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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Legislative activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Military training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Court culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Court_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Court culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Court_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Chronicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Historical works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfonso X of Castile</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X" title="Alfonso X – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alfonso X" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="ألفونسو العاشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفونسو العاشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alifonso_X_de_Castiella" title="Alifonso X de Castiella – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alifonso X de Castiella" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonsu_X_de_Castiella" title="Alfonsu X de Castiella – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfonsu X de Castiella" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%92%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88" title="اوْنونجو آلفونسو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوْنونجو آلفونسو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_10-s%C3%A8_(Castilla)" title="Alfonso 10-sè (Castilla) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alfonso 10-sè (Castilla)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0_X_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Альфонса X Кастыльскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альфонса X Кастыльскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE_X" title="Алфонсо X – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алфонсо X" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_Kastilha" title="Alfonso X Kastilha – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alfonso X Kastilha" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_X_de_Castella" title="Alfons X de Castella – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfons X de Castella" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_X._Kastilsk%C3%BD" title="Alfons X. Kastilský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alfons X. Kastilský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_X." title="Alfons X. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alfons X." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X" title="Alfonso X – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alfonso X" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Αλφόνσος Ι΄ της Καστίλης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλφόνσος Ι΄ της Καστίλης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_de_Castilla" title="Alfonso X de Castilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfonso X de Castilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_la_10-a_(Kastilio)" title="Alfonso la 10-a (Kastilio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alfonso la 10-a (Kastilio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfontso_X.a_Gaztelakoa" title="Alfontso X.a Gaztelakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfontso X.a Gaztelakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85%D8%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="آلفونسوی دهم، پادشاه کاستیا و لئون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلفونسوی دهم، پادشاه کاستیا و لئون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_X" title="Alphonse X – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphonse X" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_X_o_Sabio" title="Afonso X o Sabio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Afonso X o Sabio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%8F%B0%EC%86%8C_10%EC%84%B8" title="알폰소 10세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알폰소 10세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8_X" title="Ալֆոնսո X – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալֆոնսո X" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_X._Mudri" title="Alfons X. Mudri – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alfons X. Mudri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_la_10ma_di_Leon_e_Kastilia" title="Alfonso la 10ma di Leon e Kastilia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alfonso la 10ma di Leon e Kastilia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_dari_Kastilia" title="Alfonso X dari Kastilia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfonso X dari Kastilia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_di_Castiglia" title="Alfonso X di Castiglia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfonso X di Castiglia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="אלפונסו העשירי, מלך קסטיליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפונסו העשירי, מלך קסטיליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_X" title="ალფონსო X – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალფონსო X" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonsus_X_(rex_Castellae_et_Legionis)" title="Alphonsus X (rex Castellae et Legionis) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alphonsus X (rex Castellae et Legionis)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonsas_X_(Kastilija)" title="Alfonsas X (Kastilija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alfonsas X (Kastilija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X._Alfonz_kaszt%C3%ADliai_kir%C3%A1ly" title="X. Alfonz kasztíliai király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="X. Alfonz kasztíliai király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الفونسو العاشر ملك كاستييا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفونسو العاشر ملك كاستييا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_X_van_Castili%C3%AB" title="Alfons X van Castilië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alfons X van Castilië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD10%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A3%E7%8E%8B)" title="アルフォンソ10世 (カスティーリャ王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルフォンソ10世 (カスティーリャ王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X" title="Alfonso X – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alfonso X" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_av_Castilla" title="Alfonso X av Castilla – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alfonso X av Castilla" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anf%C3%B3s_X_de_Castelha" title="Anfós X de Castelha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anfós X de Castelha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_X_M%C4%85dry" title="Alfons X Mądry – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfons X Mądry" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_X_de_Castela" title="Afonso X de Castela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Afonso X de Castela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_al_X-lea_al_Castiliei" title="Alfonso al X-lea al Castiliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfonso al X-lea al Castiliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE_X" title="Альфонсо X – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альфонсо X" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_o_Castile" title="Alfonso X o Castile – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alfonso X o Castile" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X" title="Alfonso X – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alfonso X" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonz_X._(Kast%C3%ADlia)" title="Alfonz X. (Kastília) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alfonz X. (Kastília)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonz_X._Kastiljski" title="Alfonz X. Kastiljski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alfonz X. Kastiljski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE_X_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Алфонсо X од Кастиље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алфонсо X од Кастиље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_Mudri" title="Alfonso X Mudri – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alfonso X Mudri" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_Viisas" title="Alfonso X Viisas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alfonso X Viisas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_X_av_Kastilien" title="Alfons X av Kastilien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfons X av Kastilien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_10_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="พระเจ้าอัลฟอนโซที่ 10 แห่งกัสติยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าอัลฟอนโซที่ 10 แห่งกัสติยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X._Alfonso" title="X. Alfonso – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="X. Alfonso" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE_X" title="Альфонсо X – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альфонсо X" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%85" title="الفانسو دہم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الفانسو دہم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_c%E1%BB%A7a_Castilla" title="Alfonso X của Castilla – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alfonso X của Castilla" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_han_Castilla" title="Alfonso X han Castilla – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alfonso X han Castilla" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%EF%BC%89" title="阿方索十世（卡斯蒂利亚） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿方索十世（卡斯蒂利亚）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96_(%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)" title="阿方索十世 (卡斯蒂利亞) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿方索十世 (卡斯蒂利亞)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47595#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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searchaux" style="display:none">King of Castile and León from 1252 to 1284</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Alfonso X</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso_X_el_Sabio_en_El_libro_de_los_juegos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alfonso_X_el_Sabio_en_El_libro_de_los_juegos.jpg/220px-Alfonso_X_el_Sabio_en_El_libro_de_los_juegos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alfonso_X_el_Sabio_en_El_libro_de_los_juegos.jpg/330px-Alfonso_X_el_Sabio_en_El_libro_de_los_juegos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alfonso_X_el_Sabio_en_El_libro_de_los_juegos.jpg/440px-Alfonso_X_el_Sabio_en_El_libro_de_los_juegos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="671" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Alfonso X from the <i><a href="/wiki/Libro_de_los_juegos" title="Libro de los juegos">Libro de los juegos</a></i> (1283)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Castile">King of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">León</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 1252 – 4 April 1284</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">23 November 1221<br /><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 April 1284<span style="display:none">(1284-04-04)</span> (aged 62)<br /><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Kingdom of Castile</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Cathedral of Seville</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Violant_of_Aragon" title="Violant of Aragon">Violant of Aragon</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1249)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Family">among others...