felip_II_de_Castella" title="Felip II de Castella – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Felip II de Castella" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II._%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%BD" title="Filip II. Španělský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filip II. Španělský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippu_II_di_Spagna" title="Filippu II di Spagna – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Filippu II di Spagna" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II,_brenin_Sbaen" title="Felipe II, brenin Sbaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Felipe II, brenin Sbaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_2._af_Spanien" title="Filip 2. af Spanien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Filip 2. af Spanien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_II._(Spanien)" title="Philipp II. (Spanien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philipp II. (Spanien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II" title="Felipe II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Felipe II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Φίλιππος Β΄ της Ισπανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φίλιππος Β΄ της Ισπανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Felipe II de España – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Felipe II de España" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipo_la_2-a_(Hispanio)" title="Filipo la 2-a (Hispanio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filipo la 2-a (Hispanio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helipi_II_d%27Espa%C3%B1a" title="Helipi II d'España – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Helipi II d'España" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipe_II.a_Espainiakoa" title="Filipe II.a Espainiakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filipe II.a Espainiakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="فلیپه دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلیپه دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_2." title="Filip 2. – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Filip 2." data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_II_(roi_d%27Espagne)" title="Philippe II (roi d'Espagne) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philippe II (roi d'Espagne)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filips_II_fan_Spanje" title="Filips II fan Spanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Filips II fan Spanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilib_II_na_Sp%C3%A1inne" title="Pilib II na Spáinne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pilib II na Spáinne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Filipe II de España – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filipe II de España" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%A0%EB%A6%AC%ED%8E%98_2%EC%84%B8" title="펠리페 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펠리페 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BA_II_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%BD%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Ֆիլիպ II Հաբսբուրգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիլիպ II Հաբսբուրգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="स्पेन के फ़िलिप द्वितीय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पेन के फ़िलिप द्वितीय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II.,_%C5%A1panjolski_kralj" title="Filip II., španjolski kralj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filip II., španjolski kralj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_la_2ma_di_Hispania" title="Felipe la 2ma di Hispania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Felipe la 2ma di Hispania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_ti_Espania" title="Felipe II ti Espania – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Felipe II ti Espania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_dari_Spanyol" title="Felipe II dari Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Felipe II dari Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippus_2._Sp%C3%A1narkonungur" title="Filippus 2. Spánarkonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Filippus 2. Spánarkonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_II_di_Spagna" title="Filippo II di Spagna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filippo II di Spagna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93" title="פליפה השני, מלך ספרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פליפה השני, מלך ספרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94_II_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ფილიპე II (ესპანეთი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილიპე II (ესპანეთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF_(%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B)" title="II Филипп (Испания патшасы) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="II Филипп (Испания патшасы)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipo_II_wa_Hispania" title="Filipo II wa Hispania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Filipo II wa Hispania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippus_II_(rex_Hispaniae)" title="Philippus II (rex Hispaniae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philippus II (rex Hispaniae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II" title="Felipe II – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Felipe II" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II._vu_Spuenien" title="Felipe II. vu Spuenien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Felipe II. vu Spuenien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilypas_II_Habsburgas" title="Pilypas II Habsburgas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pilypas II Habsburgas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feipo_II_de_Spagna" title="Feipo II de Spagna – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Feipo II de Spagna" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_2" title="Felipe 2 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Felipe 2" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p_spanyol_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Fülöp spanyol király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Fülöp spanyol király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF_II_(%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Филип II (Шпанија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филип II (Шпанија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_an%27i_Espaina" title="Philip II an'i Espaina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Philip II an'i Espaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87" title="स्पेनचा दुसरा फेलिपे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्पेनचा दुसरा फेलिपे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94_II_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ფილიპე II (ესპანეთი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფილიპე II (ესპანეთი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيليبى التانى ملك اسبانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيليبى التانى ملك اسبانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_dari_Sepanyol" title="Felipe II dari Sepanyol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Felipe II dari Sepanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_de_Spanha" title="Felipe II de Spanha – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Felipe II de Spanha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filips_II_van_Spanje" title="Filips II van Spanje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Filips II van Spanje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9A2%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="フェリペ2世 (スペイン王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェリペ2世 (スペイン王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_II._(Spanje)" title="Philipp II. (Spanje) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Philipp II. (Spanje)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II_av_Spania" title="Filip II av Spania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Filip II av Spania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II_av_Spania" title="Filip II av Spania – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Filip II av Spania" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felip_II_d%27Espanha" title="Felip II d'Espanha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Felip II d'Espanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="فیلیپ دوم شاہ ہسپانیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فیلیپ دوم شاہ ہسپانیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II_Habsburg" title="Filip II Habsburg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filip II Habsburg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipe_II_de_Espanha" title="Filipe II de Espanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filipe II de Espanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_al_II-lea_al_Spaniei" title="Filip al II-lea al Spaniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filip al II-lea al Spaniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF_II_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Филипп II (король Испании) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филипп II (король Испании)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_o_Spain" title="Philip II o Spain – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Philip II o Spain" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipi_II_i_Spanj%C3%ABs" title="Filipi II i Spanjës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filipi II i Spanjës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulippu_II_di_Spagna_e_I_di_Sicilia" title="Fulippu II di Spagna e I di Sicilia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fulippu II di Spagna e I di Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Philip II of Spain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II._(%C5%A0panielsko)" title="Filip II. (Španielsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filip II. (Španielsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II._%C5%A0panski" title="Filip II. Španski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Filip II. Španski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فیلیپی دووەمی ئیسپانیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلیپی دووەمی ئیسپانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF_II_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Филип II Шпански – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филип II Шпански" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_od_%C5%A0panije" title="Felipe II od Španije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Felipe II od Španije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II_(Espanja)" title="Filip II (Espanja) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filip II (Espanja)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II_av_Spanien" title="Filip II av Spanien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Filip II av Spanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_ng_Espanya" title="Felipe II ng Espanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Felipe II ng Espanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="எசுப்பானியாவின் இரண்டாம் பிலிப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எசுப்பானியாவின் இரண்டாம் பிலிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99" title="พระเจ้าเฟลิเปที่ 2 แห่งสเปน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าเฟลิเปที่ 2 แห่งสเปน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Felipe" title="II. Felipe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Felipe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF_II" title="Філіп II – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філіп II" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="فیلیپ دوم شاہ ہسپانیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فیلیپ دوم شاہ ہسپانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%82ipo_II_de_Spagna" title="Fiłipo II de Spagna – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fiłipo II de Spagna" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_c%E1%BB%A7a_T%C3%A2y_Ban_Nha" title="Felipe II của Tây Ban Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Felipe II của Tây Ban Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II" title="Felipe II – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Felipe II" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filips_II_van_Spanje" title="Filips II van Spanje – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Filips II van Spanje" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_han_Espanya" title="Felipe II han Espanya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Felipe II han Espanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%88%A9%E4%BD%A9%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%EF%BC%89" title="费利佩二世（西班牙） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="费利佩二世（西班牙）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E8%87%98%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)" title="菲臘二世 (西班牙) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="菲臘二世 (西班牙)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)" title="腓力二世 (西班牙) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腓力二世 (西班牙)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Philip II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3051" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Sofonisba_Anguissola" title="Sofonisba Anguissola">Sofonisba Anguissola</a> (1565)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Spanish_Crown" title="List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">16 January 1556 – <span class="nowrap">13 September 1598</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">King of Portugal</a> <br /> (as Philip I) <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Portuguese_Crown" title="List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">12 September 1580 – <span class="nowrap">13 September 1598</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Acclamation</th><td class="infobox-data">16 April 1581, <a href="/wiki/Tomar" title="Tomar">Tomar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">Anthony</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">disputed</a></i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III of Spain</a> (as Philip II)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">Ireland</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">25 July 1554 – <span class="nowrap">17 November 1558</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Mary I</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">21 May 1527<br /><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Pimentel" title="Palacio de Pimentel">Palacio de Pimentel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 September 1598<span style="display:none">(1598-09-13)</span> (aged 71)<br /><a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial" title="San Lorenzo de El Escorial">San Lorenzo de El Escorial</a>, Crown of Castile</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">El Escorial</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Manuela_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Manuela of Portugal">Maria Manuela of Portugal</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="12 November 1543">1543</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="12 July 1545">1545</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="25 July 1554">1554</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="17 November 1558">1558</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth of Valois</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1559; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="3 October 1568">1568</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain">Anna of Austria</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="May 1570">1570</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="26 October 1580">1580</span>)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Family">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Carlos, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia, Lady of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Micaela_of_Spain" title="Catalina Micaela of Spain">Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III of Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firma_del_Rey_Felipe_II.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philip II's signature"><img alt="Philip II's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Firma_del_Rey_Felipe_II.svg/125px-Firma_del_Rey_Felipe_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Firma_del_Rey_Felipe_II.svg/188px-Firma_del_Rey_Felipe_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Firma_del_Rey_Felipe_II.svg/250px-Firma_del_Rey_Felipe_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="66" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Philip II</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), sometimes known in Spain as <b>Philip the Prudent</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Felipe el Prudente</i>), was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1556, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">King of Portugal</a> from 1580, and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Naples">King of Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sicilian_monarchs" title="List of Sicilian monarchs">Sicily</a> from 1554 until his death in 1598. He was also <i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i> <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish monarchs">Ireland</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary_I_of_England_and_Philip_of_Spain" title="Wedding of Mary I of England and Philip of Spain">his marriage</a> to Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a> in 1554 until her death in 1558.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, he was <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Milan">Duke of Milan</a> from 1540.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1555, he was Lord of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. </p><p>The son of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles V">Emperor Charles V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress">Isabella of Portugal</a>, Philip inherited his father's <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in 1556 and succeeded to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese throne</a> in 1580 following a dynastic crisis. The Spanish conquests <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">of the Inca Empire</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, named in his honor by <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a>, were completed during his reign. Under Philip II, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a>, and ruled territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip led a highly <a href="/wiki/National_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="National debt">debt-leveraged regime</a>, seeing <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_default" title="Sovereign default">state defaults</a> in 1557, 1560, 1569, 1575, and 1596. This policy was partly the cause of the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">declaration of independence</a> that created the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> in 1581. Philip finished building the royal palace <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a> in 1584. </p><p>Deeply devout, Philip saw himself as the defender of Catholic Europe against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. In 1584, Philip signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Joinville" title="Treaty of Joinville">Treaty of Joinville</a> funding the French <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a> over the following decade in its civil war against the French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>. In 1588, he sent an <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">armada</a> to invade Protestant England, with the strategic aim of overthrowing <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> and re-establishing Catholicism there, but his fleet was defeated in a skirmish at Gravelines (northern France) and then destroyed by storms as it circled the British Isles to return to Spain. The following year Philip's naval power was able to recover after the failed invasion of the <a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a> into Spain. Two more Spanish armadas unsuccessfully tried to invade England in <a href="/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada" title="2nd Spanish Armada">1596</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada" title="3rd Spanish Armada">1597</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> carried on until 1604, six years after Philip's death.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Philip, an average of about 9,000 soldiers were recruited from Spain each year, rising to as many as 20,000 in crisis years. Between 1567 and 1574, nearly 43,000 men left Spain to fight in Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> (modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life:_1527–1544"><span id="Early_life:_1527.E2.80.931544"></span>Early life: 1527–1544</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life: 1527–1544"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bautizo_Felipe_II_grande.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bautizo_Felipe_II_grande.jpg/220px-Bautizo_Felipe_II_grande.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bautizo_Felipe_II_grande.jpg/330px-Bautizo_Felipe_II_grande.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bautizo_Felipe_II_grande.jpg/440px-Bautizo_Felipe_II_grande.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1093" /></a><figcaption><i>The Baptism of Philip II</i> in <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, Castile. Historical ceiling preserved in <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Pimentel" title="Palacio de Pimentel">Palacio de Pimentel</a> (Valladolid)</figcaption></figure> <p>A member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>, Philip was the son of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles V">Emperor Charles V</a>, who was also king of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress">Isabella of Portugal</a>. He was born in the Castilian capital of <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> on 21 May 1527 at <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Pimentel" title="Palacio de Pimentel">Palacio de Pimentel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was owned by Don Bernardino Pimentel (the first Marqués de Távara). The culture and courtly life of Castile were an important influence in his early life. He was entrusted to the royal governess <a href="/wiki/Leonor_de_Mascare%C3%B1as" title="Leonor de Mascareñas">Leonor de Mascareñas</a>, and tutored by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_Siliceo" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Martínez Siliceo">Juan Martínez Siliceo</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Toledo" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Toledo">archbishop of Toledo</a>. Philip displayed reasonable aptitude in arts and letters alike. Later he would study with more illustrious tutors, including the humanist Juan Cristóbal Calvete de Estrella. Though Philip had good command over <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, Spanish, and Portuguese, he never managed to equal his father as a <a href="/wiki/Polyglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyglot">polyglot</a>. While Philip was also an <a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">archduke of Austria</a>, he was seen as a foreigner in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The feeling was mutual. Philip felt himself to be culturally Spanish; he had been born in Castile and raised in the Castilian court, his native language was Spanish, and he preferred to live in the Spanish kingdoms. This ultimately impeded his succession to the imperial throne.<sup id="cite_ref-JBE_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1528, when Philip was eleven months old, he received the oath of allegiance as heir to the crown from the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes</a> of Castile. From that time until the death of his mother Isabella in 1539, he was raised in the royal court of Castile under the care of his mother and one of her <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> ladies, Doña Leonor de Mascarenhas, to whom he was devotedly attached. Philip was also close to his two sisters, <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress">María</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan of Austria, Princess of Portugal">Juana</a>, and to his two pages, the Portuguese nobleman <a href="/wiki/Ruy_G%C3%B3mez_de_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruy Gómez de Silva">Rui Gomes da Silva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Requesens_y_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga">Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga</a>, the son of his governor. These men would serve Philip throughout their lives, as would <a href="/wiki/Antonio_P%C3%A9rez_(statesman)" title="Antonio Pérez (statesman)">Antonio Pérez</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Ancient_Regime_in_Spain)" title="Secretary of State (Ancient Regime in Spain)">secretary</a> from 1541. </p><p>Philip's martial training was undertaken by his governor, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_y_Requesens" title="Juan de Zúñiga y Requesens">Juan de Zúñiga y Requesens</a>, a Castilian nobleman who served as the <i><a href="/wiki/Commendador" class="mw-redirect" title="Commendador">commendador</a> mayor</i> of Castile. The practical lessons in warfare were overseen by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">Italian Wars</a>. Philip was present at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Perpignan_(1542)" title="Siege of Perpignan (1542)">Siege of Perpignan</a> in 1542 but did not see action as the Spanish army under Alba decisively defeated the besieging French forces under the <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Dauphin of France</a>. On his way back to Castile, Philip received the oath of allegiance of the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Aragon#Early_Cortes" title="Cortes of Aragon">Aragonese Cortes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Monz%C3%B3n" title="Monzón">Monzón</a>. His political training had begun a year previously under his father, who had found his son studious, grave, and prudent beyond his years, and having decided to train and initiate him in the government of the Spanish kingdoms. The king-emperor's interactions with his son during his stay in Castile convinced him of Philip's precocity in statesmanship, so he determined to leave in his hands the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regents" title="List of Spanish regents">regency of the Spanish kingdoms</a> in 1543. Philip, who had previously been made the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Milan">Duke of Milan</a> in 1540, began governing the most extensive empire in the world at the young age of sixteen. </p><p>Charles left Philip with experienced advisors—notably the secretary <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_los_Cobos" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de los Cobos">Francisco de los Cobos</a> and the general, the Duke of Alba. Philip was also left with extensive written instructions that emphasised "piety, patience, modesty, and distrust". These principles of Charles were gradually assimilated by his son, who would grow up to become grave, self-possessed and cautious. Personally, Philip spoke softly and had an icy self-mastery; in the words of one of his ministers, "he had a smile that was cut by a sword".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Philip II of Spain">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Philip+II+of+Spain%22">"Philip II of Spain"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Philip+II+of+Spain%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Philip+II+of+Spain%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Philip+II+of+Spain%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Philip+II+of+Spain%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Philip+II+of+Spain%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After living in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in the early years of his reign,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip II decided to return to Castile. Although sometimes described as an absolute monarch, Philip faced many constitutional constraints on his authority, influenced by the growing strength of the bureaucracy. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> was not a single monarchy with one legal system but a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> of separate realms, each jealously guarding its own rights against those of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>. In practice, Philip often found his authority overruled by local assemblies and his word less effective than that of local lords.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip carried <a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Heir_Apparent_to_the_Spanish_Throne#Titles_held_by_the_heir_apparent_to_the_Spanish_Throne" class="mw-redirect" title="List of titles and honours of the Heir Apparent to the Spanish Throne">several titles</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_heirs_to_the_Spanish_throne" title="List of heirs to the Spanish throne">heir to the Spanish kingdoms and empire</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a>. The newest constituent kingdom in the empire was <a href="/wiki/Upper_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Navarre">Upper Navarre</a>, a realm invaded by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> mainly with Castilian troops (1512), and annexed to Castile with an ambiguous status (1513). <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Iberian_Navarre" title="Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre">War across Navarre</a> continued until the 1528 (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1526)#Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Madrid (1526)">Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai</a>). Charles V proposed to end hostilities with King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre" title="Henry II of Navarre">Henry II of Navarre</a>—the legitimate monarch of Navarre—by marrying his son Philip to the heiress of Navarre, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_III_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne III of Navarre">Jeanne III of Navarre</a>. The marriage would provide a dynastic solution to instability in Navarre, making him king of all Navarre (Upper and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Navarre" title="Lower Navarre">Lower</a>) and a prince of the independent <a href="/wiki/Viscounty_of_B%C3%A9arn" title="Viscounty of Béarn">Béarn</a>, as well as lord of part of southwestern France. However, the French nobility under <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> opposed the arrangement and successfully ended the prospects of marriage between the heirs of Habsburg and Albret in 1541. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Antonio_Moro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Antonio_Moro.jpg/220px-Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Antonio_Moro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Antonio_Moro.jpg/330px-Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Antonio_Moro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Antonio_Moro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Philip, in the prime of his life, by <a href="/wiki/Anthonis_Mor" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthonis Mor">Anthonis Mor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In his will, Charles stated his doubts over Navarre and recommended that his son give the kingdom back. Both King Charles and his son Philip II failed to abide by the elective (contractual) nature of the Crown of Navarre and took the kingdom for granted. This sparked mounting tension not only with King Henry II and Queen Jeanne III of Navarre but also with the Parliament of the Spanish Navarre (<i>Cortes</i>, <i>The Three States</i>) and the <i>Diputación</i> for breach of the <a href="/wiki/Fueros_of_Navarre" title="Fueros of Navarre">realm specific laws (fueros)</a>—violation of the <i>pactum subjection is</i> as ratified by Ferdinand. Tensions in Navarre came to a head in 1592 after several years of disagreements over the agenda of the intended parliamentary session. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Tarazona_(1592)" title="Cortes of Tarazona (1592)">November 1592</a>, the Parliament (<i>Cortes</i>) of Aragón revolted against another breach of the realm-specific laws, so the Attorney General (<i>Justicia</i>) of the kingdom, Juan de Lanuza, was executed on Philip II's orders, with his <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Ancient_Regime_in_Spain)" title="Secretary of State (Ancient Regime in Spain)">secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_P%C3%A9rez_(statesman)" title="Antonio Pérez (statesman)">Antonio Pérez</a> taking exile in France. In Navarre, the major strongholds of the kingdom were garrisoned by troops alien to the kingdom (Castilians) in a conspicuous violation of the local laws, and the Parliament had long been refusing to pledge loyalty to Philip II's son and heir apparent without a proper ceremony. On 20 November 1592 a ghostly Parliament session was called, pushed by Philip II, who had arrived in <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a> at the head of an unspecified military force, and with one only point on his agenda—attendance to the session was kept blank on the minutes: unlawful appointments of trusted Castilian officials and imposition of his son as the future king of Navarre at the <a href="/wiki/Pamplona_Cathedral" title="Pamplona Cathedral">Santa Maria Cathedral</a>. A ceremony was held before the bishop of Pamplona (22 November), but its customary procedure and terms were altered. Protests erupted in Pamplona, but they were quelled. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jooris_van_der_Straeten_-_Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jooris_van_der_Straeten_-_Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain.jpg/220px-Jooris_van_der_Straeten_-_Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jooris_van_der_Straeten_-_Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain.jpg/330px-Jooris_van_der_Straeten_-_Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Jooris_van_der_Straeten_-_Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Philip II wearing the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the garter">order of the garter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jooris_van_der_Straeten" title="Jooris van der Straeten">Jooris van der Straeten</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1554</figcaption></figure> <p>Philip II also grappled with the problem of the large <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Morisco</a> population in the Spanish kingdoms, who had been forcibly converted to Christianity by his predecessors. In 1569, the <a href="/wiki/Morisco_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Morisco Revolt">Morisco Revolt</a> broke out in the southern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)">Kingdom of Granada</a> in defiance of attempts to suppress Moorish customs. Philip ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from Granada and their dispersal to other provinces. </p><p>Despite its immense dominions, the Spanish kingdoms had a sparse population that yielded a limited income to the crown (in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, for example, which was much more heavily populated). Philip faced major difficulties in raising taxes, and the collection was largely farmed out to local lords. He was able to finance his military campaigns only by taxing and exploiting the local resources of his empire. The flow of income from the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> proved vital to his militant foreign policy, but his exchequer several times faced bankruptcy. </p><p>Spanish culture flourished during Philip's reign, beginning the "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a>", creating a lasting legacy in literature, music, and the visual arts. One of the notable artists from Philip II's court was <a href="/wiki/Sofonisba_Anguissola" title="Sofonisba Anguissola">Sofonisba Anguissola</a>, who gained fame for her talent and unusual role as a woman artist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koning_Spanje_Filips_II_1-5_Philipsdaalder_1566.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Koning_Spanje_Filips_II_1-5_Philipsdaalder_1566.jpg/300px-Koning_Spanje_Filips_II_1-5_Philipsdaalder_1566.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Koning_Spanje_Filips_II_1-5_Philipsdaalder_1566.jpg/450px-Koning_Spanje_Filips_II_1-5_Philipsdaalder_1566.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Koning_Spanje_Filips_II_1-5_Philipsdaalder_1566.jpg/600px-Koning_Spanje_Filips_II_1-5_Philipsdaalder_1566.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Philip II on 1/5 Philipsdaalder, struck 1566, Guelders, Low Countries</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles V had left his son Philip with a debt of about 36 million <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a> and an annual deficit of 1 million ducats. This debt caused Philip II to default on loans in 1557, 1560, 1575, and 1596 (including debt to Poland, known as <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_sums" title="Neapolitan sums">Neapolitan sums</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenders had no power over the King and could not force him to repay his loans. These defaults were just the beginning of Spain's economic troubles as its kings would default six more times in the next 65 years.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from reducing state revenues for overseas expeditions, the domestic policies of Philip II further burdened the Spanish kingdoms and would, in the following century, contribute to its decline, as maintained by some historians.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish kingdoms were subject to different assemblies: the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>, the assembly in <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, and one each for the four kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>, which preserved traditional rights and laws from the time when they were separate kingdoms. This made the Spanish kingdoms and its possessions difficult to rule, unlike France, which while divided into regional states, had a single <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Estates General</a>. The lack of a viable supreme assembly led to power defaulting into Philip II's hands, especially as manager and final arbiter of the constant conflict between different authorities. To deal with the difficulties arising from this situation, authority was administered by local agents appointed by the crown and viceroys carrying out crown instructions. Philip II felt it necessary to be involved in the detail, and he presided over specialised councils for state affairs, finance, war, and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a>. </p><p>Philip II played groups against each other, leading to a system of checks and balances that managed affairs inefficiently, even to the extent of damaging state business, as in the <a href="/wiki/Antonio_P%C3%A9rez_(statesman)" title="Antonio Pérez (statesman)">Perez affair</a>. Following a fire in <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> in 1561, he resisted calls to move his Court to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, an act that could have curbed centralisation and bureaucracy domestically as well as relaxed rule in the Empire as a whole. Instead, with the traditional Royal and <a href="/wiki/Primate_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of Spain">Primacy</a> seat of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> now essentially obsolete, he moved his Court to the Castilian stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. Except for a brief period under <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III of Spain</a>, Madrid has remained the capital of Spain. It was around this time that Philip II converted the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Madrid" title="Royal Alcázar of Madrid">Royal Alcázar of Madrid</a> into a royal palace; the works, which lasted from 1561 until 1598, were done by tradesmen who came from the Netherlands, Italy, and France. </p><p>King Philip II ruled at a critical turning point in European history toward <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a> whereas his father Charles V had been forced to an itinerant rule as a medieval king. He mainly directed state affairs, even when not at Court. Indeed, when his health began failing, he worked from his quarters at the Palace-Monastery-Pantheon of <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a> that he had built in 1584, a palace built as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world. But Philip did not enjoy the supremacy that King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> would in the next century, nor was such a rule necessarily possible at his time. The inefficiencies of the Spanish state and the restrictively regulated industry under his rule were common to many contemporary countries. Further, the dispersal of the <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Moriscos</a> from Granada—motivated by the fear they might support a Muslim invasion—had serious negative effects on the economy,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> particularly in that region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philip's foreign policies were determined by a combination of Catholic fervour and dynastic objectives. He considered himself the chief defender of Catholic Europe, both against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and against the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. He never relented from his fight against <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>, defending the Catholic faith and limiting freedom of worship within his territories.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These territories included his patrimony in the Netherlands, where Protestantism had taken deep root. Following the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of the Netherlands">Revolt of the Netherlands</a> in 1568, Philip waged a campaign against Dutch heresy and secession. It also dragged in the English and the French at times and expanded into the German Rhineland with the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>. This series of conflicts lasted for the rest of his life. Philip's constant involvement and focus in European wars took a significant toll on the treasury and caused economic difficulties for the Crown and even bankruptcies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guidon_of_King_Philip_II_of_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guidon_of_King_Philip_II_of_Spain.svg/220px-Guidon_of_King_Philip_II_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guidon_of_King_Philip_II_of_Spain.svg/330px-Guidon_of_King_Philip_II_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guidon_of_King_Philip_II_of_Spain.svg/440px-Guidon_of_King_Philip_II_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Personal guidon of Philip II</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1588, the English defeated Philip's <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, thwarting his planned invasion of the country to reinstate Catholicism. But <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">war with England</a> continued for the next sixteen years, in a complex series of struggles that included France, Ireland and the main battle zone, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. It would not end until all the leading protagonists, including himself, had died. Earlier, however, after several setbacks in his reign and especially that of his father, Philip did achieve a decisive victory against the Turks at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Lepanto</a> in 1571, with the allied fleet of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League</a>, which he had put under the command of his illegitimate brother, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a>. He also successfully secured his succession to the throne of <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Portugal</a>. </p><p>The administration of overseas conquests was reformed. Extensive questionnaires were distributed to every major town and region in New Spain called <a href="/wiki/Relaciones_geogr%C3%A1ficas" title="Relaciones geográficas">relaciones geográficas</a>. These surveys helped the Spanish monarchy to govern Philip's overseas possessions more effectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></div> <p>Charles V abdicated the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">throne of Naples</a> to Philip on 25 July 1554, and the young king was invested with the kingdom (officially a Papal fief) on 2 October by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a>. The date of Charles' abdication of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">throne of Sicily</a> is uncertain, but Philip was invested with this kingdom on 18 November 1554 by Julius.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1556, Philip decided to invade the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> and temporarily held territory there, perhaps in response to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a>'s anti-Spanish outlook. According to Philip II, he was doing it for the benefit of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church</a>. </p><p>In a letter to the Princess Dowager of Portugal, Regent of the Spanish kingdoms, dated 22 September 1556, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vargas_y_Mexia" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Vargas y Mexia">Francisco de Vargas</a> wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have reported to your Highness what has been happening here, and how far the Pope is going in his fury and vain imaginings. His Majesty could not do otherwise than have a care for his reputation and dominions. I am sure your Highness will have had more recent news from the Duke of Alva, who has taken the field with an excellent army and has penetrated so far into the Pope's territory that his cavalry is raiding up to ten miles from Rome, where there is such panic that the population would have run away had not the gates been closed. The Pope has fallen ill with rage, and was struggling with a fever on the 16th of this month. The two Carafa brothers, the Cardinal and Count Montorio, do not agree, and they and Piero Strozzi are not on as good terms as they were in the past. They would like to discuss peace. The best thing would be for the Pope to die, for he is the poison at the root of all this trouble and more which may occur. His Majesty's intention is only to wrest the knife from this madman's hand and make him return to a sense of his dignity, acting like the protector of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Apostolic See</a>, in whose name, and that of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>, his Majesty has publicly proclaimed that he has seized all he is occupying. The Pope is now sending again to the potentates of Italy for help. I hope he will gain as little thereby as he has done in the past, and that the French will calm down. May God give us peace in the end, as their Majesties desire and deserve!<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In response to the invasion, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> called for a French military intervention. After minor fights in Lazio and near Rome, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba</a>, Viceroy of Naples met Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Carafa" title="Carlo Carafa">Carlo Carafa</a> and signed the Treaty of <a href="/wiki/Cave,_Lazio" title="Cave, Lazio">Cave</a> as a compromise: French and Spanish forces left the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> and the Pope declared a neutral position between France and the Spanish kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-fiuRebiba_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiuRebiba-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip led the Spanish kingdoms into the final phase of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>. A Spanish advance into France from the Low Countries led to their important victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">Battle of St. Quentin (1557)</a>. The French were defeated again at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Battle of Gravelines (1558)</a>. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis">Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis</a> in 1559 secured <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>. Both Genoa and Savoy were allies of Spain and, although Savoy subsequently declared its neutrality between France and Spain, Genoa remained a crucial financial ally for Philip during his entire reign. The treaty also confirmed Philip's control over <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a>, Naples, Sicily, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia</a>. Therefore, all of southern Italy was under Spanish rule as part of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>. In the north, Milan was a duchy of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> held by Philip. Attached to the Kingdom of Naples, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Presidi" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Presidi">State of Presidi</a> in Tuscany gave Philip the possibility to monitor maritime traffic to southern Italy, whilst the grant of the Duchy of Siena to the new <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, ensured it would remain a Spanish ally. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Italy" title="Council of Italy">Council of Italy</a> was set up by Philip in order to co-ordinate his rule over the states of Milan, Naples and Sicily. Ultimately, the treaty ended the 60-year <a href="/wiki/French-Habsburg_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Habsburg rivalry">Franco-Habsburg wars</a> for supremacy in Italy. It marked also the beginning of a period of peace between the Pope and Philip, as their European interests converged, although political differences remained and diplomatic contrasts eventually re-emerged. </p><p>By the end of the wars in 1559, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a> had been established as the premier power of Europe, to the detriment of France. In France, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a> was fatally wounded in a joust held during the celebrations of the peace. His death led to the accession of his 15-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a>, who in turn soon died. The French monarchy was thrown into turmoil, which increased further with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> that would last for several decades. The states of Italy were reduced to second-rate powers, with Spain dominating the peninsula. Mary Tudor's death in 1558 enabled Philip to seal the treaty by marrying Henry II's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth of Valois</a>, later giving him a claim to the throne of France on behalf of his daughter by Elisabeth, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></div> <p>The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) were primarily fought between French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). The conflict involved the factional disputes between the aristocratic houses of France, such as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Guise" title="House of Guise">House of Guise</a>, and both sides received assistance from foreign sources. Philip claimed descent from <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, justifying his intervention in French Wars of Religion and his continuing efforts to depose <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vaucelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Vaucelles">Treaty of Vaucelles</a> with Henry II of France in 1556. Based on the terms of the treaty, the territory of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">Franche-Comté</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a> was to be relinquished to Philip. However, the treaty was broken shortly afterwards. France and the Spanish kingdoms waged war in northern France and Italy over the following years. Spanish victories at St. Quentin and Gravelines led to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, in which France recognised Spanish sovereignty over Franche-Comté. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a>, the pretender <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">António</a> fled to France following his defeats and, as Philip's armies had not yet occupied the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, he sailed there with a large Anglo-French fleet under <a href="/wiki/Filippo_di_Piero_Strozzi" title="Filippo di Piero Strozzi">Filippo Strozzi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> exile in the service of France. The naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Terceira" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Terceira">Battle of Terceira</a> took place on 26 July 1582, in the sea near the Azores, off <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Miguel_Island" title="São Miguel Island">São Miguel Island</a>, as part of the War of the Portuguese Succession and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a>. The Spanish navy defeated the combined Anglo-French fleet that had sailed to preserve control of the Azores under António. The French naval contingent was the largest French force sent overseas before the age of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhilipIIbust.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PhilipIIbust.JPG/220px-PhilipIIbust.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PhilipIIbust.JPG/330px-PhilipIIbust.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PhilipIIbust.JPG/440px-PhilipIIbust.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a> of Philip II of Spain by <a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Leoni" title="Pompeo Leoni">Pompeo Leoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish victory at Terceira was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Azores" title="Conquest of the Azores">Battle of the Azores</a> between the Portuguese loyal to the claimant António, supported by French and English troops, and the Spanish-Portuguese forces loyal to Philip commanded by the admiral Don <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_1st_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz">Álvaro de Bazán</a>. Victory in Azores completed the incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Portugal into the Spanish Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip financed the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a> during the French Wars of Religion. He directly intervened in the final phases of the wars (1589–1598), ordering <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma</a> into France in an effort to unseat <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, and perhaps dreaming of placing his favourite daughter, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia</a>, on the French throne. <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth of Valois</a>, Philip's third wife and Isabella's mother, had already ceded any claim to the French Crown with her marriage to Philip and in France the <a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a> remained in effect. However, the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Paris" title="Parlement of Paris">Parlement of Paris</a>, in power of the Catholic party, gave verdict that Isabella Clara Eugenia was "the legitimate sovereign" of France. Philip's interventions in the fighting—sending the Duke of Parma to end Henry IV's <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris,_1590" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris, 1590">siege of Paris</a> in 1590 and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1591)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rouen (1591)">siege of Rouen</a> in 1592—contributed in saving the French Catholic Leagues's cause against a Protestant monarchy. </p><p>In 1593, Henry agreed to convert to Catholicism; weary of war, most French Catholics switched to his side against the hardline core of the Catholic League, who were portrayed by Henry's propagandists as puppets of a foreign monarch, Philip. By the end of 1594 certain League members were still working against Henry across the country, but all relied on the support of the Spanish Crown. In January 1595, therefore, Henry officially declared war on the Spanish Crown, to show Catholics that Philip was using religion as a cover for an attack on the French state, and Protestants that he had not become a puppet of the Spanish Crown through his conversion, while hoping to reconquer large parts of northern France from the Franco-Spanish Catholic forces.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontaine-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Battle of Fontaine-Française">Battle of Fontaine-Française</a> in Burgundy, 5 June 1595, marked an end to the Catholic League in France. The French also made some progress during an invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>. They captured <a href="/wiki/Ham,_Belgium" title="Ham, Belgium">Ham</a> and massacred the small Spanish garrison, provoking anger among the Spanish ranks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Spanish launched a concerted offensive that year, taking <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Doullens" title="Siege of Doullens">Doullens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Le_Catelet_(1595)" title="Siege of Le Catelet (1595)">Le Catelet</a>; at Doullens, they massacred 4,000 of its citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 April 1596, the Spanish also <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)" title="Siege of Calais (1596)">conquered Calais</a>. Following the Spanish capture of <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> in March 1597, the French Crown laid siege to it until it managed to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens_(1597)" title="Siege of Amiens (1597)">reconquer Amiens</a> from the overstretched Spanish forces in September 1597. Henry then negotiated a peace with the Spanish Crown. The war was only drawn to an official close, however, with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Vervins" title="Peace of Vervins">Peace of Vervins</a> in May 1598. </p><p>The 1598 Treaty of Vervins was largely a restatement of the 1559 Peace of Câteau-Cambrésis and Spanish forces and subsidies were withdrawn; meanwhile, Henry issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a>, which offered a high degree of religious toleration for French Protestants. The military interventions in France thus failed to oust Henry from the throne or suppress Protestantism in France, and yet they had played a decisive part in helping the French Catholic cause gain the conversion of Henry, ensuring that Catholicism would remain France's official and majority faith—matters of paramount importance for the devoutly Catholic Spanish king. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mediterranean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg/220px-Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg/330px-Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg/440px-Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>; after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> in 1571, Philip offers his short-lived heir <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Fernando</a> to Glory in this <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tercio_-_Morados_Viejos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tercio_-_Morados_Viejos.svg/220px-Tercio_-_Morados_Viejos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tercio_-_Morados_Viejos.svg/330px-Tercio_-_Morados_Viejos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tercio_-_Morados_Viejos.svg/440px-Tercio_-_Morados_Viejos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Standard_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard (flag)">Standard</a> of the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">tercios</a> morados</i></span> of the Spanish army under Philip II</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early part of his reign Philip was concerned with the rising power of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>. Fear of Islamic domination in the Mediterranean caused him to pursue an aggressive foreign policy. </p><p>In 1558, Turkish admiral <a href="/wiki/Piyale_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Piyale Pasha">Piyale Pasha</a> captured the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, especially inflicting great damage on <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a> and enslaving many, while raiding the coasts of the Spanish mainland. Philip appealed to the Pope and other powers in Europe to bring an end to the rising Ottoman threat. Since his father's losses against the Ottomans and against <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a> in 1541, the major European sea powers in the Mediterranean, namely the Spanish Crown and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, became hesitant in confronting the Ottomans. The myth of "Turkish invincibility" was becoming a popular story, causing fear and panic among the people. </p><p>In 1560, Philip II organised a <i>Holy League</i> between the Spanish kingdoms and the Republic of Venice, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights of Malta</a>. The joint fleet was assembled at <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> and consisted of 200 ships (60 galleys and 140 other vessels) carrying a total of 30,000 soldiers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Andrea_Doria" title="Giovanni Andrea Doria">Giovanni Andrea Doria</a>, nephew of the famous Genoese admiral <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a>. </p><p>On 12 March 1560, the Holy League captured the island of <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>, which had a strategic location and could control the sea routes between <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>. As a response, Suleiman sent an Ottoman fleet of 120 ships under the command of Piyale Pasha, which arrived at Djerba on 9 May 1560. The battle lasted until 14 May 1560, and the forces of Piyale Pasha and <a href="/wiki/Turgut_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgut Reis">Turgut Reis</a> (who joined Piyale Pasha on the third day of the battle) won an overwhelming victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Battle of Djerba</a>. The Holy League lost 60 ships (30 galleys) and 20,000 men, and Giovanni Andrea Doria was barely able to escape with a small vessel. The Ottomans retook the Fortress of Djerba, whose Spanish commander, D. <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Sande" title="Álvaro de Sande">Álvaro de Sande</a>, attempted to escape with a ship but was followed and eventually captured by Turgut Reis. </p><p>In 1563, capitalizing on the political climate, the <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir</a> in a large scale attempt to dislodge the major Spanish positions in Northern Africa, but the attempt met failure. Philip's navy then <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">conquered Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a> the following year. The Ottomans sent a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1565)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Malta (1565)">large expedition to Malta</a>, which laid siege to several forts on the island and took some of them, but the Spanish sent a relief force under D. <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo_y_Osorio" title="García Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio">García de Toledo</a> and a rescued Álvaro de Sande, which finally drove the Ottoman army out of the island. </p><p>The grave threat posed by the increasing Ottoman domination of the Mediterranean was finally reversed in one of history's most decisive battles, with the destruction of nearly the entire Ottoman fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> in 1571, by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League</a> under the command of Philip's half brother, Don <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a>, and Don <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz" title="Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz">Álvaro de Bazán</a>. A fleet sent by Philip, again commanded by Don John, <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1573)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1573)">reconquered Tunis</a> from the Ottomans in 1573. The Turks soon rebuilt their fleet, and in 1574 <a href="/wiki/Ulu%C3%A7_Ali_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluç Ali Reis">Uluç Ali Reis</a> managed to <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">recapture Tunis</a> with a force of 250 galleys and a siege that lasted 40 days. Thousands of Spanish and Italian soldiers became prisoners. Nevertheless, Lepanto marked a permanent reversal in the balance of naval power in the Mediterranean and the end of the threat of Ottoman control. In 1585 a peace treaty was signed with the Ottomans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The name of this treaty? (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strait_of_Magellan">Strait of Magellan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Strait of Magellan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_attempt_of_the_Strait_of_Magellan" title="Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan">Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II_of_Spain_armor_DSC02246.