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile,_Lady_of_Guadalajara" title="Berengaria of Castile, Lady of Guadalajara">Berengaria, Lady of Guadalajara</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Castile,_Marchioness_of_Montferrat" title="Beatrice of Castile, Marchioness of Montferrat">Beatrice, Marchioness of Monferrat</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_la_Cerda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand de la Cerda">Ferdinand de la Cerda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV,_King_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho IV, King of Castile">Sancho IV, King of Castile</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Ledesma" title="Peter of Castile, Lord of Ledesma">Peter, Lord of Ledesma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Valencia_de_Campos" title="John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos">John, Lord of Valencia de Campos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Violant_of_Castile" title="Violant of Castile">Violant, Lady of Biscay</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Cameros" title="James of Castile, Lord of Cameros">James, Lord of Cameros</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Castile_(1242%E2%80%931303)" title="Beatrice of Castile (1242–1303)">Beatrice, Queen of Portugal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Castilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso Fernández de Castilla">Alfonso Fernández</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Castilian_House_of_Ivrea" title="Castilian House of Ivrea">Castilian House of Ivrea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III of Castile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Swabia" title="Elisabeth of Swabia">Elisabeth of Swabia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alfonso X</b> (also known as <b>the Wise</b>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">el Sabio</i>; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Castile">King of Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a> from 1 June 1252 until his death in 1284. During the <a href="/wiki/April_1257_Imperial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="April 1257 Imperial election">election of 1257</a>, a dissident faction chose him to be <a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">king of Germany</a> on 1 April. He renounced his claim to Germany in 1275, and in creating an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> in 1254, his claim on the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gascony" title="Duchy of Gascony">Duchy of Gascony</a> as well. </p><p>Alfonso's scientific interests—he is sometimes nicknamed <b>the Astrologer</b> (<i>el Astrólogo</i>)—led him to sponsor the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Alfonsine_tables" title="Alfonsine tables">Alfonsine tables</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_(crater)" title="Alphonsus (crater)">Alphonsus crater</a> on the Moon is named after him. He also sponsored the work of historians who, for the first time since <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>, placed Spain in the context of world history. As a lawmaker he introduced the first vernacular law code in Castile, the <i><a href="/wiki/Siete_Partidas" title="Siete Partidas">Siete Partidas</a></i>. He created the <a href="/wiki/Mesta" title="Mesta">Mesta</a>, an association of sheep farmers in the central plain, but debased the coinage to finance his claim to the German crown. He fought a successful war with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, but a less successful one with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Granada">Granada</a>. The end of his reign was marred by a civil war with his eldest surviving son, the future <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a>, which continued after his death. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born 23 November 1221<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackerEscobar200220_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackerEscobar200220-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Toledo, Kingdom of Castile, Alfonso was the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Swabia" title="Elisabeth of Swabia">Elizabeth (Beatrice) of Swabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan199846_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan199846-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was the paternal cousin of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II</a>, to whom Alfonso is often compared. His maternal grandparents were <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip of Swabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irene_Angelina" title="Irene Angelina">Irene Angelina</a>. Little is known about his upbringing, but he was most likely raised in Toledo. For the first nine years of his life Alfonso was only heir to Castile until his paternal grandfather king <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX of León</a> died and his father united the kingdoms of Castile and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a>. He began his career as a soldier, under the command of his father, when he was sixteen years old. </p><p>After the accession of King <a href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Navarre" title="Theobald I of Navarre">Theobald I of Navarre</a>, Ferdinand tried to arrange a marriage for Alfonso with Theobald's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Navarre,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Blanche of Navarre, Duchess of Brittany">Blanche</a>, but the move was unsuccessful. At the same time, he had a romantic relationship with <a href="/wiki/Mayor_Guill%C3%A9n_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Mayor Guillén de Guzmán">Mayor Guillén de Guzmán</a>, who bore him a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Castile_(1242%E2%80%931303)" title="Beatrice of Castile (1242–1303)">Beatrice</a>. In 1240, he married Mayor Guillén de Guzmán, but the marriage was later annulled and their issue declared illegitimate. In the same period (1240–1250) he conquered several Muslim strongholds in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> alongside his father, such as <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Murcia_in_1243" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Murcia in 1243">Murcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>. </p><p>In 1249, Alfonso married <a href="/wiki/Violant_of_Aragon" title="Violant of Aragon">Violant</a>, the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I of Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violant_of_Hungary" title="Violant of Hungary">Violant of Hungary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrevité-Orton1952902_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrevité-Orton1952902-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although betrothed already in 1246. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign">Reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alfonso succeeded his father as King of Castile and León in 1252. The following year he invaded Portugal, capturing the region of the <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal" title="Afonso III of Portugal">Afonso III of Portugal</a> had to surrender,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but he gained an agreement by which, after he consented to marry Alfonso X's daughter <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Castile_(1242%E2%80%931303)" title="Beatrice of Castile (1242–1303)">Beatrice of Castile</a>, the land would be returned to their heirs. In 1261 he <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerez_(1261)" title="Siege of Jerez (1261)">captured Jerez</a>. In 1263 he returned Algarve to the King of Portugal and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Badajoz_(1267)" title="Treaty of Badajoz (1267)">Treaty of Badajoz (1267)</a>. </p><p>In 1254 Alfonso X signed a treaty of alliance with King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a>, supporting him in the war against King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>. In the same year Alfonso's half-sister, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of Castile">Eleanor</a>, married Henry's son <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward</a>: with this act Alfonso renounced forever all claim to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gascony" title="Duchy of Gascony">Duchy of Gascony</a>, to which Castile had been a pretender since the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII of Castile</a> with <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor of England">Eleanor of England</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperial_election">Imperial election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Imperial election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1256, at the death of <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Holland" title="William II of Holland">William II of Holland</a>, Alfonso's descent from the Hohenstaufen through his mother, a daughter of Philip of Swabia, gave him a claim through the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> line. Alfonso's election as <a href="/wiki/German_king" class="mw-redirect" title="German king">German king</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-electors</a> misled him into complicated schemes that involved excessive expense but never succeeded. Alfonso never even traveled to Germany, and his alliance with the Italian <a href="/wiki/Ghibelline" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghibelline">Ghibelline</a> Lord <a href="/wiki/Ezzelino_IV_da_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezzelino IV da Romano">Ezzelino IV da Romano</a> deprived him of the initial support of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Pope Alexander IV</a>. His rival, <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard of Cornwall</a>, went to Germany and was crowned in 1257 at <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>. </p><p>To obtain money, Alfonso debased the coinage and then endeavored to prevent a rise in prices by an arbitrary <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a>. The little trade of his dominions was ruined, and the burghers and peasants were deeply offended. His nobles, whom he tried to cow by sporadic acts of violence, rebelled against him in 1272. Reconciliation was bought by Alfonso's son Ferdinand in 1273. </p><p>In the end, after Richard's death, the German princes elected <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolph of Habsburg</a> (1273), Alfonso being declared deposed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Pope Gregory X</a>. In 1275 Alfonso tried to meet with his imperial vicar in Italy, <a href="/wiki/William_VII_of_Montferrat" class="mw-redirect" title="William VII of Montferrat">William VII of Montferrat</a> (who had succeeded Ezzelino) and his Ghibelline allies in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> to celebrate the victory against the Guelph <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I of Anjou</a> and be crowned in Lombardy; he was however halted in his imperial ambitions in Provence by the Pope who, after a long negotiation, obtained Alfonso's oral renunciation of any claims to the Holy Roman Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TumboAKing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TumboAKing.jpg/220px-TumboAKing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TumboAKing.jpg/330px-TumboAKing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TumboAKing.jpg/440px-TumboAKing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Alfonso X from the codex Tumbo 'A' de Santiago (Dated between 1229 and 1255)</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout his reign, Alfonso contended with the nobles, particularly the families of <a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Lara_(died_1275)" title="Nuño González de Lara (died 1275)">Nuño González de Lara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_L%C3%B3pez_V_de_Haro" title="Diego López V de Haro">Diego López de Haro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esteban_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Castro" title="Esteban Fernández de Castro">Esteban Fernández de Castro</a>, all of whom were formidable soldiers and instrumental in maintaining Castile's military strength in frontier territories. According to some scholars Alfonso lacked the singleness of purpose required by a ruler who would devote himself to organization and also the combination of firmness with temper needed for dealing with his nobles although this is not a view taken by all.