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Philip_II_of_Spain_armor_DSC02246.JPG/200px-Philip_II_of_Spain_armor_DSC02246.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="513" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Philip_II_of_Spain_armor_DSC02246.JPG/300px-Philip_II_of_Spain_armor_DSC02246.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Philip_II_of_Spain_armor_DSC02246.JPG/400px-Philip_II_of_Spain_armor_DSC02246.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="2568" /></a><figcaption>Armour of Philip II</figcaption></figure> <p>During Philip's reign Spain considered the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> a <i><a href="/wiki/Mare_clausum" title="Mare clausum">mare clausum</a></i>—a sea closed to other naval powers— as the only known entrance from the Atlantic, the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a> was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships.<sup id="cite_ref-lytle_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lytle-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To end navigation by rival powers in the Strait of Magellan Spanish viceroy <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo" title="Francisco de Toledo">Francisco de Toledo</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa" title="Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa">Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa</a> to explore the strait and found settlements on its shores.<sup id="cite_ref-MCLEstrecho_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCLEstrecho-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1584, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founded two colonies in the strait: <a href="/wiki/Nombre_de_Jes%C3%BAs_(Patagonia)" title="Nombre de Jesús (Patagonia)">Nombre de Jesús</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_del_Hambre" title="Puerto del Hambre">Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe</a>. The latter was established north of the strait with 300 settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new colonies suffered from high death rates, likely as a consequence of executions, brawls, violent encounters with indigenous peoples and diseases which were rife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A contributing cause for failure of the settlement may have been poor morale, an issue that plagued the venture almost from the beginning. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can in part be explained by a series of difficulties the expedition had to go through between the departure from Spain and the arrival to the strait.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip II's inaction despite repeated pleas by Sarmiento to aid the ailing colony has been attributed to the strain on Spain's resources that resulted from wars with England and Dutch rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977121_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977121-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1587, English corsairs renamed Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe, Puerto del Hambre, or "Port Famine". Most of the settlers had died from cold or starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a> landed at the site of Rey Don Felipe in 1587, he found only ruins of the settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish failure at colonizing the Strait of Magellan caused <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a> to assume the role of protecting western Patagonia from foreign intrusions.<sup id="cite_ref-Urbina2013_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbina2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a> and Chiloé acted as sentries, being hubs where the Spanish collected intelligence from all over Patagonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Urbina2017_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbina2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_in_the_Netherlands">Revolt in the Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revolt in the Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg/220px-Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg/330px-Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg/440px-Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Philip II berating William of Orange, by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Kruseman" title="Cornelis Kruseman">Cornelis Kruseman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Philip's rule in the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Netherlands</a> faced many difficulties, leading to <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">open warfare</a> in 1568. He appointed his half-sister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Parma" title="Margaret of Parma">Margaret of Parma</a> as Governor of the Netherlands, when he left the low countries for the Spanish kingdoms in 1559, but forced her to adjust policy to the advice of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Granvelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Granvelle">Cardinal Granvelle</a>, who was greatly disliked in the Netherlands, after he insisted on direct control over events in the Netherlands despite being over two weeks' ride away in Madrid. There was discontent in the Netherlands about Philip's taxation demands and the incessant <a href="/wiki/Inquisition_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Inquisition of the Netherlands">persecution</a> of Protestants. In 1566, Protestant preachers sparked anti-clerical riots known as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt#1566_—_Iconoclasm_and_repression" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Iconoclast Fury</a>; in response to growing Protestant influence, the army of the <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a> went on the offensive. In 1568, Alba had <a href="/wiki/Lamoral,_Count_of_Egmont" title="Lamoral, Count of Egmont">Lamoral, Count of Egmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Montmorency,_Count_of_Horn" title="Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn">Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn</a> executed in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>' <a href="/wiki/Grand-Place" title="Grand-Place">central square</a>, further alienating the local aristocracy. There were massacres of civilians in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Fury_at_Mechelen" title="Spanish Fury at Mechelen">Mechelen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nierop69-70_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nierop69-70-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Naarden" title="Massacre of Naarden">Naarden</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nierop69-70_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nierop69-70-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>. In 1571, Alba erected at <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> a bronze statue of himself trampling the rebellious Dutch under his horse's hooves, cast from the melted-down cannon looted by the Spanish troops after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemmingen" title="Battle of Jemmingen">Battle of Jemmingen</a> in 1568; it was modelled on medieval images of the Spanish patron <a href="/wiki/James_Matamoros" title="James Matamoros">Saint James "the Moorslayer"</a> riding down Muslims and caused such outrage that Philip had it removed and destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1572, a prominent exiled member of the Dutch aristocracy, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Orange" title="Prince of Orange">Prince of Orange</a>, invaded the Netherlands with a Protestant army, but he only succeeded in holding two provinces, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">Zeeland</a>. Because of the Spanish repulse in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alkmaar" title="Siege of Alkmaar">Siege of Alkmaar</a> (1573) led by his equally brutal son <a href="/wiki/Fadrique_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_4th_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba">Fadrique</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alba resigned his command, replaced by <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Requesens_y_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga">Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga</a>. Alba boasted that he had burned or executed 18,600 persons in the Netherlands,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to the far greater number he massacred during the war, many of them women and children; 8,000 persons were burned or hanged in one year, and the total number of Alba's <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> victims can not have fallen short of 50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Requesens, the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a> reached a peak strength of 86,000 in 1574 and retained its battlefield superiority, destroying <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Nassau" title="Louis of Nassau">Louis of Nassau</a>'s German mercenary army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mookerheyde" title="Battle of Mookerheyde">Battle of Mookerheyde</a> on 14 April 1574, killing both him and his brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Nassau-Dillenburg" title="Henry of Nassau-Dillenburg">Henry of Nassau-Dillenburg</a>. </p><p>Rampant inflation and the loss of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">treasure fleets</a> from the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> prevented Philip from paying his soldiers consistently, leading to the so-called <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Fury" title="Spanish Fury">Spanish Fury</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Antwerp" title="Sack of Antwerp">Antwerp</a> in 1576, where soldiers ran amok through the streets, burning more than 1,000 homes and killing 6,000 citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip sent in <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma</a>, as Governor-General of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> from 1578 to 1592. Farnese defeated the rebels at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Battle of Gembloux (1578)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he captured many rebel towns in the south: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1579)" title="Siege of Maastricht (1579)">Maastricht</a> (1579), <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> (1581), <a href="/wiki/Oudenaarde" title="Oudenaarde">Oudenaarde</a> (1582), <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> (1583), <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> (1584), <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ghent_(1583%E2%80%931584)" title="Siege of Ghent (1583–1584)">Ghent</a> (1584), and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a> (1585).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beloningsbrief_van_koning_Filips_II_van_Spanje_aan_Balthasar_Gerards,_1590.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beloningsbrief_van_koning_Filips_II_van_Spanje_aan_Balthasar_Gerards%2C_1590.jpg/220px-Beloningsbrief_van_koning_Filips_II_van_Spanje_aan_Balthasar_Gerards%2C_1590.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beloningsbrief_van_koning_Filips_II_van_Spanje_aan_Balthasar_Gerards%2C_1590.jpg/330px-Beloningsbrief_van_koning_Filips_II_van_Spanje_aan_Balthasar_Gerards%2C_1590.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beloningsbrief_van_koning_Filips_II_van_Spanje_aan_Balthasar_Gerards%2C_1590.jpg/440px-Beloningsbrief_van_koning_Filips_II_van_Spanje_aan_Balthasar_Gerards%2C_1590.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5617" data-file-height="3497" /></a><figcaption>Reward letter of Philip II to the family of <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Gerards" class="mw-redirect" title="Balthasar Gerards">Balthasar Gerards</a>, assassin of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a>, 1590</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a> of the northern provinces, united in the 1579 <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a>, passed an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a> in 1581 declaring that they no longer recognised Philip as their king. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">southern Netherlands</a> (what is now Belgium and Luxembourg) remained under Spanish rule. In 1584, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a> was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_G%C3%A9rard" title="Balthasar Gérard">Balthasar Gérard</a>, after Philip had offered a reward of 25,000 crowns to anyone who killed him, calling him a "pest on the whole of Christianity and the enemy of the human race". The Dutch forces continued to fight on under Orange's son <a href="/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice of Nassau">Maurice of Nassau</a>, who received modest help from the Queen of England in 1585. The Dutch gained an advantage over the Spanish because of their growing economic strength, in contrast to Philip's burgeoning economic troubles. The war came to an <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">end in 1648</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> was recognised by the Spanish Crown as independent. The eight decades of war came at a massive human cost, with an estimated 600,000 to 700,000 victims, of which 350,000 to 400,000 were civilians killed by disease and what would later be considered <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_Portugal">King of Portugal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: King of Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_I_of_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Anthony_I_of_Portugal.jpg/170px-Anthony_I_of_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Anthony_I_of_Portugal.jpg/255px-Anthony_I_of_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Anthony_I_of_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anthony_I_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony I of Portugal">Anthony I of Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1578 young King <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian of Portugal</a> died at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Battle of Alcácer Quibir</a> without descendants, triggering a <a href="/wiki/1580_Portuguese_succession_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1580 Portuguese succession crisis">succession crisis</a>. His granduncle, the elderly <a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Cardinal Henry</a>, succeeded him as king, but Henry had no descendants either, having taken holy orders. When Henry died two years after Sebastian's disappearance, three grandchildren of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a> claimed the throne: <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Catarina,_Duchess_of_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza">Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">António, Prior of Crato</a>; and Philip II of Spain. António was acclaimed <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">King of Portugal</a> in many cities and towns throughout the country, but members of the Council of Governors of Portugal who had supported Philip escaped to the Spanish kingdoms and declared him to be the legal successor of Henry. </p><p>In 1580, Philip II marched into Portugal and defeated Prior António's troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A2ntara_(1580)" title="Battle of Alcântara (1580)">Battle of Alcântara</a>. The Portuguese suffered 4,000 killed, wounded, or captured, while the Spanish sustained only 500 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The troops commanded by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> imposed subjection to Philip before entering Lisbon, where he seized an immense treasure.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip II of Spain assumed the Portuguese throne and was crowned <i>Philip I</i> of Portugal on 17 July 1580<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (recognized as king by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes" title="Portuguese Cortes">Portuguese Cortes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tomar" title="Tomar">Tomar</a>) and a near sixty-year <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Dynasty">Philippine Dynasty</a> began. This gave Philip control of the extensive <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>. When Philip left for Madrid in 1583, he made his nephew <a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert of Austria</a> his viceroy in Lisbon. In Madrid he established a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Portugal" title="Council of Portugal">Council of Portugal</a> to advise him on Portuguese affairs, giving prominent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish courts, and allowing Portugal to maintain autonomous law, currency, and government. This followed on the well-established pattern of <a href="/wiki/Polysynodial_System" title="Polysynodial System">rule by councils</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ImperioDeFelipeII.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ImperioDeFelipeII.svg/220px-ImperioDeFelipeII.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ImperioDeFelipeII.svg/330px-ImperioDeFelipeII.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ImperioDeFelipeII.svg/440px-ImperioDeFelipeII.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>Spanish Empire of Philip II, III and IV including all charted and claimed territories, maritime claims (<i>mare clausum</i>) and other features</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_England_and_Ireland">Relations with England and Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relations with England and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_of_England_and_Ireland">King of England and Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: King of England and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Philip_II.jpg/220px-Philip_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Philip_II.jpg/330px-Philip_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Philip_II.jpg/440px-Philip_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption>Titian's <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_in_Armour" title="Philip II in Armour">portrait</a> of Philip as prince (1551), aged about 24, dressed in a lavishly decorated set of armour</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_%26_Mary_Irish_groat_602446.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Philip_%26_Mary_Irish_groat_602446.jpg/220px-Philip_%26_Mary_Irish_groat_602446.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Philip_%26_Mary_Irish_groat_602446.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="162" /></a><figcaption>Irish <a href="/wiki/Groat_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groat (coin)">groat</a> with Philip's and Mary's initials and portraits</figcaption></figure> <p>Philip's father arranged his marriage to 37-year-old Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a>, Charles' maternal first cousin. His father ceded the crown of Naples, as well as his claim to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, to him. Their <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary_I_of_England_and_Philip_of_Spain" title="Wedding of Mary I of England and Philip of Spain">marriage</a> at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. Philip's view of the affair was entirely political. Lord Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a> petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, preferring <a href="/wiki/Edward_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon">Edward Courtenay</a>. </p><p>Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Marriage_of_Queen_Mary_to_Philip_of_Spain" title="Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain">Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain</a>, Philip was to enjoy Mary I's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Acts of Parliament</a>, were to be dated with both their names, and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. Coins were also to show the heads of both Mary and Philip. The marriage treaty also provided that England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war. The Privy Council instructed that Philip and Mary should be joint signatories of royal documents, and this was enacted by an Act of Parliament, which gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, Philip was to co-reign with his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Montrose_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montrose-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-Montrose_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montrose-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pollard_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Groot_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg/220px-Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg/330px-Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Philip and Mary I of England, 1558</figcaption></figure> <p>Acts making it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a><sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and England.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip and Mary appeared on coins together, with a single crown suspended between them as a symbol of joint reign. The Great Seal shows Philip and Mary seated on thrones, holding the crown together.<sup id="cite_ref-Montrose_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montrose-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">coat of arms of England</a> was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANA_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANA-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During their joint reign, they waged war against France, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1558)" title="Siege of Calais (1558)">loss of Calais</a>, England's last remaining possession in France. </p><p>Philip's wife had succeeded to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>, but the title of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">King of Ireland</a> had been created in 1542 by Mary's father, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, after he was excommunicated, and so it was not recognised by Catholic monarchs. In 1555, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> rectified this by issuing a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> recognising Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/County_Offaly" title="County Offaly">King's County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daingean" title="Daingean">Philipstown</a> in Ireland were named after Philip as King of Ireland in 1556. The couple's joint royal style after Philip ascended the Spanish throne in 1556 was: <i>Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, Spain, France, Jerusalem, both the Sicilies and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tirol</i>. </p><p>However, the couple had no children. Mary died in 1558 before the union could revitalise the Roman <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in England">Catholic Church in England</a>. With her death, Philip lost his rights to the English throne (including the ancient <a href="/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne" title="English claims to the French throne">English claims to the French throne</a>) and ceased to be king of England, Ireland and (as claimed by them) France. </p><p>Philip's great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe I, Duke of Orléans</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Princess_Henrietta_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Henrietta of England">Princess Henrietta of England</a> in 1661; in 1807, the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> claim to the British throne passed to the descendants of their child <a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Anne Marie d'Orléans">Anne Marie d'Orléans</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Mary_I's_death"><span id="After_Mary_I.27s_death"></span>After Mary I's death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: After Mary I's death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dominios_de_Felipe_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dominios_de_Felipe_II.svg/350px-Dominios_de_Felipe_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dominios_de_Felipe_II.svg/525px-Dominios_de_Felipe_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dominios_de_Felipe_II.svg/700px-Dominios_de_Felipe_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Philip's European and North African dominions in 1581</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon Mary's death, the throne went to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>. Philip had no wish to sever his tie with England, and had sent a proposal of marriage to Elizabeth. However, she delayed in answering, and in that time learned Philip was also considering a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois</a> alliance. Elizabeth I was the Protestant daughter of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>. This union was deemed illegitimate by English Catholics, who disputed the validity of both the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon and of his subsequent marriage to Boleyn, and hence claimed that <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, the Catholic great-granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>, was the rightful monarch. </p><p>For many years Philip maintained peace with England, and even defended Elizabeth from the Pope's threat of excommunication. This was a measure taken to preserve a European balance of power. Ultimately, Elizabeth allied England with the Protestant rebels in the Netherlands. Further, English ships began a policy of <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateering</a> against Spain's merchant shipping and started threatening the Spanish treasure ships coming from the New World. In one instance, English ships attacked a Spanish port. The last straw for Philip was the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nonsuch" title="Treaty of Nonsuch">Treaty of Nonsuch</a> signed by Elizabeth in 1585—promising troops and supplies to the anti-Spanish rebels in the Netherlands. Although it can be argued this English action was the result of Philip's <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Joinville" title="Treaty of Joinville">Treaty of Joinville</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League of France</a>, Philip considered it an act of war by England. </p><p>The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1587 ended Philip's hopes of placing a Catholic on the English throne. He turned instead to more direct plans to invade England and return the country to Catholicism. In 1588, he sent a fleet, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, to rendezvous with the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a> and convey it across the English Channel. However, the operation had little chance of success from the beginning, because of lengthy delays, lack of communication between Philip II and his two commanders and the lack of a deep bay for the fleet. At the point of attack, a storm struck the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, already known for its harsh currents and choppy waters, which devastated large numbers of the Spanish fleet. There was a tightly fought battle against the English <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>; it was by no means a slaughter (only one Spanish ship was sunk),<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Spanish were forced into a retreat, and the overwhelming majority of the Armada was destroyed by the harsh weather. Whilst the English Royal Navy may not have destroyed the Armada at the Battle of Gravelines, they had prevented it from linking up with the army it was supposed to convey across the channel. Thus whilst the English Royal Navy may have only won a slight tactical victory over the Spanish, it had delivered a major strategic one—preventing the invasion of England. Through a week of fighting the Spanish had expended 100,000 cannonballs, but no English ship was seriously damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, over 7,000 English sailors died from disease during the time the Armada was in English waters. </p><p>The defeat of the Spanish Armada gave great heart to the Protestant cause across Europe. The storm that smashed the Armada was seen by many of Philip's enemies as a sign of the will of God. While the invasion had been averted, England was unable to take advantage of this success. An attempt to use her newfound advantage at sea with a <a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">counter-armada</a> the following year failed disastrously with 40 ships sunk and 15,000 men lost.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, English buccaneering and attempts to seize territories in the Caribbean were defeated by Spain's rebuilt navy and their improved intelligence networks (although <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Capture of Cádiz">Cádiz was sacked</a> by an Anglo-Dutch force after a failed attempt to seize the treasure fleet). The Habsburgs also struck back with the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirkers" title="Dunkirkers">Dunkirkers</a>, who took an increasing toll on Dutch and English shipping. </p><p>Eventually, the Spanish attempted two further Armadas, in October 1596 and October 1597. The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada" title="2nd Spanish Armada">1596 Armada</a> was destroyed in a storm off northern Spain; it had lost as many as 72 of its 126 ships and suffered 3,000 deaths. The <a href="/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada" title="3rd Spanish Armada">1597 Armada</a> was frustrated by adverse weather as it approached the English coast undetected. This <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a> would be fought to a grinding end, but not until both Philip II (d. 1598) and Elizabeth I (d. 1603) were dead. Some of the fighting was done on land in Ireland, France, and the Netherlands, with the English sending expeditionary forces to France and the Netherlands to fight Spain, and Spain attempting to assist Irish rebellions in Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philip II died in <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a>, near Madrid, on 13 September 1598, of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by his 20-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Cultural depictions of Philip II of Spain">Cultural depictions of Philip II of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/300px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/450px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/600px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1303" /></a><figcaption>Philip's dominions in 1598</figcaption></figure> <p>Under Philip II, Spain reached the peak of its power. However, in spite of the great and increasing quantities of gold and silver flowing into his coffers from the American mines, the riches of the Portuguese spice trade, and the enthusiastic support of the Habsburg dominions for the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, he would never succeed in suppressing Protestantism or defeating the Dutch rebellion. Early in his reign, the Dutch might have laid down their weapons if he had desisted in trying to suppress Protestantism,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but his devotion to Catholicism would not permit him to do so. He was a devout Catholic and exhibited the typical 16th century antipathy for religious heterodoxy; he said, "Before suffering the slightest damage to religion in the service of God, I would lose all of my estates and a hundred lives, if I had them, because I do not wish nor do I desire to be the ruler of heretics."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As he strove to enforce Catholic orthodoxy through an intensification of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, students were barred from studying elsewhere, and books printed by Spaniards outside the kingdom were banned. In addition to the banning of books, Philip II authorized the burning of at least 70,000 volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even a highly respected churchman like Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Bartolome_Carranza" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolome Carranza">Bartolome Carranza</a> of Toledo was jailed by the Inquisition for 17 years, for publishing ideas that seemed sympathetic in some degree with Protestantism. Such strict enforcement of orthodox belief was successful, and Spain avoided the religiously inspired strife tearing apart other European dominions. </p><p>Although he was deeply dedicated to rooting out heretical titles, he collected forbidden books for his own royal library at the El Escorial. His library contained 40,000 volumes (1,800 of which were Arabic titles) and several thousand manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The banned books were protected in a room on an upper floor of the library. He was passionate about rare books he personally collected from far and wide and researched and recorded information about previous owners.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a> flourished under his reign. <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Martín de Azpilcueta</a>, highly honoured at Rome by several popes and looked on as an oracle of learning, published his <i>Manuale sive Enchiridion Confessariorum et Poenitentium</i> (Rome, 1568), long a classical text in the schools and in ecclesiastical practice. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a>, generally regarded as the greatest scholastic after <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> and regarded during his lifetime as being the greatest living philosopher and theologian, was writing and lecturing, not only in Spain but also in Rome (1580–1585), where <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a> attended the first lecture that he gave. <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> published his <i>De liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, praedestinatione et reprobatione concordia</i> (1588), wherein he put forth the doctrine attempting to reconcile the <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscience</a> of God with human <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> that came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>, thereby contributing to what was one of the most important intellectual debates of the time; Molinism became the <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> doctrine on these matters, and is still advocated today by <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a>, among others. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a_01.jpg/170px-Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a_01.jpg/255px-Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a_01.jpg/340px-Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Philip II at the <a href="/wiki/Sabatini_Gardens" title="Sabatini Gardens">Sabatini Gardens</a> in Madrid (<a href="/wiki/Felipe_de_Castro" title="Felipe de Castro">F. Castro</a>, 1753)</figcaption></figure> <p>Because Philip II was the most powerful European monarch in an era of war and religious conflict,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> evaluating both his reign and the man himself has become a controversial historical subject.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before his death in 1598, his supporters had started presenting him as an archetypical gentleman, full of piety and Christian virtues, whereas his enemies depicted him as a fanatical and despotic monster, responsible for inhuman cruelties and barbarism.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dichotomy, further developed into the so-called <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Black_Legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Black Legend">Spanish Black Legend</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Legend" class="mw-redirect" title="White Legend">White Legend</a>, was helped by King Philip himself. Philip prohibited any biographical account of his life to be published while he was alive, and he ordered that all his private correspondence be burned shortly before he died.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Philip did nothing to defend himself after being betrayed by his ambitious <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Ancient_Regime_in_Spain)" title="Secretary of State (Ancient Regime in Spain)">secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_P%C3%A9rez_(statesman)" title="Antonio Pérez (statesman)">Antonio Pérez</a>, who published incredible calumnies against his former master; this allowed Pérez's tales to spread all around Europe unchallenged.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That way, the popular image of the King that survives to today was created on the eve of his death, at a time when many European princes and religious leaders were turned against Spain as a pillar of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. This means that many histories depict Philip from deeply prejudiced points of view, usually negative.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, some historians classify this anti-Spanish analysis as part of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend">Black Legend</a>. In a more recent example of popular culture, Philip II's portrayal in <i><a href="/wiki/Fire_Over_England" title="Fire Over England">Fire Over England</a></i> (1937) is not entirely unsympathetic; he is shown as a very hardworking, intelligent, religious, somewhat paranoid ruler whose prime concern is his country, but who had no understanding of the English, despite his former co-monarchy there. </p><p>Even in countries that remained Catholic, primarily France and the Italian states, fear and envy of Spanish success and domination created a wide receptiveness for the worst possible descriptions of Philip II. Although some efforts have been made to separate legend from reality,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that task has proved extremely difficult, since many prejudices are rooted in the cultural heritage of European countries. Spanish-speaking historians tend to assess his political and military achievements, sometimes deliberately avoiding issues such as the King's inflexible Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English-speaking historians tend to show Philip II as a fanatical, despotical, criminal, imperialist monster,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> minimising his military victories (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">Battle of Saint Quentin</a>, etc.) to mere anecdotes, and magnifying his defeats (namely the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Armada</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) even though at the time those defeats did not result in great political or military changes in the balance of power in Europe. Moreover, it has been noted that objectively assessing Philip's reign would necessitate a re-analysis of the reign of his greatest opponents, namely England's Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> and the Dutch <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a>, who are popularly regarded as great heroes in their home nations; if Philip II is to be shown to the English or Dutch public in a more favourable light, Elizabeth and William would lose their cold-blooded, fanatical enemy, thus decreasing their own patriotic accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He ended French Valois ambitions in Italy and brought about the Habsburg ascendency in Europe. He secured the Portuguese kingdom and empire. He succeeded in increasing the importation of silver in the face of English, Dutch, and French privateers, overcoming multiple financial crises and consolidating Spain's overseas empire. Although clashes would be ongoing, he ended the major threat posed to Europe by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a>. </p><p> Historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Geoffrey Parker</a> offers a management-psychological explanation, as summarized by <a href="/wiki/Tonio_Andrade" title="Tonio Andrade">Tonio Andrade</a> and William Reger:</p><blockquote><p> One might have expected that Philip—being a dedicated, persistent, and hard-working man, and being the head of Western Europe's wealthiest and largest empire—would have succeeded in his aims. He didn't. His endeavors were doomed by his own character, or at least that's how Parker sees it. Drawing on studies in management science and organizational psychology, Parker argues that a successful manager of a large organization must keep attention on the big picture, must have a good strategy for dealing with copious information, must know how to delegate, and must be flexible. Philip failed on all counts. He was a micromanager who got bogged down in details, refusing to delegate and trying to read every dispatch that came to his desk. He obsessed and dithered, so that by the time his decisions were made and his orders reached the men meant to carry them out, the situation on the ground had changed. Philip was also inflexible, unwilling to abandon ineffective policies. Most pernicious of all was Philip's tendency toward messianic thinking, a belief that he was doing God's work and that heaven would support him with miracles.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles,_honours_and_styles"><span id="Titles.2C_honours_and_styles"></span>Titles, honours and styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Titles, honours and styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannon_with_arms_of_Philip_II_as_King_of_England_and_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Cannon_with_arms_of_Philip_II_as_King_of_England_and_Ireland.jpg/220px-Cannon_with_arms_of_Philip_II_as_King_of_England_and_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Cannon_with_arms_of_Philip_II_as_King_of_England_and_Ireland.jpg/330px-Cannon_with_arms_of_Philip_II_as_King_of_England_and_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Cannon_with_arms_of_Philip_II_as_King_of_England_and_Ireland.jpg/440px-Cannon_with_arms_of_Philip_II_as_King_of_England_and_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Cannon with arms of Philip II as King of Spain and <i>jure uxoris</i> King of England and France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Felipe_II_como_Rey_de_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Felipe_II_como_Rey_de_Portugal.jpg/220px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Felipe_II_como_Rey_de_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Felipe_II_como_Rey_de_Portugal.jpg/330px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Felipe_II_como_Rey_de_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Felipe_II_como_Rey_de_Portugal.jpg/440px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Felipe_II_como_Rey_de_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="1951" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Philip II as King of Portugal by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello" title="Alonso Sánchez Coello">Sánchez Coello</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1580</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Heir titles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Gerona" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Gerona">Prince of Gerona</a>: 21 May 1527 – 16 January 1556</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a> 1528–1556</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">King of Castile</a> as <b>Philip II</b>: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 <ul><li>King of Castile, of León, of Granada, of Toledo, of Galicia, of Seville, of Cordoba, of Murcia, of Jaen, of the Algarves, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, of the Indias, the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea;<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord of Molina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Biscay" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Biscay">Lord of Biscay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">King of Aragon</a> as <b>Philip I</b>: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 <ul><li>King of Aragón</li> <li>King of the Two Sicilies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Naples">King of Naples</a>, of Jerusalem (from 25 July 1554)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sicily">King of Sicily</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Duke of Athens</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Neopatras" title="Duchy of Neopatras">Neopatria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Valencian_monarchs" title="List of Valencian monarchs">King of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Majorcan_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Majorcan monarchs">King of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sardinian_monarchs" title="List of Sardinian monarchs">King of Sardinia</a> and of Corsica, Margrave of Oristano, Count of Goceano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs" title="List of Navarrese monarchs">King of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona" title="Count of Barcelona">Count of Barcelona</a>, of Roussillon, of Cerdanya</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">King of Portugal</a> as <b>Philip I</b>: 12 September 1580 – 13 September 1598 <ul><li>King of Portugal and the Algarves of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of England">King of England de <i>jure uxoris</i></a> as <b>Philip I</b>: 25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>King of England, France (titular); <a href="/wiki/Fidei_Defensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidei Defensor">Defender of the Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Ireland">King of Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li>Imperial and Habsburg patrimonial titles: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dukes_of_Milan" title="List of dukes of Milan">Duke of Milan</a>: 11 October 1540 (secret donation) / 25 July 1554 (public investiture) – 13 September 1598</li> <li>Imperial vicar of Siena: since 30 May 1554</li> <li>Archduke of Austria</li> <li>Princely Count of Habsburg and of Tyrol</li> <li>Prince of Swabia</li></ul></li> <li>Burgundian titles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of the Netherlands">Lord of the Netherlands</a>: 25 October 1555 – 13 September 1598 <ul><li>Duke <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Brabant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Brabant">of Lothier, of Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Limburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Limburg">of Limburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counts,_Dukes_and_Grand_Dukes_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of Luxembourg">of Luxemburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Guelders">of Guelders</a>. Count <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Flanders">of Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Artois" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Artois">of Artois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Hainaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Hainaut">of Hainaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Holland" title="Count of Holland">of Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Zeeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Zeeland">of Zeeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Namur" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Namur">of Namur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Zutphen" title="Count of Zutphen">of Zutphen</a>. Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Lord of Frisia, Salins, Mechelen, the cities, towns and lands of Utrecht, Overyssel, Groningen</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counts_of_Burgundy" title="List of counts of Burgundy">Count Palatine of Burgundy</a> from 10 June 1556; <a href="/wiki/Charolais_(county)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charolais (county)">Count of Charolais</a> from 21 September 1558</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li>Dominator in Asia, Africa</li></ul></li> <li>Honours <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Knights_of_the_Golden_Fleece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Knights of the Golden Fleece">Knight of the Golden Fleece</a>: 1531 – 13 September 1598</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece">Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Brug_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brug-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 23 October 1555 – 13 September 1598</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_Calatrava" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grand Masters of the Order of Calatrava">Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava</a>: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_Alcantara" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grand Masters of the Order of Alcantara">Grand Master of the Order of Alcantara</a>: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_Santiago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grand Masters of the Order of Santiago">Grand Master of the Order of Santiago</a>: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Montesa" title="Order of Montesa">Grand Master of the Order of Montesa</a>: 8 December 1587 – 13 September 1598</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Philip continued his father's style of "<a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Majesty</a>" (Latin: <i>Maiestas</i>; Spanish: <i>Majestad</i>) in preference to that of "<a href="/wiki/Highness" title="Highness">Highness</a>" (<i>Celsitudo</i>; <i>Alteza</i>). In diplomatic texts, he continued the use of the title "<a href="/wiki/Rex_Catholicismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rex Catholicismus">Most Catholic</a>" (<i>Rex Catholicissimus</i>; <i>Rey Católico</i>) first bestowed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> on <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Ferdinand and Isabella</a> in 1496. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Marriage_of_Queen_Mary_to_Philip_of_Spain" title="Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain">Act of Parliament sanctioning his marriage with Mary</a>, the couple was styled "Philip and Mary, by the grace of God King and Queen of England, <a href="/wiki/British_claims_to_the_French_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="British claims to the French throne">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fidei_Defensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidei Defensor">Defenders of the Faith</a>, Princes of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, Archdukes of <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a>, Dukes of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, Counts of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-waller_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waller-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his inheritance of Spain in 1556, they became "Philip and Mary, by the grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, both the Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol".<sup id="cite_ref-waller_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waller-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His coinage typically bore the <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">obverse</a> inscription "<small>PHS·D:G·HISP·Z·REX</small>" (Latin: "Philip, by the grace of God King of Spain et cetera"), followed by the local title of the mint ("<small>DVX·BRA</small>" for Duke of Brabant, "<small>C·HOL</small>" for Count of Holland, "<small>D·TRS·ISSV</small>" for Lord of Overissel, etc.). The <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverse</a> would then bear a motto such as "<small>PACE·ET·IVSTITIA</small>" ("For Peace and Justice") or "<small>DOMINVS·MIHI·ADIVTOR</small>" ("<a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">The Lord is my helper</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A medal struck in 1583 bore the inscriptions "<small>PHILIPP II HISP ET NOVI ORBIS REX</small>" ("Philip II, King of Spain and the New World") and "<small>NON SUFFICIT ORBIS</small>" ("The world is not enough").<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ccf;">Heraldry of Philip II of Spain </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5"><i> Common versions </i> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain,_English_King_Consort-Spanish_Variant_(1556-1558).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain%2C_English_King_Consort-Spanish_Variant_%281556-1558%29.svg/125px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain%2C_English_King_Consort-Spanish_Variant_%281556-1558%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain%2C_English_King_Consort-Spanish_Variant_%281556-1558%29.svg/188px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain%2C_English_King_Consort-Spanish_Variant_%281556-1558%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain%2C_English_King_Consort-Spanish_Variant_%281556-1558%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain%2C_English_King_Consort-Spanish_Variant_%281556-1558%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_(1558-1580).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281558-1580%29.svg/125px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281558-1580%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281558-1580%29.svg/188px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281558-1580%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281558-1580%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281558-1580%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1580-1668).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg/125px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg/188px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg/250px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1556–1558<br /><small>(as Spanish monarch)</small> </td> <td>1558–1580 </td> <td>1580–1598 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5"><b>Spanish realms versions</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a></b> </th> <th colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_(Navarre)_-_1558-1580.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%28Navarre%29_-_1558-1580.svg/125px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%28Navarre%29_-_1558-1580.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%28Navarre%29_-_1558-1580.svg/188px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%28Navarre%29_-_1558-1580.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%28Navarre%29_-_1558-1580.svg/250px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%28Navarre%29_-_1558-1580.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1580-1668)_-_Navarre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Navarre.svg/125px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Navarre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Navarre.svg/188px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Navarre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Navarre.svg/250px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Navarre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1580-1668)_-_Navarre_Variant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Navarre_Variant.svg/125px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Navarre_Variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Navarre_Variant.svg/188px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Navarre_Variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Navarre_Variant.svg/250px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Navarre_Variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="1166" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_-_Galicia_Variant_(1558-1580).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_-_Galicia_Variant_%281558-1580%29.svg/125px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_-_Galicia_Variant_%281558-1580%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_-_Galicia_Variant_%281558-1580%29.svg/188px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_-_Galicia_Variant_%281558-1580%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_-_Galicia_Variant_%281558-1580%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_-_Galicia_Variant_%281558-1580%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_-_Galicia_Variant_(1580-1668).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_-_Galicia_Variant_%281580-1668%29.svg/125px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_-_Galicia_Variant_%281580-1668%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_-_Galicia_Variant_%281580-1668%29.svg/188px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_-_Galicia_Variant_%281580-1668%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_-_Galicia_Variant_%281580-1668%29.svg/250px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_-_Galicia_Variant_%281580-1668%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1558–1580 </td> <td>1580–1598 </td> <td>1580–1598 </td> <td>1558–1580 </td> <td>1580–1598 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><b>Burgundian variants</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Free_County_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Free County of Burgundy">Free County of Burgundy</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy_(1556-1580).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy_%281556-1580%29.svg/125px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy_%281556-1580%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy_%281556-1580%29.svg/188px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy_%281556-1580%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy_%281556-1580%29.svg/250px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy_%281556-1580%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1246" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy_(1580-1678).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy_%281580-1678%29.svg/125px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy_%281580-1678%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy_%281580-1678%29.svg/188px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy_%281580-1678%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy_%281580-1678%29.svg/250px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy_%281580-1678%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1246" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1556–1580 </td> <td>1580–1598 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_Spanish_Monarchs_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms of Spanish Monarchs in Italy">Italian Variants</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></b> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_(1554-1558).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281554-1558%29.svg/155px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281554-1558%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281554-1558%29.svg/233px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281554-1558%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281554-1558%29.svg/310px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281554-1558%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1230" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_(1558-1580).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281558-1580%29.svg/155px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281558-1580%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281558-1580%29.svg/233px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281558-1580%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281558-1580%29.svg/310px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281558-1580%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_(1580-1700).