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Others have argued that his efforts were too singularly focused on the diplomatic and financial arrangements surrounding his bid to become Holy Roman Emperor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Alfonso's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_la_Cerda,_Infante_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile">Ferdinand</a>, died in 1275 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%89cija_(1275)" title="Battle of Écija (1275)">Battle of Écija</a> against the Moroccan and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Granada">Granadan</a> invasion armies, leaving two infant sons. Alfonso's second son, <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho</a>, claimed to be the new heir, in preference to the children of Ferdinand de la Cerda, basing his claim on an old Castilian custom, that of <a href="/wiki/Proximity_of_blood" title="Proximity of blood">proximity of blood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnatic_seniority" title="Agnatic seniority">agnatic seniority</a>. Alfonso preferred to leave the throne to his grandsons, but Sancho had the support of the nobility. A bitter civil war broke out resulting in Alfonso's being forced in 1282 to accept Sancho as his heir instead of his young grandsons; only the cities of <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a> remained faithful to him. Son and nobles alike supported the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> when he tried to unite the nation in a crusade; and when he allied himself with <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yakub" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yakub">Abu Yusuf Yakub</a>, the ruling <a href="/wiki/Marinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid">Marinid</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Morocco">sultan of Morocco</a>, they denounced him as an enemy of the faith. A reaction in his favor was beginning in his later days, but he died defeated and deserted at Seville in 1284, leaving a will, by which he endeavored to exclude Sancho, and a heritage of civil war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1273, he created the <a href="/wiki/Mesta_Castillana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesta Castillana">Mesta</a>, an association of some 3,000 petty and great sheep holders in Castile, in reaction to less wool being exported from the traditional sites in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholas_1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholas_1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This organization later became exceedingly powerful in the country (as wool became Castile's first major exportable commodity<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholas_1999_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholas_1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reported a trade surplus, called "white gold", as the wool amount was critical to the health of the population during the winter), and eventually its privileges were to prove a deadly wound in the Castilian economy. One side effect of the quickly expanding sheep herds was the decimation to the Castilian farmland through which the sheep grazed.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholas_1999_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholas_1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original function of the Mesta was to separate the fields from the sheep-ways linking grazing areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislative_activity">Legislative activity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legislative activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a ruler, Alfonso showed legislative capacity, and a wish to provide the kingdoms expanded under his father with a <a href="/wiki/Code_of_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of laws">code of laws</a> and a consistent judicial system. The <i>Fuero Real</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (August 2019)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> was undoubtedly his work. He began medieval Europe's most comprehensive code of law, the <i><a href="/wiki/Siete_Partidas" title="Siete Partidas">Siete Partidas</a></i>, which, however, thwarted by the nobility of Castile, was only promulgated by his great-grandson. Because of this, and because the <i>Partidas</i> remain fundamental law in the American Southwest,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he is one of the 23 lawmakers depicted in the House of Representatives chamber of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_training">Military training</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso_X_of_Castile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Alfonso_X_of_Castile.jpg/150px-Alfonso_X_of_Castile.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Alfonso_X_of_Castile.jpg/225px-Alfonso_X_of_Castile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Alfonso_X_of_Castile.jpg/300px-Alfonso_X_of_Castile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_seal" title="Equestrian seal">Equestrian seal</a> of Alfonso X of Castile</figcaption></figure><p>From a young age Alfonso X showed an interest in military life and chivalry. In 1231 Alfonso traveled with Pérez de Castron on a military campaign in lower Andalusia. Writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Estoria_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Estoria de España">Estoria de España</a></i>, Alfonso describes having seen <a href="/wiki/Saint_James_the_Greater" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint James the Greater">St. James on a white horse</a> with a white banner and a legion of knights fighting a war above the soldiers of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This vision of a heavenly army fighting in Jerez and participation in military campaigns likely left Alfonso X with a high degree of knowledge and respect for military operations and chivalric knights. Alfonso's respect for chivalry can also be seen in his writing of Spanish law. Spanish Chivalric conduct was codified in the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Siete Partidas</i></span> (2,21) where he wrote that knights should be, "of good linage and distinguished by gentility, wisdom, understanding, loyalty, courage, moderation, justice, prowess, and the practical knowledge necessary to assess the quality of horse and arms (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Siete Partidas</i></span>, 21,1–10)."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These efforts to make a codified standard of chivalric conduct were likely meant to both encourage strength of arms (prowess) and to restrain the use of violence for only <a href="/wiki/Just_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Just war">just (state-sponsored) usage</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Court_culture">Court culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Court culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Alfonso_X" title="Literature of Alfonso X">Literature of Alfonso X</a></div> <p>King Alfonso X developed a court culture that encouraged cosmopolitan learning. Alfonso had many works previously written in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and Latin translated into vernacular Castilian in his court. Alfonso "turned to the vernacular for the kind of intellectual commitments that formerly were inconceivable outside <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is credited with encouraging the extensive written use of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Spanish language">Castilian language</a> instead of Latin as the language used in courts, churches, and in books and official documents (although his father, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a>, had begun to use it for some documents). This translation of Arabic and Classic documents into vernacular encouraged the development of Spanish sciences, literature, and philosophy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the beginning of his reign, Alfonso employed Jewish, Christian and Muslim scholars at his court, primarily for the purpose of translating books from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> into Latin and Castilian, although he always insisted on personally supervising the translations. This group of scholars formed his royal <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a>, continuing the tradition of the twelfth-century Escuela de Traductores de Toledo (<a href="/wiki/Toledo_School_of_Translators" title="Toledo School of Translators">Toledo School of Translators</a>). Their final output promoted Castilian as a learning language both in science and literature, and established the foundations of the new <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a>. This evolved version of the Castilian language also acquired significant relevance in the royal chancery, where it came to replace Latin, which until then had been the language commonly used for royal diplomacy in Castile and León.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The very first translation, commissioned by his brother, Fernando de la Cerda—who had extensive experience, both diplomatic and military, among the Muslims of southern Iberia and north Africa—was a Castilian version of the <a href="/wiki/Animal_fable" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal fable">animal fable</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kalila_wa-Dimna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalila wa-Dimna">Kalila wa-Dimna</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a book that belongs to the genre of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom literature</a> labeled <a href="/wiki/Mirrors_for_Princes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirrors for Princes">Mirrors for Princes</a>: stories and sayings meant to instruct the monarch in proper and effective governance. </p><p>The primary intellectual work of these scholars centered on astronomy and astrology. The early period of Alfonso's reign saw the translation of selected works of magic (<i>Lapidario</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Picatrix</a></i>, <i>Libro de las formas et las ymagenes</i>) all translated by a Jewish scholar named <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_ben_Moshe" title="Yehuda ben Moshe">Yehuda ben Moshe</a> (Yhuda Mosca, in the Old Spanish source texts). These were all highly ornate manuscripts (only the <i>Lapidario</i> survives in its entirety) containing what was believed to be secret knowledge on the magical properties of stones and <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">talismans</a>. In addition to these books of astral magic, Alfonso ordered the translation of well-known <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> astrological compendia, including the <i>Libro de las cruzes</i> and <i>Libro conplido en los iudizios de las estrellas</i>. The first of these was, ironically, translated from Latin (it was used among the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>), into <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, and then back into Castilian and Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the texts first translated at this time survive in only one manuscript each. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an intellectual he gained considerable scientific fame based on his encouragement of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> at the time and the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic system">Ptolemaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> as known to him through the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>. He surrounded himself with mostly Jewish translators who rendered Arabic scientific texts into Castilian at Toledo. His fame extends to the preparation of the <a href="/wiki/Alfonsine_tables" title="Alfonsine tables">Alfonsine tables</a>, based on calculations of <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Ish%C4%81q_Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Zarq%C4%81l%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī">al-Zarqali, "Arzachel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a> maintained that these tables formed the basis for <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a>'s development of a <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric</a> understanding in astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Tektology_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tektology-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this work, the lunar crater <a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_(crater)" title="Alphonsus (crater)">Alphonsus</a> is named after him. One famous, but apocryphal, quote attributed to him upon his hearing an explanation of the extremely complicated mathematics required to demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s theory of astronomy was "If the Lord Almighty had consulted me before embarking on creation thus, I should have recommended something simpler."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gingerich (1990) says that a form of this alleged quotation was mentioned (but rejected) as early as the 16th century by the historian <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Zurita_y_Castro" title="Jerónimo Zurita y Castro">Jerónimo de Zurita</a>, and that Soriano Viguera (1926) states that "nothing of the sort can be found in Alfonso's writings."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> (U.S. Secretary of State, 1949–1953) used it as the basis for the title and epigraph of his memoir <i>Present at the Creation.</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronicles">Chronicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chronicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alfonso also commissioned a compilation of <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicles</a>, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cr%C3%B3nica_general&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crónica general (page does not exist)">Crónica general</a></i>, completed in 1264. This chronicle sought to establish a general history and drew from older chronicles, folklore and Arabic sources.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work enjoyed renewed popularity starting in the sixteenth century, when there was a revival of interest in history; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flori%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florián de Ocampo (page does not exist)">Florián de Ocampo</a> published a new edition and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de_Sep%C3%BAlveda" title="Lorenzo de Sepúlveda">Lorenzo de Sepúlveda</a> used it as the chief source of his popular <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romances</a>. Sepúlveda wrote a number of romances having Alfonso X as their hero. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_works">Historical works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historical works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alfonso's court compiled in Castilian a work titled <i><a href="/wiki/General_Estoria" title="General Estoria">General Estoria</a></i>. This work was an attempt at a world history that drew from many sources and included translations from the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> Old Testament mixed with myths and histories from the classical world, mostly Egypt, Greece, and Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This world history was left incomplete, however, and so it stops at the birth of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Procter_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Procter-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main significance of this work lies in the translations from Latin into Castilian.<sup id="cite_ref-Procter_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Procter-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much like his chronicles, the ability of Alfonso's court to compile writings from a variety of cultures and translate them into Castilian left a historic impact on Spain. </p><p>Alfonso X is credited with the first depiction of an <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B3rreo" title="Hórreo">hórreo</a></i>, a typical granary from the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. The oldest document containing an image of an <i>hórreo</i> is Alfonso's <i><a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" title="Cantigas de Santa Maria">Cantigas de Santa Maria</a></i> (song CLXXXVII) from XII A.C. In this depiction, three rectangular <i>hórreos</i> of Gothic style are illustrated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso-LJ-27V.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Alfonso-LJ-27V.jpg/220px-Alfonso-LJ-27V.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Alfonso-LJ-27V.jpg/330px-Alfonso-LJ-27V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Alfonso-LJ-27V.jpg/440px-Alfonso-LJ-27V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Chess problem#35</figcaption></figure> <p>Alfonso also had the <i>Libro de ajedrez, dados, y tablas</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Libro_de_los_juegos" title="Libro de los juegos">"Libro de los Juegos" (The Book of Games)</a></i>) translated into Castilian from Arabic and added illustrations with the goal of perfecting the work.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was completed in 1283.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Libro de juegos contains an extensive collection of writings on <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, with over 100 <a href="/wiki/Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">chess problems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">chess variants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alfonso X commissioned or co-authored numerous works of music during his reign. These works included <i>Cantigas d'escarnio e maldicer</i> and the vast compilation <i><a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" title="Cantigas de Santa Maria">Cantigas de Santa Maria</a></i> ("Songs to the Virgin Mary"), which was written in <a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a> and figures among the most important of his works. The <i>Cantigas de Santa Maria</i> form one of the largest collections of vernacular <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophonic</a> songs to survive from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. They consist of 420 poems with musical notation. The poems are for the most part on <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a> attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>. One of the miracles Alfonso relates is his own healing in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto de Santa María">Puerto de Santa María</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Violante was twelve or thirteen years old at the time of her marriage to Alfonso; she produced no children for several years and it was feared that she was barren. Alfonso almost had their marriage annulled, but they went on to have eleven children: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile,_Lady_of_Guadalajara" title="Berengaria of Castile, Lady of Guadalajara">Berengaria</a> (1253 – after 1284). She was betrothed to Louis, the son and heir of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>, but her fiancé died prematurely in 1260. She entered the convent in Las Huelgas, where she was living in 1284.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Castile,_Marchioness_of_Montferrat" title="Beatrice of Castile, Marchioness of Montferrat">Beatrice</a> (1254–1280). She married <a href="/wiki/William_VII,_Marquess_of_Montferrat" class="mw-redirect" title="William VII, Marquess of Montferrat">William VII, Marquess of Montferrat</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_la_Cerda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand de la Cerda">Ferdinand de la Cerda</a>, Infante of Castile (23 October 1255 – 25 July 1275). He married Blanche, the daughter of King Louis IX of France, by whom he had two children. Because he predeceased his father, his younger brother Sancho succeeded to the throne.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_of_Castile_(1257%E2%80%931275)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleanor of Castile (1257–1275) (page does not exist)">Eleanor</a> (1257–1275)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV of Castile</a> (13 May 1258 – 1295)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_of_Castile_(1258%E2%80%931280)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constance of Castile (1258–1280) (page does not exist)">Constance</a> (1258 – 22 August 1280), a nun at Las Huelgas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Ledesma" title="Peter of Castile, Lord of Ledesma">Peter, Lord of Ledesma</a> (June 1260 – 10 October 1283)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Valencia_de_Campos" title="John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos">John, Lord of Valencia de Campos</a> (March or April 1262 – 25 June 1319).</li> <li>Isabella, died young.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violant_of_Castile" title="Violant of Castile">Violant</a> (1265–1296). She married Diego López V de Haro, Lord of Biscay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Cameros" title="James of Castile, Lord of Cameros">James, Lord of Cameros</a> (August 1266 – 9 August 1284)</li></ol> <p>Alfonso X also had several illegitimate children. With <a href="/wiki/Mayor_Guill%C3%A9n_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Mayor Guillén de Guzmán">Mayor Guillén de Guzmán</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Guill%C3%A9n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Guillén Pérez de Guzmán">Guillén Pérez de Guzmán</a> and of María González Girón, he fathered: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Castile_(1242%E2%80%931303)" title="Beatrice of Castile (1242–1303)">Beatrice</a>, married King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal" title="Afonso III of Portugal">Afonso III of Portugal</a>.</li></ul> <p>With Elvira Rodríguez de Villada, daughter of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Villada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodrigo Fernández de Villada (page does not exist)">Rodrigo Fernández de Villada</a>, he fathered: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Castilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso Fernández de Castilla">Alfonso Fernández de Castilla</a> (1242–1281), also known as <i>el Niño</i>, he held the title of "Señor de Molina y Mesa" through his marriage with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blanca_Alfonso_de_Molina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blanca Alfonso de Molina (page does not exist)">Blanca Alfonso de Molina</a>.</li></ul> <p>With <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_Alfonso_de_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="María Alfonso de León (page does not exist)">María Alfonso de León</a>, his aunt, the illegitimate daughter of the King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX of León</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teresa_Gil_de_Soverosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teresa Gil de Soverosa (page does not exist)">Teresa Gil de Soverosa</a> he had: </p> <ul><li>Berenguela Alfonso of Castile, who married <a href="/wiki/Pedro_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Pedro Núñez de Guzmán">Pedro Núñez de Guzmán</a> in 1264, but died young leaving behind no descendants.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Book of Chess, Dice and Board Games</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackerEscobar200220-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackerEscobar200220_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThackerEscobar2002">Thacker & Escobar 2002</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan199846-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan199846_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Callaghan1998">O'Callaghan 1998</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrevité-Orton1952902-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrevité-Orton1952902_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrevité-Orton1952">Previté-Orton 1952</a>, p. 902.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMárquez1995">Márquez (1995)</a> says "Some historians have been only too quick to label him, most unfairly, as a brilliant intellectual who was bungling and inefficient in practical affairs."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholas_1999-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholas_1999_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholas_1999_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholas_1999_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholas1999">Nicholas (1999)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The medieval church : the world of clerics and laymen</i>. Burns, Robert I., Alfonso X, King of Castile and Leon, 1221–1284., Scott, Samuel Parsons. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2001. pp. xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812217384" title="Special:BookSources/9780812217384"><bdi>9780812217384</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/847550277">847550277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+medieval+church+%3A+the+world+of+clerics+and+laymen&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F847550277&rft.isbn=9780812217384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartinez2010">Martinez (2010</a>:82–83)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Callaghan1993">O'Callaghan (1993</a>:65–66)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMárquez1995">Márquez (1995</a>:54)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValdeón_Baruque2003">Valdeón Baruque (2003)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWacks2007">Wacks (2007</a>:86–128)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2002">Carroll (2002</a>:327–328)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tektology-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tektology_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanov1996" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanov, Alexander (1996). <i>Bogdanov's Tektology: Book !</i>. Hull: Centre for Systems Studies. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bogdanov%27s+Tektology%3A+Book+%21&rft.place=Hull&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Centre+for+Systems+Studies&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bogdanov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingerich1990">Gingerich (1990</a>:40 and 44n36)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoriano_Viguera1926">Soriano Viguera (1926)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAcheson1969">Acheson (1969)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfonso-X">"Alfonso X – king of Castile and Leon"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Alfonso+X+%E2%80%93+king+of+Castile+and+Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlfonso-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Procter-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Procter_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Procter_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProcter1951">Procter (1951)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns1990">Burns (1990)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusser_Golladay2007">Musser Golladay (2007</a>:31). Although Musser Golladay is not the first to assert that 1283 is the finish date of the <i>Libro de Juegos</i>, the <i>a quo</i> information compiled in her dissertation consolidates the range of research concerning the initiation and completion dates of the <i>Libro de Juegos</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollesen, Jens T. "Sub specie ludi...: Text and Images in Alfonso El Sabio's Libro de Acedrex, Dados e Tablas", Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 53:3, 1990. pp. 277–308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2015" class="citation book cs1">Keller, John E. (2015). <i>Daily life depicted in the Cantigas de Santa Maria</i>. Cash, Annette Grant, 1943–. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813159096" title="Special:BookSources/9780813159096"><bdi>9780813159096</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900344519">900344519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+life+depicted+in+the+Cantigas+de+Santa+Maria&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F900344519&rft.isbn=9780813159096&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcheson1969" class="citation cs2">Acheson, Dean (1969), <i>Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department</i>, New York: W. W. Norton</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Present+at+the+Creation%3A+My+Years+in+the+State+Department&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Acheson&rft.aufirst=Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallesteros-Beretta1963" class="citation cs2">Ballesteros-Beretta, Antonio (1963), <i>Alfonso X el Sabio</i>, Barcelona: Salvat</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfonso+X+el+Sabio&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Salvat&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Ballesteros-Beretta&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1990" class="citation cs2">Burns, Robert I. (1990), "Stupor Mundi: Alfonso X of Castile, the Learned", in Burns, Robert I. (ed.), <i>Emperor of Culture: Alfonso X the Learned of Castile and His Thirteenth-Century Renaissance</i>, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stupor+Mundi%3A+Alfonso+X+of+Castile%2C+the+Learned&rft.btitle=Emperor+of+Culture%3A+Alfonso+X+the+Learned+of+Castile+and+His+Thirteenth-Century+Renaissance&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2002" class="citation cs2">Carroll, James (2002), <i>Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews</i>, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine%27s+Sword%3A+The+Church+and+the+Jews&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton-Mifflin&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemontis2012" class="citation cs2">Demontis, Luca (2012), <i>Alfonso X e l'Italia: rapporti politici e linguaggi del potere</i>, Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfonso+X+e+l%27Italia%3A+rapporti+politici+e+linguaggi+del+potere&rft.place=Alessandria&rft.pub=Edizioni+dell%27Orso&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Demontis&rft.aufirst=Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingerich1990" class="citation cs2">Gingerich, Owen (1990), "Alfonso the Tenth as a Patron of Astronomy", in Márquez-Villanueva, Francisco; Vega, Carlos Alberto (eds.), <i>Alfonso X of Castile: The Learned King (1221–1284): An International Symposium, Harvard University, 17 November 1984</i>, Cambridge, Mass.: Department of Romance Languages and Literatures of Harvard University, pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>45, reprint in Owen Gingerich, <i>The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler</i> (New York: American Institute of Physics, 1993)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfonso+the+Tenth+as+a+Patron+of+Astronomy&rft.btitle=Alfonso+X+of+Castile%3A+The+Learned+King+%281221%E2%80%931284%29%3A+An+International+Symposium%2C+Harvard+University%2C+17+November+1984&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E45%2C+reprint+in+Owen+Gingerich%2C+%27%27The+Eye+of+Heaven%3A+Ptolemy%2C+Copernicus%2C+Kepler%27%27+%28New+York%3A+American+Institute+of+Physics%2C+1993%29&rft.pub=Department+of+Romance+Languages+and+Literatures+of+Harvard+University&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gingerich&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1975" class="citation cs2">Hamilton, Thomas Wm. (1975), <i>A King for the Stars (planetarium show)</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+King+for+the+Stars+%28planetarium+show%29&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Wm.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMárquez1995" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Márquez, Francisco (1995), "Vita: Alfonso X", <i>Harvard Magazine</i>, Jan.-Feb.: 54</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Magazine&rft.atitle=Vita%3A+Alfonso+X&rft.volume=Jan.-Feb.&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=M%C3%A1rquez&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2010" class="citation cs2">Martinez, H. Salvador (2010), <i>Alfonso X, The Learned: a Biography</i>, Translated by Odille Cisneros, Leiden: Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfonso+X%2C+The+Learned%3A+a+Biography&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=H.+Salvador&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusser_Golladay2007" class="citation cs2">Musser Golladay, Sonja (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717133812/http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file%3A%2F%2F%2Fdata1%2Fpdf%2Fetd%2Fazu_etd_2444_1_m.pdf&type=application%2Fpdf"><i>Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X's Book of Games</i></a>, Tucson: PhD diss., University of Arizona, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_2444_1_m.pdf&type=application/pdf">the original</a> on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Libros+de+Acedrex+Dados+E+Tablas%3A+Historical%2C+Artistic+and+Metaphysical+Dimensions+of+Alfonso+X%27s+Book+of+Games&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pub=PhD+diss.%2C+University+of+Arizona&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Musser+Golladay&rft.aufirst=Sonja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.library.arizona.edu%2Fetd%2FGetFileServlet%3Ffile%3Dfile%3A%2F%2F%2Fdata1%2Fpdf%2Fetd%2Fazu_etd_2444_1_m.pdf%26type%3Dapplication%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas1999" class="citation cs2">Nicholas, David (1999), <i>The Transformation of Europe 1300–1600</i>, London: Arnold</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Europe+1300%E2%80%931600&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan1993" class="citation cs2">O'Callaghan, F. (1993), <i>The Learned King: The Reign of Alfonso X of Castile</i>, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Learned+King%3A+The+Reign+of+Alfonso+X+of+Castile&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan1998" class="citation book cs1">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1998). <i>Alfonso X and the Cantigas De Santa Maria: A Poetic Biography</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfonso+X+and+the+Cantigas+De+Santa+Maria%3A+A+Poetic+Biography&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrevité-Orton1952" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Previté-Orton, Charles William (1952). <i>The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History</i>. Vol. II The Twelfth Century to the Renaissance. Cambridge at the University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shorter+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+at+the+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Previt%C3%A9-Orton&rft.aufirst=Charles+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProcter1951" class="citation cs2">Procter, Evelyn S. (1951), <i>Alfonso X of Castile: Patron of Literature and Learning</i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfonso+X+of+Castile%3A+Patron+of+Literature+and+Learning&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Procter&rft.aufirst=Evelyn+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoriano_Viguera1926" class="citation cs2">Soriano Viguera, José (1926), <i>Contribución al conocimiento de los trabajos astronómicos desarrollados en la Escuela de Alfonso X el Sabio</i>, Madrid: Alberto