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281580-1700%29.svg/155px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281580-1700%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281580-1700%29.svg/233px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281580-1700%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281580-1700%29.svg/310px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281580-1700%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="1233" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1580-1668)_-_Sardinia_Variant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Sardinia_Variant.svg/155px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Sardinia_Variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Sardinia_Variant.svg/233px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Sardinia_Variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Sardinia_Variant.svg/310px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29_-_Sardinia_Variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="1184" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Naples_and_Sicily.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Naples_and_Sicily.svg/155px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Naples_and_Sicily.svg.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Naples_and_Sicily.svg/233px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Naples_and_Sicily.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Naples_and_Sicily.svg/310px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Naples_and_Sicily.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1554–1558 </td> <td>1558–1580 </td> <td>1580–1598 </td> <td>1580–1598 </td> <td>1554–1598 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><b>Ornamented versions</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_(Order_of_the_Garter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%28Order_of_the_Garter%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%28Order_of_the_Garter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%28Order_of_the_Garter%29.svg/375px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%28Order_of_the_Garter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%28Order_of_the_Garter%29.svg/500px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%28Order_of_the_Garter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_with_the_Eagle_of_St._John_(1558-1580).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_with_the_Eagle_of_St._John_%281558-1580%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_with_the_Eagle_of_St._John_%281558-1580%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_with_the_Eagle_of_St._John_%281558-1580%29.svg/203px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_with_the_Eagle_of_St._John_%281558-1580%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_with_the_Eagle_of_St._John_%281558-1580%29.svg/270px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_with_the_Eagle_of_St._John_%281558-1580%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_with_the_Eagle_of_St._John_(1580-1668).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_with_the_Eagle_of_St._John_%281580-1668%29.svg/135px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_with_the_Eagle_of_St._John_%281580-1668%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_with_the_Eagle_of_St._John_%281580-1668%29.svg/203px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_with_the_Eagle_of_St._John_%281580-1668%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_with_the_Eagle_of_St._John_%281580-1668%29.svg/270px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_with_the_Eagle_of_St._John_%281580-1668%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_(1556%E2%80%931558).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281556%E2%80%931558%29.svg/250px-Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281556%E2%80%931558%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281556%E2%80%931558%29.svg/375px-Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281556%E2%80%931558%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281556%E2%80%931558%29.svg/500px-Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281556%E2%80%931558%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="1725" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coat of arms at his investiture as Knight of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a><br />(in 1554) </td> <td>Coat of arms<br />(with the Eagle of St John as supporter)<br />1558–1580 / 1580–1598 </td> <td>Coat of arms as Spanish monarch and king<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i> of England<br /><small>(with symbols of the Crown of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile and León</a> and<br />a <a href="/wiki/Cap_of_maintenance" title="Cap of maintenance">cap of maintenance</a> with the crest of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> imperially crowned in the top</small>)<br />1556–1558 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_(1558%E2%80%931580).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281558%E2%80%931580%29.svg/250px-Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281558%E2%80%931580%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281558%E2%80%931580%29.svg/375px-Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281558%E2%80%931580%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281558%E2%80%931580%29.svg/500px-Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281558%E2%80%931580%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="1725" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_(1580-1598).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281580-1598%29.svg/250px-Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281580-1598%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281580-1598%29.svg/375px-Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281580-1598%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281580-1598%29.svg/500px-Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_%281580-1598%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1718" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_House_of_Austria_(1580-1668).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_House_of_Austria_%281580-1668%29.svg/250px-Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_House_of_Austria_%281580-1668%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_House_of_Austria_%281580-1668%29.svg/375px-Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_House_of_Austria_%281580-1668%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_House_of_Austria_%281580-1668%29.svg/500px-Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_House_of_Austria_%281580-1668%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1691" data-file-height="1281" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coat of arms with supporters, crest and motto<br /><small>(with symbols of the Crowns of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile and León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> in the top</small>)<br />1558–1580 </td> <td>Coat of arms with supporters, crest and motto<br /><small>(with symbols of the Crowns of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile and León</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> in the top</small>)<br />1580–1598 </td> <td>Coat of arms with supporters (a lion and a griffin) and crest<br /><small>(with symbols of the Crowns of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile and León</a> and of<br /> the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> in the top</small>)<br />1580–1598 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philip was married four times and had children with three of his wives. He also had two long-term relationships with <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Osorio" title="Isabel Osorio">Isabel Osorio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eufrasia_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Eufrasia de Guzmán">Eufrasia de Guzmán</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal_and_Asturias_-_El_Prado.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maria Manuela of Portugal (1527–1545)"><img alt="Maria Manuela of Portugal (1527–1545)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Maria_Manuela%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_and_Asturias_-_El_Prado.jpg/63px-Maria_Manuela%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_and_Asturias_-_El_Prado.jpg" decoding="async" width="63" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Maria_Manuela%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_and_Asturias_-_El_Prado.jpg/95px-Maria_Manuela%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_and_Asturias_-_El_Prado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Maria_Manuela%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_and_Asturias_-_El_Prado.jpg/126px-Maria_Manuela%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_and_Asturias_-_El_Prado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="2952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal">Maria Manuela of Portugal</a> (1527–1545)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary I of England (1516–1558), by Antonis Mor"><img alt="Mary I of England (1516–1558), by Antonis Mor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg/90px-Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg/135px-Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg/181px-Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="1894" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a> (1516–1558), by <a href="/wiki/Antonis_Mor" title="Antonis Mor">Antonis Mor</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isabel_de_Valois2..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elisabeth of Valois (1545–1568), by Juan Pantoja de la Cruz"><img alt="Elisabeth of Valois (1545–1568), by Juan Pantoja de la Cruz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Isabel_de_Valois2..jpg/83px-Isabel_de_Valois2..jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Isabel_de_Valois2..jpg/125px-Isabel_de_Valois2..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Isabel_de_Valois2..jpg/166px-Isabel_de_Valois2..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="3051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth of Valois</a> (1545–1568), by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pantoja_de_la_Cruz" title="Juan Pantoja de la Cruz">Juan Pantoja de la Cruz</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_reina_Ana_de_Austria,_por_Sofonisba_Anguissola.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anna of Austria (1549–1580), by Sofonisba Anguissola"><img alt="Anna of Austria (1549–1580), by Sofonisba Anguissola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/La_reina_Ana_de_Austria%2C_por_Sofonisba_Anguissola.jpg/96px-La_reina_Ana_de_Austria%2C_por_Sofonisba_Anguissola.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/La_reina_Ana_de_Austria%2C_por_Sofonisba_Anguissola.jpg/144px-La_reina_Ana_de_Austria%2C_por_Sofonisba_Anguissola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/La_reina_Ana_de_Austria%2C_por_Sofonisba_Anguissola.jpg/192px-La_reina_Ana_de_Austria%2C_por_Sofonisba_Anguissola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="3189" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain">Anna of Austria</a> (1549–1580), by <a href="/wiki/Sofonisba_Anguissola" title="Sofonisba Anguissola">Sofonisba Anguissola</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_marriage">First marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: First marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philip's first wife was his double first cousin, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal">Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal</a>. She was a daughter of Philip's maternal uncle, <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>, and paternal aunt, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal">Catherine of Austria</a>. They were married at <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> on 12 November 1543. The marriage produced one son in 1545, after which Maria died four days later due to haemorrhage: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Carlos, Prince of Asturias</a> (8 July 1545 – 24 July 1568), died unmarried at the age of 23 and without issue.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_marriage">Second marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Second marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philip's second wife was his first cousin once removed, Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a>. The marriage, which took place on 25 July 1554 at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a>, was political. By this marriage, Philip became <i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">King of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">Ireland</a>, although the couple was apart more than together as they ruled their respective countries. The marriage produced no children, although there was a <a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">false pregnancy</a>, and Mary died in 1558, ending Philip's reign in England and Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_marriage">Third marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Third marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philip's third wife was <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth of Valois</a>, the eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>. The original ceremony was conducted by proxy (the <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a> standing in for Philip) at <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame</a> prior to Elisabeth's departure from France. The actual ceremony was conducted in <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara (province)">Guadalajara</a> upon her arrival in Spain. During their marriage (1559–1568) they conceived five daughters, though only two of the girls survived. Elisabeth died a few hours after the loss of her last child. Their children were: </p> <ul><li>Miscarried twin daughters (August 1564)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia</a> (12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633, aged 67), married <a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert VII, Archduke of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Micaela_of_Spain" title="Catalina Micaela of Spain">Catherine Michaela</a> (10 October 1567 – 6 November 1597, aged 30), married <a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_I,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy">Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy</a>, and had issue</li> <li>Joan (3 October 1568) died shortly after birth.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_marriage">Fourth marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fourth marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philip's fourth and final wife was his niece, <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain">Anna of Austria</a>. Pope Pius V initially refused to grant Philip the dispensation needed to marry Anna, citing biblical prohibitions and the danger of birth defects. The pope reluctantly gave his permission when Philip threatened to abandon the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League</a> in their fight against the Ottoman Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contemporary accounts, this was a convivial and satisfactory marriage (1570–1580) for both Philip and Anna. This marriage produced four sons and one daughter. Anna died of heart failure 8 months after giving birth to Maria in 1580.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Their children were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias</a> (4 December 1571 – 18 October 1578, aged six)</li> <li>Charles Laurence (12 August 1573 – 30 June 1575, aged one)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego Félix</a> (15 August 1575 – 21 November 1582, aged seven)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III of Spain</a> (14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621, aged 42)</li> <li>Maria (14 February 1580 – 5 August 1583, aged three).</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cenotafio_de_Felipe_II_y_su_familia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cenotaph of Philip and three of his four wives at El Escorial"><img alt="Cenotaph of Philip and three of his four wives at El Escorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cenotafio_de_Felipe_II_y_su_familia.jpg/90px-Cenotafio_de_Felipe_II_y_su_familia.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cenotafio_de_Felipe_II_y_su_familia.jpg/136px-Cenotafio_de_Felipe_II_y_su_familia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cenotafio_de_Felipe_II_y_su_familia.jpg/181px-Cenotafio_de_Felipe_II_y_su_familia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cenotaph of Philip and three of his four wives at <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_Royal_feast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philip and his niece Anna banqueting with family and courtiers, by Alonso Sánchez Coello"><img alt="Philip and his niece Anna banqueting with family and courtiers, by Alonso Sánchez Coello" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_Royal_feast.jpg/120px-S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_Royal_feast.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_Royal_feast.jpg/180px-S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_Royal_feast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_Royal_feast.jpg/240px-S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_Royal_feast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="782" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Philip and his niece Anna banqueting with family and courtiers, by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello" title="Alonso Sánchez Coello">Alonso Sánchez Coello</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Philip II of Spain</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Philip-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_King_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I, King of Castile">Philip I, King of Castile</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Charles_V_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Charles_V-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary, Duchess of Burgundy</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Philip-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_King_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand II, King of Aragon">Ferdinand II, King of Aragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Joanna_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Joanna-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (= 14)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Joanna,_Queen_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna, Queen of Castile">Joanna, Queen of Castile</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Charles_V_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Charles_V-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I,_Queen_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella I, Queen of Castile">Isabella I, Queen of Castile</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Joanna_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Joanna-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (= 15)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Philip II of Spain</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Viseu" title="Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu">Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stephens1903_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens1903-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I,_King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel I, King of Portugal">Manuel I, King of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stephens1903_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens1903-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Portugal,_Duchess_of_Viseu" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu">Beatrice of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stephens1903_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens1903-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress">Isabella of Portugal</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_King_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand II, King of Aragon">Ferdinand II, King of Aragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Portugal-Maria_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portugal-Maria-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (= 10)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Maria of Aragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stephens1903_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens1903-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I,_Queen_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella I, Queen of Castile">Isabella I, Queen of Castile</a><sup id="cite_ref-Portugal-Maria_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portugal-Maria-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (= 11)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Male-line_family_tree">Male-line family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Male-line family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:#CDF; color: black; width:auto"><style 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Habsburg_family_tree" title="Template:Habsburg family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Habsburg_family_tree" title="Template talk:Habsburg family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this 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style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D4F1F9; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Original line</a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#D4F1F9"><a href="/wiki/Albert_IV,_Count_of_Habsburg" title="Albert IV, Count of Habsburg"><b>Albert</b><br />Count of Habsburg</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1188</span>–1239</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#D4F1F9"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany"><b>Rudolf I</b><br />of Germany</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1218</span>–1291</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#D4F1F9"><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany"><b>Albert I</b><br />of Germany</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1255–1308</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Hartmann</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1263–1281</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf II, Duke of Austria"><b>Rudolf II</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1270–1290</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Bohemia" title="Rudolf I of Bohemia"><b>Rudolf I</b><br />of Bohemia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1281–1307</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair" title="Frederick the Fair"><b>Frederick</b><br />the Fair</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1289</span>–1330</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold I, Duke of Austria"><b>Leopold I</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1290–1326</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#D4F1F9"><a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert II, Duke of Austria"><b>Albert II</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1298–1358</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Friendly" title="Henry the Friendly"><b>Henry</b><br />the Friendly</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1299–1327</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Otto,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Otto, Duke of Austria"><b>Otto</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1301–1339</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Parricida" title="John Parricida"><b>John</b><br />Parricida</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1290</span>–1312/1313</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFDDF4; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albertinian_Line" title="Albertinian Line">Albertinian line</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CEF2DA; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Leopoldian_line" title="Leopoldian line">Leopoldian line</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria"><b>Rudolf IV</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1339–1365</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Austria" title="Frederick III of Austria"><b>Frederick III</b></a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1347–1362</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFDDF4"><a href="/wiki/Albert_III,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert III, Duke of Austria"><b>Albert III</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1349–1395</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEF2DA"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold III, Duke of Austria"><b>Leopold III</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1351–1386</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Frederick II</b><br />Duke of Austria<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1327–1344</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold II, Duke of Austria"><b>Leopold II</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1328–1344</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFDDF4"><a href="/wiki/Albert_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert IV, Duke of Austria"><b>Albert IV</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1377–1404</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Austria" title="William, Duke of Austria"><b>William</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1370</span>–1406</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold IV, Duke of Austria"><b>Leopold IV</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1371–1411</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEF2DA"><a href="/wiki/Ernest,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Ernest, Duke of Austria"><b>Ernest</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1377–1424</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Frederick IV, Duke of Austria"><b>Frederick IV</b><br />Duke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1382–1439</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFDDF4"><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany"><b>Albert II</b><br />of Germany</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1397–1439</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEF2DA"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Frederick III</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1415–1493</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Albert_VI,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VI, Archduke of Austria"><b>Albert VI</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1418–1463</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund, Archduke of Austria"><b>Sigismund</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1427–1496</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FFDDF4"><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous" title="Ladislaus the Posthumous"><b>Ladislaus</b><br />the Posthumous</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1440–1457</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEF2DA"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Maximilian I</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1459–1519</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CEF2DA"><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile"><b>Philip I</b><br />of Castile</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1478–1506</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td 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solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0B0FF; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Habsburg_(Spain)" title="Template:House of Habsburg (Spain)">Spanish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_dynasty" title="Philippine dynasty">line</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B1D2FF; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">HRE line</a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#E0B0FF"><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Charles V</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1500–1558</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#B1D2FF"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Ferdinand I</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1503–1564</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#E0B0FF"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Philip II</b><br />of Spain</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1527–1598</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Maximilian II</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1527–1576</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria"><b>Ferdinand II</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1529–1595</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#B1D2FF"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Charles II, Archduke of Austria"><b>Charles II</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1540–1590</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias"><b>Carlos</b><br />Prince of Asturias</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1545–1568</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#E0B0FF"><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain"><b>Philip III</b><br />of Spain</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1578–1621</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Rudolf II</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1552–1612</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ernest of Austria"><b>Ernest</b><br />of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1553–1595</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Matthias</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1557–1619</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria"><b>Maximilian III</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1558–1618</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria"><b>Albert VII</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1559–1621</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Wenceslaus_of_Austria" title="Archduke Wenceslaus of Austria"><b>Wenceslaus</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1561–1578</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margrave_Andrew_of_Burgau" title="Margrave Andrew of Burgau"><b>Andrew</b><br />Margrave of Burgau</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1558–1600</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Margrave_of_Burgau" title="Charles, Margrave of Burgau"><b>Charles</b><br />Margrave of Burgau</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1560–1618</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#B1D2FF"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Ferdinand II</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1578–1637</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Maximilian Ernest of Austria"><b>Maximilian Ernest</b><br />of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1583–1616</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Archduke of Austria"><b>Leopold V</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1586–1632</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Austria,_Bishop_of_Wroclaw" title="Charles of Austria, Bishop of Wroclaw"><b>Charles</b><br />of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1590–1624</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#E0B0FF"><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain"><b>Philip IV</b><br />of Spain</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1605–1665</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_of_Spain_(1607%E2%80%931632)" title="Infante Carlos of Spain (1607–1632)"><b>Charles</b><br />of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1607–1632</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria"><b>Ferdinand</b><br />of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1609–1641</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>John-Charles</b><br />of Austria<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1605–1619</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#B1D2FF"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Ferdinand III</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1608–1657</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Wilhelm_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria"><b>Leopold Wilhelm</b><br />of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1614–1662</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Charles,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria"><b>Ferdinand Charles</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1628–1662</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Francis,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria"><b>Sigismund Francis</b><br />Archduke of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1630–1665</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias"><b>Balthasar Charles</b><br />Prince of Asturias</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1629–1646</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#E0B0FF"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain"><b>Charles II</b><br />of Spain</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1661–1700</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans"><b>Ferdinand IV</b><br />King of the Romans</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1633–1654</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#B1D2FF"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Leopold I</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1640–1705</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria"><b>Charles Joseph</b><br />of Austria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1649–1664</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" 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style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Joseph I</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1678–1711</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor"><b>Charles VI</b><br />HRE</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1685–1740</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>Notes:</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chart-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chart_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://habsburg.org/family-history/extended-family-tree/?lang=en">"Habsburg family tree"</a>. <i>Habsburg family website</i>. 28 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Habsburg+family+website&rft.atitle=Habsburg+family+tree&rft.date=2023-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhabsburg.org%2Ffamily-history%2Fextended-family-tree%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_the_Monastery_of_San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial" title="Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial">Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_and_Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile">Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_empire_on_which_the_sun_never_sets" title="The empire on which the sun never sets">The empire on which the sun never sets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">List of Spanish monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Armoury_of_Madrid" title="Royal Armoury of Madrid">Royal Armoury of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_G%C3%B3mez_de_Silva,_1st_Prince_of_%C3%89boli" title="Ruy Gómez de Silva, 1st Prince of Éboli">Ruy Gómez de Silva, 1st Prince of Éboli</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He was titled as <b>Philip II</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Felipe II</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, while in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as <b>Philip I</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Filipe I</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spain was a <a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">composite monarchy</a>, and besides being the second Philip to rule <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>, he was the first to rule <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>, and the fourth to rule <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This appreciation is noted by Martin Hume in his aforementioned work ("Philip II of Spain", London 1897), pointing out how difficult is to show Philip II in a more favorable light to his fellow Englishmen because of that.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With the incorporation of Portugal to the Monarchy the title changed to East and West Indies, the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean sea.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Geoffrey Parker</a>. <i>The Grand Strategy of Philip II</i> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garret Mattingly. <i>The Armada</i> pp. 22, 66. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-08366-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-08366-4">0-395-08366-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rowse,_A._L." class="mw-redirect" title="Rowse, A. L.">Rowse, A. L.</a> (1969). <i>Tudor Cornwall: Portrait of a Society</i>. C. Scribner, p. 400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"One decisive action might have forced Philip II to the negotiating table and avoided fourteen years of continuing warfare. Instead the King was able to use the brief respite to rebuild his naval forces and by the end of 1589 Spain once again had an Atlantic fleet strong enough to escort the American treasure ships home." <i>The Mariner's Mirror</i>, Volumes 76–77. Society for Nautical Research, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Kamen, Henry</a> (2014). <i>Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict</i>. Routledge. p. 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%2C+1469%E2%80%931714%3A+A+Society+of+Conflict&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://servicios.jcyl.es/pweb/datos.do?numero=16049&tipo=Inmueble&ruta=">"BIEN DE INTERÉS CULTURAL: PALACIO CONDES RIVADAVIA PALACIO DE PIMENTEL"</a>. <i>Junta de Castilla y León</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Junta+de+Castilla+y+Le%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=BIEN+DE+INTER%C3%89S+CULTURAL%3A+PALACIO+CONDES+RIVADAVIA+PALACIO+DE+PIMENTEL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fservicios.jcyl.es%2Fpweb%2Fdatos.do%3Fnumero%3D16049%26tipo%3DInmueble%26ruta%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JBE-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JBE_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Boyden. <i>Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopaedia of the Early Modern World</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of World Biography</i> (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, Geoffrey, <i>The Dutch Revolt</i> (1977, rev. ed. 1985). London: Penguin, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, <i>The Dutch Revolt</i>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrelichmanVoth2014" class="citation book cs1">Drelichman, Mauricio; Voth, Hans-Joachim (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfWKAQAAQBAJ"><i>Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4843-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4843-0"><bdi>978-1-4008-4843-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lending+to+the+Borrower+from+Hell%3A+Debt%2C+Taxes%2C+and+Default+in+the+Age+of+Philip+II&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4843-0&rft.aulast=Drelichman&rft.aufirst=Mauricio&rft.au=Voth%2C+Hans-Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxfWKAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGat2006" class="citation book cs1">Gat, Azar (2006). <i>War in Human Civilization</i> (4th ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press. p. 488. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923663-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923663-3"><bdi>978-0-19-923663-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+Human+Civilization&rft.place=Oxford+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=488&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923663-3&rft.aulast=Gat&rft.aufirst=Azar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2002" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, J. H. (2002). <i>Imperial Spain 1469–1716</i> (Repr. ed.). London [u.a.]: Penguin Books. pp. 285–291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-100703-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-100703-6"><bdi>0-14-100703-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Spain+1469%E2%80%931716&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=285-291&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-14-100703-6&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Philip wrote in 1566 to <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_y_Requesens" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Zúñiga y Requesens">Luis de Requesens</a>: "You can assure his Holiness that rather than suffer the least injury to religion and the service of God, I would lose all my states and a hundred lives if I had them, for I do not intend to rule over heretics." <a href="#CITEREFPettegree2002">Pettegree 2002</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a>, <i>The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II</i>, vol. 2 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 935–936 and notes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyall_Tyler1954" class="citation web cs1">Royall Tyler, ed. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/spain/vol13/pp275-280">"Spain: September 1556"</a>. <i>Calendar of State Papers, Spain</i>. Institute of Historical Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Calendar+of+State+Papers%2C+Spain&rft.atitle=Spain%3A+September+1556&rft.date=1954&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fcal-state-papers%2Fspain%2Fvol13%2Fpp275-280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fiuRebiba-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fiuRebiba_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvador_Miranda2010" class="citation web cs1">Salvador Miranda (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175609/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1555-ii.htm">"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">Florida International University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1555-ii.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church&rft.pub=Florida+International+University&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Salvador+Miranda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.fiu.edu%2F~mirandas%2Fbios1555-ii.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_L._Kagan2009" class="citation book cs1">Richard L. Kagan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lV9Xdn3c6IoC&pg=PA135"><i>Clio and the Crown: The Politics of History in Medieval and Early Modern Spain</i></a>. JHU Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421401652" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421401652"><bdi>978-1421401652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clio+and+the+Crown%3A+The+Politics+of+History+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Spain&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1421401652&rft.au=Richard+L.+Kagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlV9Xdn3c6IoC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Glete p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nascimiento Rodrigues/Tessaleno Devezas p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>French Civil Wars</i> p. 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoubert2002" class="citation book cs1">Goubert, Pierre (2002). <i>The Course of French History</i>. Routledge. p. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Course+of+French+History&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Goubert&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lytle-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lytle_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLytle_Schurz1922" class="citation cs2">Lytle Schurz, William (1922), "The Spanish Lake", <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>, <b>5</b> (2): 181–194, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-5.2.181">10.1215/00182168-5.2.181</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2506024">2506024</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Lake&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-194&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-5.2.181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2506024%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lytle+Schurz&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCLEstrecho-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCLEstrecho_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-641.html">"Navegantes europeos en el estrecho de Magallanes"</a>. <i>Memoria Chilena</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Chile">Biblioteca Nacional de Chile</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoria+Chilena&rft.atitle=Navegantes+europeos+en+el+estrecho+de+Magallanes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.cl%2F602%2Fw3-article-641.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922103737/http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/cronicas/contextos/10105.htm"><i>Relación y derrotero del viaje y descubrimiento del Estrecho de la Madre de Dios – antes llamado de Magallanes</i></a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/cronicas/contextos/10105.htm">the original</a> on 22 September 2008. <q>Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, según Amancio Landín, uno de sus más reputados biógrafos, nació en Pontevedra, hacia 1532. Julio Guillén—el marino-académico—, por su parte, dice que es posible fuera Colegial Mayor en la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, ciudad que fue—asegura—cuna del gran marino español. Este, no ha dejado aclarada la duda sobre su origen geográfico, pues afirmó ser natural de ambos lugares.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relaci%C3%B3n+y+derrotero+del+viaje+y+descubrimiento+del+Estrecho+de+la+Madre+de+Dios+%E2%80%93+antes+llamado+de+Magallanes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artehistoria.jcyl.es%2Fcronicas%2Fcontextos%2F10105.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarmiento_de_Gamboa1895" class="citation book cs1">Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativesofvoya00sarm"><i>Narratives of the Voyages of Pedro De Gamboa to the Straits of Magellan</i></a>. Translated by Clements R. Markham. London: Hakluyt Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narratives+of+the+Voyages+of+Pedro+De+Gamboa+to+the+Straits+of+Magellan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Sarmiento+de+Gamboa&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarrativesofvoya00sarm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977119_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartinic1977">Martinic 1977</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977121-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinic1977121_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartinic1977">Martinic 1977</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogpatagonia.australis.com/history-strait-of-magellan/">"History of the Strait of Magellan"</a>. 7 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Heraldica.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+1555+Bull&rft.pub=Heraldica.org&rft.date=2003-07-25&rft.au=Francois+Velde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Fnational%2Fireland_docs.htm%23bull1555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2017" class="citation book cs1">Grant, R. G. (2017). <i>1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History</i>. p. 296.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+Battles+That+Changed+the+Course+of+History&rft.pages=296&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2011" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (2011). <i>Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+that+Changed+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+World+Conflict&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1972). <i>Armada Española desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón.</i> Museo Naval de Madrid, Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, Volume III, Chapter III. Madrid. p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenigsberger2012" class="citation cs2">Koenigsberger, Helmut Georg (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456081/Philip-II"><i>Philip II</i></a>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+II&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Koenigsberger&rft.aufirst=Helmut+Georg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F456081%2FPhilip-II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhlAqklH0do#t=21m27s"><span class="plainlinks">The Myth of the Spanish Inquisition</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (at 21:27 – 21:40). BBC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <i>The library: an illustrated history</i>. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4"><bdi>978-1-60239-706-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+library%3A+an+illustrated+history&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Pub&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-706-4&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. <i>Felipe II y su tiempo</i>. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-239-9736-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-239-9736-7">84-239-9736-7</a> In the introduction to this work, Felipe is mentioned as the most powerful European monarch by resources and army, depicting Europe at the time as a world full of unsolved issues and religious conflicts</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. <i>Felipe II y su tiempo</i> (6th ed.). Espasa Calpe, Madrid. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-239-9736-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-239-9736-7">84-239-9736-7</a>. Yet again, the several points of view towards his reign are mentioned in the Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamen, Henry. <i>Felipe de España</i>, Madrid, Siglo XXI, 1997. Cultural depictions of the King are mentioned, although Kamen tends to place himself with those favouring the King.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. <i>Felipe II y su tiempo</i>. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-239-9736-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-239-9736-7">84-239-9736-7</a>. He discusses the lack of correspondence of the king because he ordered it burned, thus avoiding any chance of getting further into Philip's private life.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vid. Marañón, Gregorio. <i>Antonio Pérez: el hombre, el drama, la época</i>. Madrid, Espasa Calpe, 1951, 2 vols. Judiciously argued review on the harm Perez did to the king, analyzing the king's responsibility on the assassination of Escobedo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohonnot" class="citation web cs1">Johonnot, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authorama.com/ten-great-events-in-history-8.html">"Ten Great Events in History – Chapter VII. The Invincible Armada"</a>. Authorama.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+Great+Events+in+History+%E2%80%93+Chapter+VII.+The+Invincible+Armada&rft.pub=Authorama.com&rft.aulast=Johonnot&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.authorama.com%2Ften-great-events-in-history-8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume, Martin. <i>Philip II of Spain</i>, London, 1897. Martin tried to resurrect the prejudiced views concerning the king, as did Carl Bratli in his <i>Filip of Spanien</i> (Koebenhaven, 1909). By contrast, Ludwig Pfandl, in <i>Felipe II. Bosquejo de una vida y un tiempo</i>, Munich, 1938, assessed Philip's personality negatively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>Felipe II</i> (Madrid, 1943), W. T. Walsh depicts Felipe's reign as prosperous and successful. Fernández Álvarez, in <i>España y los españoles en la Edad Moderna</i> (Salamanca, 1979), points out how White Legend supporters flourished during the 1940s and 1950s, and how they omitted the darkest issues of Philip's reign.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Those kinds of adjectives can be read in M. Van Durme's 1953 <i>El Cardenal Granvela</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cabrera de Córdoba, <i>Felipe II rey de España</i>, ed. RAH, 1877, criticizes how Felipe's victories are minimised by English historians, and points out the small consequences of defeats such as the Armada.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tonio_Andrade" title="Tonio Andrade">Tonio Andrade</a> and William Reger, eds., "Geoffrey Parker and Early Modern History" in <i>The Limits of Empire: European Imperial Formations in Early Modern World History: Essays in Honor of Geoffrey Parker</i> (Routledge, 2016), p. xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not usually included in lists of monarchs, although legally recognized as co-monarch, as his reign ended de facto with Mary's death.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brug-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brug_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rocquet, Claude-Henri. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6hgmESDLZM4C">Bruegel; or The Workshop of Dreams</a></i>. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226723429" title="Special:BookSources/0226723429">0226723429</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waller-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-waller_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waller_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, Maureen. <i>Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England</i>. St. Martin's Press (New York), 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-33801-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-33801-5">0-312-33801-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, <i>inter alia</i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maravedis.net/europa_felipe_i_i_amberes.html">Amberes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203174438/http://www.maravedis.net/europa_felipe_i_i_amberes.html">Archived</a> 3 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> and <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tXSrLbIEDBMC&pg=PA1255">Standard Catalog of World Gold Coins</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cremades, Checa. <i>Felipe II</i>. Op. cit. in "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ed_6gw5_5TkC&pg=PA177">The Place of Tudor England</a>". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>, 6th Series, Vol. 12. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521815614" title="Special:BookSources/0521815614">0521815614</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2016" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=na4SDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA232">"6 Incest, Blind Faith, and Conquest: The Spanish Hapsburgs and Their Enemies"</a>. In Lacey, Jim (ed.). <i>Great Strategic Rivalries: From the Classical World to the Cold War</i> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190620462" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190620462"><bdi>978-0190620462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6+Incest%2C+Blind+Faith%2C+and+Conquest%3A+The+Spanish+Hapsburgs+and+Their+Enemies&rft.btitle=Great+Strategic+Rivalries%3A+From+the+Classical+World+to+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=232&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0190620462&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dna4SDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2014" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9OquBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164"><i>Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II</i></a> (unabridged ed.). Yale University Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300196535" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300196535"><bdi>978-0300196535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imprudent+King%3A+A+New+Life+of+Philip+II&rft.pages=164&rft.edition=unabridged&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0300196535&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9OquBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1911-Charles_V-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Charles_V_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Charles_V_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Armstrong, Edward (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charles V. (Roman Emperor)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Charles_V._(Roman_Emperor)">"Charles V. (Roman Emperor)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+V.+%28Roman+Emperor%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephens1903-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens1903_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens1903_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens1903_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens1903_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens1903" class="citation book cs1">Stephens, Henry Morse (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jwMqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139"><i>The story of Portugal</i></a>. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 139, 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722224731" title="Special:BookSources/9780722224731"><bdi>9780722224731</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+Portugal&rft.pages=139%2C+279&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1903&rft.isbn=9780722224731&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Henry+Morse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjwMqAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLKO-Philip-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurzbach1861" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin von Wurzbach">Wurzbach, Constantin von</a>, ed. (1861). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Philipp_I._der_Sch%C3%B6ne_von_Oesterreich">"Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i> [<i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire</i>] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 112 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Habsburg%2C+Philipp+I.+der+Sch%C3%B6ne+von+Oesterreich&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+des+Kaiserthums+Oesterreich&rft.pages=112&rft.date=1861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1911-Joanna-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Joanna_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Joanna_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Joanna"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Joanna">"Joanna" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joanna&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portugal-Maria-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Portugal-Maria_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portugal-Maria_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arqnet.pt/dicionario/maria_rainha.html">"Maria (D.). Rainha de Portugal"</a>. <i>Portugal - Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. IV. pp. 823–824.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maria+%28D.%29.+Rainha+de+Portugal&rft.btitle=Portugal+-+Dicion%C3%A1rio+Hist%C3%B3rico%2C+Corogr%C3%A1fico%2C+Her%C3%A1ldico%2C+Biogr%C3%A1fico%2C+Bibliogr%C3%A1fico%2C+Numism%C3%A1tico+e+Art%C3%ADstico&rft.pages=823-824&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arqnet.pt%2Fdicionario%2Fmaria_rainha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Boyden, James M. <i>The Courtier and the King: Ruy Gómez De Silva, Philip II, and the Court of Spain</i> (University of California Press, 1995).</li> <li>Elliott, J. H. <i>Imperial Spain: 1469–1716</i> (1966).</li> <li>Elliott, John H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650136">"The decline of Spain"</a>. <i>Past & Present</i> 20 (1961): 52–75.</li> <li>Grierson, Edward. <i>The Fatal Inheritance: Philip II and the Spanish Netherlands</i> (1969).</li> <li>Gwynn, Aubrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30094971">"A Catholic King: Philip II of Spain"</a>. <i>Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review</i>, vol. 22, no. 85 (1933), pp. 48–64.</li> <li>Hume, M. A. S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oz1EAQAAMAAJ&dq=Philip+ii+spain&pg=PA43"><i>Philip II of Spain</i></a> (1903).</li> <li>Israel, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicaciones.eafit.edu.co/index.php/co-herencia/article/download/5023/4145">"King Philip II of Spain as a symbol of 'Tyranny<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>Co-herencia</i> 15.28 (2018): 137–154.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Kamen, Henry</a>. <i>Philip of Spain</i> (Yale University Press, 1999), a major scholarly biography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philipofspain00kame">Online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Kelsey, Harry. <i>Philip of Spain, King of England: The Forgotten Sovereign</i> (London, I.B. Tauris, 2011).</li> <li>Koenigsberger, H. G. <i>The Habsburgs and Europe, 1516–1660</i> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22%27%27The%20Habsburgs%20and%20Europe%2C%201516-1660%27%27">Online free to borrow</a></li> <li>López, Anna Santamaría. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Great Faith is Necessary to Drink from this Chalice': Philip II in the Court of Mary Tudor, 1554–58." in <i>Early Modern Dynastic Marriages and Cultural Transfer</i> ed. by Joan-Lluis Palos and Magdalena S. Sanchez (2017) pp: 115–138.</li> <li>Lynch, John. <i>Spain Under the Habsburgs: vol I: Empire and Absolutism: 1516–1598</i> (1965)</li> <li>Lynch, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3678749">"Philip II and the Papacy"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i> 11 (1961): 23–42.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinic1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mateo_Martinic" title="Mateo Martinic">Martinic, Mateo</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-10441.html"><i>Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes</i></a> (in Spanish). Santiago: Andrés Bello.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+del+Estrecho+de+Magallanes&rft.place=Santiago&rft.pub=Andr%C3%A9s+Bello&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Martinic&rft.aufirst=Mateo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.cl%2F602%2Fw3-article-10441.