Fontana</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contribuci%C3%B3n+al+conocimiento+de+los+trabajos+astron%C3%B3micos+desarrollados+en+la+Escuela+de+Alfonso+X+el+Sabio&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Alberto+Fontana&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Soriano+Viguera&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackerEscobar2002" class="citation cs2">Thacker, Shelby; Escobar, Jose, eds. (2002), <i>Chronicle of Alfonso X</i>, The University Press of Kentucky, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2218-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2218-X"><bdi>0-8131-2218-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+Alfonso+X&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8131-2218-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdeón_Baruque2003" class="citation cs2">Valdeón Baruque, Julio (2003), <i>Alfonso X: La forja de la España moderna</i>, Madrid: Ediciones Temas de Hoy, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8460-277-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8460-277-4"><bdi>978-84-8460-277-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfonso+X%3A+La+forja+de+la+Espa%C3%B1a+moderna&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Ediciones+Temas+de+Hoy&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-84-8460-277-4&rft.aulast=Valde%C3%B3n+Baruque&rft.aufirst=Julio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWacks2007" class="citation cs2">Wacks, David A. (2007), <i>Framing Iberia: Maqamat and Frametales in Medieval Spain</i>, Leiden: Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+Iberia%3A+Maqamat+and+Frametales+in+Medieval+Spain&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wacks&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfonso_X1836" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alfonso X (1836), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lKROIu4lCKUC"><i>Opúsculos Legales del rey Don Alfonso el Sabio: Tomo I</i></a> [<i>Legal Booklets of King Don Alfonso the Wise: Volume I</i>] (in Spanish), Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Op%C3%BAsculos+Legales+del+rey+Don+Alfonso+el+Sabio%3A+Tomo+I&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft.date=1836&rft.au=Alfonso+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlKROIu4lCKUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfonso_X1836" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alfonso X (1836), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CD2-LDBanf0C&q=https://books.google.com/books"><i>Opúsculos Legales del rey Don Alfonso el Sabio: Tomo II</i></a> [<i>Legal Booklets of King Don Alfonso the Wise: Volume II</i>] (in Spanish), Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Op%C3%BAsculos+Legales+del+rey+Don+Alfonso+el+Sabio%3A+Tomo+II&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft.date=1836&rft.au=Alfonso+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCD2-LDBanf0C%26q%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoubleday2015" class="citation cs2">Doubleday, Simon R. (2015), <i>The Wise King: A Christian Prince, Muslim Spain, and the Birth of the Renaissance</i>, New York: Basic Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wise+King%3A+A+Christian+Prince%2C+Muslim+Spain%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Renaissance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Doubleday&rft.aufirst=Simon+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Stewart (July–August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720035407/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm">"The Game of Kings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Aramco World">Saudi Aramco World</a></i>. <b>60</b> (4). Houston: <span class="nowrap">18–</span>23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm">the original</a> on 20 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Game+of+Kings&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2009-07%2F2009-08&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F200904%2Fthe.game.of.kings.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003051322/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/pdf/2000/200904.pdf">PDF version</a>) Cf. especially section on "The Alfonso X 'Book of Games'".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuzzo_Scorpo2011" class="citation cs2">Liuzzo Scorpo, Antonella (2011), "Religious Frontiers and Overlapping Cultural Borders: The Power of Personal and Political Exchanges in the Works of Alfonso X of Castile (1252–1284)", <i>Al-Masaq</i>, <b>23</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">217–</span>236, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09503110.2011.623910">10.1080/09503110.2011.623910</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145264164">145264164</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Masaq&rft.atitle=Religious+Frontiers+and+Overlapping+Cultural+Borders%3A+The+Power+of+Personal+and+Political+Exchanges+in+the+Works+of+Alfonso+X+of+Castile+%281252%E2%80%931284%29&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09503110.2011.623910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145264164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Liuzzo+Scorpo&rft.aufirst=Antonella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMárquez1994" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Márquez, Francisco (1994), <i>El concepto cultural alfonsí</i> [<i>Alphonso cultural concept</i>] (in Spanish), Madrid: MAPFRE</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+concepto+cultural+alfons%C3%AD&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=MAPFRE&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=M%C3%A1rquez&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez2010" class="citation cs2">Martínez, H. Salvador (2010), <i>Alfonso X, the Learned: A Biography</i>, Leiden: Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfonso+X%2C+the+Learned%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=H.+Salvador&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemensnyder2011" class="citation cs2">Remensnyder, Amy G. (2011), "The Virgin and the King: Alfonso X's Cantigas de Santa Maria", in Jason Glenn (ed.), <i>The Middle Ages in Texts and Texture: Reflections on Medieval Sources</i>, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">285–</span>298</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Virgin+and+the+King%3A+Alfonso+X%27s+Cantigas+de+Santa+Maria&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ages+in+Texts+and+Texture%3A+Reflections+on+Medieval+Sources&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E298&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Remensnyder&rft.aufirst=Amy+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1970" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thomas, Phillip Drennon (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830900086.html">"Alfonso el Sabio"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10114-9"><bdi>978-0-684-10114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfonso+el+Sabio&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-684-10114-9&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Phillip+Drennon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-2830900086.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamsó2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Samsó, Julio (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Alfonso_X_BEA.htm">"Alfonso X"</a>. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). <i>The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers</i>. New York: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0"><bdi>978-0-387-31022-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfonso+X&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-31022-0&rft.aulast=Sams%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamsci.mcgill.ca%2FRASI%2FBEA%2FAlfonso_X_BEA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Alfonso_X_BEA.pdf">PDF version</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiler2007" class="citation cs2">Weiler, Björn (2007), "Kings and Sons: Princely Rebellions and the Structures of Revolt in Western Europe, c.1170–c.1280", <i>Historical Research</i>, <b>82</b> (215): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>40, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.2007.00450.x">10.1111/j.1468-2281.2007.00450.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Research&rft.atitle=Kings+and+Sons%3A+Princely+Rebellions+and+the+Structures+of+Revolt+in+Western+Europe%2C+c.1170%E2%80%93c.1280&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=215&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.2007.00450.x&rft.aulast=Weiler&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2019" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Kirstin (2019). <i>Alfonso X of Castile-León : royal patronage, self -promotion and manuscripts in thirteenth-century Spain</i>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-946-2988-972" title="Special:BookSources/978-946-2988-972"><bdi>978-946-2988-972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfonso+X+of+Castile-Le%C3%B3n+%3A+royal+patronage%2C+self+-promotion+and+manuscripts+in+thirteenth-century+Spain&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-946-2988-972&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Kirstin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelasco2020" class="citation book cs1">Velasco, Jesús R. (2020). <i>Dead Voice : Law, Philosophy, and Fiction in the Iberian Middle Ages</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812251869" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812251869"><bdi>978-0812251869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dead+Voice+%3A+Law%2C+Philosophy%2C+and+Fiction+in+the+Iberian+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0812251869&rft.aulast=Velasco&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+X+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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OPenn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/">Cantigas de Santa Maria</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://games.rengeekcentral.com/">Alphonso X – Book of Games</a></li> <li><i>Cantigas de Santa María</i>, Códice rico, Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, MS T-I-1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rbdigital.realbiblioteca.es/s/rbme/item/11337#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-3673%2C-313%2C11089%2C6240/">link to manuscript</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alfama.sim.ucm.es/dioscorides/consulta_libro.asp?ref=B18550071&idioma=1">Libros del Saber de Astronomía</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195648/http://alfama.sim.ucm.es/dioscorides/consulta_libro.asp?ref=B18550071&idioma=1">Archived</a> 14 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> – Images of manuscript from 1276.