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Merriman, R. B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofspanishemp04merruoft"><i>The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New</i></a> (4 vols, 1918). Vol. 4 has in-depth coverage of Philip II.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Parker, Geoffrey</a>. <i>Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II</i> (2014), a major scholarly biography.</li> <li>Parker, Geoffrey. <i>The Grand Strategy of Philip II</i> (Yale University Press, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310203214/http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/paper/macpherson.html">online review</a></li> <li>Parker, Geoffrey. <i>Philip II</i> (1995), short scholarly biography</li> <li>Parker, Geoffrey. <i>The World is Not Enough: The Imperial Vision of Philip II of Spain</i> (Baylor University Press, 2001).</li> <li>Parker, Geoffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679344">"The Place of Tudor England in the Messianic Vision of Philip II of Spain"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i> (2002): 167–221.</li> <li>Patterson, Benton Rain. <i>With the Heart of a King: Elizabeth I of England, Philip II of Spain & the Fight for a Nation's Soul & Crown</i> (2007).</li> <li>Petrie, Charles. <i>Philip II of Spain</i> (1963), short scholarly biography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettegree2002" class="citation book cs1">Pettegree, Andrew (2002). <i>Europe in the Sixteenth Century</i>. Oxford, England: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20704-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20704-X"><bdi>0-631-20704-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-631-20704-X&rft.aulast=Pettegree&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Pierson, Peter. <i>Philip II of Spain</i> (1975).</li> <li>Prescott, William Hickling. <i>A History of the Reign of Philip II</i>, London, Boston, Philadelphia. 1855–1902.</li> <li>Redworth, Glyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22097">"Philip (1527–1598)"</a>, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,</i> online edition, May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Jos%C3%A9_Rodriguez-Salgado" title="Maria José Rodriguez-Salgado">Rodriguez-Salgado, M. J.</a> "The Court of Philip II of Spain". In <i>Princes, Patronage, and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age, cc. 1450–1650.</i> Edited by Ronald G. Asch and Adolf M. Birke. (Oxford University Press, 1991). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920502-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-920502-7">0-19-920502-7</a>.</li> <li>Samson, Alexander. <i>Mary and Philip: The Marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain</i> (Manchester University Press, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Mary-Philip-marriage-Habsburg-European/dp/1526142236/">excerpt</a>.</li> <li>Samson, Alexander. "Power Sharing: The Co-monarchy of Philip and Mary", in <i>Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth</i>, ed. by Alice Hunt and Anna Whitelock (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2010), pp. 159–172.</li> <li>Thomas, Hugh. <i>World Without End: The Global Empire of Philip II</i> (Penguin UK, 2014); <i>World Without End: Spain, Philip II, and the First Global Empire</i> (Random House, 2015) popular history.</li> <li>Waxman, Matthew C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26004392">"Strategic Terror: Philip II and Sixteenth-Century Warfare"</a>. <i>War in History</i>, vol. 4, no. 3 (1997): 339–347.</li> <li>Wilbur, Marguerite Eyer. <i>The Unquenchable Flame: The Life of Philip II</i>. P. Owen, 1956.</li> <li>Williams, Patrick. <i>Philip II</i> (Macmillan International Higher Education, 2017), a scholarly biography; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Philip-II-European-History-Perspective/dp/0333630424/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_cultural_history">Economic and cultural history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Economic and cultural history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel, Fernand</a>. <i>The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II</i> (2 vols., 1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mediterraneanthe01brau">vol. 1 free to borrow</a></li> <li>Clouse, Michele L. <i>Medicine, Government and Public Health in Philip II's Spain: Shared Interests, Competing Authorities</i> (Ashgate, 2013).</li> <li>Conklin, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/322623625.pdf">"The Theory of Sovereign Debt and Spain under Philip II"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i> 106.3 (1998): 483–513, statistical</li> <li>Drelichman, Mauricio, and Hans-Joachim Voth. <i>Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II</i> (Princeton University Press, 2016).</li> <li>Goodman, David. "Philip II's Patronage of Science and Engineering". <i>British Journal for the History of Science</i> 16.1 (1983): 49–66.</li> <li>Henriques, Antonio, and Nuno Pedro G. Palma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehes.org/EHES_171.pdf">"Comparative European Institutions and the Little Divergence, 1385–1800"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719061314/http://www.ehes.org/EHES_171.pdf">Archived</a> 19 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (2019), economics</li> <li>Kagan, Richard L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/204127">"Philip II and the Art of the Cityscape"</a>. <i>Journal of Interdisciplinary History</i> 17.1 (1986): 115–135.</li> <li>Lazure, Guy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=historypub">"Possessing the Sacred: Monarchy and Identity in Philip II's Relic Collection at the Escorial"</a>. <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i> 60.1 (2007): 58–93.</li> <li>Matthews, P. G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/888764">"Portraits of Philip II of Spain as King of England"</a>. <i>Burlington Magazine</i> 142.1162 (2000): 13–19.</li> <li>Miller, Stephanie R. "A Tale of Two Portraits: Titian's Seated Portraits of Philip II". <i>Visual Resources</i> 28.1 (2012): 103–116.</li> <li>Samson, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/31290156/ChangingPlaces.pdf">"Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July-August 1554"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. <i>Sixteenth Century Journal</i> (2005): 761–784.</li> <li>Scully, Robert E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25026461"><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'In the Confident Hope of a Miracle': The Spanish Armada and Religious Mentalities in the Late Sixteenth Century"</a>. <i>Catholic Historical Review</i> 89.4 (2003): 643–670.</li> <li>Wilkinson-Zerner, Catherine. <i>Juan de Herrera: Architect to Philip II of Spain</i> (Yale University Press, 1993).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="commons:Felipe II de España"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Felipe II de España</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" class="extiw" title="q:Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.byu.edu/collections/letters-of-philip-ii/">Letters of Philip II, King of Spain 1592–1597, online edition at Brigham Young University</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Philip II. of Spain"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Philip_II._of_Spain">"Philip II. of Spain" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XVIII (9th ed.). 1885. pp. 743–746.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philip+II.+of+Spain&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=743-746&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Philip II"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Philip_II">"Philip II" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philip+II&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp03534">Portraits of Philip II, King of Spain</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34417#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Philip II of Spain </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">House of Habsburg</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 21 May 1527</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 13 September 1598</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a></div><i><b>as sole monarch </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">Ireland</a> </b><i>(<a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a>)</i><b> </b><br />25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="5">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles V">Emperor Charles V</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant" title="Duke of Brabant">Duke of Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Limburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Limburg">Limburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Lothier" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Lothier">Lothier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counts,_Dukes_and_Grand_Dukes_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of Luxembourg">Luxemburg</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Namur" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Namur">Marquis of Namur</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_counts_of_Burgundy" title="List of counts of Burgundy">Count Palatine of Burgundy</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Artois" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Artois">Count of Artois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Hainaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Hainaut">Hainaut</a> </b><br />16 January 1556 – 6 May 1598 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Charolais" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Charolais">Count of Charolais</a> </b><br />21 September 1558 – 6 May 1598 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Guelders">Duke of Guelders</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Zutphen" title="Count of Zutphen">Count of Zutphen</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a> </b><br />16 January 1556 – 26 July 1581 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Naples">King of Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sicily">Sicily</a> </b><br />1554–1598 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sardinia">Sardinia</a> </b><br />1556–1598 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">King of Portugal</a> </b><br />1581–1598 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza" title="Francesco II Sforza">Francesco II Sforza</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Milan">Duke of Milan</a> </b><br />1540–1598 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">Spanish royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a> </b><br />1528–1556 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Carlos</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Girona" title="Prince of Girona">Prince of Girona</a> </b><br />1527–1556 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Philip_II_of_Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Philip_II_of_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Philip II of Spain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Template:Monarchs of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Spain">Monarchs of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">List of monarchs</a> | <a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_Spain_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Spain family tree">Monarchs' family tree</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Escudo de armas del monarca de España"><img alt="Escudo de armas del monarca de España" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/33px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/66px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="952" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI" title="Ferdinand VI">Ferdinand VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aragonese monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Aragon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_I_of_Aragon" title="Ramiro I of Aragon">Ramiro I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sancho Ramírez">Sancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Pamplona" title="Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler" title="Alfonso the Battler">Alfonso I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Aragon" title="Ramiro II of Aragon">Ramiro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronilla_of_Aragon" title="Petronilla of Aragon">Petronilla</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_Aragon_(Crowned).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/80px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/120px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/160px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Barcelona" title="House of Barcelona">House of Barcelona</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Aragon" title="Peter II of Aragon">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso III of Aragon">Alfonso III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso IV of Aragon">Alfonso IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon" title="Peter IV of Aragon">Peter IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Aragon" title="John I of Aragon">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon" title="Martin of Aragon">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand I of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Castile" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Castilian_monarchs" title="Template:Castilian monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Castilian_monarchs" title="Template talk:Castilian monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Castilian_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Castilian monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Castile" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand I of León">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho II of Castile and León">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Urraca of León and Castile">Urraca</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Castille_(1214-15th_Century).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/75px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/113px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="923" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">House of Burgundy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Castile" title="Sancho III of Castile">Sancho III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Castile" title="Henry I of Castile">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile" title="Berengaria of Castile">Berengaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Navarre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Template:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Template talk:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Navarre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs" title="List of Navarrese monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of Íñiguez</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_Arista_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Íñigo Arista of Pamplona">Íñigo Arista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%8D%C3%B1iguez_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="García Íñiguez of Pamplona">García Íñiguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%BAn_Garc%C3%A9s_of_Pamplona" title="Fortún Garcés of Pamplona">Fortún Garcés</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho I of Pamplona">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimeno_Garc%C3%A9s_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona">Jimeno Garcés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_I_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez I of Pamplona">García Sánchez I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho II of Pamplona">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_II_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez II of Pamplona">García Sánchez II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho III of Pamplona">Sancho III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_III_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez III of Pamplona">García Sánchez III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho IV of Pamplona">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sancho Ramírez">Sancho V</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Pamplona" title="Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona">Peter I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler" title="Alfonso the Battler">Alfonso I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Ram%C3%ADrez_of_Navarre" title="García Ramírez of Navarre">García Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_VI_of_Navarre" title="Sancho VI of Navarre">Sancho VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_VII_of_Navarre" title="Sancho VII of Navarre">Sancho VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Champagne" title="Count of Champagne">House of Champagne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Navarre" title="Theobald I of Navarre">Theobald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_II_of_Navarre" title="Theobald II of Navarre">Theobald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Navarre" title="Henry I of Navarre">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre" title="Joan I of Navarre">Joan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip II</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_II_of_Navarre" title="Joan II of Navarre">Joan II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%89vreux" title="House of Évreux">House of Évreux</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Navarre" title="Philip III of Navarre">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre" title="Charles II of Navarre">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Navarre" title="Charles III of Navarre">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_I_of_Navarre" title="Blanche I of Navarre">Blanche I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Viana" title="Charles, Prince of Viana">Charles IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanche_II_of_Navarre" title="Blanche II of Navarre">Blanche II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Navarre" title="Eleanor of Navarre">Eleanor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Foix" title="Count of Foix">House of Foix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Phoebus" title="Francis Phoebus">Francis Phoebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Navarre" title="Catherine of Navarre">Catherine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">House of Albret</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Navarre" title="John III of Navarre">John III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">House of Albret</a> - Lower Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre" title="Henry II of Navarre">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Joan III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> - Lower Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry III</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis II</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis III</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis IV</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis V</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis VI</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles V</a><sup>F</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joan III</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip IV</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip V</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip VI</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles V</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip VII</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis II</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI" title="Ferdinand VI">Ferdinand II</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles VI</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles VII</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand III</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella I</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>A</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">King of Aragon</a>. <sup>F</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a>. <sup>S</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">King/Queen of Spain</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Portugal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Portugal" title="Template:Monarchs of Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Portugal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Monarchs of Portugal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">House of Burgundy</a> (1139–1383)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal" title="Afonso I of Portugal">Afonso I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal" title="Sancho I of Portugal">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Portugal" title="Afonso II of Portugal">Afonso II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal" title="Sancho II of Portugal">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal" title="Afonso III of Portugal">Afonso III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal" title="Denis of Portugal">Denis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_IV_of_Portugal" title="Afonso IV of Portugal">Afonso IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Portugal" title="Peter I of Portugal">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand I of Portugal">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Portugal" title="Beatrice of Portugal"><i>Beatrice I</i></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_(1834_to_1910)_-_Lesser.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/120px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/180px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/240px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1115" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a> (1385–1580)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal" title="John I of Portugal">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward,_King_of_Portugal" title="Edward, King of Portugal">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony,_Prior_of_Crato" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony, Prior of Crato"><i>Anthony I</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Dynasty">House of Habsburg</a> (1581–1640)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a> (1640–1910)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Portugal" title="Peter II of Portugal">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">with</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Portugal" title="Peter III of Portugal">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Peter IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">with</span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand II of Portugal">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Portugal" title="Pedro V of Portugal">Peter V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_I_of_Portugal" title="Luís I of Portugal">Luís I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">Carlos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Naples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Naples" title="Template:Kings of Naples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kings_of_Naples" title="Template talk:Kings of Naples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kings_of_Naples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kings of Naples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Naples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Naples">Monarchs of Naples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert,_King_of_Naples" title="Robert, King of Naples">Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples" title="Joanna I of Naples">Joanna I</a> <small>with</small> <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Naples" title="Louis I of Naples">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Naples" title="Charles III of Naples">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples" title="Ladislaus of Naples">Ladislaus</a> <small>(1st reign)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Anjou" title="Louis II of Anjou">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples" title="Ladislaus of Naples">Ladislaus</a> <small>(2nd reign)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_II_of_Naples" title="Joanna II of Naples">Joanna II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou" title="René of Anjou">René I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Naples" title="Alfonso II of Naples">Alfonso II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand II of Naples">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Naples" title="Frederick of Naples">Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand III</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna III</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip III</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles V</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles VII</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a>* <small>(1st reign)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopean Republic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a>* <small>(2nd reign)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a>* <small>(3rd reign)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>*Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sicily">Monarch of Sicily</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Sicily" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Sicily" title="Template:Monarchs of Sicily"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Sicily" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Sicily"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Sicily" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Sicily"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Sicily" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Sicily">Monarchs of Sicily</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a> (1071–1130)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Sicily" title="Simon of Sicily">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> (1130–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Sicily" title="William I of Sicily">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Tancred, King of Sicily">Tancred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_III_of_Sicily" title="Roger III of Sicily">Roger III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_Sicily" title="William III of Sicily">William III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(VII)_of_Germany" title="Henry (VII) of Germany">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_IV_of_Germany" title="Conrad IV of Germany">Conrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradin" title="Conradin">Conrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Manfred, King of Sicily">Manfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_II_of_Sicily" title="Constance II of Sicily">Constance II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Sicily" title="Peter II of Sicily">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_King_of_Sicily" title="Louis, King of Sicily">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Simple" title="Frederick the Simple">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Maria, Queen of Sicily">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_I_of_Sicily" title="Martin I of Sicily">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon" title="Martin of Aragon">Martin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand I of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II" title="Victor Amadeus II">Victor Amadeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Template:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="List of monarchs of Luxembourg">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="County_of_Luxemburg_(963–1354)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Luxemburg">County of Luxemburg</a> (963–1354)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">Elder House of Luxembourg</a> <br />(963–1136)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigfried,_Count_of_the_Ardennes" title="Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes">Siegfried</a> <small>(963–998)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry V, Duke of Bavaria">Henry I</a> <small>(998–1026)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry VII, Duke of Bavaria">Henry II</a> <small>(1026–1047)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselbert_of_Luxembourg" title="Giselbert of Luxembourg">Giselbert</a> <small>(1047–1059)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg">Conrad I</a> <small>(1059–1086)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry III, Count of Luxembourg">Henry III</a> <small>(1086–1096)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="William, Count of Luxembourg">William I</a> <small>(1096–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Conrad II, Count of Luxembourg">Conrad II</a> <small>(1131–1136)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> <br />(1136–1189)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Count_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV, Count of Luxembourg">Henry IV</a> <small>(1136–1189)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">House of Hohenstaufen</a> <br />(1196–1197)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Count_of_Burgundy" title="Otto I, Count of Burgundy">Otto</a> <small>(1196–1197)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> <br />(1197–1247)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermesinde,_Countess_of_Luxembourg" title="Ermesinde, Countess of Luxembourg">Ermesinde</a> <small>(1197–1247), <i>with</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I,_Count_of_Bar" title="Theobald I, Count of Bar">Theobald</a> <small>(1197–1214), <i>and then</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waleran_III,_Duke_of_Limburg" title="Waleran III, Duke of Limburg">Waleran</a> <small>(1214–1226)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> <br />(1247–1354)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry V, Count of Luxembourg">Henry V</a> <small>(1247–1281)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry VI, Count of Luxembourg">Henry VI</a> <small>(1281–1288)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a> <small>(1288–1313)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John I</a> <small>(1313–1346)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> <small>(1346–1353)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg">Wenceslaus I</a> <small>(1353–1354)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Duchy_of_Luxemburg_(1354–1794)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Luxemburg">Duchy of Luxemburg</a> (1354–1794)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> <br />(1354–1443)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg">Wenceslaus I</a> <small>(1354–1383)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a> <small>(1383–1388)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst</a> <small>(1388–1411)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Elizabeth of Görlitz">Elisabeth</a> <small>(1411–1443) <i>with</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Anthony, Duke of Brabant">Anthony</a> <small>(1411–1415), <i>and then</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="John III, Duke of Bavaria">John II</a> <small>(1418–1425)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a> <br />(1443–1482)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip I</a> <small>(1443–1467)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles II</a> <small>(1467–1477)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary I</a> <small>(1477–1482)</small> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> <small>(1477–1482)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a><br /> (1482–1700)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip II</a> <small>(1482–1506)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a> <small>(1506–1556)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip III</a> <small>(1556–1598)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia</a> <small>(1598–1621)</small> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert</a> <small>(1598–1621)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> <small>(1621–1665)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles IV</a> <small>(1665–1700)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> <br />(1700–1712)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> <small>(1700–1712)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a><br /> (1712–1713)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_Emanuel,_Elector_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian II</a> <small>(1712–1713)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> <br />(1713–1780)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> <small>(1713–1740)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Mary II</a> <small>(1740–1780)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a> <br />(1780–1794)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph</a> <small>(1780–1790)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold</a> <small>(1790–1792)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis</a> <small>(1792–1794)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg_(since_1815)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> (since 1815)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a><br /> (1815–1890)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a> (1815–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a> (1840–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a> (1849–1890)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/100px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/150px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/200px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="House of Nassau-Weilburg">House of Nassau-Weilburg</a> <br />(1890–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Adolphe</a> (1890–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">William IV</a> (1905–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Marie-Adélaïde</a> (1912–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Charlotte</a> (1919–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Jean</a> (1964–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri</a> (since 2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infantes_of_Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infantes_of_Spain" title="Template:Infantes of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infantes_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Infantes of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infantes_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infantes of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infantes_of_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infantes of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Carlos I</a>, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. Previously, the title Infante had been largely used in the different realms.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Felipe II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Carlos, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Fernando, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Felipe III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Felipe IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_of_Spain_(1607%E2%80%931632)" title="Infante Carlos of Spain (1607–1632)">Infante Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria">Infante Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alonso_of_Spain" title="Infante Alonso of Spain">Infante Alonso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias">Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Prospero,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias">Felipe Próspero, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Carlos II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Luis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Philip_of_Spain_(1712%E2%80%931719)" title="Infante Philip of Spain (1712–1719)">Infante Felipe Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Fernando VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Carlos III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Felipe I, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Luis_of_Spain" title="Infante Luis of Spain">Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Philip,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria">Infante Felipe, Duke of Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Carlos IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Fernando I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Gabriel_of_Spain" title="Infante Gabriel of Spain">Infante Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Antonio_Pascual_of_Spain" title="Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain">Infante Antonio Pascual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Francisco_Javier_of_Spain" title="Infante Francisco Javier of Spain">Infante Francisco Javier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma">Fernando I, Duke of Parma</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Fernando VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_Isidro_of_Spain" title="Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain">Infante Carlos, Count of Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Francisco_de_Paula_of_Spain" title="Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain">Infante Francisco de Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Pedro_Carlos_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Infante Pedro Carlos of Spain and Portugal">Infante Pedro Carlos, Infante of Portugal</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Etruria" title="Louis I of Etruria">Luis I of Etruria</a><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Antoine,_Duke_of_Montpensier" title="Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier">Infante Antonio, Duke of Montpensier</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Luis_de_Borb%C3%B3n" title="Carlos Luis de Borbón">Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Montiz%C3%B3n" title="Infante Juan, Count of Montizón">Infante Juan, Count of Montizón</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Fernando_of_Spain" title="Infante Fernando of Spain">Infante Fernando</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs,_Duke_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz">Francisco de Asís, King Consort of Spain</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Enrique,_Duke_of_Seville" title="Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville">Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Sebasti%C3%A3o_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Infante Sebastião of Spain and Portugal">Infante Sebastián, Infante of Portugal</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Charles II, Duke of Parma">Carlos II, Duke of Parma</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gaetan,_Count_of_Girgenti" title="Prince Gaetan, Count of Girgenti">Infante Gaetan, Count of Girgenti</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ludwig_Ferdinand_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria">Infante Luis Fernando</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Antonio,_Duke_of_Galliera" title="Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera">Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Duke_of_Madrid" title="Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid">Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Charles III, Duke of Parma">Carlos III, Duke of Parma</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carlos_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Infante Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria">Infante Ferdinand of Bavaria</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso,_Duke_of_Galliera" title="Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera">Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Luis_Fernando_of_Spain" title="Infante Luis Fernando of Spain">Infante Luis Fernando of Orléans</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Madrid" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Madrid">Infante Jaime, Duke of Madrid</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Robert I, Duke of Parma">Roberto I, Duke of Parma</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907%E2%80%931938)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)">Alfonso, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Segovia" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia">Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona">Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Gonzalo_of_Spain" title="Infante Gonzalo of Spain">Infante Gonzalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria">Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_%C3%81lvaro,_Duke_of_Galliera" title="Infante Álvaro, Duke of Galliera">Infante Álvaro, Duke of Galliera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_of_Spain" title="Infante Alfonso of Spain">Infante Alfonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria">Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <span class="wrap">title granted by Royal Decree</span></li> <li><sup>2</sup> <span class="wrap">consort to an Infanta naturalized as a Spanish Infante</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austrian_archdukes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austrian_archdukes" title="Template:Austrian archdukes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austrian_archdukes" title="Template talk:Austrian archdukes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian_archdukes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian archdukes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austrian_archdukes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke#Other_dynastic_Habsburg_use" title="Archduke">Austrian archdukes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_VI,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VI, Archduke of Austria">Albert VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I of Castile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip II of Spain</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Charles II, Archduke of Austria">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Charles, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III of Spain</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ernest of Austria">Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria">Maximilian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Wenceslaus_of_Austria" title="Archduke Wenceslaus of Austria">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Maximilian Ernest of Austria">Maximilian Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Archduke of Austria">Leopold V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Austria,_Bishop_of_Wroclaw" title="Charles of Austria, Bishop of Wroclaw">Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_of_Spain_(1607%E2%80%931632)" title="Infante Carlos of Spain (1607–1632)">Charles</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria">Ferdinand</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alonso_of_Spain" title="Infante Alonso of Spain">Alonso</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Wilhelm_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria">Leopold Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Charles,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria">Ferdinand Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Francis,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias">Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Prospero,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias">Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II of Spain</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans">Ferdinand IV of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria">Charles Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Joseph_of_Austria_(1682%E2%80%931684)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria (1682–1684)">Leopold Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Joseph_of_Austria_(born_1745)" title="Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (born 1745)">Charles Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold VII</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Karl,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este" title="Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este">Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_Francis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria">Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne</a><sup>T</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Francis I</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Charles</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Alexander_Leopold_of_Austria" title="Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria">Alexander Leopold</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_of_Austria_(Palatine_of_Hungary)" title="Archduke Joseph of Austria (Palatine of Hungary)">Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Anton_Victor_of_Austria" title="Archduke Anton Victor of Austria">Anton Victor</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">John</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria">Rainer Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Louis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Louis of Austria">Louis</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rudolf_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rudolf of Austria">Cardinal Rudolf</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_IV,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis IV, Duke of Modena">Francis IV, Duke of Modena</a><sup>M</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Karl_Joseph_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este">Ferdinand Karl Joseph</a><sup>M</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Este">Maximilian</a><sup>M</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Ambrosius_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Karl Ambrosius of Austria-Este">Karl Ambrosius, Primate of Hungary</a><sup>M</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Emperor Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Franz_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Franz of Austria">Joseph Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Karl of Austria">Franz Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen">Albrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria">Karl Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Friedrich_of_Austria_(1821%E2%80%931847)" title="Archduke Friedrich of Austria (1821–1847)">Frederick Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Wilhelm_Franz_of_Austria" title="Archduke Wilhelm Franz of Austria">Wilhelm Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Stephen_of_Austria_(Palatine_of_Hungary)" title="Archduke Stephen of Austria (Palatine of Hungary)">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Karl of Austria">Joseph Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Ludwig_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Ludwig of Austria">Leopold Ludwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ernest_of_Austria_(1824%E2%80%931899)" title="Archduke Ernest of Austria (1824–1899)">Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Sigismund_of_Austria_(1826%E2%80%931891)" title="Archduke Sigismund of Austria (1826–1891)">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria">Rainer Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Heinrich_Anton_of_Austria" title="Archduke Heinrich Anton of Austria">Heinrich Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_V,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis V, Duke of Modena">Francis V, Duke of Modena</a><sup>M</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Karl_Viktor_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este">Ferdinand Karl Viktor</a><sup>M</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Emperor Franz Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Ludwig_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria">Karl Ludwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ludwig_Viktor_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ludwig Viktor of Austria">Ludwig Viktor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria">Karl Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ludwig_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria">Ludwig Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Johann_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Johann Salvator of Austria">John Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Friedrich,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Stephen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria">Charles Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Eugen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Eugen of Austria">Eugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_August_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph August of Austria">Joseph August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ladislaus_Philipp_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ladislaus Philipp of Austria">Archduke Ladislaus Philipp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf,_Crown_Prince_of_Austria" title="Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria">Crown Prince Rudolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Franz Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Otto_Franz_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Otto Franz Joseph of Austria">Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria">Ferdinand Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Ferdinand of Austria">Leopold Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria">Josef Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Peter_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria">Peter Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria">Leopold Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria">Franz Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht_Franz,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen">Albrecht Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Albrecht_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria">Karl Albrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leo_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leo Karl of Austria">Leo Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Wilhelm_of_Austria" title="Archduke Wilhelm of Austria">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Francis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria">Joseph Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Emperor Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_of_Austria_(1895%E2%80%931952)" title="Archduke Maximilian of Austria (1895–1952)">Maximilian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Habsburg<br />Tuscany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Gottfried_of_Austria" title="Archduke Gottfried of Austria">Gottfried</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_of_Austria_(1895%E2%80%931930)" title="Archduke Rainer of Austria (1895–1930)">Rainer</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_of_Austria,_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Archduke Leopold of Austria, Prince of Tuscany">Leopold Maria</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Anton_of_Austria" title="Archduke Anton of Austria">Anton</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Josef_of_Austria,_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Archduke Franz Josef of Austria, Prince of Tuscany">Franz Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Pius_of_Austria,_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany">Karl Pius</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Karl_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Karl Salvator of Austria">Franz Karl Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Hubert_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Hubert Salvator of Austria">Hubert Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palatines<br />of Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Árpád of Austria">Joseph Árpád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_von_Habsburg" title="Géza von Habsburg">Géza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Descent of<br />Charles I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Crown Prince Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este" title="Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este">Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Felix_of_Austria" title="Archduke Felix of Austria">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Carl_Ludwig_of_Austria_(1918%E2%80%932007)" title="Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria (1918–2007)">Carl Ludwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rudolf_of_Austria_(1919%E2%80%932010)" title="Archduke Rudolf of Austria (1919–2010)">Rudolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tuscany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_von_Habsburg" title="Dominic von Habsburg">Dominic</a><sup>T</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palatines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Habsburg-Lothringen" title="Eduard Habsburg-Lothringen">Eduard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Habsburg" title="Georg von Habsburg">Georg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Lorenz_of_Belgium" title="Prince Lorenz of Belgium">Lorenz</a><sup>B</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Felipe_de_Habsburgo" title="Carlos Felipe de Habsburgo">Karl Philipp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_von_Habsburg" title="Simeon von Habsburg">Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Habsburg_(racing_driver)" title="Ferdinand Habsburg (racing driver)">Ferdinand Zvonimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Amedeo_of_Belgium" title="Prince Amedeo of Belgium">Amedeo</a><sup>B</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>S: <i>also an infante of Spain</i></li> <li>P: <i>also an infante of Portugal</i></li> <li>T: <i>also a prince of Tuscany</i></li> <li>M: <i>also a prince of Modena</i></li> <li>B: <i>also a prince of Belgium</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_and_Princesses_of_Asturias" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Asturias" title="Template:Princes of Asturias"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Asturias" title="Template 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title="Catherine, Princess of Asturias">Catherine</a> <i>(1423–24)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Eleanor, Princess of Asturias">Eleanor</a> <i>(1424–25)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry</a> <i>(1425–54)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_la_Beltraneja" title="Joanna la Beltraneja">Joanna</a> <i>(1462–64)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1453%E2%80%931468)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1453–1468)">Alfonso</a> <i>(1464–68)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella</a> <i>(1468–70)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Isabella</a> <i>(1470–78)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="John, Prince of Asturias">John</a> <i>(1478–97)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Isabella</a> <i>(1497–98)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_da_Paz,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal">Michael</a> <i>(1498–1500)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> <i>(1502–04)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles</a> <i>(1504–16)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip</a> <i>(1527–56)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Charles</a> <i>(1556–68)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1571–78)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego</a> <i>(1578–82)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1582–98)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1605–21)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias">Balthasar Charles</a> <i>(1629–1646)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Prospero,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias">Philip Prospero</a> <i>(1657–1661)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles</a> <i>(1661–1665)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis</a> <i>(1709–24)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1724–46)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles</a> <i>(1759–88)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1788–1808)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella</a> <i>(1830–33)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Isabel,_Countess_of_Girgenti" title="Infanta Isabel, Countess of Girgenti">Isabella</a> <i>(1851–57)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso</a> <i>(1857–68)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Filiberto,_2nd_Duke_of_Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta">Emanuele Filiberto</a> <i>(1871–73)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Isabel,_Countess_of_Girgenti" title="Infanta Isabel, Countess of Girgenti">Isabella</a> <i>(1875–80)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Mercedes,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="María de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias">Mercedes</a> <i>(1881–1904)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907%E2%80%931938)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)">Alfonso</a> <i>(1907–38)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe</a> <i>(1977–2014)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor</a> <i>(2014– )</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="963" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_and_Princesses_of_Girona" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Girona" title="Template:Princes of Girona"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Girona" title="Template talk:Princes of Girona"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Girona" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Girona"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_and_Princesses_of_Girona" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Girona" title="Prince of Girona">Princes and Princesses of Girona</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor</a></b> <i>(2014-present)</i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Felipe VI of Spain">Felipe</a> <i>(1977-2014)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907%E2%80%931938)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)">Alfonso</a> <i>(1907–1931)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles</a> <i>(1661-1665)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Prospero,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias">Philip Prospero</a> <i>(1657-1661)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias">Balthasar Charles</a> <i>(1629–1646)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1605-1621)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1582-1598)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego</a> <i>(1578-1582)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1571–1578)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Charles</a> <i>(1556-1568)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip</a> <i>(1527-1556)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles</a> <i>(1504-1516)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> <i>(1509-1516)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="John, Prince of Girona">John</a> <i>(1509)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> <i>(1502-1509)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_da_Paz,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal">Michael</a> <i>(1498-1500)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="John, Prince of Asturias">John</a> <i>(1479-1497)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1461-1479)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Viana" title="Charles, Prince of Viana">Charles</a> <i>(1458-1461)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso</a> <i>(1416)</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34417#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34417#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34417#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108377767">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88973996">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/26669/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118593862">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78067330">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12170664z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12170664z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00998296">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Felipe II <re di Spagna>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV089737">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35079885">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700532&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX885445">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1341953">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068864256">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1523345889268">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000189775&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000026711">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=143709">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx001d416k1tzt">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810596359905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/57583">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266396205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058524212106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14884987">Belgium</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14803221">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07730555?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500253117">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/435459">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/00539006">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/820484">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118593862.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118593862">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030249899">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m907f7">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/66157">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/347090">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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