</li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Alfonso_X_of_Castile" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Alfonso X of Castile">Free scores by Alfonso X of Castile</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a href="https://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Alfonso_el_Sabio" class="extiw" title="choralwiki:Alfonso el Sabio">Free scores by Alfonso X of Castile</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Choral_Public_Domain_Library" title="Choral Public Domain Library">Choral Public Domain Library</a> (ChoralWiki)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227185029/http://www.cancioneros.si/mediawiki/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_de_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n">Alfonso X de Castilla y León</a>, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancioneros.si/mediawiki">Cancioneros Musicales Españoles</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22X%2C%20Alfonso%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alfonso%20X%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22X%2C%20Alfonso%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alfonso%20X%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alfonso%20X%22%20OR%20description%3A%22X%2C%20Alfonso%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alfonso%20X%22%29%20OR%20%28%221221-1284%22%20AND%20X%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Alfonso X of Castile</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1126">Works by Alfonso X of Castile</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Alfonso X of Castile </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Castilian_House_of_Ivrea" title="Castilian House of Ivrea">Castilian House of Ivrea</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Ivrea">House of Ivrea</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 23 November 1221</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 4 April 1284</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">King of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">León</a> </b><br />1252–1284 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_II,_Count_of_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="William II, Count of Holland">William</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">King of Germany</a> </b><br />1 April 1257–1275 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Richard,_1st_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall">Richard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph I of Germany">Rudolph</a><br />as contenders </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph I of Germany">Rudolph I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Castilian_monarchs" title="Template:Castilian monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Castilian_monarchs" title="Template talk:Castilian monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Castilian_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Castilian monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Castile207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand I of León">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho II of Castile and León">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Urraca of León and Castile">Urraca</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Castille_(1214-15th_Century).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/75px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/113px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="923" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">House of Burgundy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Castile" title="Sancho III of Castile">Sancho III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Castile" title="Henry I of Castile">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile" title="Berengaria of Castile">Berengaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfonso X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_León226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leonese_monarchs" title="Template:Leonese monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leonese_monarchs" title="Template talk:Leonese monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leonese_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leonese monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_León226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_dynasty" title="Astur-Leonese dynasty">Astur-Leonese house</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Asturias" title="Alfonso III of Asturias">Alfonso III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="García I of León">García I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño II of León">Ordoño II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruela_II_of_Asturias" title="Fruela II of Asturias">Fruela II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fr%C3%B3ilaz" title="Alfonso Fróilaz">Alfonso Fróilaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IV of León">Alfonso IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ramiro II of León">Ramiro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño III of León">Ordoño III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho I of León">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_IV_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño IV of León">Ordoño IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho I of León">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ramiro III of León">Ramiro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudo_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo II of León">Bermudo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso V of León">Alfonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudo_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo III of León">Bermudo III</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg/50px-Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg/75px-Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg/100px-Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand I of León">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho II of Castile and León">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Urraca of León and Castile">Urraca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">House of Burgundy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand II of León">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancha,_heiress_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancha, heiress of León">Sancha</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dulce_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Dulce of León">Dulce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfonso X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Galicia303" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Galician_monarchs" title="Template:Galician monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Galician_monarchs" title="Template talk:Galician monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Galician_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Galician monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Galicia303" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_monarchs" title="List of Galician monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebian kings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermeric" title="Hermeric">Hermeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechila" title="Rechila">Rechila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechiar" title="Rechiar">Rechiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aioulf" title="Aioulf">Aioulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldras" title="Maldras">Maldras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framta" title="Framta">Framta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richimund" title="Richimund">Richimund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumar" title="Frumar">Frumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remismund" title="Remismund">Remismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneric" title="Hermeneric">Hermeneric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veremund" title="Veremund">Veremund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemund" title="Theodemund">Theodemund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chararic_(Suebian_king)" title="Chararic (Suebian king)">Chararic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariamir" title="Ariamir">Ariamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemir_(Suebian_king)" title="Theodemir (Suebian king)">Theodemar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miro_(Suebian_king)" title="Miro (Suebian king)">Miro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboric" title="Eboric">Eboric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audeca" title="Audeca">Audeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaric" title="Malaric">Malaric</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg/75px-Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg/113px-Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg/150px-Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="923" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_dynasty" title="Astur-Leonese dynasty">Astur-Leonese dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño II of León">Ordoño II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho I of León">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudo_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo II of León">Bermudo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso V of León">Alfonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudo_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo III of León">Bermudo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_II_of_Galicia" title="García II of Galicia">García II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho II of Castile and León">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Urraca of León and Castile">Urraca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">House of Burgundy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand II of León">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancha,_heiress_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancha, heiress of León">Sancha</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dulce_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Dulce of León">Dulce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfonso X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Valencia_de_Campos" title="John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos">Prince John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">Portuguese House of Burgundy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand I of Portugal">Ferdinand I of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Germany547" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Template:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Germany547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">Monarchs of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> during the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a> (843–911)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> (911–919)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> (919–962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria">Arnulf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> within the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (962–1806)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Rheinfelden" title="Rudolf of Rheinfelden">Rudolf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Salm" title="Hermann of Salm">Hermann</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Italy" title="Conrad II of Italy">Conrad (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair II/III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Berengar" title="Henry Berengar">Henry (VI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(VII)_of_Germany" title="Henry (VII) of Germany">Henry (VII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_IV_of_Germany" title="Conrad IV of Germany">Conrad IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_Raspe" title="Henry Raspe">Henry (VIII)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Holland" title="William II of Holland">William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfonso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Adolf, King of the Romans">Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair" title="Frederick the Fair">Frederick (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Schwarzburg" title="Günther von Schwarzburg">Günther</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Rupert, King of the Romans">Rupert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> (1806–1813)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1815–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="German Empire (1848–1849)">German Empire</a> (1848/1849)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a> <small>(Imperial Regent)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1850–1866)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (1867–1871)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">William II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Authors_honoured_on_Galician_Literature_Day71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Galician_Literature_Day" title="Template:Galician Literature Day"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Galician_Literature_Day" title="Template talk:Galician Literature Day"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Galician_Literature_Day" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Galician Literature Day"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Authors_honoured_on_Galician_Literature_Day71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Galician_Literature_Day" title="Galician Literature Day">Authors honoured on Galician Literature Day</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Daniel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Castelao" title="Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao">Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Pondal" title="Eduardo Pondal">Eduardo Pondal</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_A%C3%B1%C3%B3n_Paz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Añón Paz (page does not exist)">Francisco Añón Paz</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Curros_Enr%C3%ADquez" title="Manuel Curros Enríquez">Manuel Curros Enríquez</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentino_L%C3%B3pez_Cuevillas" title="Florentino López Cuevillas">Florentino López Cuevillas</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Noriega_Varela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Noriega Varela (page does not exist)">Antonio Noriega Varela</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcial_Valladares_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcial Valladares Núñez (page does not exist)">Marcial Valladares Núñez</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonzalo_L%C3%B3pez_Abente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonzalo López Abente (page does not exist)">Gonzalo López Abente</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Lamas_Carvajal" title="Valentín Lamas Carvajal">Valentín Lamas Carvajal</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Lago_Gonz%C3%A1lez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Lago González (page does not exist)">Manuel Lago González</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joh%C3%A1n_Vicente_Viqueira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johán Vicente Viqueira (page does not exist)">Xoán V. Viqueira Cortón</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xo%C3%A1n_Manuel_Pintos_Villar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xoán Manuel Pintos Villar (page does not exist)">Xoán Manuel Pintos Villar</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Cabanillas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón Cabanillas (page does not exist)">Ramón Cabanillas</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3n_Villar_Ponte" title="Antón Villar Ponte">Antón Villar Ponte</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_Ferreiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio López Ferreiro (page does not exist)">Antonio López Ferreiro</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_Ferreiro" class="extiw" title="es:Antonio López Ferreiro">es</a>]</span> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Antonio_P%C3%A9rez" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Antonio Pérez">Manuel Antonio Pérez</a> (1979)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfonso X of Castile</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Risco" title="Vicente Risco">Vicente Risco</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_Amado_Carballo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís Amado Carballo (page does not exist)">Luís Amado Carballo</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Leiras_Pulpeiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Leiras Pulpeiro (page does not exist)">Manuel Leiras Pulpeiro</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armando_Cotarelo_Valledor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armando Cotarelo Valledor (page does not exist)">Armando Cotarelo Valledor</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3n_Losada_Di%C3%A9guez" title="Antón Losada Diéguez">Antón Losada Diéguez</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilino_Iglesia_Alvari%C3%B1o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilino Iglesia Alvariño (page does not exist)">Aquilino Iglesia Alvariño</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisca_Herrera_Garrido" title="Francisca Herrera Garrido">Francisca Herrera Garrido</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Otero_Pedrayo" title="Ramón Otero Pedrayo">Ramón Otero Pedrayo</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celso_Emilio_Ferreiro" title="Celso Emilio Ferreiro">Celso Emilio Ferreiro</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Pimentel" title="Luís Pimentel">Luís Pimentel</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Cunqueiro" title="Álvaro Cunqueiro">Álvaro Cunqueiro</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferm%C3%ADn_Bouza-Brey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermín Bouza-Brey (page does not exist)">Fermín Bouza-Brey</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Blanco_Amor" title="Eduardo Blanco Amor">Eduardo Blanco Amor</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Seoane" title="Luís Seoane">Luís Seoane</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Dieste" title="Rafael Dieste">Rafael Dieste</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xes%C3%BAs_Ferro_Couselo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xesús Ferro Couselo (page does not exist)">Xesús Ferro Couselo</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81nxel_Fole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ánxel Fole (page does not exist)">Ánxel Fole</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Codax" class="mw-redirect" title="Martín Codax">Martín Codax</a> / <a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Cangas" title="Johan de Cangas">Johan de Cangas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mendinho" title="Mendinho">Mendinho</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Blanco_Torres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Blanco Torres (page does not exist)">Roberto Blanco Torres</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Murgu%C3%ADa" title="Manuel Murguía">Manuel Murguía</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eladio_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Eladio Rodríguez">Eladio Rodríguez</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Sarmiento" title="Martín Sarmiento">Frei Martín Sarmiento</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3n_Avil%C3%A9s_de_Taramancos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antón Avilés de Taramancos (page does not exist)">Antón Avilés de Taramancos</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaqu%C3%ADn_Lorenzo_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Xaquín Lorenzo Fernández">Xaquín Lorenzo</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Varela" title="Lorenzo Varela">Lorenzo Varela</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Lugr%C3%ADs_Freire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Lugrís Freire (page does not exist)">Manuel Lugrís Freire</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Mari%C3%B1o" title="María Mariño">María Mariño</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_%C3%81lvarez_Bl%C3%A1zquez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xosé María Álvarez Blázquez (page does not exist)">Xosé María Álvarez Blázquez</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Pi%C3%B1eiro_L%C3%B3pez" title="Ramón Piñeiro López">Ramón Piñeiro López</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ux%C3%ADo_Novoneyra" title="Uxío Novoneyra">Uxío Novoneyra</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Pereiro" title="Lois Pereiro">Lois Pereiro</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Paz-Andrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentín Paz-Andrade">Valentín Paz-Andrade</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Vidal_Bola%C3%B1o" title="Roberto Vidal Bolaño">Roberto Vidal Bolaño</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_D%C3%ADaz_Castro" title="Xosé María Díaz Castro">Xosé María Díaz Castro</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xos%C3%A9_Filgueira_Valverde" title="Xosé Filgueira Valverde">Xosé Filgueira Valverde</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Teixeiro" title="Manuel María Fernández Teixeiro">Manuel María</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Casares_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Casares (writer)">Carlos Casares</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Victoria_Moreno" title="María Victoria Moreno">María Victoria Moreno</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3n_Fraguas" title="Antón Fraguas">Antón Fraguas</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Carballo_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricardo Carballo (writer)">Ricardo Carballo Calero</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xela_Arias" title="Xela Arias">Xela Arias</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florencio_Delgado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florencio Delgado (page does not exist)">Florencio Delgado</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Fern%C3%A1ndez_del_Riego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Fernández del Riego (page does not exist)">Francisco Fernández del Riego</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADsa_Villalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luísa Villalta (page does not exist)">Luísa Villalta</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000442512282">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/66476694">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/49335/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm4Q7cw7wV7y9tRx6dhHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11864811X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80010185">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11997785j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11997785j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001147755">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alfonso X <re di Castiglia e di León>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV095003">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36572471">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981000079&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX880126">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/2373">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068347332">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90411019">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000147770&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000285394&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000065483&local_base=nsk10">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000045013">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000027009">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201959753">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsw1t9002f683t">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810589959605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/51686">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007257504305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000206557">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521645306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14737503">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02179582?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:alfonso-x-of-castile.">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500313186">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6c7be16e-8fb3-44c7-841e-4cf2f08c13e4">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1299315">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11864811X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11864811X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027460959">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/51006959">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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